RU2107783C1 - Method for erection and reconstruction of buildings and production of articles from composite materials mainly of concrete for above purposes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction engineering. SUBSTANCE: according to method, load-bearing components made of material of higher yield point are included in reinforcement structure of at least part of monolithic and/or sectional and/or sectional-monolithic sections also taking bending loads in buildings, structures and/or their components and/or their joints and units and/or structures in zones corresponding to zones of epure of bending moments for most unfavorable calculated static and/or dynamic actions within range which comes beyond their maximal values and extending in both directions up to at least 1/3 of their maximal value. At least part of structures is made as laminated and/or produced layer-by-layer. At least part of one surface which is in contact with monolithically made layer or with its part is made at completing stage of moulding or after completion of moulding until concrete acquires not over 5% of its design hardness under special treatment. This procedure results in enhanced reliability of structures. EFFECT: higher efficiency. 161 cl, 52 dwg , 1 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to the field of construction and can be used in the construction, restoration or reconstruction of buildings, structures, in the manufacture of building products and structures from composite materials, mainly concrete, for the construction, restoration or reconstruction of buildings, structures.

 There is a method of erecting buildings, structures by extracting pits and / or trenches, preparing the foundation, erecting foundations and / or elevated structures, components and / or structural systems with the manufacture and use of prefabricated and / or monolithic structures from concrete and / or reinforced concrete (Ganichev I A. Technology of construction production, Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1972, p. 292-294, 206, 344-352).

 A known method of manufacturing structures of concrete and reinforced concrete by preparing a concrete mixture with a preliminary selection of components, determining their initial properties, bulk and true density of fine and coarse aggregates, the true density of the binder and determining the consumption of components, dosing, mixing binder, fine aggregate, mixing water and coarse aggregate, feeding the prepared mixture into a mold or formwork, in which form-forming inserts and / or reinforcement are preliminarily placed, followed by compaction of the mixture and its curing (Gershberg D.A. Technology of concrete and reinforced concrete products. -M: Stroyizdat, 1965, p.134-146, 161, 195-259).

 The disadvantages of the known technical solutions are the low bearing capacity of reinforced concrete structures used in the construction of buildings and structures, and the high cost of manufactured structures and erected building objects due to underutilization of non-tensile building structures of the bearing capacity of low grade steels, for example, class A-3, A- 4.

 Closest to the present invention in terms of the problem to be achieved and the result achieved is the well-known known method of erecting, restoring or reconstructing buildings, structures, including extracting pits and / or trenches, preparing the foundation, erecting foundations and / or ground, including reinforced structures that are prefabricated and / or monolithic from concrete and reinforced concrete with reinforcing at least part of the reinforced concrete structures or their joints and units with extended power elements, at least one of which is made of a material with a higher yield strength in comparison with other strength elements of the same direction, as well as a method of manufacturing building products and structures from composite materials, mainly concrete, for the erection, restoration or reconstruction of buildings, facilities, including the preparation of concrete mix with a preliminary selection of its composition, mixing of binder, fine aggregate, mixing water and coarse aggregate, reinforcing products with together working extended power elements, at least one of which is made of a material with a higher yield strength compared to other power elements of the same direction, laying in form or formwork, concrete mixture compaction and curing (RU, patent, 2049874, cl. E 04 B 1/35, E 04 G 23/00, B 28 B23 / 02, E 04 C 5/00, 1995).

 The disadvantages of the known solutions are also the lack of reliability of the erected structures of buildings, structures, due to the lack of compatibility of the work of structural elements of buildings, structures and insufficient use of the strength properties of the material and the bearing capacity of the structures.

 The objective of the present invention is to increase the reliability of the erected structures of buildings, structures while improving the compatibility of the work of structural elements and more fully use the strength properties of materials and the bearing capacity of structures.

где
ρ_мз - истинная плотность мелкого заполнителя, кг/м³;
λ_мз -насыпная плотность мелкого заполнителя, кг/м³;
ρ_кз - истинная плотность крупного заполнителя, кг/м³;
λ_кз - насыпная плотность крупного заполнителя, кг/м³; и минимальный объем цементного теста, л, необходимый для приготовления бетонной смеси, по формуле

после чего определяют фактическое количество воды, л, м³, поглощаемой мелким заполнителем по формуле

где
W_МЗ- стандартное водопоглощение мелкого заполнителя, и определяют фактическое количество воды, л/м³, поглощаемой крупным заполнителем по формуле

где
W_КЗ- стандартное водопоглощение крупного заполнителя, затем определяют расход воды, л/м³, необходимый для гидратации вяжущего по формуле
B_ГВ = Ц_М• К_НГ
где
Ц_М - расход вяжущего на 1 м³ бетонной смеси, кг;
К_НГ- коэффициент нормальной густоты теста из вяжущего,
при этом расход вяжущего определяют по формуле

где ρ_вжз - истинная плотность вяжущего, кг/м³;
после чего определяют минимальный расход воды затворения, л/м³, по формуле:
B_МЗ = B_ФМЗ+ B_ФКЗ + B_ГВ
И определяют расход мелкого МЗ и крупного КЗ заполнителя, кг на 1м³ бетонной смеси, по формулам:
MЗ = (1000-V_мтв)•r_к•ρ_мз,
KЗ = (1000-V_мтв)•(1-r_к)•ρ_кз
При изготовлении по крайней мере части конструкций бетонирование могут осуществлять по крайней мере частично в несъемной опалубке и/или в формообразующих элементах, которые частично или полностью выполняют их железобетонных и/или бетонных, или комбинированных с другими материалами элементов, причем они изготовлены из бетонной смеси следующего состава, мас.ч.:
Цемент или цементно-известковое вяжущее - 1
Фракционированный крупный заполнитель - 2,4-4,0
Песок - 1,25-2,5
Вода - 0,4-0,6
причем фракционированный крупный заполнитель содержит щебень фракции 10-20 или 10-40 мм и гравий фракций 5-10 мм в соотношении с щебнем 1:(3-7), а цементно-известковое вяжущее содержит цемент и известь в соотношении (1-5):(5-1).The problem is solved due to the fact that in the method of erecting or reconstructing buildings and structures, including extracting pits and / or trenches, preparing the foundation, erecting foundations and / or ground reinforced structures that are prefabricated and / or monolithic from concrete and reinforced concrete with reinforcement according to at least parts of reinforced concrete structures or their compounds and assemblies with extended force elements, at least one of which is made of a material with a higher yield strength compared to other power elements with elements of the same direction, force or force elements made of a material with a higher yield strength include at least part of monolithic and / or prefabricated and / or prefabricated-monolithic, including bending loads, sections of buildings, structures and / or their elements, and / or their connections and nodes, and / or structures in the zones corresponding to the zones corresponding to the zones of the diagram of bending moments for the most unfavorable calculated static and / or dynamic effects in the range that overlaps m the maximum values of the latter and extended in both directions to at least 1/3 of their maximum value, while at least part of the foundations and / or ground reinforced structures are layered and / or layer-by-layer erected, and at least part of at least one surface in contact with a monolithically erected layer or part thereof, is performed at the final stage of molding or after its completion until concrete has set not more than 5% of its design strength with treatment by a system of pin, cylindrical and / or wedge-shaped, and / or plate and / or combined elements by translational and / or reciprocal movement of the latter in at least one direction and / or periodic indentation and extraction, including with the possibility of angular and / or shear movements of the latter, and processing is carried out until partial detection of coarse aggregate. At the same time, at least part of monolithic and / or precast concrete and / or reinforced concrete structures and / or elements of buildings can be concreted with concrete mixture, the composition of which is selected by determining the bulk and true density of fine and coarse aggregates, the true density of the binder, then at least for some structures, they can establish the ratio of fine aggregate to the total volume of fine and coarse aggregate in concrete mix by the formula:

Where
ρ _mz - the true density of the fine aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
λ _{mz -} bulk density of fine aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
ρ _KZ - the true density of the coarse aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
λ _KZ - bulk density of coarse aggregate, kg / m ³ ; and the minimum volume of cement paste, l, required for the preparation of concrete mix, according to the formula

then determine the actual amount of water, l, m ³ absorbed by fine aggregate according to the formula

Where
W _MZ - standard water absorption of a fine aggregate, and determine the actual amount of water, l / m ³ absorbed by a large aggregate according to the formula

Where
W _KZ - standard water absorption of coarse aggregate, then determine the water flow rate, l / m ³ required for hydration of the binder according to the formula
B _GV = C _M • K _NG
Where
C _M - binder consumption per 1 m ^{3 of} concrete mixture, kg;
K _NG - coefficient of normal density of the binder test,
while the binder consumption is determined by the formula

where ρ _VZHZ - the true density of the binder, kg / m ³ ;
then determine the minimum flow rate of mixing water, l / m ³ according to the formula:
B _MZ = B _FMZ + B _FKZ + B _GW
And determine the consumption of small MZ and large KZ aggregate, kg per 1 m ³ concrete mix, according to the formulas:
MЗ = (1000-V _mtv ) • r _to • ρ _mz ,
KZ = (1000-V _mtv ) • (1-r _k ) • ρ _KZ
In the manufacture of at least part of the structures, concreting can be carried out at least partially in fixed formwork and / or in forming elements, which partially or completely fulfill their reinforced concrete and / or concrete elements, or combined with other materials of the elements, moreover, they are made of concrete mixture of the following composition, parts by weight:
Cement or cement-lime binder - 1
Fractionated Coarse Aggregate - 2.4-4.0
Sand - 1.25-2.5
Water - 0.4-0.6
moreover, fractionated coarse aggregate contains crushed stone of a fraction of 10-20 or 10-40 mm and gravel fractions of 5-10 mm in a ratio of crushed stone 1: (3-7), and the cement-lime binder contains cement and lime in the ratio (1-5) : (5-1).

 Pigments can be added to the concrete mix, or at least to the surface layer of concrete.

 The cross-sectional area of the reinforcing force element or the total area of unidirectional force elements that are made of a material with a higher yield strength can take less than the cross-sectional area of another element or the total area of other power elements of the same direction made of a material with a lower yield strength.

 Reinforcement of building products and structures can be carried out by a power element or unidirectional force elements made of a material with a higher yield strength, the total cross-sectional area of which is at least 5% of the total cross-sectional area of unidirectional force elements with different strength and yield strength.

 Reinforcement of building products and structures can be carried out by a force element or force elements made of a material with a higher yield strength, the total cross-sectional area of which is not more than 35% of the total cross-sectional area of unidirectional power elements with different strength and yield strength.

 When reinforcing building products and structures, at least two strength elements of a material with different yield strengths can be fastened together at least at two points in length.

 The extended power elements of the reinforcement can be combined with distribution valves, which are positioned at an angle to the power elements to form flat grids and / or spatial frames, and / or are used in combinations of flat and spatial frames with separate and / or paired power elements, while at least a portion of the strength elements of the material with a higher yield strength are connected in length with the elements of the material with a lower yield strength and / or are located between them .

 In the process of manufacturing reinforcement and / or reinforcing products and structures, at least part of the extended strength elements can be combined into a strand or into strands, each of which includes at least one element from a material with a higher yield strength.

 At least one strength element made of a material with at least a lower yield strength can be profiled.

- образного и/или

- образного, и/или

- образного, и/или

- образного, и/или

- образного, и/или

- образного профиля.Profiled power elements can perform with a cross section

- figurative and / or

- figurative, and / or

- figurative, and / or

- figurative, and / or

- figurative, and / or

- shaped profile.

 For reinforcing products and structures, individual rods and / or nets and / or frames can be used, in which at least one strength element of at least a material with a higher yield strength is performed with a variable cross-sectional area along the length and / or composite , and / or shorter or greater length relative to unidirectional force elements with a yield strength other than that of this element.

 Reinforcement of products and structures can be carried out by individual rods and / or nets and / or frames, in which at least one strength element of at least a material with a lower yield strength is performed with a cross-sectional area gradually and / or stepwise varying in length and / or compound in length.

 Reinforcement of building products or structures can be carried out by individual rods and / or nets and / or frames, in which at least one power element is made integral along the length and at the same time includes at least one section with strength and / or yield strength, different from the yield strength of the adjacent and / or other sections along the length of the element.

 At least part of the power elements of the reinforcement can be performed with at least one section having reduced or disengaged traction with the reinforcing material.

 Strength elements of reinforcement with a lower yield strength can be made of steel of class A-3 or A-4.

 The joined force elements of the reinforcement can be made comprising at least one, having at least two joined sections, which are made with different cross-sectional areas and / or with different cross-section perimeters.

 Before concreting, reinforcement comprising at least one rod with two joined sections, at least one of which is made in the form of at least two rod elements and / or linear profiles combined into a power group, can be laid in a mold or formwork.

 To prepare the concrete mixture, pozzolanic cement or Portland cement, or slag Portland cement, or quick-hardening cement, or cement-lime cement, or combinations thereof can be used.

 As a fine aggregate in concrete mix, sand with a fineness modulus of Mk 1.7 - 3 can be used.

 Crushed stone of a fraction of 10–20 mm or a fraction of 10–40 mm can be used as a large aggregate in a concrete mix.

 Crushed stone from igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary rocks, or from combinations thereof, can be used as a large aggregate in a concrete mix.

 As a coarse aggregate, crushed stone with crushability Dr 8 - 12 can be used.

 The concrete mixture can be densified by vibrating or vibrating, and curing is carried out by holding the structures under normal conditions until the formwork or grade strength is set, or curing is at least partially carried out by heat and / or heat and moisture treatment.

 Curing can be carried out during heat treatment through the use of solar energy.

 When constructing piling foundations after submersion of piles to zero failure or up to 85% of the design level at zero failure, the protruding part of the pile can be slinged with a rope and a strut or struts, risks are applied to the immersed pile, indicating the marks of the top of the pile after cutting and the size of piling into the grillage, after what is installed on the pile inventory collar with the location of its upper edges at the level of the scaffold and clamp the clamp with a clamping device, and then carry out concrete cutting of the pile head in the corners with exposure of the working arm rounds by the amount of embedment of piles into the grillage, and then cut down a horizontal groove at the level of the clamp, and the depth of the groove on the side of the tensioned rope is greater than the depth of the groove on the side of the strut or struts.

 With a cluster and multi-row arrangement of piles, the felling of the head of each subsequent part can be performed after removal of the felled head of the previous pile.

 With a single-row arrangement of piles, they can alternately cut down the pile heads with the subsequent cleaning of all the felled heads at the same time.

 The grillages can be made monolithic and / or prefabricated, and / or prefabricated monolithic, having a glass expanding to the edge of the column for the column, or a precast reinforced concrete column with channels for the outlet of the column reinforcement, which, after or before the installation of the column, is filled with hardening material, for example, polymer-cement mortar.

 Foundations can be made block, prefabricated or monolithic, or prefabricated monolithic, with a glass under the column or a column with monolithic channels for the outlet of the column reinforcement.

 The grillage or foundation block can be made with reinforcing outlets, and the sub-column can be cut with coaxial outlets of the reinforcement, and after inserting them into the cut-outs of the sub-column, the cuts are monolithic with hardening material, for example concrete.

 At least part of the extended structural elements of buildings and structures can be performed with prestressed reinforcement. They can use prefabricated monolithic columns that are height-height composite of at least two prefabricated sections, each of which is performed with spaced apart from each other, equal to the height of the floor, sections free of concrete, releases of working reinforcement at one end and channels for releases of the reinforcement of the adjacent section at the other end.

 The length of the exhaust working reinforcement of the column sections can be equal to 1.3 - 2.7 of the largest cross-sectional dimension of the column, and the depth of the channels in the column sections and / or sub-columns - exceeding the length of the corresponding outlet by no more than two diameters of the working reinforcement, and the channels at least part of the length of the conical, expanding upward with an angle of inclination of the generatrix of the cone to the vertical, the tangent of which is not less than 0.01, while at the same time on the walls of the channels form depressions located at least two-way spiral They are performed in a longitudinal section in the form of a trapezoid with a large base on the surface of the channel and a smaller width of 0.1 of the average diameter of the channel.

 The sub-columns and / or grillages, and / or the ends of the sections of the columns in the area of the channel can be performed with additional reinforcement, which is arranged in a spiral in the concrete body around the channels.

 After the columns are installed in the levels of their concrete-free sections, prefabricated crossbars can be installed based on temporary support clamps and supported from the bottom by inventory racks, after which the floor slab is concreted, and when concreting a monolithic slab, concrete is poured above the column-free concrete section , not less than 15 cm, and vibrate the concrete while simultaneously monoling the joining of the column connections with the crossbar and slab and sections of the column free of concrete.

 Prefabricated reinforced concrete crossbars can perform with sockets and releases of reinforcement at the end sections.

The nests at the end sections of the crossbar can be made open from the end of the crossbar and from the side of its upper surface, trapezoidal in cross section, tapering in the direction from the upper surface of the crossbar to the bottom of the nest, while the lateral surfaces of the nests are expanded in the direction from the end surface of the nest to the end of the crossbar inclined or parallel to the vertical plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the crossbar, and the end surface of the nests is formed relative to the surface of the bottom of the nest at an angle, not m nshim 90 ^o.

