RU2187219C2 - Method of acceleration on counter-propagating beams and device based on method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: acceleration equipment, double clashing beam accelerators. SUBSTANCE: method of acceleration on counter-propagating beams includes acceleration and transportation of elementary particles over closed circuits of two contacting acceleration systems. Elementary particles are accelerated and transported in longitudinal magnetic field along sides of polygons. Each side of polygon carries deflecting dipole and compacting facility, each having longitudinal magnetic field, and accelerator. Sides of polygons with opposition-directed orbits are chosen and matched. Deflecting dipoles, compacting facilities and accelerators are connected to power supply sources based on effect of infinite amplification. Accelerator based on counter-propagating beams includes two contacting acceleration systems. Any acceleration system comes in the form of polygon, each side of polygon has deflecting dipole and compacting facility, each having longitudinal magnetic field, and accelerator. Circuit of accelerator includes section of orbits of polygons matched in opposition. EFFECT: potential for development of compact accelerator based on counter-propagating beams. 2 cl, 4 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to accelerator technology, namely to heavy duty charged particle accelerators.

 There is an extensive literature on accelerator technology presented in the proceedings of meetings on charged particle accelerators, as well as in [1–13, 16, 20].

 After the publication of the proposal by D.U. Kerst began theoretical and practical research on colliding beams of charged particles [1, 2, 6].

где Е - энергия налетающей частицы в лабораторной системе;
Е_o - энергия покоя частицы.In conventional accelerators, the interaction of particles is studied in a laboratory frame of reference in the interaction of a beam of accelerated particles with a fixed target. The particle energy in the inertia system is [3, 6]:

where E is the energy of the incident particle in the laboratory system;
E _o - rest energy of a particle.

“The energy profitability of a collision of two counterpart particles of the same energy is obvious, when the energy in the laboratory system simply coincides with the energy in the center of inertia system” [3]:
E _qi = 2E. (1.a)
In case (1.a), all the collision energy is available for the formation of new particles [10]. From (1), (1.a) it can be seen that the gain in the interaction energy for relativistic particles is huge: to achieve the same effect as counterpropagating beams, a conventional accelerator should give energy [3]:
E _equiv = 2E ² / E ₀ .

For example, for protons with an energy of 100 GeV E _equiv = 20 TeV.

где n₁, n₂ - количество частиц в пучке;
f_o - частота обращения частиц в накопителе;
S - эффективное поперечное сечение пучков в области взаимодействия;
R - в общем случае зависит от области перекрытия пучка.The experimental capabilities of the colliding beam setup are characterized by luminosity L; in the simplest case, at one meeting point for relativistic beams

where n ₁ , n ₂ is the number of particles in the beam;
f _o - frequency of particles in the drive;
S is the effective cross section of the beams in the interaction region;
R - in the general case, depends on the beam overlap area.

The acceleration method in oncoming beams has the disadvantages of:
1. low density of particle beams: in comparison with the density of a stationary target by about six orders of magnitude [9];
2. To increase the density of particles, storage rings are needed;
3. loss in the energy of secondary particles [5];
4. at very high energies, synchrotron radiation makes a further increase in energy pointless [10];
5. to conduct experiments, the lifetime of a beam with luminosity should be hours or days [3], which is comprehensively burdensome at high energies of particle beams;
6. increase the luminosity counteract the instability of various types; one of them: the amplitude of synchronous oscillations of particles exponentially increases over time [8];
7. At high energies, the probability of particle collision is small [7];
8. With increasing storage energy, the particle revolution frequency decreases, which makes extremely stringent requirements on the optical systems of the beam necessary to maintain luminosity [10].

These disadvantages of the existing method of colliding beams make premature statements in [2, 7]:
- drives have brilliant prospects;
- oncoming beams provide absolute superiority in interaction energy.

Existing structures of accelerators of charged particles have tremendous geometric dimensions and weight, huge passive energy consumption; All their features are negative and burdensome. Existing synchrophasotrons have only two lines of development based on the increase:
- geometric dimensions of the ring electromagnet,
- induction of the magnetic field of the ring electromagnet, while the length of the ring of the electromagnet already reaches:
- in the UNK project ≈ 21 km,
- in the American project SSC ≈ 83 km.

The second line is blocked by superconductivity. We can say that accelerator technology has reached an impasse:
"... particle physics has ceased to be the queen of science" [l2].

