RU2153069C1 - Method of destructing natural and artificial objects - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mining and construction industries. SUBSTANCE: method relates to operation in construction of rail-road tunnels and subways, mining of semi-precious stones, in destruction of natural and artificial obstacles. Main distinguishing feature of the invention is conduction of reaction in compositions based on solid oxidizers with offered combustible substances in deflagration nondetonation conditions of burning in gas generator. Nondetonation burning conditions are ensured with use of combustible, for instance, in the form of tubes from materials allowable for prolonged contact with used oxidizer (or mixture of oxidizers), for instance, from hydrocarbon with diameter smaller than critical for given substance (mixture of substances). Inner diameter of tubes is taken on the basis of experiment and equalling from 2.5 to 7.0 mm, and wall thickness is from 0.05 to 0.7 mm. Oxidizer fills the remaining space. It excludes shattering effect (brisance), practically excludes possibility of seismic wave formation, formation of cracks and microcracks in separated rock and in rock mass itself, formation and scattering of small fragments. Process parameters are controllable within wide range by varying concentration of components, their types, dispersity and catalyst fraction as well. EFFECT: higher efficiency. 3 cl

Description

 The invention relates to a method for the destruction of natural and artificial objects in the mining industry, in transport construction and other sectors of the economy, for example, in the extraction of "piece" stone (blocks), work associated with the sinking of railway tunnels and metro, in the destruction of oversized boulders and artificial barriers.

 A known method of destruction of objects (natural and artificial), which consists in using the reaction of explosive transformation of a substance (BB), placed in drilled holes, sealed in them [1].

 The use of “regular” explosives, for example, during mining of blocks, tunneling with boreholes, reduces the yield of conditioned stone [2] or the massif undergoes contour destruction due to stresses arising under the influence of detonation (and the associated brisance) inherent in any explosive in one or another least. The use of such explosives in the development of precious and semi-precious stones (including diamonds) is accompanied not only by a decrease in the amount of mined stone and the life of the deposit due to the formation of cracks in the massif, but also by a decrease in the quality of mined blocks due to the formation of microcracks in them. The yield of conditioned stone using this technology in a new deposit gives no more than 20% [2]. The latter is especially important for diamonds, because all sorts of microcracks convert it from precious raw materials to technical (with all the ensuing consequences). Used explosives with a reduced detonation velocity (hence, lower brisance), for example Granilen-1,2,3 or hose charges like ZSHA-14 and ZShA-25 [3] do not completely exclude these harmful phenomena. Destruction of natural or artificial barriers (structures), especially in settlements by “regular” explosives, requires a whole range of measures to ensure safety (fragmentation, shock wave, wind rose accounting, warning of the population, etc.).

 A known method of conducting such work, which consists in drilling holes along the line of the planned rupture, installing and sealing in them the charges of liquid or paste-like reagents with a detonation-free decomposition reaction initiated by ignition or the introduction of a catalyst [4]. As such reagents, it is proposed to use thermally unstable liquids with an exothermic non-detonation decomposition reaction: concentrated hydrogen peroxide, hydrazine, hydrazine hydrate, ethylene oxide or pastes based on them. Ignition of the charges is carried out using smoke powder or the introduction of a catalyst into the liquid. The intensity of gas formation, the temperature value and, accordingly, the energy effect are regulated by dilution with water, a non-reacting liquid. To reduce energy losses, wells are filled with water.

The use of substances such as hydrazine or hydrazine hydrate as reagents is possible in some exceptional cases and undesirable due to their extreme toxicity (carcinogens, first hazard class, etc.), ammonia as one of the decomposition products is also a toxic substance. The use of ethylene oxide in addition to its narcotic effect is limited by both its low boiling point (+13 ^o C) and the danger of the formation of detonation mixtures with atmospheric oxygen [5]. The decomposition reaction of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide (PV), ensuring the environmental friendliness of the reaction products and detonation-free (and lack of brisance), is at the same time extremely ineffective due to the low energy of the process compared to the “regular” explosives.

Given our climatic conditions, it is possible to use a PV concentration of not more than 80% (freezing temperature -25 ^o C). In this case, its energy efficiency is approximately 2.5 times lower than that of a tol - “regular” explosive (296 kJ / kg versus 750 kJ / kg, respectively [6]). The use of standard igniters with black powder to initiate the decomposition of PV is accompanied by failures (at least 50%) and needs to be processed both the design of the igniter and its composition. The use of catalytic initiation of the PV decomposition process dramatically complicates (increases the cost) of the design and reduces the reliability of the simultaneous actuation of charges during group undermining.

 It should be noted the inconvenience inherent in the operation of any liquid in mining: it is possible to use only vertical holes (or with a slight deviation from the vertical), difficulties in transportation, equipment, etc.