 At least the lateral surfaces of the crossbars nests can be folded, with fold axes crossing the bottom surface of the nests and representing straight and / or broken, or curved lines, or the lateral surfaces of the nests with recesses and / or protrusions in the form of cylinders or hemispheres, or torus, or combinations thereof, or in the form of a prism and / or a truncated pyramid, or a truncated cone, and / or combinations of a part of a truncated cone and part of a hemisphere or torus.

 Crossbars can be concreted in molds with tensioning reinforcement and using end inserts, while end inserts are made corresponding to the shape of the crossbar nests.

 In the manufacture of crossbars, metal forms can be used, which are performed at least in two rows, and the inserts are made of composite metal separation elements and disposable inserts of elastic crease or easily destructible material.

 Inventory metal dividing elements can be made L-shaped with a handle on the upper surface of the shelf and through cuts in the wall, and the insert is installed under the shelf of the dividing element to the wall and is made, for example, of polystyrene foam or other similar material.

 At least part of the ceilings can be made precast-monolithic.

 Precast monolithic overlapping can be performed by installing prefabricated prestressed slabs, forming a fixed formwork, on the edges of the crossbars, followed by monolithic and reinforcement.

 As a system of pin elements can use a comb.

 When assembling prefabricated slabs under them, temporary inventory supports can be installed to absorb the load when monopolizing the floors.

 During the construction of a building, structures up to 5 floors in height, the stability of the frame can be provided by the interface points of the crossbars with columns, which are rigid, and during the construction of a building, structures of a higher number of floors, stiffness diaphragms or bond connections are additionally established.

 When performing a monolithic overlapping layer, anchor outlets can be formed for fastening the elements of the external walls.

 Internal walls and partitions can be made of brick and / or expanded clay concrete stones, and / or of gypsum perlite elements with a height corresponding to the height of the floor, and / or of sheet materials, with at least part of the partitions being shot with metal brackets to the frame of the building or structure.

 Stairs can be laid on prefabricated reinforced concrete beams, which are made with cutouts for the supporting parts of the marches, and the platforms are made of floor slabs.

 Reinforcing cages at least part of the extended elements of the building, structures can be assembled on a stand having at least two rows of lower ends installed with rigidly sealed at the base at a distance from each other in each row of racks located at least in two tiers of the cross member, which stack the rods of the working reinforcement, guides that are attached to the racks under the crossbars of the lower tier to move the movable trolley with a set that can be wrapped around the rods of the working reinforcement whirlpools, and the crossbars are made up of two halves, each of which is passed through through holes formed in the respective racks or attached to the eyes of the racks with the possibility of longitudinal axial movement and fixation in the extreme extended position at the time the trolley passes through the plane of the corresponding pair of racks, while the cross the upper tier, in addition to axial longitudinal movement, is attached to the respective uprights with the possibility of rotation in the horizontal and / or vertical plane at the time of removal of the finished frame after fixing the clamps on the rods of the working reinforcement.

 The halves of the cross-members can be made with thickenings at the ends, forming latches of the extreme positions, the outer ends of the halves of the cross-members being spaced apart from one another and provided with ring handles.

 When concreting at least a portion of floor slabs and / or foundation elements, and / or joints and units, structural elements of a building or structure, heat treatment can be carried out by electrically heating concrete by installing electrodes and transmitting alternating current of industrial frequency while controlling the temperature regime of heating by changing voltage and / or disconnecting the electrodes from the network according to the testimony of control devices, while the exposed surfaces of the laid concrete are vapor insulated.

 The vapor barrier of concrete can be carried out by covering it with a heater, which is used as roofing material or glassine, or sawdust, or polystyrene, or mineral slabs, or batting.

Warming up can begin at a concrete temperature of no higher than 5 - 10 ^o C with a voltage of 50 - 60 V, and during the heating process, the voltage increases as the concrete hardens in steps to a value not exceeding 127 V.

Concrete temperature control during electric heating can be carried out by performing wells in concrete at the most unfavorable temperature conditions with a depth equal to half the thickness of the concrete layer to be laid, and installing technical thermometers in the wells with holding them in the wells for at least 3-4 minutes and isolating them from the influence of the outdoor temperature air, while in the first three hours the temperature is controlled every hour, and the rest of the heating time - at least three times per shift, while the heating is carried out with HAND discrepancy in readings of the thermometers being heated portion does not exceed 10 ^o C, and the temperature difference between outdoor air and the concrete at the time of demolding - not exceeding 20 ^o C.

 Reinforcement tension in the manufacture of at least part of the floor slabs can be performed by securing the reinforcement to the gripping traverse, applying pressure to the hydraulic cylinder to tension the reinforcement to the required length, and securing the traverse with a latch in the final position, after which the pressure in the hydraulic system is released, and after the heat treatment of the slab is completed the jack reinforcement is additionally pulled out by 10 - 20 mm, after which the clamp is released and removed and the stress relief in the reinforcement is smoothly removed due to the reverse stroke of the rod, in Onze which traverse gripper takes the initial position, then the valve is removed from the grips.

 Reinforcement tension in the manufacture of at least part of the crossbars can be performed by installing the traverse hydraulic cylinder rod in the initial position, fixing the traverse with a mechanical lock, relieving pressure in the system and securing the tensioned reinforcement in the traverse grips, after which the reinforcement is tensioned by a separate mobile installation, which placed on the opposite end of the stand, and at the end of the heat treatment of the bolt by the direct stroke of the hydraulic cylinder rod, the reinforcement is additionally pulled and 10 - 20 mm, then the traverse retainer is released and removed and the tension in the reinforcement is smoothly removed due to the back stroke of the rod, at which the traverse is brought to the final position, and then the reinforcement is removed from the grippers.

 At least part of the ground structures and / or foundations may be made of brick masonry and / or expanded clay concrete blocks.

 At least part of the masonry can be performed by a well, lightweight of the outer and inner layers located at a distance from each other and the insulation layer located between them.

 The outer layer of masonry can be made of silicate brick, the inner one is made of ordinary clay brick or expanded clay concrete blocks, and expanded clay is gravel or ecowool, or expanded polystyrene, or mineral wool, or gernite, or polyethylene foam.

 When masonry is made of expanded clay concrete blocks, expanded clay gravel can be used as insulation.

 When the external walls are made of masonry, between the outer and inner layers of the masonry, vertical transverse stiffeners can be installed at a distance from each other not exceeding 1.2 m, with the formation of wells between the ribs, which are filled with insulation, for example expanded clay with layer-by-layer sealing.

 The ratio of the volume of piece materials in the masonry to the volume of insulation can be from 1: 02 to 1: 1.4, while the ratio of the heat transfer resistance of the wall in the most heat-conducting place (brick) to the given heat transfer resistance of the wall taking into account the reinforced concrete frame in its thickness can be from 1: 1.7 to 1: 3.

 After 0.5 - 0.7 m along the height of the masonry, horizontal horizontal diaphragms can be made into which reinforcing brackets are laid.

 Mortar diaphragms can be made with a thickness of 25 - 35 mm, and reinforcing brackets are placed in increments of 400 - 500 mm.

 When a building or structure is being constructed, the masonry of the external walls can be fixed to the frame at the level of ceilings.

 The masonry can be fixed to the frame by installing discrete anchors in a monolithic overlapping layer with their location in the corresponding horizontal mortar diaphragm of the wall.

 The internal partitions of the building, structures can be attached to the frame in tiers with a step in height not exceeding 1.2 m.

 Fastening at least part of the internal partitions to the frame can be done by shooting sheet metal brackets to it and fastening the partitions to the brackets.

 When building, constructions with hinged facade blocks, the latter can be mounted by welding their frames to galvanized embedded parts, which are installed in a monolithic layer of overlap.

 When performing work in conditions of negative outside temperatures, the masonry can be performed on a solution with antifreeze chemical additives, and a solution of at least grade M50 is used.

 When a building, a frame structure with self-supporting stone walls can be mounted, the walls can be fastened to the vertical elements of the frame with flexible connections to enable free wall upsetting.

 Flexible connections can be set in height with a step not exceeding 1.5 m.

 In winter, they can use mortars with a mobility of 9-13 cm for masonry made of solid brick and 7-8 cm for masonry made of brick with voids.

 When walls are erected around the perimeter of a building, structure or between sedimentary joints, masonry can be performed evenly, while the largest gap in height at the level of masonry is allowed not to exceed the height of half a floor.

 When laying deaf sections of walls and corners of a building, structures, gaps may be allowed to be no more than half the height of the floor and performed by the work.

 When performing work in the winter, for the period until positive outside temperatures can come, temporary racks on wedges can be placed under the supporting parts of the openings and jumpers, which are installed in all the floors of the building and structure.

 When performing work in the winter, to prevent the precipitation of brick partitions during periods of thaw, wooden racks with struts can be installed with a step not exceeding 2 m.

 When working in the winter and using concrete with anti-frost additives, concrete can be covered immediately after compaction, for example, with a layer of sawdust.

 When reinforcing brick partitions with capital walls, they can be mated at different times by arranging a groove in the capital wall into which the partition is inserted, or using reinforcement rods that are laid in the seams of the masonry of the capital walls.

 The coupling of the partitions with the columns can be performed with the help of the exhaust bar or steel rods laid in the pillars.

 At least part of the partitions can be gypsum-rolled, moreover, the fastening of the partition panels to the ceilings is carried out with the length of the panels up to 4 m in one place, and with a longer length - in two places, and in height to the walls, the fastening is made in two places.

 At least part of the gaps between the panels and walls or ceilings can be soiled with tow soaked in gypsum mortar and rubbed.

 Balcony slabs and lintels can be installed simultaneously with the erection of external walls, and the level difference between the planes of the balcony slab and the floor of the room is no more than 8-10 cm, while the balcony slabs are installed with a slope of 2% of the outer wall.

 At least part of the external walls of the building, structures can be made of self-supporting three-layer panels.

 Self-supporting three-layer panels can be used, which are made of the outer and inner layers of reinforced concrete, a layer of heat-insulating material located between them and uniting the layers of the element in the form of a framing frame of profiles having a wall and angled shelves, one of which is perforated, the concrete of the outer layer is rigidly attached by means of straight linings to the working reinforcement of this layer and monolithic inside the outer layer of the panel, another shelf of its profile the outer surface forms a portion of the outer surface of the inner layer of the panel, and its inner surface is rigidly attached by means of curved overlays to the working reinforcement of the inner layer of the panel, and the profile wall is bent outward in width to form a protrusion of a rectangular or trapezoidal section to fix the elastic strip when docking with adjacent panels, and in the upper end of the panel within its inner layer monolithic protruding beyond the limits of the rods and recessed hinges, and in the lower end - form holes coaxial to the rods of the holes in which form-forming, for example polystyrene, plugs are installed.

 The panel can be performed with a window opening, the frame of which forms an additional element combining the panel layers in the form of a frame.

 Self-supporting panels can be made by installing a metal frame on a pallet, laying the working reinforcement of the outer layer, attaching profiles to it, concreting the outer layer in the space bounded by the pallet and profiles, followed by laying heat-insulating material, working reinforcement of the inner layer with its fastening to the profiles and concreting the inner layer of the panel on top of the insulating material in a space bounded by profiles.

The outer and inner layers of the panel can be made of fine-grained expanded clay concrete with a density of from 1200 to 1400 kg / m ³ , the frame of the window opening is made of light concrete, and for example, polystyrene foam or other similar material is used as a heat-insulating material.

 The panels can be performed with additional metal connecting elements, by which, during installation, the panels are attached to the frame of the building or structure.

 During installation, the overlying panels can be installed on the lower ones, and an elastic gasket is laid under the protrusion of the profile element on the surface of the underlying panel, and the rods protruding from the underlying panel are inserted into holes coaxial with them in the lower end of the overlying panel, and in the outer joint of the panels directly adjacent to an elastic gasket is installed to the protrusion of the profiles, then a non-hardening mastic is laid, on top of which, for example, a polymer-cement composition is laid, and the inner joint of the panels is They are filled by laying an elastic gasket directly to the protrusion of the profiles and an insulating gasket overlapping the inner joint.

 Profiles can be coated externally with an anti-corrosion and adhesion-improving coating.

 In the manufacture of installation and welding work at heights, they can use a safety device in the form of a cable, which is pulled between the hollow posts, inside each of which a pipe is mounted, into which the hook rod is inserted for fastening the floor plates to the mounting loops, and the upper part of the hook rod is provided with a nut, which is mounted on the pipe.

 At least part of the surface of at least part of the building elements, structures can be performed with horizontal and vertical glued waterproofing.

 Horizontal waterproofing can be performed from two layers of roofing material glued together and glued to the primed surface using a screed of masonry mortar, and the panels in all layers are rolled in one direction without their cross-location in adjacent layers, each subsequent panel is connected with the previous one in longitudinal and transverse 100 mm overlap joints, the longitudinal and transverse joints of the panels in adjacent insulation layers are spaced apart, while the glued panels are rolled to the insulated over nosti.

 Vertical waterproofing can be performed by gluing the panels of rolled material from the bottom up with smoothing.

 The last layer of glued waterproofing on a mastic made of bituminous roll materials can be covered with a continuous layer of hot bituminous mastic, sprinkled with dry hot sand, which is rolled on horizontal surfaces.

 At least part of the surface of at least part of the building elements, structures can be performed with waterproofing in the form of bituminous hot and / or cold mastics, and / or mastics prepared on the basis of synthetic resins, which are applied in at least two layers.

 Each subsequent layer of waterproofing paint can be applied after curing and drying previously applied.

 Paint waterproofing can be applied mechanically, moreover, hoses and pipes for the mechanized supply of heated mastics are protected from cooling or heated, and hoses for supplying liquefied compounds are made of a gas-resistant material.

 At least part of the walls can be concreted using trunks or vibro trunks, and during work, their lower ends are pulled to the side by no more than 0.25 m for every 1 m of height, while the two lower links are left vertical.

 At least part of the walls can be concreted using free discharge of concrete mixture, and the height of free discharge is taken not exceeding 2 m.

 Concreting of beams and floor slabs can be done at the same time, and working joints during breaks in concreting are prescribed: when concreting flat slabs - anywhere parallel to the smaller side of the slab, when concreting ribbed floor slabs - in a direction parallel to secondary beams, as well as individual beams - within the middle third of the span of the beams, and when concreting in the direction parallel to the main beams, within two middle quarters of the span of the beams and slabs.

 For the construction of at least part of the elements of the building, structures that are made of brick and / or stone, and / or blocks, can use articulated-panel scaffolds and / or panel scaffolds, and / or lever with a hydraulic actuator, and / or portable platforms - scaffold.

 At least part of the outer and / or inner surface of at least part of the building elements, structures can be plastered.

 Plastering can be done in one-piece and / or dry plastering.

 When plastering the outer surfaces of building elements, structures can use cement mortars with plasticizing and frost-resistance additives.

 When plastering the internal surfaces of building elements, structures can use lime-sand mortars on hydraulic lime and / or ground quicklime and / or lime substitutes.

 When plastering the internal surfaces of building elements, structures can use lime-gypsum mortars for spraying and / or primers, and / or coatings.

 As the floors of the building are erected, structures can erect risers to carry out internal heat and gas networks of heat and gas supply.

 Simultaneously or sequentially with the implementation of the supporting structures of the building, the structures can carry out installation of the internal water supply and sewage systems.

 The internal water supply system can be carried out by installing inlets, a water meter assembly, a distribution network, risers, inlets to water outlets, water shut-off and control valves, and the inlets are made of steel or cast-iron water pipe sockets that are sealed with asbestos cement.

 Steel pipes located in the ground can protect against corrosion.

 An input laid through a foundation or a main wall can be enclosed in a steel pipe to prevent deformation during the settlement of a building or structure, the gap between the walls of the input pipe and the pipe being closed with a tarred wire and filled with a cement mortar with a layer of 20-30 mm from the inside and outside.

 The water meter assembly can be installed behind the first main wall from the side of the street water main in a dry heated room - a basement or stairwell, or in a warm well.

 The distribution network can be laid from steel gas pipes with a slope of 0.005 to the drain plug: on the wall or under the ceiling in the basement - in systems with a lower wiring and in the attic - in systems with a top wiring, and when using a system with a top wiring, the network is insulated.

 When performing heat supply networks, at least part of the networks can be autonomous for independent heat supply of at least one room of a building or structure.

 At least part of the heating networks can be utilized.

 The problem is also solved due to the fact that in the method of manufacturing building products and structures from composite materials, mainly concrete, for the erection, restoration or reconstruction of buildings, structures, including the preparation of concrete mix with a preliminary selection of its composition, mixing of a binder, fine aggregate, mixing water and coarse aggregate, reinforcing products with jointly working extended power elements, at least one of which is made of materials with a higher limit compared to other strength elements of the same direction, laying in form or formwork, concrete compaction and curing, strength or strength elements from a material with a higher yield strength include at least part of monolithic and / or prefabricated elements in the power reinforcement, and / or prefabricated-monolithic, including bending loads, sections of buildings, structures and / or their elements, and / or their connections and nodes, and / or structures in areas corresponding to the zones of the diagram of bending moments for the most favorable design static and / or dynamic effects in the range that covers the maximum values of the latter and extended in both directions to at least 1/3 of their maximum value, while at least part of the foundations and / or ground reinforced structures are layered and / or layer-by-layer erected moreover, at least a part of at least one surface in contact with the monolithically erected layer or part thereof is performed at the final stage of molding or after its completion until concrete is set up 5% of its design strength with processing by a system of pin, cylindrical and / or wedge-shaped, and / or plate and / or combined elements by translational and / or reciprocal movement of the latter in at least one direction and / or periodic indentation and extraction, including with the possibility of angular and / or shear movements of the latter, and processing is carried out until partial exposure of the coarse aggregate.

