RU2128295C1 - Fuel system of internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mechanical engineering; internal combustion engines. SUBSTANCE: system is designed for preparing and delivering low-viscosity fuel, preliminarily refined and heated high-viscosity fuel, and water-fuel emulsion prepared on their base whose components are oil residues, fuel sediments or oil containing water, into combustion chambers of internal combustion (diesel) engines. System has pipeline connecting pressure branch pipe of fuel feed pump. Suction branch pipe of fuel injection pump is furnished with shutoff member. Fuel system of internal combustion engine includes also high-viscosity fuel service tank inner space of which is furnished with coil heater, pipeline to deliver high viscosity fuel into suction space of fuel feed pump, shutoff members and ejector with ring nozzle connected with pressure pipeline of fuel feed pump. Outlet pipeline of ejector communicates with suction space of fuel injection pump, and suction pipeline of ejector is connected with service fuel tanks, contaminated fuel tank and oil-containing water collecting tank. EFFECT: enhanced ecological and economy characteristics of internal combustion engine, enlarged operating capabilities owing to thermal utilization of oil residues, fire decontamination of oil-containing waters in water-fuel emulsion combusted in engine combustion chamber, enlarged range of fuels combusted in engine by refining low grade oil fuel delivered for combustion. 3 cl, 1 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to the field of stationary and marine power, in particular to the design of fuel supply systems to internal combustion engines (diesels).

 A known system for supplying fuel to the engine (see Kamkin S.V., Voznitsky I.V., Shmelev V.P. Operation of marine diesel engines.- M.: Transport, 1990, pp. 252-256), designed for supply to nozzles diesel engine (GOST 305-85, GOST 10433-75), motor (GOST 1667-68) fuels or naval fuel oil F-5 (GOST 10585-75) and including consumable tanks of diesel and heavy fuels, a ventilation tank, slop tanks of heavy fuel condensate trap, recirculation (booster) tank, steam or electric tank heaters, fuel filters, fuel circulation pumps, fuel heater, high pressure fuel pump, fuel pipelines, valves and instrumentation.

 The analyzed system has a number of fundamental shortcomings. Firstly, this system is environmentally unsafe, since in the process of its use intense gas and thermal pollution of the environment by high temperature flue gases containing more than 200 toxic and highly toxic chemical compounds and substances occurs; in addition, a large amount of oxygen is consumed to burn fuel from atmospheric air. Secondly, the design of this system does not solve the problem of thermal disposal of oil residues, fire neutralization of water polluted with oil products and refinement (improvement of physicochemical properties) of low-grade heavy fuel supplied to the engine for combustion. The latter is due to the fact that the system does not contain elements that implement these processes for an internal combustion engine. Thirdly, the use of the system in question for its intended purpose requires the mandatory circulation of fuel, which, in turn, impairs the operational properties of the fuel and leads to its loss as a result of leaks. Fourth, the analyzed system has a large number of elements, which reduces its reliability, requires constant attention from the maintenance staff and creates additional difficulties in conducting inspections and repairs. In addition, a large number of elements in this system require additional areas (volumes) for their placement, which sometimes, for example, in ship conditions, is not possible.

 Also known is the diesel fuel system (see Zubrilov S.P., Seliverstov V.M., Braslavsky M.I. Ultrasonic cavitation processing of fuels on ships. - L.: Sudostroenie, 1988. S. 76-77), which is 2 -fuel (the so-called bit-fuel) system and which allows to supply both diesel (GOST 305-82), motor (GOST 1667-68), gas-turbine (GOST 10433-75) fuel, and naval fuel oil F to the combustion chambers of a diesel engine -5 (GOST 10585-75), as well as mixtures of these fuels in various predetermined proportions. This system includes a reserve tank for heavy fuel (heavy oil), a reserve tank for light fuel (diesel, engine or gas turbine), two fuel filter filters (heavy and light, respectively), a dosing mixer UZGS-5000 (A. S. USSR N 313574) , a processed fuel fuel tank, a heavy fuel feed pump, a light fuel feed pump, heavy fuel heaters, fuel pipelines and shut-off devices. Expanding the range of fuels burned in a diesel engine and, consequently, increasing the efficiency of the engine as a whole, the considered fuel (biofuel) system has a number of significant design flaws. Firstly, the analyzed system is environmentally hazardous, because its use does not reduce gas and thermal pollution of the biosphere, and fuel combustion requires a large amount of oxygen. Secondly, the design of the system does not allow its functioning to carry out the thermal disposal of oil residues and fire neutralization of oil-containing water. Thirdly, the system has a large number of elements, which reduces its reliability and complicates operation. In addition, to accommodate the elements of the fuel system in question, large additional volumes are required. Fourthly, storage of processed fuel should also be attributed to the design flaws of the system. This reduces the economic effect of using this system, since the fuel is not only lost due to additional leaks, but as a result of storage for more than 6 hours, the fuel processed through homogenization loses its positive properties and becomes a “normal” fuel. Fifthly, the operation of the analyzed system requires special training of maintenance personnel, additional measures during repairs and inspections.