 The objective of the invention is to increase the energy and economic efficiency of the process while maintaining the positive qualities inherent in the prototype.

 The technical result that can be obtained by carrying out the invention is to expand the scope of such work, increase the yield of conditioned products, increase labor productivity, reduce costs and increase safety.

The inventive method of conducting work includes the installation of gas generating devices on the bottom of the hole or on the stone bed (in the case of holes, more than 1.5 m deep), backfilling and tamping with drill fine or sand of GGK and initiating a reaction in them, accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy and gases, and differs in that the combustion reaction of compositions based on solid oxidizing agents with combustible substances in a deflagration (non-detonation) mode is used as their source. As combustible elements of the compositions, substances (materials) that are permissible for prolonged (in storage conditions at a temperature of not more than 30 ^o C), for 6 months and without noticeable interaction) contact with solid oxidizing agents are used. These include, for example, polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), nylon, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, etc.

 The intensity of gas formation, temperature and composition of the reaction products, as well as the energy efficiency of the composition is determined by the concentration of the components, their dispersion and the presence of a particular catalyst. According to the thermodynamic calculations, the working capacity (RT) of 1 kg of a two-component composition (oxidizing agent is sodium chlorate plus polyethylene, with an oxidizing agent coefficient of 0.55) is 1021 kJ / kg versus 730 kJ / kg for TNT. By introducing aluminum, magnesium, etc. into the composition, it is possible to increase the energy of the process to 1340 kJ / kg for the composition considered as an example. The intensity of gas generation is determined not only by the composition, but also by the dispersion of the combustible element: the particle size of the component, the film thickness — in the case of using film material — or the wall thickness and diameter of the tubes. In the latter case, the dependence is more complex.

 It is known [6] that for many exothermic compounds (including solid oxidizing agents such as chlorates, perchlorates, potassium nitrates (sodium, ammonium, etc.) there is a critical charge diameter, less than which detonation does not propagate. for igdanite (~ 94.0% ammonium nitrate and ~ 6% diesel fuel) in a borehole, in a strong casing, the critical diameter is 25-30 mm [6]. The use of smaller tubes made of combustible material (in this case, for example, PE), filled with this component, such as ammonium nitrate (chlorate mi or perchlorates) will not only ensure the absence of detonation, but also increase the energy of the process compared to pure oxidizing agents. Of course, for this the wall thickness of the tubes and their diameter are determined by the required energy and speed of the process. In our case, for compositions based on, for example, chlorate ( perchlorate) of sodium, the inner diameter of the PE tubes is selected from 2.5 to 7 mm with a wall thickness of 0.05 to 0.7 mm In this case, the coefficient of excess oxidizer will be in the range from 0.5 to 1.7, and the burning rate will be determined by the thickness wall. Of course, the thinner the film and the smaller the diameter of the tube, the greater the burning rate and vice versa. The lower limit of both the diameter of the tube and its thickness is limited both by the technological capabilities of their production and loading of the oxidizing agent in them, and by the cessation of combustion at low concentrations of the oxidizing agent.

 The use of tubes with a diameter of more than 7 mm is undesirable not only because of a decrease in the burning rate (an increase in the heterogeneity of the composition) and because of the spread in the reaction initiation time, but because of the possibility of the transition of combustion from the deflagration mode to detonation for some oxidizing agents. An increase in the thickness of the tubes above 0.7 mm may lead to ignition failure. It should be especially noted that the use of PE in the form of tubes (or films) with a wall thickness of 0.05 to 0.2 mm and coaxially placed in an oxidizing agent (for example, sodium chlorate), and not in the form of a powder mixed with an oxidizing agent, not only eliminates the occurrence of detonation the combustion mode of the compositions, but also increases the burning rate from 1.0 mm / s - for a powder composition to 1.53 - 1.4 mm / s - for a composition using tubes (films) - measurements were performed under atmospheric conditions, in a laboratory setup. However, if the oxidizing agent closes the tubes or they protrude above the surface of the oxidizing agent less than 2 mm, then this is accompanied by a failure to ignite the composition. On the other hand, if the protrusion exceeds 7 mm, this can also lead to failure. Therefore, in all further cases considered, the protrusion of the tubes above the oxidizing surface was 2–7 mm.

 For the effective use of the compositions, boreholes with a depth of more than 1.5 m are filled with stone fines and water (salt solution in the winter) to the level of 1 - 1.5 m from the surface. At the bottom of the hole or on stone fines (with a depth of more than 1.5 m), a GGK is installed, filled with the composition, with an igniter head and wires, and sealed with a clogging top.