где
ρ_мз - истинная плотность мелкого заполнителя, кг/м³;
λ_мз - насыпная плотность мелкого заполнителя, кг/м³;
ρ_кз - истинная плотность крупного заполнителя, кг/м³;
λ_кз - насыпная плотность крупного заполнителя, кг/м³,
и минимальный объем цементного теста, л, необходимый для приготовления бетонной смеси, по формуле

где V_МТВ - минимальный объем теста из вяжущего, л;
после чего определяют фактическое количество воды, л/м³, поглощаемой мелкими заполнителем, по формуле

где
W_мз - стандартное водопоглощение мелкого заполнителя, %,
и определяют фактическое количество воды, л/м³, поглощаемой крупным заполнителем, по формуле

где W_кз - стандартное водопоглощение крупного заполнителя, %.In this case, when preparing a concrete mixture, the ratio of fine aggregate to the total volume of fine and coarse aggregate, at least as the last of which use fractionated crushed stone or a combination of crushed stone and gravel, can be established by the formula:

Where
ρ _mz - the true density of the fine aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
λ _mz - bulk density of fine aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
ρ _KZ - the true density of the coarse aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
λ _KZ - bulk density of coarse aggregate, kg / m ³ ,
and the minimum volume of cement paste, l, required for the preparation of concrete mix, according to the formula

where V _MTV is the minimum amount of dough from a binder, l;
then determine the actual amount of water, l / m ³ absorbed by fine aggregate, according to the formula

Where
W _MS - standard water absorption of fine aggregate,%,
and determine the actual amount of water, l / m ³ absorbed by a large aggregate, according to the formula

where W _KZ - standard water absorption of coarse aggregate,%.

где
ρ_вж - истинная плотность вяжущего, кг/м³;
после чего определяют минимальный расход воды, л/м³, затворения по формуле
B_мз = B_фмз + B_фкз + B_гв,
затем определяют расход мелкого МЗ и крупного КЗ заполнителя на 1 м³ бетонной смеси по формулам
MЗ = (1000-V_мтв)•r_к•ρ_мз;
KЗ = (1000-V_мтв)•(1-r_к)•ρ_кз.
При изготовлении по крайней мере части конструкций бетонирование могут осуществлять по крайней мере частично в несъемной опалубке и/или в формообразующих элементах, которые частично или полностью выполняют из железобетонных и/или бетонных, или комбинированных с другими материалами элементов, причем их изготавливают из бетонной смеси следующего состава, мас.ч.:
Цемент или цементно-известковое вяжущее - 1
Фракционированный крупный заполнитель - 2,4-4,0
Песок - 1,25-2,5
Вода - 0,4-0,6
причем фракционированный крупный заполнитель содержит щебень фракции 10-20 или 10-40 мм и гравий фракции 5-10 мм в соотношении с щебнем 1:(3-7), а цементно-известковое вяжущее содержит цемент и известь в соотношении (1-5):(5-1).Then determine the flow rate of water, l / m ³ necessary for hydration of the binder, according to the formula
B _guards = Ts _m • K _ng ,
Where
C _m - binder consumption per 1 m ³ concrete mix, kg;
K _ng is the coefficient of normal density of the test from the binder, while the consumption of binder is determined by the formula

Where
ρ _vzh - the true density of the binder, kg / m ³ ;
then determine the minimum flow rate of water, l / m ³ , mixing according to the formula
B _ms = B _fms + B _fks + B _guards ,
then determine the consumption of small MZ and large KZ aggregate for 1 m ³ concrete mix according to the formulas
MЗ = (1000-V _mtv ) • r _to • ρ _mz ;
KZ = (1000-V _MTV) • (1-r _a) • ρ _sc.
In the manufacture of at least part of the structures, concreting can be carried out at least partially in fixed formwork and / or in the formative elements, which are partially or completely made of reinforced concrete and / or concrete, or combined with other materials, elements, and they are made of concrete mixture of the following composition, parts by weight:
Cement or cement-lime binder - 1
Fractionated Coarse Aggregate - 2.4-4.0
Sand - 1.25-2.5
Water - 0.4-0.6
moreover, fractionated coarse aggregate contains crushed stone of a fraction of 10-20 or 10-40 mm and gravel fraction of 5-10 mm in a ratio of crushed stone 1: (3-7), and the cement-lime binder contains cement and lime in the ratio (1-5) : (5-1).

 Pigments can be added to the concrete mix, or at least to the surface layer of concrete.

 The cross-sectional area of the reinforcing force element or the total area of unidirectional force elements, which are made of a material with a higher yield strength, can take less than the area of other power elements of the same direction, which are made of a material with a lower yield strength.

 The cross-sectional area of the reinforcing force element or the total area of unidirectional force elements made of materials with a higher yield strength can take less than the cross-sectional area of another element or the total cross-sectional area of another element or the total area of other power elements of the same direction, which are made from material with a lower yield strength.

 Reinforcement of building products and structures can be carried out by a power element or unidirectional force elements made of a material with a higher yield strength, the total cross-sectional area of which is at least 5% of the total cross-sectional area of unidirectional force elements with different strength and yield strength.

 Reinforcement of building products and structures can be carried out by a force element or force elements made of a material with a higher yield strength, the total cross-sectional area of which is not more than 35% of the total cross-sectional area of unidirectional power elements with different strength and yield strength.

 Reinforcement can be carried out at least by force elements with a larger total cross-sectional area and, accordingly, with lower strength, having a differentiated yield strength.

 When reinforcing building products and structures, at least two strength elements of materials with different yield strengths can be fastened together at least at two points in length.

 The extended power elements of the reinforcement can be combined with distribution valves, which are positioned at an angle to the power elements to form flat grids and / or spatial frames, and / or are used in combinations of flat and spatial frames with separate and / or paired power elements, while at least part of the strength elements of materials with a higher yield strength are connected in length with the elements of a material with a lower yield strength and / or are located between it and.

 In the process of manufacturing reinforcement and / or reinforcing products and structures, at least part of the extended strength elements can be combined into a strand or into strands, each of which includes at least one element from a material with a higher yield strength.

 At least one force element of a material with at least a lower yield strength can be profiled.

-образного, и/или

-образного, и/или

-образного, и/или

-образного, и/или

-образного, и/или

-образного профиля.Profiled power elements can perform with a cross section

-shaped, and / or

-shaped, and / or

-shaped, and / or

-shaped, and / or

-shaped, and / or

-shaped profile.

 For reinforcing products and structures, individual rods and / or nets and / or frames can be used, in which at least one strength element of at least a material with a higher yield strength is performed with a variable cross-sectional area along the length and / or composite , and / or shorter or greater length relative to unidirectional force elements with a yield strength other than that of this element.

 Reinforcement of products and structures can be carried out by individual rods and / or nets and / or frames, which include at least one strength element from at least a material with a lower yield strength, which is performed with a smooth and / or stepwise varying length cross-sectional area and / or compound in length.

 Reinforcement of building products or structures can be carried out with individual rods and / or nets and / or frames, which include at least one power element, which is made integral along the length and at the same time includes at least one section with strength and / or yield strength different from the yield strength of the adjacent and / or other sections along the length of the element.

 At least part of the power elements of the reinforcement can be performed with at least one section having low or no traction with the reinforced material.

 Strength elements of reinforcement with a lower yield strength can be made of steel of class A-3 and / or A-4.

 The joined force elements of the reinforcement can be made comprising at least one, having at least two joined sections, which are made with different cross-sectional areas and / or with different cross-section perimeters.

 Before concreting, reinforcement comprising at least one rod with two joined sections, at least one of which is made in the form of at least two rod elements and / or molded profiles combined into a power group, can be laid in a mold or formwork.

 For the preparation of the concrete mixture, pozzolanic cement or Portland cement, or slag Portland cement, or quick-hardening cement, or cement-lime cement, or combinations thereof can be used.

 As a fine aggregate in concrete mix, sand with a fineness modulus of Mk 1.7-3 can be used.

 Crushed stone of a fraction of 10-20 mm or a fraction of 10-40 mm can be used as a large aggregate in a concrete mix.

 Crushed stone from igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary rocks, or from combinations thereof, can be used as a large aggregate in a concrete mix.

 As coarse aggregate, crushed stone with crushing capacity of Dr 8-12 can be used.

 Building products and structures can be made monolithic and / or precast monolithic and / or precast.

 The concrete mixture can be densified by vibrating or vibrating, and curing is carried out by holding the structures under normal conditions until the formwork or grade strength is set, or curing is at least partially carried out by heat and / or heat and moisture treatment.

 Curing can be carried out during heat treatment through the use of solar energy.

They can use concrete made of concrete mix of the following composition, parts by weight:
Cement or cement-lime binder - 1.0
Fractionated Coarse Aggregate - 2.14-4.0
Fine aggregate - 1.24-2.5
Water - 0.30-0.60
moreover, fractionated coarse aggregate contains crushed stone of a fraction of 10-20 mm or 10-40 mm and gravel of a fraction of 5-10 mm in a ratio of crushed stone 1: (3-7), and the cement-lime binder contains cement and lime in the ratio (1-5 ) :( 5-1).

 In the manufacture of concrete, additives that regulate technological and / or operational properties — plasticity, setting speed, water resistance, frost resistance, and strength in the amount of 0.0001–0.04 parts by weight can be added to the concrete mix. by weight of cement.

 As a fine aggregate, sand with a fineness modulus of Mk from 1.7 to 3, or crushed expanded clay with a fineness modulus of Mk 3, or a combination of sand and crushed expanded clay in the ratio (1-5) :( 5-1) can be used.

 As a fine aggregate can use burnt earth - waste metallurgical production or a combination of it with sand in the ratio (1-5) :( 5-1).

 Fine and / or coarse aggregate can be used, which is 10-80% composed of shredded metal waste, including steel and / or cast iron sawdust, and / or shredded chips, and / or wire samples, and / or cuttings, and / or crushed metal-containing ores.

 At least part of the columns can be concreted in molds, each of which is intended for the manufacture of at least four columns at the same time and is made from a lower horizontal base, on which the central row of columns with shields located on them, forming a central fixed longitudinal mesh, are rigidly fixed with the possibility of folding and fixing side racks with shields located on them, forming lateral, folding walls fixed in a given position, between each of which is a cent at least one row of intermediate racks with shields located on them, forming intermediate walls, is installed, with the possibility of deviating from the vertical by a predetermined angle, and horizontal formwork pallets are mounted between the walls, and the central wall is made higher than the other walls.

 The base can be made integral with a system of transverse and / or longitudinal beams, on top of which a flooring is laid, on which the supports adjusting the height of the made columns of columns are installed between the longitudinal walls, and the pallets are mounted on the supports.

The intermediate racks can be installed with the possibility of deviating from the vertical by an angle not exceeding 5 ^o , the side racks can be deviating from the vertical by no more than 25 ^o , and the height of the central wall is taken to be greater than the height of the other walls by at least 10%.

 At least part of the columns can be concreted in molds, each of which is intended for the manufacture of at least four columns at the same time and is made up of a combination of movable and at least one fixed blocks, and the base with the central longitudinal row of columns rigidly attached to it is included with shields located on them, forming a central longitudinal stationary stationary vertical wall, and movable blocks are installed on the base of the stationary with the possibility of transverse autonomous for movement therealong and includes a movable rolling bearing unit, to which horizontal beams mounted rigidly connected to the vertical supports located on them boards forming side walls and a top beams disposed between the side walls and the central horizontal shuttering pallets.

 At least part of the crossbars can be concreted in forms, each of which is made from the base with the central row of racks rigidly fixed on it with shields located on them, forming a central longitudinal stationary vertical wall, and pivotally attached to the base with the possibility of folding and fixing two side rows racks with shields located on them, forming hinged side walls, and horizontal formwork pallets are placed between the walls, the central wall being higher than the side ones.

 Deviation of the walls of the molds can be carried out with jacks, and fixing with tightened screws.

 Columns can be transported from the manufacturing workshop to the finished goods warehouse using transport equipment in the form of a movable central support truss mounted on rolling bearings or on a rail track with column shelves attached to it on both sides, the number of shelves corresponding to the number of columns made at the same time.

 Due to the indicated sets of features, when solving this problem, a technical effect is provided, which consists in the possibility of more fully using the strength properties of materials and the bearing capacity of structures while improving the compatibility of work of structural elements, which in turn leads to the possibility of reducing material consumption, as well as labor costs in manufacturing and installation while improving reliability and durability.

 Both of the claimed methods are combined by a single inventive concept, aimed at solving the same problem and provide the same technical effect, i.e. constitute a group of inventions.

 In FIG. 1 shows a fragment of a flat grid, including strength elements made of materials with different yield strengths; in FIG. 2 - a fragment of the spatial frame, including power elements with different strength and yield strength; in FIG. 3 - 10 - embodiments of reinforcement with a different number and relative position of power elements with different strengths; in FIG. 11-14 - embodiments of the profiled power element, cross section; in FIG. 15 - two power elements of materials with different yield strengths, bonded to each other; in FIG. 16 - power elements combined into a strand, cross section; in FIG. 17 is a power element made integral along the lengths with sections of material with a lower yield strength with a cross-sectional area gradually varying in length; in FIG. 18 - also, with a cross-sectional area gradually varying in length; in FIG. 19 is a power element of reinforcement containing a section with a reduced or off section; in FIG. 20 - pile grillage with a glass under the column, reinforced with grids, which include at least one strength element with a higher yield strength, a longitudinal section; in FIG. 21 - butt connection of the column to the foundation block (or grillage) through the precast column, side view; in FIG. 22 is a section AA in FIG. 21; in FIG. 23 - column in a perspective view at the installation stage; in FIG. 24 - butt joint sections of the columns, a longitudinal section; in FIG. 25 - butt connection of the crossbar with the column, a longitudinal section; in FIG. 26 is a section BB in FIG. 25; in FIG. 27 - the same, with a monolithic joint of the column and the adjoining of crossbars on both sides, a longitudinal section; in FIG. 28 is a section BB of FIG. 27; in FIG. 29 - a crossbar in a perspective view; in FIG. 30 - insert for the manufacture of crossbars, in a perspective view; in FIG. 31 - liner, rear view; in FIG. 32 - form for concreting crossbars, end view; in FIG. 33 is a diagram of concreting slabs; in FIG. 34 - comb; in FIG. 35 - stand for mounting reinforcing cages, side view; in FIG. 36 is a section GG in FIG. 35; in FIG. 37 - the same, with extended crossbars; in FIG. 38 - the same, with turned crossbars; in FIG. 39 is a fragment of a stand for tensioning reinforcement in the manufacture of floors, a plan view, the initial position of the beam; in FIG. 40 - the same, the final position of the traverse; in FIG. 41 - a fragment of the stand for tensioning the reinforcement of the crossbars, in the plan, the initial position of the beam; in FIG. 42 - the same, the final position of the traverse; in FIG. 43 - well masonry in plan, embodiment, in FIG. 44 - self-supporting panel, an embodiment with a window opening, front view; in FIG. 45 - node docking panels; in FIG. 46 is a section DD in FIG. 44; in FIG. 47 is a fragment of a panel manufactured on a pallet, a longitudinal section; in FIG. 48 - butt connection of panels at the junction with the column, plan view; in FIG. 49 - safety device; in FIG. 50 — assembly 1 in FIG. 49; in FIG. 51 - form for concreting columns; in FIG. 52 is the same embodiment.

 The method of construction, restoration or reconstruction of buildings is carried out as follows.

 Example. Trench is excavated under the foundation of a residential building. A foundation pit is built under the foundation of a residential building. Perform crushed stone preparation. Concrete the base, install the formwork for a monolithic foundation. An armature is laid containing jointly working extended strength elements of different strengths, in which at least one element is made of a material with a higher yield strength than other strength elements of the same direction, and power or strength elements of a material with a higher yield strength include in the power reinforcement of at least parts of monolithic and / or prefabricated, and / or prefabricated monolithic, including bending loads, sections of buildings, structures and / or their elements in, and / or their connections and nodes, and / or structures in the zones corresponding to the zones of the diagram of bending moments for the most unfavorable calculated static and / or dynamic effects in a range that overlaps the maximum values of the latter and extended in both directions to at least 1/3 their maximum value, while at least part of the foundations and / or ground reinforced structures are layered and / or layer-by-layer erected, and at least part of at least one of the surfaces in contact with the monolith about the erected layer or its part, is performed at the final stage of molding or after its completion until concrete has set not more than 5% of its design strength with a system of pin, cylindrical and / or wedge-shaped, and / or plate and / or combined elements by progressive and / or reciprocating movement of the latter in at least one direction and / or periodic indentation and extraction, including with the possibility of angular and / or shear movements of the latter, and processing is carried out to partial exposure of coarse aggregate.