 "The limits of accelerator technology are already visible." [10]

- коллайдер на очень высокие энергии" [11]."It’s not yet clear whether it’s possible to create

- a collider for very high energies "[11].

- коллайдер, 1000 ГэВ).To date, research in the field of particle physics is carried out on three large machines [10]:
1. Tevatron (

- collider, 1000 GeV).

- коллайдер, 100 ГэВ).2. LEP (

- collider, 100 GeV).

- коллайдер, 800 ГэВ).3. NEVA (

- collider, 800 GeV).

 It is expected that in 2008 the commissioning of the LHC (author P. Fogeras) [13]. The superconducting hadron collider LHC can be located in the LEP tunnel, the accelerators of which can be used as LHC pre-accelerators. To obtain magnetic fields of the order of 10 T, superconducting dipole magnets with helium cooling to a temperature of 1.8 K can be used. In such a magnetic field, protons can be accelerated to an energy of 8–9 TeV and also accumulated, so that the energy in the center-of-mass pp system will be reach 16-18 TeV.

накопительное кольцо с окружностью 27 км. Четыре плотных сгустка частиц по 10¹¹ электронов и позитронов в каждом циркулируют навстречу друг другу в замкнутом вакуумном канале (р=10^-10 Торр). По общей длине кольца 3400 магнитов удерживают пучки частиц по орбитам в относительно слабом магнитном поле 0,1 Т. Более 1300 квадрупольных и секступольных магнитов обеспечивают фокусировку. Следует обратить внимание на замечание в [10]: "несмотря на интенсивные усилия, в экспериментах LEP новые частицы не обнаружены". В [10] утверждается, что следующим за LEP шагом может быть только линейный ускоритель. В [16] предложена установка на двух встречно включенных линейных ускорителях со светимостью 10³² см^-2 сек^-1 (число частиц 10¹², частота обращения 10-100 Гц, энергия 2•1000 ГэВ, длина 2•1 км, темп ускорения 100 МэВ/м, радиус места встречи 1 мкм, СВЧ-мощность более 10¹² Вт).LEP - the largest in the world

storage ring with a circumference of 27 km. Four dense clusters of particles of 10 ¹¹ electrons and positrons in each circulate towards each other in a closed vacuum channel (p = 10 ^-10 Torr). Along the total length of the ring, 3400 magnets hold particle beams in their orbits in a relatively weak magnetic field of 0.1 T. More than 1300 quadrupole and sextupole magnets provide focusing. Attention should be paid to the remark in [10]: "despite intensive efforts, no new particles were detected in the LEP experiments." In [10], it is stated that the next step after the LEP can only be a linear accelerator. In [16], it was proposed to install on two counterclockwise linear accelerators with a luminosity of 10 ³² cm ^-2 sec ^-1 (number of particles 10 ¹² , revolution frequency 10-100 Hz, energy 2 • 1000 GeV, length 2 • 1 km, acceleration rate 100 MeV / m, the radius of the meeting point is 1 μm, the microwave power is more than 10 ¹² W).

 The principles of operation of traditional accelerators both independently and in conjunction with storage rings are based on the retention of charged particles in a circular orbit in a transverse magnetic field. All the above disadvantages of the structure of the oncoming beams are due to the transverse magnetic field of their magnetic systems.

 As a prototype, we consider a method for controlling the movement of charged particles in a setup with colliding beams, the indicator in Fig. 15.1, a), p. 407 [3], containing an accelerator-injector, a beam commutator, and two counter-contacting annular accelerator systems with a transverse magnetic field. The method of controlling the movement of charged particles in the prototype is based on the retention of charged particles in a circular orbit in a transverse magnetic field.

 The prototype has the disadvantages of known counterpropagating beam installations, which are caused by the control of the process of accelerating charged particles in a circular orbit in a transverse magnetic field.

 The essence of the proposed method consists in the fact that the magnetic systems of the oncoming beam accelerator are performed with a longitudinal magnetic field, when charged particles are accelerated and transported in a longitudinal magnetic field on the sides of polygons, on each side of which a dipole and sealing devices are installed, each with a longitudinal magnetic field , and an accelerating device, while deflecting the dipole, sealing devices and accelerating devices are powered from power sources based on the effects of infinite Lenia.

 The deflecting dipole changes the direction of the orbit by an angle α between the velocity vector of the charged particle and the direction of the magnetic induction B of the dipole with a longitudinal magnetic field, while the charged particle moves in the deflecting dipole along a helical line with radius r and step h.