 Closest to the technological nature of the claimed system is a fuel system - installation for water-fuel emulsion (see Lebedev, O.N., Somov, V.A., Sisin, V.D. Water-fuel emulsions in marine diesels. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1988. p. 63-65). This fuel system is designed for the preparation (mixing of water and diesel fuel) of a water-fuel emulsion and its supply for combustion in an internal combustion engine. The system in question includes a fuel tank of low viscosity fuel. 2-section fuel-water tank, gear fuel pump, ejector, fuel filters, water filters, fuel heaters, water heaters, fuel pipelines, water pipes, shut-off valves, fuel priming pump, high-pressure fuel pump, fuel injectors and instrumentation . Moreover, the ejector nozzle is connected to the pressure port of the gear pump, the outlet port of the ejector is connected to the suction port of the pump, and the suction pipe of the ejector has two branches, one of which is connected to the water compartment of the 2-section water-fuel tank, and the other to the fuel compartment. Ensuring the operation of the internal combustion engine on a water-fuel emulsion and, thereby, slightly increasing its efficiency and reducing gas and thermal pollution of the environment, this system has a number of fundamental disadvantages. Firstly, the design of the system does not allow the thermal utilization of oil residues, fire neutralization of oil-containing water and the improvement of the physico-chemical properties (refinement) of oil fuel burned in diesel combustion chambers. This reduces not only the environmental effect of the introduction of the system, but also requires additional material costs associated with the collection, storage, processing and disposal of oil residues and oil-containing water from the technical facility. Secondly, the constructively analyzed system is made in such a way that its functioning is possible only when using light (diesel or motor) fuel and fresh well-purified water from the sanitary system, which in turn reduces the economic effect of using this system, since the cost of light fuel It is about 2000-2500 US dollars, and the cost of clean fresh water is 70-80 US dollars per ton. Thirdly, the operation of the system is based on the principle of the circulation circuit, which means that there is a constant circulation of fuel through the system and, consequently, leads to additional fuel losses. In addition, the application of the principle of the circulation circuit entails an uncontrolled increase in the moisture content of the burned fuel (water-fuel emulsion), which, ultimately, can lead to a decrease in the power of a working diesel engine and its shutdown. Fourth, the analyzed system has a large number of elements (tanks, pumps, pipelines, shut-off devices, etc.), the malfunctions of which increase the probability of failures of the entire system, and, therefore, reduce the reliability of its functioning. In addition, significant areas and volumes are required to place system elements, and additional energy costs are required to ensure its operability. In addition to these drawbacks of the system, it should be noted a very low efficiency (not more than 10-12%) of the main element of the system - the ejector (dispersing and dosing device). For the normal operation of the ejector (dispersing device) used in this system, a large amount of working fluid is required, which necessitates the installation of an additional fuel pump with a high capacity for pumped liquid (fuel).

 The aim of the present invention is to improve the environmental cleanliness and fuel economy of an internal combustion engine (diesel) in the process of its intended use on the basis of expanding its functionality by thermal disposal of oil residues, fire treatment of oil-containing water in the composition of the fuel-oil emulsion burned in the combustion chambers, as well as refinement of petroleum fuel supplied for combustion.