After concreting the foundations, they overlap the foundation from prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs and elevated structures are erected from monolithic and precast concrete. In this case, monolithic and prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures are performed directly at the construction site or at the factory of reinforced concrete structures made of concrete mixture with a certain ratio of components. To prepare the concrete mix use:
Portland cement ПЦ400 - Д20 in accordance with GOST 10178;
crushed stone of fractions 5-20 mm, 5-40 mm, 10-20 mm, 10-40 mm according to GOST 27733;
sand MK = 2.3 according to GOST 26633;
gravel fraction 5-10 mm according to GOST 26633.

 The concrete mixture is prepared in a forced-action concrete mixer. The order of loading the components is as follows: first, coarse aggregate is loaded into a working mixer, then fine aggregate — sand, cement, water. Moreover, a large aggregate is obtained by mixing crushed stone fractions of 10-20 mm or 10-40 mm and gravel fractions of 5-10 mm.

где
ρ_мз - истинная плотность мелкого заполнителя, кг/м³;
λ_мз - насыпная плотность мелкого заполнителя, кг/м³;
ρ_кз - истинная плотность крупного заполнителя, кг/м₃;
λ_кз - насыпная плотность крупного заполнителя, кг/м³,
и минимальный объем цементного теста, л, необходимый для приготовления бетонной смеси, по формуле

после чего определяют фактическое количество воды, л/м³, поглощаемой мелким заполнителем, по формуле

где
W_мз - стандартное водопоглощение мелкого заполнителя,
и определяют фактическое количество воды, л/м³, поглощаемой крупным заполнителем, по формуле

где
W_кз - стандартное водопоглощение крупного заполнителя, затем определяют расход воды л/м³, необходимый для гидратации вяжущего по формуле
B_гв=Ц_м•К_нг,
где
Ц_м - расход вяжущего на 1 м³ бетонной смеси, кг;
К_нг - коэффициент нормальной густоты теста из вяжущего, при этом расход вяжущего определяют по формуле

где
ρ_вж - истинная плотность вяжущего, кг/м³,
после чего определяют минимальный расход воды затворения, л/м³, по формуле
B_мз=B_фмз + B_фкз + B_гв,
и определяют расход мелкого МЗ и крупного КЗ заполнителя, кг на 1м³ бетонной смеси, по формулам
MЗ = (1000-V_мтв)•r_к•ρ_мз,
KЗ = (1000-V_мтв)•(1-r_к)•ρ_кз.
Для контроля качества бетона приготовленную бетонную смесь укладывают в зависимости от максимальной крупности максимальной крупности заполнителя в контрольные формы 2ФК-10 и 2ФК-15. Для ускоренного набора прочности бетон подвергают тепловой обработке в режиме: 2 ч выдержки, 3 ч - подъем температуры до 80^oC, 6 ч - изотермической прогрев при температуре 80-5^oC, спуск температуры 2 ч.The composition of the concrete mixture is selected by determining the bulk and true density of fine and coarse aggregates, the true density of the binder, then, at least for some structures, the ratio of fine aggregate to the total volume of fine and coarse aggregate in the concrete mix is determined by the formula:

Where
ρ _mz - the true density of the fine aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
λ _mz - bulk density of fine aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
ρ _KZ - the true density of the coarse aggregate, kg / m ₃ ;
λ _KZ - bulk density of coarse aggregate, kg / m ³ ,
and the minimum volume of cement paste, l, required for the preparation of concrete mix, according to the formula

then determine the actual amount of water, l / m ³ absorbed by the fine aggregate, according to the formula

Where
W _MS - standard water absorption of fine aggregate,
and determine the actual amount of water, l / m ³ absorbed by a large aggregate, according to the formula

Where
W _KZ - standard water absorption of coarse aggregate, then determine the water flow l / m ³ required for hydration of the binder according to the formula
B _guards = Ts _m • K _ng ,
Where
C _m - binder consumption per 1 m ³ concrete mix, kg;
To _ng is the coefficient of normal density of the test from the binder, while the consumption of binder is determined by the formula

Where
ρ _vzh - the true density of the binder, kg / m ³ ,
then determine the minimum flow rate of mixing water, l / m ³ according to the formula
B _ms = B _fms + B _fks + B _guards ,
and determine the consumption of small MZ and large KZ aggregate, kg per 1 m ³ concrete mix, according to the formulas
MЗ = (1000-V _mtv ) • r _to • ρ _mz ,
KZ = (1000-V _MTV) • (1-r _a) • ρ _sc.
To control the quality of concrete, the prepared concrete mix is laid, depending on the maximum size of the maximum size of the aggregate, in the control forms 2FK-10 and 2FK-15. To accelerate the set of strength, concrete is subjected to heat treatment in the following mode: 2 hours of exposure, 3 hours - temperature rise to 80 ^o C, 6 hours - isothermal heating at a temperature of 80-5 ^o C, temperature descent 2 hours

 Concrete is tested 4 hours after heat treatment or after 28 days of normal hardening (in vivo).

 The composition of the concrete mixture and the test results are shown in the table.

In the manufacture of at least part of the structures, concreting is carried out at least partially in fixed formwork and / or in forming elements, which are partially or completely made of reinforced concrete and / or concrete, or combined with other materials, elements, and they are made of concrete mix of the following composition wt.h .:
Cement or cement-lime binder - 1
Fractionated Coarse Aggregate - 2.4-4.0
Sand - 1.25-2.5
Water - 0.4-0.6
moreover, fractionated coarse aggregate contains crushed stone of a fraction of 10-20 mm or 10-40 mm and gravel of a fraction of 5-10 mm in a ratio of crushed stone 1: (3-7), and the cement-lime binder contains cement and lime in the ratio (1-5 ) :( 5-1).

 Pigments are added to the concrete mix or at least to the surface layer of concrete.

 For the preparation of the concrete mixture, pozzolanic cement or Portland cement, or slag Portland cement, or quick-hardening cement, or cement-lime cement, or combinations thereof can be used.

 As a fine aggregate in concrete mix, sand with a fineness modulus of Mk 1.7-3 can be used.

 Crushed stone of a fraction of 10-20 mm or a fraction of 10-40 mm can be used as a large aggregate in a concrete mix.

 Concrete is tested 4 hours after heat treatment or after 28 days of normal hardening (in vivo).

 The composition of the concrete mixture and the test results are shown in the table.

For the manufacture of at least part of the structures, concreting is carried out at least partially in fixed formwork and / or in forming elements, which are partially or completely made of reinforced concrete and / or concrete, or combined with other materials, elements, and they are made of concrete mixture of the following composition wt.h:
Cement or cement-lime binder - 1
Fractionated Coarse Aggregate - 2.4-4.0
Sand - 1.25-2.5
Water - 0.4-0.6.

 Moreover, fractionated coarse aggregate contains crushed stone of a fraction of 10-20 mm or 10-40 mm and gravel of a fraction of 5-10 mm in a ratio of crushed stone 1: (3-7), and a cement-lime binder contains cement and lime in a ratio of (1-5 ) :( 5-1).

 Pigments are added to the concrete mix or at least to the surface layer of concrete.

 For the preparation of the concrete mixture, pozzolanic cement or Portland cement, or slag Portland cement, or quick-hardening cement, or cement-lime cement, or combinations thereof can be used.

 As a fine aggregate in concrete mix, sand with a fineness modulus of Mk 1.7-3 can be used.

 Crushed stone of a fraction of 10-20 mm or a fraction of 10-40 mm can be used as a large aggregate in a concrete mix.

 Crushed stone from igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary rocks, or from combinations thereof, can be used as a large aggregate in a concrete mixture.

 As coarse aggregate, crushed stone with crushing capacity of Dr 8-12 can be used.

 The cross-sectional area of the reinforcing force element 1 or the total area of unidirectional force elements 1 made of a material with a higher yield stress is taken less than the cross-sectional area of another element 2 or the total area of the remaining power elements 2, of the same direction, made of a material with a lower yield strength.

 Reinforcement of building products and structures can be carried out by a power element 1 or unidirectional force elements 1 of a material with a higher yield strength, and their total cross-sectional area is at least 5% of the total cross-sectional area of unidirectional power elements 1 and 2 with different strength and limit fluidity.

 Reinforcement of building products and structures can be carried out by force elements 1 or force elements 1 made of a material with a higher yield strength, the total cross-sectional area of which is not more than 35% of the total cross-sectional area of unidirectional power elements 1 and 2 with different strength and yield strength.

 When reinforcing building products and structures, at least two strength elements 1 and 2 of materials with different yield strengths can be fastened together at least at two points in length.

 The extended power elements of the reinforcement can be combined by distribution valves 3, which are positioned at an angle to the power elements to form flat grids 4 and / or spatial frames 5, and / or used in combinations of flat and spatial frames with separate and / or paired power elements while at least part of the strength elements of the material with a higher yield strength are connected in length with the elements of the material with a lower yield strength and / or located between by them.

 In the process of manufacturing reinforcement and / or reinforcing products and structures, at least part of the extended power elements can be combined into strand 6 or into strands, each of which includes at least one element of a material with a higher yield strength.

-образного 7 и/или

-образного 8, и/или

-образного 9, и/или

-образного 10, и/или

-образного 11, и/или

-образного профиля 12.At least one strength element made of a material with at least a lower yield strength is profiled, for example, with a cross section

-shaped 7 and / or

-shaped 8, and / or

-shaped 9, and / or

-shaped 10, and / or

-shaped 11, and / or

profile 12.

 For reinforcing products and structures, individual rods and / or nets and / or frames can be used, in which at least one strength element of at least a material with a higher yield strength is performed with a variable cross-sectional area along the length and / or composite , and / or shorter or greater length relative to unidirectional force elements with a yield strength other than that of this element.

 Reinforcement of products and structures can be carried out by individual rods and / or grids and / or frames, in which at least one strength element of at least one material with a lower yield strength is performed stepwise 13 and / or smoothly 14 with an area varying in length cross section and / or compound in length.

 Reinforcement of building products or structures can be carried out by individual rods and / or nets and / or frames, in which at least one power element is made integral along the length, and at the same time it includes at least one section with strength and / or yield strength different from the yield strength of the adjacent and / or other sections along the length of the element.

 At least part of the power elements of the reinforcement can be performed with at least one section having a reduced or disengaged grip with the reinforced material (Fig. 19).

 This can be achieved by the presence of a coating of elastic paste-like material, or a film or plastic cover 15, or coating of an easily destroyed material, for example, a low-quality cement mortar.

 The joined force elements of the reinforcement are made comprising at least one having at least two joined sections 16 and 17, which are made with different cross-sectional areas and / or with different cross-section perimeters.

 Before concreting, reinforcement comprising at least one rod with two joined sections, at least one of which is made in the form of at least two rod elements and / or molded profiles combined into a power group, can be laid in a mold or formwork.

 Strength elements of reinforcement with a lower yield strength can be made of steel of class A-3 and / or A-4.

 Compaction of the concrete mixture is carried out by vibrating or vibrating, and curing is carried out by holding the structures under normal conditions until the formwork or grade strength is set, or curing is at least partially carried out by heat and / or heat and moisture treatment.

 Curing can be carried out during heat treatment through the use of solar energy.

 When piling the foundations after pile 18 has been submerged to zero failure or up to 85% of the design level at zero failure, the protruding part of the pile shall be slung with a rope and strut or struts (not shown), risks shall be applied to the submerged pile, indicating the height of the pile after cutting, and the size pile in the grillage 19, after which an inventory clamp (not shown in the drawings) is installed on the pile with its upper edges located at the level of the marks and the clamp is clamped with a clamping device (not shown in the drawings), after which the cut and concrete pile head at the corners with an exposure value on the working reinforcement embedment in rastverk pile 19, and then cuts a horizontal groove on the clamp level, with a groove depth from spanned rope operate exceeding the depth of the groove from the strut or struts.

 With a bush and multi-row arrangement of piles 18, the felling of the head of each subsequent part is performed after removal of the felled head of the previous pile.

 With a single-row arrangement of piles, felling of pile heads is carried out in turn, followed by cleaning of all felled heads at the same time.

 The grillages 19 are made monolithic and / or prefabricated, and / or prefabricated monolithic, having a glass 20 extending to the cutoff for the column 21 or a precast reinforced concrete sub-column 22 with channels 23 for the outlets 24 of the reinforcement of the column 21, which are filled with material after or before installation of the column 21 for example, a polymer cement solution 25.

 Foundations 26 are made block, prefabricated or monolithic, or prefabricated-monolithic, with a glass 20 under the column 21 or a column 22 with monolithic channels for the outlet of the reinforcement of the column 21.

 The grillage 19 or foundation block 26 is made with reinforcing outlets 27, and the column is with cutouts 28, coaxial outlets 27 of the reinforcement, and after being inserted into the cutouts of the column, the cuts are monolithic with hardening material, for example concrete.

 At least part of the extended structural elements of buildings and structures can be performed with prestressed reinforcement.

 Prefabricated monolithic columns 21 are used, which are performed in height by components of not less than two prefabricated sections 29 and 30, each of which is arranged with concrete spaced apart from each other at a distance equal to the height of the floor, sections 31 free of concrete, releases 32 working valves at one end and channels 33 for releases of valves of an adjacent section - at the other end.

 The length of the outlets 32 of the working reinforcement of sections 29, 30 of the column 21 is taken equal to 1.3-2.7 of the largest cross-sectional dimension of the column 21, and the depth of the channels 33 in the sections of the columns and / or columns is exceeding the length of the corresponding outlet 32 by no more than two diameters the production of working reinforcement, and the channels are at least partly conical, expanding upward with an angle of inclination of the generatrix of the cone to the vertical, whose tangent is not less than 0.01, while at least two-way spirals are arranged on the channel walls Padina (not shown) which operate in a longitudinal section in the shape of a trapezium with the larger base surface of the channel, and a smaller width of 0.1 average diameter of the channel.

 The sub-columns and / or grillages, and / or the ends of the sections of the columns in the zone of the channel are made with additional reinforcement, which is arranged in a spiral in the concrete body around the channels.

 When installing the column in the glass 20, the grillage 19 or the foundation 26 temporarily fix the position of the column 21 using struts 35 relative to the foundation beams 36, which are laid after the grillings 19 or the foundations 26 are made, and the position of the column 21 is regulated and temporarily fixed, for example, by means of wedges 37 or any other known method.

 After installing the column 21 in the levels of areas free from concrete, prefabricated crossbars 38 are mounted with support on temporary support clamps (not shown in the drawings) and propped up from the bottom with inventory stands (not shown), after which the concrete slab is concreted, and the concrete is monolithic when concreted 39 concrete pouring is performed above the section of the column 21, free from concrete, by at least 15 cm, and the concrete is vibrated while monolithic the butt joints of the column 21 with the crossbar 38 and the slab 39 and sections of concrete-free moons.

 Precast reinforced concrete crossbars 38 are performed with sockets 40 and outlets of reinforcement 41 at end sections 42.

Sockets 40 at the end sections 42 of the crossbars 38 are made open from the end of the crossbar and from the side of its upper surface, trapezoidal in cross section, tapering in the direction from the upper surface of the crossbar to the bottom 43 of the nest, while the side surfaces 44 of the nests are made expanding in the direction from the end surface nests to the end of the crossbar, inclined or parallel to the vertical plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the crossbar, and the end surface 45 of the nests 40 form relative to the surface of the bottom of the nest at an angle m, not less than 90 ^o .

 At least the side surfaces 44 of the slots 40 of the crossbars 38 can be folded, with fold axes intersecting the bottom surface 43 of the slots 40 and representing straight and / or broken or curved lines, or the side surfaces 44 of the slots 40 can be made with recesses and / or protrusions in the form of cylinders or hemispheres, or parts of hemispheres, or a torus, or combinations thereof, or in the form of a prism and / or truncated pyramid, or a truncated cone and part of a hemisphere or torus (not shown in the drawings).

 The crossbars 38 are concreted in molds with tensioning of the reinforcement 46 and using the end inserts 47, while the end inserts 47 are made corresponding to the shape of the nests 40 of the crossbars 38.

 In the manufacture of crossbars 38, metal molds 48 are used, which are performed at least in two rows, and the liners 47 are made of composite metal separating elements 49 and disposable inserts 50 of elastic crease or easily destructible material.

 Inventory metal dividing elements 49 are made L-shaped with a handle 51 on the upper surface of the shelf and through-cuts 52 in the wall 53, and the insert 50 is installed under the shelf of the dividing element close to the wall and made, for example, of expanded polystyrene.

 At least part of the ceilings 54 are precast-monolithic.

 Prefabricated monolithic floors 54 are performed by installing prefabricated prestressed plates 53, forming a fixed formwork, on the edges of the crossbars 38, followed by monolithic and reinforcement.

 As a system of pin elements can use a comb 56.

 When installing prefabricated slabs 55, temporary inventory supports 57 are installed under them to absorb the load when monopolizing the floors 54.

 When erecting a building, structures with a height of up to 5 floors, the frame stability is provided by the junction points of the crossbars 38 with the columns 21, which are rigid, and when erecting a building, structures of a higher number of floors, stiffness diaphragms or connections along the columns are additionally installed (not shown in the drawings).

