RU2233382C2 - Internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mechanical engineering; engines.

SUBSTANCE: proposed engine has main combustion chamber limited by cylinder head and piston to crown of which central volume reducer is fastened. Volume reducer is provided with central channel with side holes opening into main combustion chamber. Engine has also antechamber located in head and connected with single-orifice atomizer. Area of summary passage section of side holes of volume reducer is less than area of passenger section of central channel. Volume reducer is made of material with memorized shape effect. Iron and nickel-based alloy is used as such material. Invention provides reduction of fuel consumption at partial loads of engine by improving mixing of fuel and air owing to decreasing ring clearance between neck and volume reducer and passage section of volume reducer side channels.

EFFECT: reduced fuel consumption.

2 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to mechanical engineering, in particular to engine building, and in particular to internal combustion engines.

Known piston engine [1] with fuel injection into the pre-chamber and the ejection of the burning mixture from the pre-chamber into the cylinder using a central protrusion with a cylindrical part, a pre-chamber with a fuel nozzle connected to the main combustion chamber using a bypass channel with a cylindrical part and spray holes.

Also known is a piston engine containing a pre-chamber located in the head, equipped with a fuel nozzle and communicated by the bypass channel with the main combustion chamber, the bypass channel having spray holes with end sections in the form of diffusers [2].

The disadvantage of these technical solutions is that the flow area of the spray holes is selected for the rated power mode and for partial loading modes is too large, which leads to a deterioration in fuel atomization, an increase in the diameter of the fuel droplets and, ultimately, to a deterioration in the combustion process and an increase in consumption partial engine fuel.

The closest technical solution to the claimed invention is an internal combustion engine [3], in which the fuel supply element is made in the form of a nozzle with a single-hole atomizer installed in the upper part of the prechamber in its center, and a displacer is attached to the piston bottom, provided with a central channel with side holes, overlooking the main combustion chamber, the pre-chamber, located in the head and connected to the main chamber by means of a neck blocked by a displacer with the piston in the upper dead position ochke and system side displacer sprayer orifices, the total area of which is formed of at least the passage section area of the central channel of the displacer.

The disadvantage of this technical solution is that the flow area of the spray holes is selected for the nominal engine power mode and is not optimal for partial power modes, in which the diameter of the fuel flame droplets is too large and does not provide high-quality combustion, increasing the specific effective fuel consumption of the engine in the modes partial power.

The purpose of the invention is to increase the efficiency and reduce the toxicity of engine exhaust gases at partial loads by improving mixture formation.

This goal is achieved in an internal combustion engine containing a main combustion chamber bounded by a cylinder head and a piston. A central displacer is attached to the piston bottom, provided with a central channel with side openings included in the main combustion chamber. The engine also has a pre-chamber placed with the main chamber by means of a throat blocked by a displacer placed in the throat with an annular gap when the piston is at top dead center. The engine is equipped with a fuel supply unit, made in the form of a nozzle with a single-hole sprayer and installed in the upper part of the prechamber in its center. In this case, the area of the total passage section of the side openings of the displacer is made not less than the area of the passage section of its central channel.

New in the internal combustion engine is the implementation of a displacer from a material with a shape memory effect, for example, from an alloy based on iron and nickel.

The drawing shows the proposed engine.

The engine contains a main combustion chamber 1 between the piston bottom 2 and the cylinder head 3, and a pre-chamber 4, equipped with a nozzle 5 with a single-hole sprayer 6. The pre-chamber 4 communicates with the main combustion chamber 1 with a neck 7, which is partially blocked by a displacer 8 located on the piston crown 2. In the displacer 8, a central channel 9 is made, the axis of which coincides with the axis of the nozzle 5, branching into several lateral channels 10 extending into the main combustion chamber 1. The total passage area of the holes 10 is not less than the area of the passage section of the central channel 9. When the piston is near the TDC the displacer 8 forms an annular gap with the walls of the neck 7, the passage section of which is minimal from the point of view of technological capabilities for manufacturing the pre-chamber 4 and the displacer 8. The displacer 8 is made of Container material with shape memory effect [4].

The sizes of channels 9 and 10 are chosen so as to freely skip the cyclic fuel supply at the rated engine power mode and to ensure the finest possible atomization fineness in this mode.

The proposed engine operates as follows.

Fuel is injected into the chamber 4 with a compact jet from a single-hole atomizer 6 of nozzle 5, passes through the central channel 9, where it is heated, and through the side channels 10 of the displacer 8 enters the main combustion chamber 1 in the form of secondary flares. In the nominal engine operating mode with full cyclic feed, the diameter of the channels 10 ensures high-quality mixture formation and good fuel combustion. With a decrease in the cyclic fuel supply, the diameter of the channels 10 is larger than is necessary for high-quality atomization of fuel. With a significant decrease in the cyclic fuel supply, the temperature in the pre-chamber 4 drops. The temperature of the displacer 8, made of a material with a shape memory effect, decreases and a martensitic transformation occurs in it. As a result of this, the displacer 8 increases its cross-sectional size and reduces the diameter of the sawing side channels 10. As a result, the fineness of fuel atomization in the annular gap between the neck 7 and the displacer 8, as well as in the side channels 10 of the displacer 8, is improved. operating modes of the engine increases the efficiency of its operation and reduces the toxicity of exhaust gases.

With an increase in the cyclic supply of fuel in the engine, the temperature of the charge in the pre-chamber 4 increases, the temperature of the displacer 8 rises, and the reverse martensitic transformation occurs in it. As a result, the displacer 8 reduces its size in cross section, and the diameter of the spraying side channels 10 increases. In this case, the cross-sections in the annular gap between the neck 7 and the displacer 8, as well as in the side channels 10 of the displacer 8, take their previous values, ensuring high-quality operation of the engine at nominal and close operating modes.

This embodiment of the combustion chamber provides high-quality mixture formation in a wide range of operating modes of the engine, which leads to its high efficiency and low toxicity of exhaust gases both at high and low operating conditions.

LIST OF REFERENCES

1. A.C. USSR No. 1239380 A1, publ. 06/23/86, bull. Number 23.

2. A.S. USSR No. 1288317 A2, publ. 02/07/87, bull. No. 5.

3. A.S. USSR No. 1097814 A, publ. 06/15/84, bull. Number 22.

4. Application of the shape memory effect in modern engineering / A. S. Tikhonov, A. P. Gerasimov, I. I. Prokhorova. - M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1981. - 80 p.

Claims (2)

1. An internal combustion engine comprising a main combustion chamber bounded by a cylinder head and a piston, to the bottom of which a central displacer is attached, provided with a central channel with side holes extending into the main combustion chamber, a pre-chamber placed in the head and connected to the main chamber by means of a neck blocked by a displacer placed in the throat with an annular gap when the piston is at top dead center, and the fuel supply element, made in the form of a nozzle with a single-hole spray rer and mounted on top of the pre-chamber to its center, wherein the total area of flow section of the displacer side holes formed is not less flow area of its central channel, characterized in that the displacer is made of a material with shape memory. 2. Internal combustion engines according to claim 1, characterized in that an alloy based on iron and nickel is used as a material having a shape memory effect.