 This goal is achieved by the fact that the fuel system of an internal combustion engine, including a fuel tank for low viscosity fuel, a fuel tank for high viscosity fuel with an integrated heat exchanger in the form of a coil, a fuel priming pump (TPN), fuel filters, a fuel heater, a high pressure fuel pump ( Injection pump), fuel injectors, fuel pipeline, locking elements and instrumentation are introduced ejector (dispersive device of jet-cavitation type a) having an annular nozzle connected by a pipe to the pressure pipe of the fuel priming pump; the outlet pipe of the ejector is connected to the suction pipe of the high-pressure fuel pump, and the suction line of the ejector is connected to the bottom of the supply tanks, respectively, of high viscosity and low viscosity fuels, dirty fuel tanks and oil-containing water tanks, shut-off devices installed on the working fluid (fuel) pipe ) on the annular nozzle of the ejector, on the pipeline connecting the ejector to the heater, on the pipeline connecting the fuel heater and the fuel suction pipe Nogo high pressure pump and the suction pipe of the ejector.

 Together, the introduced elements form a prefix system to the standard fuel system of the internal combustion engine, which in the course of its use allows to burn low-viscosity (diesel, engine, etc.), high-viscosity (F-5 marine fuel oil) in the diesel combustion chamber, and also a water-fuel emulsion prepared on their basis, the component of which is either oil residues or oil-containing water, moreover, the fuel supplied to the combustion undergoes jet-cavitation treatment, as a result of which chshaet their performance properties.

 The invention is illustrated in the drawing. The drawing shows a General view of the described system.

 The fuel system of an internal combustion engine includes a fuel tank for low-viscosity fuel (1), fuel tank for high-viscosity fuel (2) with a heater integrated inside the coil (3), a pipeline for supplying low-viscosity fuel to the fuel priming pump (4) with a shut-off element (5), a pipeline supply of highly viscous fuel to the fuel priming pump (6) with a shut-off element (7), manual fuel priming pump (8), fuel priming pump (9), fuel supply pipe to the filters (10), fuel filters (11 ), a pipeline for supplying fuel to a high-pressure fuel pump (12) with a shut-off element (13), a pipeline for supplying fuel to an ejector (14) with a shut-off element (15), an ejector (dispersive device of jet-cavitation type) with an annular nozzle (16) , the fuel supply pipe to the high-pressure fuel pump (ejector outlet pipe) (17) with a shut-off element (18), the fuel heater (19), the ejector suction pipe (20) with a shut-off element (21), a high-pressure fuel pump (22) , excess fuel exhaust pipe (23), fuel nozzles (24), fuel exhaust pipe from nozzles (25), internal combustion engine (26), instrumentation (27).