 When performing a monolithic layer of overlap form anchor outlets (not shown in the drawings) for fastening the elements of the outer walls.

 Internal walls and partitions can be made of brick and / or expanded clay concrete stones, and / or of gypsum perlite elements with a height corresponding to the height of the floor, and / or of sheet materials, with at least part of the partitions being shot with metal brackets to the frame of the building or structure (on the drawings not shown).

 Stair flights (not shown) are laid on precast reinforced concrete beams (not shown), which are made with cutouts for the supporting parts of the marches, and the platforms are made of floor slabs.

 Reinforcing cages for at least part of the extended elements of the building, structures are assembled at stand 58, which has at least two rows of lower ends installed with rigid sealing at the base 59 at a distance from each other in each row of racks 60, located at least two tiers of the cross member 61, 62, on which the rods of the working armature 63 are laid, the guides 64 attached to the uprights 60 under the cross members 62 of the lower tier to move the movable trolley 65 mounted on it with the possibility of grasping the rods of the working armature 63 n an abortion of clamps 66, and the cross members 61 and 62 are made up of two halves, each of which is passed through the through holes formed in the respective uprights 60 or attached to the uprights 60 of the eyelets of longitudinal axial movement and fixation in the extreme extended position at the moment the carriage 65 passes through the plane corresponding pairs of racks, while the crossbars 61 of the upper tier, in addition to axial longitudinal movement, are attached to the respective racks with the possibility of rotation in horizontal and / or vertical plane five at the time of removal of the finished carcass after fixing the yokes 66 on the valve operating rods 63.

 The halves of the crossbars can be made with thickenings 67 at the ends, forming latches of extreme positions, and the outer, remote from each other ends of the halves of the crossbars are provided, for example, with ring arms 68.

 When concreting at least part of the floor slabs and / or foundation elements, and / or joints and the structural unit of the building, structures, heat treatment can be carried out by electric heating of concrete by installing electrodes and transmitting alternating current of industrial frequency while controlling the temperature regime of heating by changing voltage and / or disconnection of the electrodes from the network according to the testimony of control devices, while the exposed surfaces of the laid concrete are vapor insulated. The vapor barrier of concrete can be carried out by covering it with a heater, which can be used as roofing material, or glassine, or sawdust, or polystyrene, or mineral slabs or batting.

Warming up begins at a concrete temperature of no higher than 5-10 ^o C, with a current voltage of 50-60 V, and during the heating process, the voltage increases as the concrete hardens in steps to a value not exceeding 127 V.

Concrete temperature control during electric heating is carried out by performing wells in concrete at the most unfavorable temperature conditions with a depth equal to half the thickness of the concrete layer to be laid, and installing technical thermometers in the wells with holding them in the wells for at least 3-4 minutes, and isolating them from the influence of the outdoor temperature air, while in the first three hours the temperature is controlled every hour, and the rest of the heating time - at least three times per shift, while the heating is carried out with m discrepancies in the thermometer being heated portion does not exceed 10 ^o C, the temperature difference between outdoor air and the concrete at the time of demolding not exceeding 20 ^o C.

 At least part of the masonry is performed by a well, lightweight of the outer 74 and inner 75 layers located at a distance from each other, and the insulation 76 placed between them.

 The outer layer 74 of the masonry can be made of silicate brick, the inner 75 of clay ordinary brick, or of expanded clay blocks, and as insulation 76 use, for example, expanded clay gravel or ecowool, or expanded polystyrene, or mineral wool.

 When masonry is made of expanded clay concrete blocks, expanded clay gravel can be used as insulation.

 When performing external walls from brickwork between the external and internal layers of masonry, vertical transverse stiffeners (not shown) can be installed at a distance from each other not exceeding 1.2 m, with the formation of wells between the ribs that are filled with insulation, for example, expanded clay with a layer-by-layer seal.

 The ratio of the volume of piece materials in the masonry to the volume of the insulation is from 1: 0.2 to 1: 1.4, while the ratio of the heat transfer resistance of the wall in the most heat-conducting place (brick) to the heat transfer resistance of the wall taking into account the reinforced concrete frame in its thickness ranges from 1: 1.7 to 1: 3.

 After 0.5-0.7 m along the height of the masonry, horizontal horizontal diaphragms can be made into which reinforcing brackets are laid (not shown in the drawings).

 Mortar diaphragms can be 25-35 mm thick, and reinforcing brackets are placed in increments of 400-500 mm.

 The tension of the reinforcement 69 in the manufacture of at least a portion of the floor slabs 54 is carried out by fixing the reinforcement 69 to the gripping traverse 70, applying pressure to the hydraulic cylinder 71, tensioning the reinforcement to the desired length and fixing the traverse with a latch in the final position, after which the pressure in the hydraulic system is released, and at the end of the heat treatment of the plate by direct stroke of the hydraulic cylinder 71, the reinforcement is additionally pulled out by 10-20 mm, after which the clamp is released and removed and the stress is relieved smoothly due to the reverse stroke of the rod 72, in the end of which the gripping traverse 70 occupies the initial position, after which the reinforcement is removed from the grippers.

 The tension of the reinforcement 73 in the manufacture of at least a part of the crossbar is carried out by installing the rod 72 of the hydraulic cylinder 71 of the gripping beam 70 in the initial position, fixing the beam with a mechanical lock, relieving the pressure in the system and fixing the tensioned reinforcement in the grippers of the beam 70, after which the tension of the valve is made separately mobile installation, which is located on the opposite end of the stand, and at the end of the heat treatment of the bolt 38 by the direct stroke of the rod 72 of the hydraulic cylinder 71 10–20 mm in diameter, then the traverse retainer is released and removed, and the tension in the reinforcement is smoothly removed due to the back stroke of the rod, at which the traverse 70 is brought to its final position, and then the reinforcement is removed from the grippers.

 At least part of the ground structures and / or foundations is made of masonry, brick and / or expanded clay concrete blocks.

 When a building or structure is being constructed, the masonry of the external walls is fixed to the cornice at the level of ceilings. The masonry can be fixed to the frame by installing discrete anchors in a monolithic overlapping layer with their location in the corresponding horizontal mortar diaphragm of the wall.

 Internal partitions (not shown in the drawings) of the building, structures can be attached to the frame in tiers with a step in height not exceeding 1.2 m.

 Fastening at least part of the internal partitions to the frame can be accomplished by shooting sheet metal brackets to it and fastening the partitions to the brackets (not shown in the drawings).

 When building, structures with hinged facade blocks, the latter can be mounted by welding their frames to galvanized embedded parts, which are installed in a monolithic layer of overlap 54.

 When performing work in conditions of negative outside temperatures, the masonry can be performed on a solution with antifreeze chemical additives, and a solution of at least grade M50 is used.

 When performing a building, frame structures with self-supporting stone walls, they can fasten the walls to the vertical elements of the frame with flexible connections (not shown in the drawings), ensuring free wall upsetting.

 Flexible connections can be set in height with a step not exceeding 1.5 m.

 In winter, they can use mortars with a mobility of 9-13 cm for masonry made of solid brick and 7-8 cm for masonry made of brick with voids.

 When walls are erected around the perimeter of a building, structure or between sedimentary joints, masonry can be performed evenly, while the largest gap in height at the level of masonry is allowed not to exceed the height of half a floor.

 When laying deaf sections of the walls and corners of a building, structure (not shown in the drawings), gaps may be allowed to be no more than half the height of the floor and performed by the pole.

 When performing work in the winter, for the period before positive outside temperatures occur, temporary supports on wedges (not shown in the drawings) that are installed in all the lower floors of the building and structure can be brought under the supporting parts of the openings and jumpers.

 When performing work in the winter, to prevent the precipitation of brick partitions during periods of thaw, wooden racks with struts can be installed with a step not exceeding 2 m (not shown in the drawings).

 When working in the winter and using concrete with anti-frost additives, concrete is covered immediately after compaction, for example, with a layer of sawdust (not shown in the drawings).

 When reinforcing brick partitions with capital walls (not shown in the drawings), they can be mated at different times by arranging a groove in the capital wall into which the partition is brought in or using reinforcement rods that are laid in the seams of the masonry walls (not shown )

 The coupling of the partitions with the columns can be carried out with the help of an exhaust bar or steel rods laid in poles (not shown in the drawings).

 At least part of the partitions can be gypsum-rolled, and the fastening of the partition panels to the ceilings can be done with panels up to 4 m in one place, and with a longer length - in two places, and in height to the walls, they are fastened in two places.

 At least part of the gaps between the panels and walls or ceilings can be soiled with tow soaked in gypsum mortar and rubbed.

 Balcony slabs and lintels (not shown in the drawings) can be installed simultaneously with the erection of external walls, and the level difference between the planes of the balcony slab and the floor of the room is no more than 8-10 cm, while the balcony slabs are installed with a slope of 2% of the outer wall.

 At least part of the exterior walls of the building, structures can be made of self-supporting three-layer panels 77.

 Self-supporting three-layer panels can be used, which are made of the outer 78 and inner 79 layers of reinforced concrete, the heat-insulating material 80 located between them and the uniting layer of the element in the form of a framing frame 81 of profiles having a wall 82 and located at an angle of the shelf, one of which 83 they are perforated, inserted into the concrete of the outer layer, rigidly attached by means of straight linings 84 to the working armature 85 of this layer and monolithic inside the outer layer 78 of the panel, another shelf 87 profile of the element with its outer surface forms a portion of the outer surface 87 of the inner layer 79 of the panel, and its inner surface is rigidly attached by means of curved plates 89 to the working fittings 90 of the inner layer of the panel, and the profile strut is bent in width in the middle part to the outside to form a protrusion 91 of a rectangular or trapezoidal section for fixing the elastic strip 92 when docking with adjacent panels, and in the upper end of the panel within its inner layer monolithic protruding beyond The cases of the panel are rods 93 and recessed lifting loops 94, and in the lower end they form holes 95 coaxial to the rods, in which form-forming, for example, polystyrene foam, plugs 96 are installed.

 The panel can be performed with a window opening 97, the frame 98 of which forms an additional element uniting the panel layers in the form of a frame.

 Self-supporting panels can be manufactured by installing a metal frame 100 on a pallet 99, laying the working reinforcement of the outer layer, attaching profiles to it, concreting the outer layer in the space bounded by the pallet and profile, followed by laying heat-insulating material, working reinforcement of the inner layer with its fastening to the profile and concreting the inner layer of the panel over the insulating material in a space bounded by profiles.

The outer and inner layers of the panel can be made of fine-grained expanded clay concrete with a density of 1200 to 1400 kg / m ³ , the frame of the window opening is made of lightweight concrete, and, for example, polystyrene foam is used as a heat-insulating material.

 The panel can be performed with additional metal connecting elements, by means of which, during installation, the panel is attached to the frame of the building or structure (not shown in the drawings).

 During installation, the overlying panels are installed on the underlying ones, and on the surface of the underlying panel, an elastic gasket 92 is laid under the protrusion 91 of the profile and the rods protruding from the underlying panel are inserted into holes coaxial with them in the lower end of the overlying panel, and in the outer joint of the panels directly adjacent to the protrusion the profile element, an elastic gasket is installed, then a non-hardening mastic gasket is made, on top of which, for example, a polymer-cement composition is laid, and the inner joint of the panels is They are laid by laying an elastic gasket directly to the protrusion of the profile and a heat-insulating gasket overlapping the inner joint (not shown in the drawings).

 Profiles can be coated externally with an anti-corrosion and adhesion-improving coating.

 In the manufacture of installation and welding work at height, a safety device in the form of a cable 101 can be used, which is pulled between the hollow posts 102, inside each of which a pipe 103 is mounted, into which the hook rod 104 is inserted for fastening to the mounting loops 105 of the floor slabs, with the upper part the hook rod is provided with a nut 106, which is mounted on the pipe.

 At least part of the surface of at least part of the building elements, structures can be performed with horizontal and vertical gluing waterproofing (not shown in the drawings).

 Horizontal waterproofing can be made of two layers of roofing material glued together and glued to each other and glued to the primed surface with a screed of masonry mortar, and the panels in all layers are rolled in one direction without their cross-location in adjacent layers, each subsequent panel is connected to the previous one in the longitudinal and transverse joints with an overlap of 100 mm, the longitudinal and transverse joints of the panels in adjacent insulation layers are spaced apart, while the glued panels ayut to the insulated surface (not shown).

 Vertical waterproofing can be performed by gluing the panels of rolled material from the bottom up with smoothing.

 The last layer of glued waterproofing on a mastic made of bituminous roll materials can be covered with a continuous layer of hot bituminous mastic, sprinkled with dry hot sand, which is rolled on horizontal surfaces.

 At least part of the surface of at least part of the building elements, structures can be performed with waterproofing in the form of bituminous hot and / or cold mastics and / or mastics prepared on the basis of synthetic resins, which are applied in at least two layers.

 Each subsequent layer of waterproofing paint is applied after curing and drying previously applied.

 Paint waterproofing can be applied mechanically, moreover, hoses and pipes for mechanized feeding heated mastics are protected from cooling or heated, and hoses for supplying liquefied compounds are made of gas-resistant material (not shown in the drawings).

 At least part of the walls can be concreted using trunks and vibro trunks, and during work, their lower ends are pulled to the side by no more than 0.25 m for every 1 m of height, while the two lower links are left vertical (not shown in the drawings )

 At least part of the walls can be concreted using free discharge of concrete mixture, and the height of free discharge is taken not exceeding 2 m (not shown in the drawing).

 Concreting of beams and floor slabs can be done at the same time, and working seams during breaks in concreting are prescribed: when concreting flat slabs - anywhere parallel to the smaller side of the slab, when concreting ribbed ceilings in a direction parallel to the secondary beams, as well as individual beams within the middle third span of beams, and when concreting in a direction parallel to the main beams - within two middle quarters of span of beams and slabs.

 For the construction of at least part of the elements of the building, structures that are made of brick and / or stone, and / or blocks, can use articulated-panel scaffolds and / or panel scaffolds, and / or lever with a hydraulic actuator, and / or portable platforms - scaffolds (not shown in the drawings).

 At least part of the outer and / or inner surface of at least part of the building elements, structures can be plastered (not shown in the drawings).

 Plastering can be done in one-piece and / or dry plastering.

 When plastering the outer surfaces of building elements, structures can use cement mortars with plasticizing and frost-resistance additives.

 When plastering the internal surfaces of building elements, structures can use lime-sand mortars from hydraulic lime and / or ground quicklime, and / or substitutes are known.

 When plastering the internal surfaces of building elements, structures can use lime-gypsum mortars for spraying and / or primers, and / or coatings.

 As the floors of the building are erected, structures can carry out installation of risers to perform internal heat and gas networks of heat and gas supply.

 At the same time or sequentially with the implementation of the supporting structures of buildings, structures can carry out installation of the internal water supply and sewage systems.

 The internal water supply system can be carried out by installing inlets, a water meter assembly, a distribution network, risers, inlets to water points, water shut-off and control valves, and the inlets are made of steel or cast-iron water pipe sockets that are filled with asbestos cement (not shown in the drawings) .

 Steel pipes located in the ground can protect against corrosion (not shown in the drawings.

 The input laid through the foundation or the main wall can be enclosed in a steel pipe to prevent deformation during the settlement of the building, structure, and the gap between the walls of the input pipe and the pipe is closed with a tarred wire and filled with a cement mortar with a layer of 20 - 30 mm ( not shown in the drawings).

 The water meter assembly can be installed behind the first main wall from the side of the street water main in a dry heated room - a basement or stairwell, or in a warm well (not shown in the drawings).

 The distribution network can be laid from steel gas pipes with a slope of 0.005 to the drain plug on the wall or ceiling, in the basement - in systems with a lower wiring and in the attic - in systems with an upper wiring, and when using a system with an upper wiring, the network is insulated (in the drawings not shown).

 When performing heat supply networks, at least part of the networks can be autonomous for independent heat supply of at least one room of a building or structure (not shown in the drawings).

 At least part of the heating networks can be utilized.

 A method of manufacturing building products and structures from composite materials, mainly concrete, for the construction, restoration or reconstruction of buildings, structures is as follows.

Prepare a concrete mix with a preliminary selection of its composition, it is determined by standard methods properties of initial components: a bulk density and a true density ρ fine and coarse aggregates (λ _mz = λ _n and ρ _mz = ρ _n) and macadam, respectively (λ _kz = λ _ni and ρ _kz = ρ _u ).
The results of determining the properties of the components of the concrete mixture:
λ _p = 1450 kg / m ³ ;
λ _u = 1380 kg / m ³ ;
ρ _c = 3100 kg / m ³ ;
ρ _p = 2620 kg / m ³ ;
ρ _u = 2730 kg / m ³ .

 In the concrete mix, gravel of a fraction of 5 to 20 mm is used, sand with a particle size modulus of 2.55, Portland cement of grade 400.

Determine the water absorption of sand W _p and crushed stone W _Щ by standard methods. Water absorption of sand W _p = 11%, crushed stone = 3.5%. The coefficient of normal density of the cement paste K _ng = 275.