 Example 1

 Field tests of the proposed method were carried out on a granite block with the dimensions: stone height 1500 - 1200, length 1200 - 1300, width 1100 - 1000 mm. Two holes were drilled with a diameter of 52 mm to a depth of 510 - 410 mm with a pitch of 400 mm; two gas generator devices were installed at their bottom. First, 5 mm diameter PE tubes with a wall thickness of ~ 0.1 mm were loaded coaxially to the body of these gas generator devices, then sodium chlorate was poured before the tubes protruded 2-4 mm above the oxidizing agent. The mass of the composition in the gas generator was ~ 35 g (oxidizer excess ratio = 1.2). In the upper part of the device-gas generators were mounted covers with igniters and wires.

 On top of the devices and to the surface, sand and a wooden cork were driven, wires from igniters were connected to a voltage source (> 12 V). After applying voltage to the igniters and triggering the composition in them, the granite block was split along the line of holes without any side effects and complications: there were no cracks and microcracks (the result of further studies), the complete absence of soot, smoke, smell, as well as fragments and a powerful shock , seismic and sound waves characteristic of the explosion of any explosive.

 Example 2

The granite block was broken from the monolith with a height of 2700 mm from the sole as follows: 9 holes with a diameter of 32 mm and a depth of 1500 mm were drilled at a distance of 2500 mm from the front surface. Seven gas generator devices (each weighing 60 g, oxidizer excess coefficient = 0.8), from tubes originally made of PS with a diameter of 4 mm and a wall thickness of 0.15 mm coaxially to the body, then filled with a mixture of ammonium perchlorate and aluminum, with the protruding tubes above with an oxidizing agent of 3-5 mm, with igniters and wires in the covers of the devices were installed at the bottom of the holes, over them clogging from the "screening" was carried out. The devices did not boot into the two extreme holes. After applying voltage to the igniters of the devices, the unit was detached ~ 12.5 m ³ along the hole line. During the separation, a dull sound was heard, the expansion of fragments and a detonation strike were not observed. The block moved in the horizontal plane at a distance of 0.5 - 0.75 m along the sole. Cracks in both the block and the massif were not noted.

 Thus, the application of the invention in ensuring the safety of work (in quarries, mines, tunnels, in settlements, etc.) while eliminating brisance, in the absence of cracking and microcracks in the mined blocks and in the massif itself is economically and technically more efficient Compared to the prototype.

 The possibility of carrying out the invention is confirmed by the fact that all the elements necessary for the invention are produced by domestic industry without restrictions. The technology of the method of destruction of natural and artificial objects, the conditions of storage, transportation and operation of devices have been worked out.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1. Handbook of an explosive / Ed. B.N. Kutuzova. -M .: Nedra, 1988 .-- 511 p.

 2. Ligotsky D. N. Loss of granite during mining and processing. - Problems of the theory of quarry design. Interuniversity. Sat scientific tr., 1995, St. Petersburg. S. 75.76.

 3. Nefedov M. A., Zditovetsky A.V. et al. New types of explosive charges for separation from rock mass blocks and monoliths. - Problems of the theory of quarry design. Interuniversity. Sat scientific tr., 1995, St. Petersburg. S. 115-119.

 4. Patent of Russia E 21 C 37/00 N 2026987. The method of drilling and blasting / B. G. Labeish, O.N. Kirsanov. Priority from 03.24.1992, registered on 01.20.1995.

 5. Paushkin Y. M. Chemistry of jet fuels. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962 .-- 436 p.

 6. Rossi BD, Pozdnyakov Z.G. Industrial explosives and explosives. - M: Nedra, 1971. - 176 p.

Claims (3)

 1. A method of destroying natural and artificial objects, including installing, jamming in holes of devices filled with a chemical compound or a mixture of substances capable of detonating under certain conditions, initiating in the reaction devices of combustion components in a deflagration-non-detonation mode, accompanied by the creation of the corresponding pressure in the holes, different the fact that the non-knock combustion mode is ensured by placing uniformly throughout the entire cross section of the device of combustible elements in alignment with the direction of distribution Suggested Measures of combustion in the form of tubes or films, with an internal diameter or distance between the films is less critical for the substance or mixture of substances and provides a wall thickness and diameter of the tubes or the distance between the films oxidizer excess factor of 0.5 - 1.5. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fuel element is used from a material admitted to prolonged contact without noticeable interaction with this oxidizing agent or mixture in a warehouse at a temperature of up to +30 ^o C for 6 months, for example, from polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, capron, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, etc.  3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fuel element is first loaded into the gas generator device, the composition, thickness of the material and the diameter of the tubes or the distance between the films of which, when loaded into the device, after operation in the borehole, reach the specified rate of gas generation and energy release, and then the oxidizing agent or mixture is loaded into the gas generator device, providing a protrusion of the fuel element above the oxidizing surface or mixture by 2-7 mm.