где m_o - масса покоя заряженной частицы;
с - скорость света;
е - заряд частицы;
z - кратность заряда;
B - индукция магнитного поля диполя в теслах.

where m _o is the rest mass of a charged particle;
c is the speed of light;
e is the particle charge;
z is the charge multiplicity;
B - induction of the magnetic field of the dipole in tesla.

E, E _o - total energy and rest energy of a particle
γ = E / E _o .

 For protons, D = 3.13.

For electrons, D = 1.706 • 10 ^-3 .

где U - ускоряющее напряжение орбиты, т.е. суммарное напряжение всех ускоряющих устройств в многоугольнике орбиты в вольтах;
Т_у - время ускорения в секундах;
П - длина орбиты многоугольника в метрах.A deflecting dipole changes the direction of the orbit by an angle α on each side of the polygon. Formulas (3), (4) express an estimate of the process of movement of charged particles along a helical line. It can be seen from the presented formulas that the radius of a revolution of a rotating particle during acceleration changes from zero to a value that asymptotically approaches as a final value as E_ → ∞. The limited size of the coil radius ensures the stability of the process of unlimited energy increase by a group of charged particles, and this property of the proposed method fundamentally distinguishes a specific accelerator circuit from all known accelerators. When a group of charged particles moves in a central orbit, their energy increases in accordance with the formula:

where U is the accelerating voltage of the orbit, i.e. the total voltage of all accelerating devices in the orbit polygon in volts;
T _y - acceleration time in seconds;
P is the length of the orbit of the polygon in meters.

где B - магнитная индукция отклоняющего диполя в теслах;
n - число заряженных частиц.In the proposed scheme of an accelerator with a longitudinal magnetic field, the losses due to synchrotron radiation for both electrons and protons are negligible:

where B is the magnetic induction of the deflecting dipole in tesla;
n is the number of charged particles.

Formula (5) shows the unlimited possibilities of the method based on the acceleration and transportation of charged particles in orbit in a longitudinal magnetic field. The energy of traditional accelerators is proportional to their geometric dimensions, i.e. The acceleration process is based on the useless dissipation of energy in space. In the proposed method, the acceleration process, on the contrary, is based on the maximum concentration of energy in space; which means that the era of giant accelerators with wasteful energy consumption has ended; they are replaced by small-sized super-powerful accelerators of charged particles (GCHZ), which in the future will be called super-powerful generators of electrons, protons, i.e. SHE and SHP, etc. with energy
E> ... 10 ¹⁵ ... 10 ²⁰ ... eV (7).

 In [14, 15], descriptions of superpower generators of electrons and protons are given.

 It can be seen from formula (5) that the amount of energy achieved is inversely proportional to the perimeter of the polygon, i.e. SHE and SHP are based on maximum compactness, which leads to new opportunities for accelerator technology in all possible directions.

 In [3, 6], the schemes of oncoming beam accelerators (CWP) are shown. In colliding beam installations, storage rings are vacuum chambers placed in a magnetic field, which is usually created by sector magnets separated by straight linear gaps. UVP contains 1 or 2 storage rings depending on the polarity of the oncoming beams. Preliminary acceleration - from the synchrophasotron. Additional acceleration in the storage rings is possible to compensate for energy losses due to synchrotron radiation and ionization of the residual gas in the vacuum chamber. A large beam life is achieved with a high level of vacuum in the storage rings. To reduce the cross section of the oncoming beams, a special magnetic focusing is used. The design flaws of the colliding beam systems come from erroneous concepts in the development of accelerator technology, which are shown in [17]. The development of accelerator technology occurred with fundamental deviations from the principles of building effective automatic systems, which ultimately led to the fact that the leader of the accelerator technology, the synchrophasotron, lost the prospect of its development and turned into an odious object of gigantic proportions with enormous passive energy consumption.

In FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a heavy-duty generator of charged particles (CPS), where the number 1 indicates the unit in the configuration of figure 2 or figure 3; 2 - deflecting dipole with a longitudinal magnetic field; 3, 4, 10 - sealing devices with a longitudinal magnetic field; 5, 6, 7, 11 - current sources based on the effects of infinite amplification;
12 is a high voltage block based on infinite gain effects.

 8 - accelerating device.

 In FIG. 1, 2, 3 shows the maximum number of current sources; their number can be reduced by appropriately sequentially connecting the devices of the magnetic system.