После чего определяют минимальный объем цементного теста V_мтц, необходимый для приготовления бетонной смеси, по формуле:

Устанавливают минимальное количество воды затворения

Затем определяют расход песка
П = (1000л-220,5 л)0,35•ρ_п)717
определяют расход щебня
Щ = (1000л-220,5 л)(1-0,351)•ρ_щ-1380кг
и расход цемента

на 1м³ бетонной смеси
При расчете на конкретную марку бетона корректируют расход компонентов.Then determine the ratio of sand to the total volume of aggregates (sand + crushed stone) in the concrete mixture:

Then determine the minimum volume of cement paste V _mtc required for the preparation of concrete mix, according to the formula:

Set the minimum amount of mixing water

Then determine the consumption of sand
P = (1000l-220.5 l) 0.35 • ρ _p ) 717
determine the consumption of crushed stone
Щ = (1000л-220,5 л) (1-0,351) • ρ _щ -1380kg
and cement consumption

on 1m ³ concrete mix
When calculating for a specific brand of concrete, the consumption of components is adjusted.

 Then the binder, fine aggregate, mixing water and coarse aggregate are mixed. Fittings are placed in the form (or formwork). Moreover, power or power elements made of a material with a higher yield strength include at least part of monolithic and / or prefabricated and / or precast monolithic receptors, including bending loads of sections of buildings, structures and / or their elements, and / or their joints and assemblies, and / or structures in the zones corresponding to the zones of the diagram of bending moments for the most unfavorable calculated static and / or dynamic effects in the range that covers the maximum values of the latter and extended m in both directions to at least 1/3 of their maximum value, while at least part of the foundations and / or ground reinforced structures are laminated and / or layer-by-layer erected, and at least part of at least one of the surfaces in contact with with a monolithically erected layer or part thereof, is performed at the final stage of molding or after its completion until concrete has set not more than 5% of its design strength with a system of whip, cylindrical and / or wedge-shaped, and / or lamellar, and / or combined lementov by translational and / or reciprocating movement of the latter at least in one direction, and / or periodic and indentation recovery, including the possibility of angular and / or shear displacements of the latter, wherein the treatment is carried out to partially expose the coarse aggregate.

где
ρ_мз - истинная плотность мелкого заполнителя, кг/м³;
λ_мз - насыпная плотность мелкого заполнителя, кг/м³;
ρ_кз - истинная плотность крупного заполнителя, кг/м³;
λ_кз - насыпная плотность крупного заполнителя, кг/м³;
и минимальный объем цементного теста, л, необходимый для приготовления бетонной смеси, по формуле

где
V_мтв - минимальный объем теста из вяжущего, л,
после чего определяют фактическое количество воды, л/м³, поглощаемой мелкими заполнителем, по формуле

где
W_мз - стандартное водопоглощение мелкого заполнителя, %,
и определяют фактическое количество воды, л/м³, поглощаемой крупным заполнителем, по формуле

где
W_кз - стандартное водопоглощение крупного заполнителя, %,
затем определяют расход воды, л/м³, необходимой для гидратации вяжущего, по формуле
B_гв = Ц_м•К_нг,
где Ц_м - расход вяжущего на 1 м³ бетонной смеси, кг;
К_нг - коэффициент нормальной густоты теста из вяжущего, при этом расход вяжущего определяют по формуле

где
ρ_вж - истинная плотность вяжущего, кг/м³;
после чего определяют минимальный расход воды, л/м³, затворения по формуле
B_мз = B_фмз + B_фкз + B_гв,
затем определяют расход мелкого МЗ и крупного КЗ заполнителя на 1 м³ бетонной смеси по формулам
MЗ = (1000-V_мтв)•r_к•ρ_мз,
KЗ = (1000-V_мтв)•(1-r_к)•ρ_кз.In this case, when preparing the concrete mixture, the ratio of fine aggregate to the total volume of fine and coarse aggregate, at least as the last of which use fractionated crushed stone or a combination of crushed stone and gravel, is established by the formula:

Where
ρ _mz - the true density of the fine aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
λ _mz - bulk density of fine aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
ρ _KZ - the true density of the coarse aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
λ _KZ - bulk density of coarse aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
and the minimum volume of cement paste, l, required for the preparation of concrete mix, according to the formula

Where
V _mtv - the minimum amount of dough from a binder, l,
then determine the actual amount of water, l / m ³ absorbed by fine aggregate, according to the formula

Where
W _MS - standard water absorption of fine aggregate,%,
and determine the actual amount of water, l / m ³ absorbed by a large aggregate, according to the formula

Where
W _KZ - standard water absorption of coarse aggregate,%,
then determine the flow rate of water, l / m ³ necessary for hydration of the binder, according to the formula
B _guards = Ts _m • K _ng ,
where C _m - binder consumption per 1 m ³ concrete mix, kg;
To _ng is the coefficient of normal density of the test from the binder, while the consumption of binder is determined by the formula

Where
ρ _vzh - the true density of the binder, kg / m ³ ;
then determine the minimum flow rate of water, l / m ³ , mixing according to the formula
B _ms = B _fms + B _fks + B _guards ,
then determine the consumption of small MZ and large KZ aggregate for 1 m ³ concrete mix according to the formulas
MЗ = (1000-V _mtv ) • r _to • ρ _mz ,
KZ = (1000-V _MTV) • (1-r _a) • ρ _sc.

In the manufacture of at least part of the structures, concreting can be carried out at least partially in fixed formwork and / or in the formative elements, which are partially or completely made of reinforced concrete and / or concrete, or combined with other materials, elements, and they are made of concrete mixture of the following composition, parts by weight:
Cement or cement-lime binder - 1
Fractionated Coarse Aggregate - 2.4 - 4.0
Sand - 1.25 - 2.5
Water - 0.4 - 0.6,
moreover, fractionated coarse aggregate contains crushed stone of a fraction of 10 - 20 mm or 10 - 40 mm and gravel of a fraction of 5 - 10 mm in a ratio of crushed stone 1: (3 - 7), and the cement-lime binder contains cement and lime in the ratio (1 - 5 ) :( 5 - 1).

 For the preparation of concrete mixtures, pozzolanic cement or Portland cement, or slag Portland cement, or quick-setting cement, or cement-lime cement, or combinations thereof can be used.

 As a fine aggregate in concrete mix, sand with a fineness modulus of Mk 1.7 - 3 can be used.

 Crushed stone of a fraction of 10–20 mm or a fraction of 10–40 mm can be used as a large aggregate in a concrete mix.

 Crushed stone from igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary rocks, or from combinations thereof, can be used as a large aggregate in a concrete mix.

 As coarse aggregate can use crushed stone with a fraction of Dr 8 - 12.

They can use made of concrete mixture, the following composition, parts by weight:
Cement or cement-lime binder - 1.0
Fractionated Coarse Aggregate - 2.14 - 4.0
Fine aggregate - 1.24 - 2.5
Water - 0.30 - 0.60,
moreover, fractionated coarse aggregate contains crushed stone of a fraction of 10 - 20 mm or 10 - 40 mm and gravel of a fraction of 5 - 10 mm in a ratio of crushed stone 1: (3 - 7), and the cement-lime binder contains cement and lime in the ratio (1 - 5 ) :( 5 - 1).

 When preparing concrete with the composition of the concrete mixture, additives can additionally be added that regulate technological and / or operational properties - plasticity, setting speed, water resistance, frost resistance, strength in the amount of 0.0001 - 0.04 wt.h. by weight of cement.

 As a fine aggregate, you can use sand with a fineness modulus of Mk from 1.7 to 3 or crushed expanded clay with a fineness modulus of Mk 3, or a combination of sand and crushed expanded clay in the ratio (1-5) :( 5-1).

 As a fine aggregate can use burnt earth - waste metallurgical production or a combination of it with sand in the ratio (1-5) :( 5-1).

 Fine and / or coarse aggregate may be used, which is 10-80% composed of shredded metal waste, including steel and / or cast iron sawdust, and / or shredded chips, and / or wire cuttings, and / or wire cuttings, and / or crushed metal-containing ores.

 Pigments can be added to the concrete mix, or at least to the surface layer of concrete.

 The cross-sectional area of the reinforcing force element or the total area of unidirectional force elements that are made of material with a higher yield strength is taken to be less than the cross-sectional area of another element or the total area of other power elements of the same direction that are made of a material with a lower yield strength.

 Reinforcement of building products and structures can be carried out by a force element or unidirectional force elements made of a material with a higher yield strength, the total cross-sectional area of which is at least 5% of the total cross-sectional area of unidirectional force elements with different strength and yield strength.

 Reinforcement of building products and structures can be carried out by a power element or power elements made of a material with a higher yield strength, the total cross-sectional area of which is not more than 35% of the total cross-sectional area of unidirectional power elements with different strength and yield strength.

 Reinforcement can be carried out at least by force elements with a larger total cross-sectional area and, accordingly, with lower strength, having a differentiated yield strength.

 When reinforcing building products and structures, at least two strength elements of materials with different yield strengths can be fastened together at least at two points in length.

 The extended power elements of the reinforcement can be combined by distribution valves, which are positioned at an angle to the power elements to form flat grids and / or spatial frames, and / or are used with combinations of flat and spatial frames with separate and / or paired power elements, while at least a portion of the strength elements of the material with a higher yield strength are connected in length with the elements of the material with a lower yield strength and / or are located between them .

 In the process of manufacturing reinforcement and / or reinforcing products and structures, at least part of the extended strength elements can be combined into a strand or into strands, each of which includes at least one element from a material with a higher yield strength.

- образного и/или

-образного, и/или

-образного, и/или

-образного, и/или

-образного, и/или

-образного профиля.At least one strength element made of a material with at least a lower yield strength can be shaped, for example, with a cross section

- figurative and / or

-shaped, and / or

-shaped, and / or

-shaped, and / or

-shaped, and / or

-shaped profile.

 For reinforcing products and structures, individual rods and / or nets and / or frames can be used, in which at least one strength element of at least a material with a higher yield strength is performed with a variable cross-sectional area along the length and / or composite , and / or shorter or greater length relative to unidirectional force elements with a yield strength other than that of this element.

 Reinforcement of products and structures can be carried out by individual rods and / or grids and / or frames, which include at least one strength element from at least a material with a lower yield strength, which is performed with a smooth and / or stepwise varying length cross-sectional area and / or compound in length.

 Reinforcement of building products or structures can be carried out by individual rods and / or nets and / or frames, which include at least one power element, which is made integral along the length, and at the same time includes at least one section with strength and / or yield strength different from the yield strength of the adjacent and / or other sections along the length of the element.

 At least part of the power elements of the reinforcement can be performed with at least one section having low or no traction with the reinforced material.

 Strength elements of reinforcing bars with a lower yield strength can be made of steel of class A-3 and / or A-4.

 Docked power elements can be made comprising at least one having at least two docked sections that are made with different cross-sectional areas and / or with different cross-section perimeters.

 Before concreting, reinforcement comprising at least one rod with two joined sections, at least one of which is made in the form of at least two rod elements and / or molded profiles combined into a power group, can be laid in a mold or formwork.

 The cross-sectional area of the reinforcing force element or the total area of unidirectional force elements that are made of material with a higher yield strength is taken to be less than the cross-sectional area of another element or the total area of other power elements of the same direction that are made of a material with a lower yield strength.

 The concrete mixture can be densified by vibrating or vibrating, and curing is carried out by holding the structures under normal conditions until the formwork or grade strength is set, or curing is at least partially carried out by heat and / or heat and moisture treatment, in which solar energy is used in some cases.

 After a set of stripping or grade strength constructions, the stripping of the products or removal from the mold is performed, during which the primary joint loading of concrete and reinforcement occurs by overcoming the gravitational forces and / or adhesion forces of the product to the formwork or form that arise when lifting or otherwise moving the products.

 Molds 48 for concreting at least a part of the crossbars 38 can be made up of a base 107 with rigidly fixed to it a central row of uprights 108 with shields located on them, forming a central longitudinal stationary vertical wall 109, and pivotally attached to the base 107 with the possibility of folding and fixing two lateral rows of racks 110 with shields located on them, forming folding side walls 111, and horizontal formwork pallets 112 are placed between the walls 109 and 111, the central wall 109 being nyayut above the side walls 111.

 At least part of the columns 21 can be concreted in molds each of which is intended for the manufacture of at least four columns 21 at the same time (Fig. 51) and can be made from the lower horizontal base 113, on which the central row of struts 114 with shields located on them are rigidly fixed forming a central fixed longitudinal wall 115, side, fixed in a predetermined position hinged racks 116 with shields located on them, forming side fixed are pivotally mounted with the possibility of folding and fixing in a predetermined position, hinged walls 117, between each of which and the central wall 115, are installed with the possibility of deviating from the vertical by a predetermined angle at least one row of intermediate racks 118 with shields located on them, forming intermediate walls 119, and horizontal formwork pallets are mounted between the walls 120, the central wall being made higher than the height of the remaining walls.

 The base 113 can be made integral of a system of transverse and / or longitudinal beams (not shown in the drawings), on top of which a deck 121 is laid, onto which a height-regulating section of the columns of the stand 122 is installed between the longitudinal walls, and the pallets 120 are mounted on the stands 122.

In this case, the intermediate racks can be installed with the possibility of deviating from the vertical by an angle not exceeding 5 ^o , the side racks can be deviating from the vertical by no more than 25 ^o , and the height of the central wall is taken greater than the height of the other walls by at least 10% .

 At least part of the columns 21 can be concreted in molds (Fig. 52), each of which is also intended for the manufacture of at least four columns 21 at the same time and is made of composite 123 and at least one fixed 124 blocks. Block 124 includes a base 125 with a central row of struts 126 rigidly attached to it with shields located on them, forming a central longitudinal stationary vertical wall 126, and movable blocks 123 are mounted on the base 125 of the stationary block 124 with the possibility of autonomous lateral movement along it and included in each a movable block 123 of the rolling support 127, on which horizontal beams 128 are mounted, rigidly connected to vertical struts 129 with shields located on them, forming side walls 130, and over Alok disposed between the sidewalls and central horizontal shuttering pans 131, wherein the central wall operate above the side walls. Deviation of the walls of the forms when performing them with deflecting walls can be carried out with jacks (not shown in the drawings), and fixing with tightened screws.

 Columns 21 can be transported from the manufacturing workshop to the finished goods warehouse (not shown in the drawings) using transportation equipment in the form of a central bearing form mounted on rolling bearings or on a rail track with column shelves attached to it on both sides, moreover, the number of shelves corresponds to the number of columns manufactured simultaneously (not shown in the drawings).

Claims (159)

 1. The method of construction, restoration or reconstruction of buildings, including a fragment of pits and / or trenches, preparation of the foundation, construction of foundations and / or ground, including reinforced, structures that are prefabricated and / or monolithic from concrete and reinforced concrete with reinforcement at least parts of reinforced concrete structures or their compounds and assemblies with extended strength elements, at least one of which is made of a material with a higher yield strength compared to other strength elements ntami the same direction, characterized in that the force or strength elements of a material with a higher yield strength include in the power reinforcement of at least parts of monolithic, and / or prefabricated, and / or precast monolithic, including bending loads, sections buildings, structures, and / or their elements, and / or their connections and nodes, and / or structures in areas corresponding to the zones of the diagram of bending moments for the most unfavorable calculated static and / or dynamic effects in the range that covers the ma the maximum values of the latter and extended in both directions to at least 1/3 of their maximum value, while at least part of the foundations and / or ground reinforced structures are layered and / or layer-by-layer erected, at least part of at least one of surfaces in contact with a monolithically erected layer or part thereof, is performed at the final stage of molding or after its completion until concrete has set not more than 5% of its design strength with treatment by a system of pin, cylindrical, and / or wedge-shaped and / or lamellar and / or combined elements by translating and / or reciprocating moving the latter in at least one direction and / or periodically pressing and removing, including with the possibility of angular and / or shear movements of the latter, carried out until partial exposure of coarse aggregate. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least a part of the monolithic and / or precast monolithic concrete and / or reinforced concrete structures and / or building elements are concreted with concrete mixture, the composition of which is selected by determining the bulk and true the density of the fine and coarse aggregates, the true density of the binder, then at least for some structures the ratio of the fine aggregate to the total volume of the fine and coarse aggregate in the concrete mixture is established by the formula

where ρ _mz - the true density of the fine aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
λ _mz - bulk density of fine aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
ρ _KZ - the true density of the coarse aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
λ _KZ - bulk density of coarse aggregate, kg / m ³ ,
and the minimum volume of cement paste, l, required for the preparation of concrete mix, according to the formula

then determine the actual amount of water, l / m ³ absorbed by fine aggregate according to the formula

where W _{m z} - standard water absorption of fine aggregate,
and determine the actual amount of water, l / m ³ absorbed by a large aggregate according to the formula

where W _{to s} - standard water absorption of large aggregate,
then determine the flow rate of water, l / m ³ required for hydration of the binder according to the formula
In _{g in} = Ts _m • K _{n g} ,
where C _m is the consumption of a binder per 1 m ^{3 of} concrete mixture, kg;
K _{n g} - coefficient of normal density of the binder test,
while the binder consumption is determined by the formula