 The system operates as follows. The internal combustion engine is put into operation on the low-viscosity fuel specified in its form. In this case, from the tank (10), through the pipe (4) with the valve open (5), the fuel is taken up by the fuel priming pump (9) and through the pipe (10) to the filters (11), then through the pipe (12) with the valve open (13) ) the fuel enters the suction pipe of the high pressure fuel pump (22) and then to the nozzles (24) of the diesel engine. Valves (15, 18, 21) are closed, and the ejector (16) and the fuel heater (19) do not work. An ejector (dispersing device) (16) is put into operation when there is a need for thermal disposal of oil residues, fuel sludge or fire neutralization of oil-containing water, as well as when the engine is running on low-grade fuel or deterioration in the quality of low-viscosity fuel. In this case, the valve (13) closes, the valves (15, 18) open, and the fuel heater (19) is put into operation. When the engine (26) is running on fuel oil, the fuel preheated in the tank (2) with the help of a heater (3) is taken by the pump (9) and fed through the pipeline (6) to the filters (11) with the valve open (7), then through the pipeline (14), the fuel enters the annular nozzle of the ejector (16). Leaving the nozzle at a speed of 30-40 m / s, the fuel enters the working chamber of the ejector (16), where the vacuum is maintained. Under these conditions, long fuel hydrocarbons break, i.e. the so-called "microcracking", which ultimately leads to the refinement of low-grade fuel (see AS USSR N 1766949, 19902, RF patent N 1766949, 1992). Further, the fuel of improved quality through the pipeline (12) through the fuel heater (19) is taken by the pump (22) and fed to the nozzles (24) of the diesel engine (26) for combustion. If necessary, thermal disposal of oil residues and fire treatment of oil-containing water, in addition to these valves (15, 18), a valve (21) opens on the suction pipe (20) of the ejector (16). At the same time, a vacuum is created in the mixing chamber of the ejector (16), which is sufficient for suction of oil residues, fuel sludge and water contaminated with oil products from fuel tanks, dirty water and dirty fuel. In the ejector (16), jet-cavitation mixing of the working fuel and the sucked-in liquids takes place (see A.S. RF N 1820149, 1994), as a result of which, at the outlet of the ejector (16), a high-quality water-fuel emulsion is continuously obtained, which is piped (12) through the heater (19) it enters the pump (22) and then through the nozzles (24) for combustion into the combustion chambers of the diesel engine (26). After the disposal of oil residues or fire treatment of oily water, the valve (21) on the suction pipe (20) of the ejector (16) closes, and when the diesel switches to burning low-viscosity fuel, the valves (7, 15, 18) close, the valves (5, 13) open, fuel heaters (3, 19) are taken out of operation, and fuel for diesel operation is taken from the tank (1). When low-viscosity fuel is supplied to the ejector (16), it is also possible to dispose of oil residues and fire neutralize the oil-containing water as part of a water-diesel emulsion prepared by the ejector (16) and supplied by a high pressure fuel pump (22) for burning into the combustion chamber of a diesel engine (26). The operation of the system is controlled by instrumentation (22).

 The technical efficiency of the claimed invention lies in the fact that its use will not only increase the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines, expand the range of fuels burned in stationary and marine diesel engines, reduce operating costs when using diesel power plants, but also ensure high environmental safety in the process the use of engines by thermal disposal of oil residues, fire neutralization of oily waters, significantly th reduction of gas and thermal pollution of the environment. The experiments (see the act) objectively confirmed that the practical implementation of the claimed invention will allow, at minimal cost, to increase the environmental cleanliness of diesel power systems, eliminating environmental pollution by oil residues and oil-containing water, reducing the concentration of environmentally hazardous compounds and substances in exhaust diesel gases, reducing thermal pollution of the atmosphere, reducing the amount of oxygen taken from atmospheric air to ensure that ocesa fuel combustion in diesel engines.

 The economic efficiency of the invention is that in the process, i.e. for combustion, oil products are returned, the cost of which is hundreds of thousands of rubles. At the same time, the addition of water up to 8-10% by volume of fuel allows saving up to 3-4% of dry oil fuel, reducing by 40-43% carbon deposits in the combustion chambers with a slight increase in the efficiency of the internal combustion engine. In addition, the use of water contaminated with oil products can reduce the costs associated with their collection, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal at special points.

Claims (3)

 1. The fuel system of an internal combustion engine, including a fuel tank for low viscosity fuel, an ejector, fuel filters, a fuel heater, fuel pipelines, shutoff bodies, a fuel priming pump, a high pressure fuel pump, fuel injectors and instrumentation, characterized in that the pipeline the fuel supply from the pressure port of the fuel priming pump to the suction of the high pressure fuel pump is equipped with a shut-off element, and the motor In the internal combustion engine, a high-viscosity fuel fuel tank is introduced, the internal volume of which is equipped with a coil heater, a high-viscosity fuel supply pipe from the fuel tank to the suction cavity of the fuel pump with a shut-off element.  2. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the ejector has an annular nozzle connected by a pipe to the pressure cavity of the fuel pump, the outlet pipe is in communication with the suction pipe of the high pressure fuel pump, and the suction pipe of the ejector is connected by a pipe to the internal volume of fuel consumables tanks (low viscosity and high viscosity fuels), a dirty fuel tank and a tank for collecting oily water.  3. The system according to claim 1, characterized in that the fuel supply pipe to the ejector nozzle, the ejector outlet pipe and the ejector suction pipe are equipped with locking bodies made in the form of non-return-locking bodies.