Dipoles and sealing devices are structurally made in the form of coils with a longitudinal magnetic field:
- with or without cooling,
- in strong pulsed magnetic fields [18],
- based on a superconducting structure.

 In FIG. 1 arrows show the central orbit of the CMS in the form of a hexagon; From the above formulas, the sentences that characterize the SHMS are clearly visible, in particular, determine the optimal number of sides of the polygon.

In traditional accelerators with gigantic dimensions and low quality power devices, there is a stability problem when transporting charged particles over long distances (focusing problem). In the CMS, which is a small-sized object with ideal power sources, there is no focusing problem, and therefore devices 3, 4, 10 are called sealing devices that provide:
- the required value of the density of the space charge;
- control of the beam size due to changes in the magnetic field induction. The space charge density is equal to:
- for electrons ρ _e = 485 • 10 ¹⁰ γB ² electron / cm ³ ; (8)
- for protons ρ _p = 265 • 10 ⁷ γB ² proton / cm ³ .

 The parameters of the acceleration pad (the magnitude of the magnetic field induction, the acceleration time) are provided by controlled power supplies 5, 6, 7, 11, 12 based on infinite amplification effects that can accurately withstand and repeat an unlimited number of times the specified magnetic field in dipoles and sealing devices, and accurately maintain the specified voltage in block 12. It can be seen from formula (5) that the magnitude of the EHF energy achieved is not directly dependent on the magnetic induction of dipole 2 - the process of acceleration of charged particles proceeds with constant rated current of the dipole power supply 2.

In known accelerators, the process of accelerating charged particles is carried out on the basis of a high-frequency acceleration method, the features of which should be considered as fundamental shortcomings of a high-frequency acceleration system [19]. In FIG. 3, the structure of block 1 is expanded when the accelerating device 8 contains uniformly placed accelerating electrodes 9, structurally made on the basis of the principle of geometric symmetry, which have:
- two symmetrically located plates,
- two symmetrically located hemispheres,
- two symmetrically arranged rings with holes for the passage of charged particles.

The symmetric shape of the accelerating electrodes allows, according to the laws of electrostatics, to suppress inhibitory electric fields during the passage of charged particles through the accelerating electrodes, which are installed in the sealing device 10. It can be seen from the circuit of the heavy-duty charged particle generator (CPS) and formula (3)
- the number of equivalent injection inputs can be equal to the number of angles of each polygon, and at the very minimum level of injection energy,
- the energy range of the SPS corresponds to (7).

The oncoming beam accelerator (UVP) can be mounted in several versions, in particular in the embodiment of FIG. 4, where
1 - block in the configuration of figure 2 or figure 3;
3 - accelerating device.

 In Fig. 4, the arrows show the movement of charged particles along the orbits of the CGS polygons and indicate the portion of the counter-aligned orbits of the polygons.

In accordance with (8) and (9), the ultrahigh energy of the SZGS and sealing devices provide, together with ideal power sources, ultrahigh particle compression in the accelerator against the oncoming beams. In contrast to the known installations on oncoming beams, the luminosity of oncoming beams according to the proposed method:
- increases with increasing their energy,
- inversely proportional to the perimeter of the polygons.

 In all types of oncoming beam accelerators, both a continuous mode of operation and a pulsed mode of operation are provided due to the corresponding control of power sources according to a given program.

Sources of information
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 4. Skrinsky A. N. Colliding beams - present and future. Proceedings of the All-Union Conference on Charged Particle Accelerators, Dubna, 1979.

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Claims (2)

 1. The method of acceleration in oncoming beams, including acceleration and transportation of elementary particles through closed loops of two contacting accelerator systems, characterized in that the acceleration and transportation of elementary particles is carried out in a longitudinal magnetic field along the sides of the polygons, on each side of which a deflecting dipole and a sealing device are installed , each with a longitudinal magnetic field, and an accelerating device, select the sides of the polygons with opposing orbits and combine them, with this deflecting dipoles, sealing devices and accelerating devices are connected to power sources based on the effects of infinite amplification.  2. An oncoming beam accelerator containing two contacting accelerator systems, characterized in that any accelerator system is made in the form of a polygon, on each side of which there is a deflecting dipole and sealing devices, each with a longitudinal magnetic field, and an accelerating device, while in the circuit accelerator includes a circuit section of counter-aligned orbits of polygons, and deflecting dipoles, sealing devices and accelerating devices are connected to power sources based on the effects of final gain.

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