where ρ _vzh - the true density of the binder, kg / m ³ ,
then determine the minimum flow rate of mixing water, l / m ³ according to the formula
V _{m z} - V _{f m z} + V _{f k s} + V _{g c}
and determine the consumption of small MZ and large KZ aggregate, kg per 1 m ³ concrete mix, according to the formulas
MЗ = (1000-V _mtv ) • r _to • ρ _mz ;
KZ = (1000-V _MTV) • (1-r _a) • ρ _sc.
3. The method according to p. 1 or 2, characterized in that in the manufacture of at least part of the structures, concreting is carried out at least partially in fixed formwork and / or in the formative elements, which are partially or fully made of reinforced concrete and / or concrete, or combined with other materials elements, and they are made of concrete mix of the following composition, parts by weight:
Cement or cement-lime binder - 1
Fractionated Coarse Aggregate - 2.4 - 4.0
Sand - 1.25 - 2.5
Water - 0.4 - 0.6
moreover, fractionated coarse aggregate contains crushed stone of a fraction of 10 - 20 or 10 - 40 mm and gravel of a fraction of 5 - 10 mm in a ratio of crushed stone 1: (3 - 7), and the cement-lime binder contains cement and lime in the ratio (1 - 5) : (5 - 1).  4. The method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that pigments are introduced into the concrete mixture or at least into the surface layer of concrete.  5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that pozzolanic cement, or Portland cement, or slag Portland cement, or quick-hardening cement, or cement-lime cement, or combinations thereof are used to prepare the concrete mixture.  6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that sand with a fineness modulus of Mk 1.7 - 3 is used as a fine aggregate in the concrete mixture.  7. The method according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that as coarse aggregate in the concrete mix, gravel of a fraction of 10 to 20 mm or a fraction of 10 to 40 mm is used.  8. The method according to any one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that crushed stone from igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary rocks or from combinations thereof is used as a coarse aggregate in the concrete mixture.  9. The method according to any one of claims 5 to 8, characterized in that crushed stone with a crushability of Dr 8-12 is used as a coarse aggregate.  10. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the cross-sectional area of the reinforcing strength element or the total area of unidirectional strength elements, which are made of material with a higher yield strength, take less than the cross-sectional area of another element or the total area of the remaining strength elements of the same directivity made of a material with a lower yield strength.  11. The method according to PP. 1 or 10, characterized in that the reinforcement of building products and structures is carried out by a force element or unidirectional force elements from a material with a higher yield strength, the total cross-sectional area of which is at least 5% of the total cross-sectional area of unidirectional force elements with different strengths and yield strength.  12. The method according to claim 1 or 10, characterized in that the reinforcement of building products and structures is carried out by a force element or force elements from a material with a higher yield strength, the total cross-sectional area of which is not more than 35% of the total cross-sectional area of unidirectional power elements with different strength and yield strength.  13. The method according to any one of claims 1, 10 to 12, characterized in that when reinforcing building products and structures, at least two strength elements from materials with different yield strengths are fastened together at least at two points in length.  14. The method according to any one of paragraphs.10 to 13, characterized in that the extended power elements of the reinforcement are combined by distribution valves, which are positioned at an angle to the power elements with the formation of flat grids and / or spatial frames, and / or used in combinations of flat and spatial frames with separate and / or paired in the volume of the structure of the power elements, while at least part of the power elements of a material with a higher yield strength are connected in length with elements of a material with a lower direct business flow and / or is placed between them.  15. The method according to any one of paragraphs.10 to 18, characterized in that in the manufacturing process of reinforcement and / or reinforcing products and structures, at least part of the extended power elements are combined into a strand or in strands, each of which includes at least one element from a material with a higher yield strength.  16. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 15, characterized in that the joined reinforcing elements of the reinforcement are made up of at least one, having at least two joined sections, which are made with different cross-sectional areas and / or with different cross-section perimeters.  17. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that before concreting, reinforcement is placed in the form or formwork, comprising at least one rod with two joined sections, at least one of which is not formed as a force group less than two core elements and / or linear profiles.  18. The method according to any one of paragraphs.10 to 17, characterized in that at least one strength element of a material with at least a lower yield strength is performed profiled. 19. The method according to p. 18, characterized in that the profiled power elements perform with a cross section

figurative and / or

figurative and / or

figurative and / or

figurative, or

figurative and / or

shaped profile.  20. The method according to any one of paragraphs.10 to 19, characterized in that for the reinforcement of products and structures use separate rods, and / or mesh, and / or frames, comprising at least one power element of at least material with a higher yield strength is performed with a variable cross-sectional area along the length, and / or composite, and / or shorter or greater length relative to unidirectional force elements with a yield strength other than that of the given element.  21. The method according to any one of paragraphs.10 to 20, characterized in that the reinforcement of products and structures is carried out by separate rods and / or nets and / or frames, comprising at least one power element of at least one material with more low yield strength is performed with a smoothly and / or stepwise varying in length cross-sectional area and / or composite in length.  22. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 21, characterized in that the reinforcement of building products or structures is carried out by separate rods and / or nets and / or frames, in which at least one power element is made integral in length and at this includes at least one section with a strength and / or yield strength different from the yield strength of a replaceable with it and / or other sections along the length of the element.  23. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 22, characterized in that at least part of the reinforcing force elements is performed with at least one section having a reduced or disengaged grip with the reinforced material.  24. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 23, characterized in that the strength elements of the reinforcement with a lower yield strength are made of steel of class A-3 and / or A-4.  25. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 24, characterized in that the concrete mixture is compacted by vibrating or vibrating, and curing is carried out by holding the structures under normal conditions until the formwork or grade strength is set, or curing is at least partially carried out at thermal and / or heat and moisture treatment.  26. The method according A.25, characterized in that the curing is carried out during heat treatment due to the use of solar energy.  27. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, characterized in that when erecting the foundations of the pile after the piles are dipped to zero failure or to 85% of the design mark at zero failure, the protruding part of the pile is slinged with a rope and strut or struts, risks are applied to the submerged pile indicating the mark of the top of the pile after felling and the size of the piling in the grillage, after which an inventory collar is installed on the pile with its upper edges at the level of the notches and the clamp is clamped with a clamping device, after which concrete is cut down Application piles at the corners with an exposure value on the working reinforcement embedment piles grillage, and then cuts a horizontal groove on the clamp level, with a groove depth from spanned rope operate exceeding the depth of the groove from the strut or struts.  28. The method according to item 27, wherein in the cluster and multi-row arrangement of piles felling of the head of each subsequent part is performed after removing the felled head of the previous pile.  29. The method according to item 27, wherein in a single-row arrangement of piles carry out alternate cutting of pile heads with subsequent cleaning of all felled heads at the same time.  30. The method according to any one of paragraphs.27-29, characterized in that the grillages are made monolithic, and / or prefabricated, and / or precast monolithic, having a glass extending to the edge of the column for the column, or a precast reinforced concrete column with channels for the outlet of the column reinforcement which, after or before the installation of the column is filled with hardening material, for example polymer-cement mortar.  31. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, characterized in that the foundations are block, prefabricated, or monolithic, or prefabricated-monolithic, with a glass under the column or column with monolithic channels for the outlet of the column reinforcement.  32. The method according to p. 30 or 31, characterized in that the grill or foundation block is made with reinforcing outlets, and the column is cut with coaxial outlets of the reinforcement, and after being inserted into the cutouts of the column, the cuts are monolized with hardening material, for example concrete.  33. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, characterized in that at least part of the extended structural elements of buildings, structures is performed with prestressing reinforcement.  34. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 33, characterized in that the use of precast-monolithic columns, which are made in height composite of at least two prefabricated sections, each of which is performed with spaced from each other at a distance equal to the height of the floor , areas free from concrete, releases of working reinforcement at one end and channels for releases of reinforcement of an adjacent section - at the other end.  35. The method according to clause 34, wherein the lengths of the releases of the working reinforcement of the column sections are assumed to be 1.3 to 2.7 of the largest cross-sectional dimension of the column, and the depth of the channels in the column sections and / or sub-columns is not more than the length of the corresponding outlet than two diameters of the output of the working reinforcement, and the channels are made at least partly conical, expanding upward with an angle of inclination of the generatrix of the cone to the vertical, the tangent of which is not less than 0.01, while at least they form on the walls of the channels it double helix cavities that operate in longitudinal section in the shape of a trapezoid with the larger base surface of the channel, and a smaller width of 0.1 average diameter of the channel.  36. The method according to any of paragraphs.30, 31, 34 and 35, characterized in that the columns, and / or grillages, and / or the ends of the sections of the columns in the area of the channels are performed with additional reinforcement, which is arranged in a spiral in the concrete around channels.  37. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that after the columns are installed in levels from sections free of concrete, prefabricated crossbars are installed based on temporary support clamps and propped up from the bottom with inventory stands, after which the concrete slab is concreted, moreover, when concreting a monolithic slab, concrete is poured above the column section, free from concrete, by at least 15 cm, and the concrete is vibrated while monolithic the butt joints of the column with the crossbar and slab and sections Olonne-free concrete.  38. The method according to clause 37, wherein the precast reinforced concrete crossbars are made with sockets and outlets of reinforcement at the end sections. 39. The method according to § 38, characterized in that the nests on the end sections of the crossbars are open from the end of the crossbar and from the side of its upper surface, trapezoidal in cross section, tapering in the direction from the upper surface of the crossbar to the bottom of the socket, while the side surfaces of the nests perform expanding in the direction from the end surface of the nest to the end of the crossbar, inclined or parallel to the vertical plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the crossbar, and the end surface of the nests form relatively the bottom of the nest at an angle not less than 90 ^o .  40. The method according to § 39, characterized in that at least the side surfaces of the crossbars nests are folded, with the fold axes intersecting the bottom surface of the nests and representing straight and / or broken, or curved lines, or the side surfaces of the nests recesses and / or protrusions in the form of cylinders, or hemispheres, or parts of hemispheres, or a torus, or combinations thereof, or as a prism and / or a truncated pyramid, or a truncated cone, and / or combinations of particles of a truncated cone and part of a hemisphere or torus.  41. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, 37 to 40, characterized in that the crossbars are concreted in the molds with tensioning reinforcement and the use of end inserts, while the end inserts are made according to the shape of the nests of the crossbars.  42. The method according to paragraph 41, characterized in that in the manufacture of crossbars metal forms are used that are made at least in two rows, and the inserts are made up of inventory metal separating elements and disposable inserts of elastic crease or easily destructible material. 43. The method according to item 42, wherein the inventory metal dividing elements perform

shaped with a handle on the upper surface of the shelf and through the slots in the wall, and the insert is installed under the shelf of the separation element close to the wall and is made, for example, of expanded polystyrene.  44. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, 37 to 43, characterized in that at least part of the overlap is prefabricated and monolithic.  45. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1 - 26, 37 - 44, characterized in that the precast-monolithic floors are performed by installing precast prestressed plates forming a fixed formwork on the edges of the crossbars, followed by monolithic and reinforcement.  46. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 45, characterized in that a comb is used as a system of pin elements.  47. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, 37 to 46, characterized in that when installing prefabricated plates, temporary inventory supports are installed under them to absorb the load when monolithic overlapping.  48. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 47, characterized in that during the construction of the building, structures up to 5 floors in height, the stability of the frame is ensured by the nodes of the crossbars with columns that are rigid, and during the construction of a building, structures of a greater number of floors additionally establish stiffness or column communications.  49. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, 37 to 48, characterized in that when performing a monolithic overlap layer, anchor outlets are formed for fastening the elements of the external walls.  50. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 26, characterized in that the internal walls and partitions are made of brick and / or expanded clay concrete stones and / or gypsum perlite elements with a height corresponding to the height of the floor and / or sheet materials, at least part of the partitions is shot with metal brackets to the frame of the building or structure.  51. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 50, characterized in that the staircases are laid on precast reinforced concrete beams, which are made with cutouts for the supporting parts of the marches, and the platforms are made of floor slabs.  52. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 51, characterized in that the reinforcing cages of at least part of the extended elements of the building, structures are assembled on a stand having at least two rows of lower ends installed with rigid sealing at the base at a distance from each other in each row of racks, located at least two tiers of the cross-member, on which the rods of the working armature are laid, guides that are attached to the racks under the cross-bars of the lower tier to move the movable trolley with the possibility of being installed on it grasping the rods of the working reinforcement with a set of clamps, and the cross-members are made up of two halves, each of which is passed through through holes formed in the respective racks or attached to the eyes of the racks with the possibility of longitudinal axial movement and fixation in the extreme extended position at the moment the trolley passes through the plane of the corresponding pair racks, while the cross members of the upper tier in addition to axial longitudinal movement are attached to the respective racks with the possibility of rotation in Horizontal and / or vertical plane at the time of removal of the finished carcass after fixing clamps on the rods of the working valve.  53. The method according to paragraph 52, wherein the halves of the cross members are made with thickenings at the ends, forming latches of the extreme positions, the outer ends of the halves of the cross members being spaced apart from one another, provided with handles, for example, annular ones.  54. The method according to any one of paragraphs.25 to 53, characterized in that when concreting at least part of the floor slabs, and / or foundation elements, and / or joints and nodes of structural elements of the building, structure, heat treatment is carried out by electric heating of concrete by installing electrodes and transmitting alternating current of industrial frequency with simultaneous regulation of the temperature regime of heating by changing the voltage and / or disconnecting the electrodes from the network according to the testimony of control devices, while open surfaces are laid concrete is vapor insulated.  55. The method according to p. 54, characterized in that the vapor barrier of the concrete is carried out by covering it with a heater, which is used as a roofing material, or glassine, or sawdust, or foam, or mineral plates, or batting. 56. The method according to item 54 or 55, characterized in that the heating is started at a concrete temperature of not higher than 5 - 10 ^o With a current voltage of 50 - 60 V, and during the heating process, the voltage increases as the concrete hardens in steps, up to, not exceeding 127 V. 57. The method according to any one of claims 54 to 56, characterized in that the temperature of the concrete during electrical heating is controlled by performing wells in concrete in places of the most unfavorable temperature conditions with a depth equal to half the thickness of the concrete layer to be laid, and installing technical thermometers with exposure they are in wells for at least 3-4 minutes and isolated from the influence of the temperature of the outside air, while in the first 3 hours the temperature is monitored every hour, and the rest of the heating time at least 3 times per shift, at The volume of heating is carried out with the difference in the readings of the thermometers of the heated area not exceeding 10 ^o C, and the temperature difference of the outdoor air and concrete at the time of stripping - not exceeding 20 ^o C.  58. The method according to any one of paragraphs 33, 54 to 57, characterized in that the tension of the reinforcement in the manufacture of at least part of the floor slabs is performed by fixing the reinforcement to the gripper traverse, applying pressure to the hydraulic cylinder, tensioning the reinforcement to the desired length and fixing the traverse with a latch in the final position, after which the pressure in the hydraulic system is released, and at the end of the heat treatment of the plate by direct stroke of the hydraulic cylinder, the reinforcement is additionally pulled out by 10 - 20 mm, after which the clamp is released and removed and smooth removal is carried out apryazheniya in the reinforcement due to the return stroke, the end of which the gripper cross member takes the initial position, then the valve is removed from the grips.  59. The method according to any one of paragraphs 33, 38 to 43, characterized in that the tension of the reinforcement in the manufacture of at least a part of the crossbars is performed by setting the stroke cylinder of the gripper beam in the initial position, fixing the beam with a mechanical lock, depressurizing the system and the fastening of the reinforced reinforcement in the traverse grips, after which the tension of the reinforcement is carried out by a separate mobile installation, which is located on the opposite end of the stand, and at the end of the heat treatment of the crossbar with a direct stroke of the rod of logs valve further stretched by 10 - 20 mm, and then released and removed and the lock yoke carried smooth release of tension in the armature due to the reverse stroke, wherein the yoke is brought into an end position, then the valve is removed from the grippers.  60. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 59, characterized in that at least part of the ground structures and / or foundations is made of brick masonry and / or expanded clay concrete blocks.  61. The method according to p. 60, characterized in that at least part of the masonry is performed by a well, lightweight of the outer and inner layers located at a distance from each other and the insulation located between them.  62. The method according to p, characterized in that the outer layer of the masonry is made of silicate brick, the inner one is made of ordinary clay brick or expanded clay concrete blocks, and expanded clay is used as insulation, or ecowool, or expanded polystyrene, or mineral wool, or gernit, or polyethylene foam.  63. The method according to p. 60, characterized in that when laying masonry from expanded clay concrete blocks, expanded clay is used as insulation.  64. The method according to p, characterized in that when the exterior walls are made of brickwork between the outer and inner layers of the masonry, vertical transverse stiffeners are installed at a distance from each other not exceeding 1.2 m, with the formation of wells between the ribs, which filled with a heater, for example expanded clay, with a layer-by-layer seal.  65. The method according to p, characterized in that the ratio of the volume of piece materials in the masonry to the volume of insulation is from 1: 0.2 to 1: 1.4, while the ratio of the heat transfer resistance of the wall in the most heat-conducting place (brick) the reduced resistance to heat transfer of the wall, taking into account the reinforced concrete frame in its thickness, is from 1: 1.7 to 1: 3.  66. The method according to any one of paragraphs 60 to 65, characterized in that after 0.5 - 0.7 m along the height of the masonry perform horizontal horizontal diaphragms in which the reinforcing brackets are laid.  67. The method according to p, characterized in that the mortar diaphragm is 25 - 35 mm thick, and the reinforcing brackets are placed in increments of 400 - 500 mm.  68. The method according to any one of paragraphs 60 to 67, characterized in that when the building, the construction is framed, the masonry of the outer walls is attached to the frame at the level of the ceilings.  69. The method according to any of paragraphs.66 - 68, characterized in that the masonry is attached to the frame by installing discrete anchors in a monolithic overlapping layer with their location in the corresponding horizontal mortar wall diaphragm.  70. The method according to any one of paragraphs 60 to 67, characterized in that the internal partitions of the building, structures are attached to the frame in tiers with a step in height not exceeding 1.2 m  71. The method according to p. 70, characterized in that the fastening of at least part of the internal partitions to the frame is carried out by shooting brackets made of sheet steel to it and fastening the partitions to the brackets.  72. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 59, characterized in that when the building is constructed, structures with hinged fasage blocks, the latter are fastened by welding their frames to galvanized embedded parts, which are installed in a monolithic layer of overlap.  73. The method according to any one of paragraphs 60 to 69, characterized in that when performing work in conditions of negative outside temperatures, the masonry is performed in a solution with antifreeze chemical additives, and a solution of at least grade M50 is used.  74. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 59, characterized in that when the building, the frame structure with self-supporting stone walls, the walls are attached to the vertical elements of the frame by flexible connections to enable free wall upsetting.  75. The method according to p. 74, characterized in that the flexible connection is established in height with a step not exceeding 1.5 m  76. The method according to any one of paragraphs 60 to 69, characterized in that when performing work in winter use solutions with a mobility of 9 to 13 cm for masonry made of solid brick and 7 to 8 cm for masonry made of brick with voids.  77. The method according to any one of claims 60 to 76, characterized in that when the walls are erected around the perimeter of the building, structure or between the upsetting joints, the masonry is carried out uniformly, while the largest gap in height at the level of the masonry is allowed not to exceed the height of half the floor.  78. The method according to any one of paragraphs 60 to 76, characterized in that when laying deaf sections of the walls and corners of the building, structures breaks are allowed to be not more than half the height of the floor and they are made by the shaft.  79. The method according to any one of claims 68 to 78, characterized in that when performing work in winter for a period before positive outdoor temperatures occur, temporary racks on wedges are installed under the supporting parts of the openings and jumpers, which are installed in all the lower floors of the building, facilities.  80. The method according to any one of paragraphs 60 to 78, characterized in that when performing work in the winter, wooden racks with struts are installed with a pitch not exceeding 2 m to eliminate precipitation of brick walls during thaws.  81. The method according to p, characterized in that when performing work in the winter and using concrete with antifreeze additives, the concrete is immediately covered after removal, for example, with a layer of sawdust.  82. The method according to any one of paragraphs 60 to 81, characterized in that the pair of reinforced brick partitions with capital walls when exposed at different times is performed by arranging a groove in the capital wall into which the partition is inserted, or using reinforcement rods that are laid in the seams of the masonry of the capital walls.  83. The method according to any one of claims 60 to 81, characterized in that the coupling of the partitions with the posts is carried out with the help of the exhaust bar or steel rods laid in the posts.  84. The method according to any one of claims 60 to 81, characterized in that at least a part of the partitions is gypsum-rolled, wherein the fastening of the partition panels to the ceilings is carried out with a panel length of up to 4 m in one place, and with a larger length in two places, and in height to the walls, fastening is done in two places.  85. The method according to p. 84, characterized in that at least part of the gaps between the panels and walls or floors overlap tow, moistened with gypsum mortar, and wiped.  86. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 85, characterized in that the balcony slabs and lintels are mounted simultaneously with the erection of external walls, and the level difference of the planes of the balcony slab and the floor of the room is no more than 8-10 cm, while the balcony slabs are installed with a slope of 2% of the outer wall.  87. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 58, characterized in that at least part of the outer walls of the building, structures are made of self-supporting three-layer panels.  88. The method according to p. 87, characterized in that they use self-supporting three-layer panels that are made of outer and inner layers of reinforced concrete, a layer located between them, a layer of heat-insulating material and uniting layers of the element in the form of a framing frame of profiles having a wall and the shelves located at an angle, one of which is perforated, is inserted into the concrete of the outer layer, rigidly fastened by means of straight linings to the working reinforcement of this layer and monolithic inside the outer layer Aneli, another shelf of profiles with its outer surface forms a portion of the outer surface of the inner layer of the panel, and its inner surface is rigidly attached with curved overlays to the working reinforcement of the inner layer of the panel, the wall of the profiles is bent in width from the middle to the outside to form a ledge of rectangular or trapezoidal section fixing the elastic strip when docking with adjacent panels, and in the upper end of the panel within its inner layer protruding beyond the limits of the panel are rods and recessed lifting loops, and in the lower end they form holes coaxial to the rods in which form-forming, for example, polystyrene foam plugs are installed.  89. The method according to p. 88, characterized in that the panel is performed with a window opening, the frame of which forms an additional element combining the panel layers in the form of a frame.  90. The method according to p, characterized in that the self-supporting panels are made by installing a metal frame on the pallet, laying the working reinforcement of the outer layer, attaching to it the concrete profiles of the outer layer in the space bounded by the pallet and profiles, followed by laying the heat-insulating material, working reinforcement of the inner layer with its fastening to the profiles and concreting of the inner layer of the panel over the heat-insulating material in the space bounded by the profiles. 91. The method according to any one of paragraphs.88 - 90, characterized in that the outer and inner layers of the panel are made of fine-grained expanded clay concrete with a density of from 1200 to 1400 kg / m ³ , the frame of the window opening is made of lightweight concrete, and use as a thermal insulation material, for example, polystyrene foam or other similar material.  92. The method according to any one of paragraphs.88 to 91, characterized in that the panel is performed with additional metal connecting elements, by means of which, during installation, the panel is attached to the frame of a building or structure.  93. The method according to any one of paragraphs.88 to 92, characterized in that during installation the overlying panels are installed on the underlying ones, and an elastic gasket is laid on the surface of the underlying panel under the protrusion of the profile and the rods protruding from the underlying panel are inserted into the holes aligned therewith the end of the overlying panel, and in the outer junction of the panels adjacent directly to the protrusion of the profile, an elastic gasket is installed, then a non-hardening mastic is laid, on top of which, for example, a cement-cement composition is laid, and the inner joint of the panels is performed by laying the elastic gasket directly to the protrusion of the profile and the insulating gasket overlapping the inner joint.  94. The method according to any one of claims 88 to 93, characterized in that the profiles are coated externally with an anti-corrosion and adhesion-improving coating.  95. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 94, characterized in that during installation and welding works at a height, a safety device is used in the form of a cable, which is pulled between the hollow posts, inside each of which a pipe is mounted into which the hook rod is inserted for fastening to the mounting loops of the floor slabs, the upper part of the hook rod being provided with a nut that is mounted on the pipe.  96. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 95, characterized in that at least part of the surface of at least part of the elements of the building, structures are performed with horizontal and vertical gluing waterproofing.  97. The method according to p. 96, characterized in that the horizontal waterproofing is made of two layers of roofing felt glued together and glued to the primed surface on a screed of masonry mortar, and the panels in all layers are rolled in one direction without their cross-location in adjacent layers , each subsequent panel is connected to the previous one in longitudinal and transverse joints with an overlap of 100 mm, the longitudinal and transverse joints of the panels in adjacent insulation layers are spaced apart, while the glued panels ikatyvayut to the insulated surface.  98. The method according to p, characterized in that the vertical waterproofing is performed by gluing the panels of rolled material from the bottom up with smoothing.  99. The method according to any one of claims 96 to 98, characterized in that the last layer of gluing waterproofing on the mastic made of bituminous roll materials is coated with a continuous layer of hot bituminous mastic and sprinkled with dry hot sand, which is rolled on horizontal surfaces.  100. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 95, characterized in that at least part of the surface of at least part of the building elements, structures are performed with waterproofing in the form of bituminous hot and / or cold mastics and / or mastics prepared on based on synthetic resins that are applied in at least two layers.  101. The method according to p. 100, characterized in that each subsequent layer of paint waterproofing is applied after curing and drying previously applied.  102. The method according to p. 100 or 101, characterized in that the paint waterproofing is applied mechanically, and the hoses and pipes for the mechanized supply of heated mastics are protected from cooling or heating, and the hoses for feeding the liquefied compositions are made of a gas-resistant material.  103. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 102, characterized in that at least part of the walls are concreted using trunks and vibro trunks, and during the work, their lower ends are pulled to the side by no more than 0.25 m for every 1 m heights, while the two lower links are left vertical.  104. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 102, characterized in that at least part of the walls are concreted using free discharge of the concrete mixture, and the height of free discharge is taken not exceeding 2 m  105. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 104, characterized in that the beams and floor slabs are concreted at the same time, and working joints during breaks in concreting are prescribed: when concreting flat slabs, anywhere parallel to the smaller side of the slab, when concreting ribbed floors - in the direction parallel to the secondary beams, as well as individual beams - within the middle third of the span of the beams, and when concreting in the direction parallel to the main beams, within two middle quarters of the span of the beams and plates.  106. The method according to any one of claims 60 to 86, characterized in that for the construction of at least part of the building elements, structures that are made of brick, and / or stone, and / or blocks, articulated-panel scaffolding, and / or panel scaffolding, and / or lever with a hydraulic actuator, and / or portable platforms - scaffolding.  107. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 106, characterized in that at least part of the outer and / or inner surface of at least part of the building elements, structures are plastered.  108. The method according to p. 107, characterized in that the plastering is monolithic and / or dry plastering.  109. The method according to p. 107 or 108, characterized in that when plastering the outer surfaces of the building elements, structures use cement mortars with plasticizing and frost resistance additives.  110. The method according to p. 107 or 108, characterized in that when plastering the internal surfaces of the building elements, structures use lime-sand mortars on hydraulic lime and / or ground quicklime and / or lime substitutes.  111. The method according to p. 110, characterized in that when plastering the inner surfaces of the building elements, structures use lime-gypsum mortars for spraying and / or primers and / or coatings.  112. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1 - 111, characterized in that as the installation of the floors of the building, structures carry out the installation of risers to perform internal heat and gas networks of heat and gas supply.  113. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 112, characterized in that at the same time or sequentially with the implementation of the load-bearing structures of the building, the structure carries out the installation of an internal water supply and sewage system.  114. The method according to p. 113, characterized in that the internal water supply system is performed by mounting the inlets, the water meter assembly, the distribution network, risers, pipelines to the water points, water shut-off and control valves, and the inlets are made of steel or cast-iron water pipes, which are cemented with asbestos.  115. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 114, characterized in that the steel pipes located in the ground protect against corrosion.  116. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 115, characterized in that the input laid through the foundation or the main wall is enclosed in a steel pipe to prevent deformation during the settlement of the building, structure, and the gap between the walls of the input pipe and the pipe is sealed with a tarred wire and from the outside and inside, they are filled with a cement mortar with a layer of 20-30 mm.  117. The method according to p. 114, characterized in that the water meter assembly is installed behind the first main wall from the side of the street water main in a dry, heated room - the basement, or stairwell, or in a warm well.  118. The method according to p. 114, characterized in that the distribution network is laid from steel gas pipes with a slope of 0.005 to the drain plug: along the wall or under the ceiling in the basement - in systems with a lower wiring and in the attic - in systems with a top wiring, when using a system with top wiring, the network is insulated.  119. The method according to p. 112, characterized in that when performing heat supply networks, at least part of the networks is autonomous for independent heat supply of at least one room of a building or structure.  120. The method according to p. 112, characterized in that at least a portion of the heating networks are recycled.  121. A method of manufacturing building products and structures from composite materials, mainly concrete, for the erection, restoration or reconstruction of buildings, structures, including preparing a concrete mixture with a preliminary selection of its composition, mixing a binder, fine aggregate, mixing water and coarse aggregate, reinforcing the products together working long power elements, at least one of which is made of a material with a higher yield strength than other forces elements of the same direction, laying in the form or formwork, compaction of the concrete mixture and curing, characterized in that the strength or strength elements of the material with a higher yield strength include in the power reinforcement of at least part of the monolithic, and / or prefabricated, and / or prefabricated-monolithic, including bending loads of sections of buildings, structures, and / or their elements, and / or their connections and nodes, and / or structures in areas corresponding to the zones of the diagram of bending moments for the most unfavorable races static and / or dynamic effects in the range that overlaps the maximum values of the latter and extended in both directions to at least 1/3 of their maximum value, while at least part of the foundations and / or ground reinforced structures are layered and / or layer-by-layer erected, at least part of at least one of the surfaces in contact with the monolithically erected layer or part thereof is performed at the final stage of molding or after its completion until concrete reaches no more than 5% of its calculated with processing by a system of pin, cylindrical, and / or wedge-shaped, and / or lamellar and / or combined elements by translational and / or reciprocal movement of the latter in at least one direction and / or periodic indentation and extraction, including with the possibility of angular and / or shear movements of the latter, and processing is carried out until partial exposure of the coarse aggregate. 122. The method according to p. 121, characterized in that in the preparation of the concrete mixture, the ratio of fine aggregate to the total volume of fine and coarse aggregate, at least as the last of which use fractionated crushed stone or a combination of crushed stone and gravel, is established by the formula

where ρ _mz - the true density of the fine aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
λ _mz - bulk density of fine aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
ρ _KZ - the true density of the coarse aggregate, kg / m ³ ;
λ _KZ - bulk density of coarse aggregate, kg / m ³ ,
and the minimum volume of cement paste, l, required for the preparation of concrete mix, according to the formula

where V _{m t in} - the minimum amount of dough from a binder, l,
then determine the actual amount of water, l / m ³ absorbed by the fine aggregate, according to the formula

where W _{m z} - standard water absorption of fine aggregate,%,
and determine the actual amount of water, l / m ³ absorbed by a large aggregate according to the formula

where W _{to s} - standard water absorption of coarse aggregate,%,
then determine the flow rate of water, l / m ³ necessary for hydration of the binder according to the formula
In _{g in} = Ts _m • K _{n g} ,
where C _m is the consumption of a binder per 1 m ^{3 of} concrete mixture, kg;
K _{n g} - coefficient of normal density of the binder test,
while the binder consumption is determined by the formula

where ρ _vzh - the true density of the binder, kg / m ³ ,
then determine the minimum flow rate of water, l / m ³ , mixing according to the formula
In _{m z} = V _{f m z} + V _{f k s} + V _{g in} ,
then determine the consumption of small MZ and large KZ aggregate for 1 m ³ concrete mix according to the formulas
MЗ = (1000-V _mtv ) • r _to • ρ _mz ;
KZ = (1000-V _MTV) • (1-r _a) • ρ _sc.
123. The method according to p. 121 or 122, characterized in that in the manufacture of at least part of the structures, concreting is carried out at least partially in a fixed formwork and / or in forming elements, which are partially or completely made of reinforced concrete and / or concrete, or combined with other materials elements, and they are made of concrete mix of the following composition, parts by weight:
Cement or cement-lime binder - 1
Fractionated Coarse Aggregate - 2.4 - 4.0
Sand - 1.25 - 2.5
Water - 0.4 - 0.6
moreover, fractionated coarse aggregate contains crushed stone of a fraction of 10 - 20 or 10 - 30 mm and gravel of a fraction of 5 - 10 mm in a ratio of crushed stone 1: (3 - 7), and the cement-lime binder contains cement and lime in the ratio (1 - 5) : (5 - 1).  124. The method according to any one of paragraphs 121 to 123, characterized in that pozzolanic cement, or Portland cement, or slag Portland cement, or quick-hardening cement, or cement-lime cement, or combinations thereof are used to prepare the concrete mixture.  125. The method according to p. 124, characterized in that sand with a fineness modulus of Mk 1.7-3 is used as a fine aggregate in the concrete mixture.  126. The method according to p. 124 or 125, characterized in that as coarse aggregate in the concrete mix, gravel of a fraction of 10 to 20 mm or a fraction of 10 to 40 mm is used.  127. The method according to any one of paragraphs.124-126, characterized in that crushed stone from igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary rocks or from combinations thereof is used as a coarse aggregate in the concrete mixture.  128. The method according to any one of paragraphs.124-127, characterized in that crushed stone with crushability Dr 8-12 is used as a coarse aggregate.  129. The method according to any one of paragraphs 121 to 128, characterized in that the building products and structures are made monolithic and / or precast monolithic and / or precast. 130. The method according to p. 121 or 122, characterized in that they use concrete made of concrete mix of the following composition, parts by weight:
Cement or cement-lime binder - 1.0
Fractionated Coarse Aggregate - 2.14 - 4.0
Fine aggregate - 1.24 - 2.5
Water - 0.30 - 0.60
moreover, fractionated coarse aggregate contains crushed stone of a fraction of 10 - 20 mm or 10 - 40 mm and gravel of a fraction of 5 - 10 mm in a ratio of crushed stone 1: (3 - 7), and the cement-lime binder contains cement and lime in the ratio (1 - 5 ): (5 - 1).  131. The method according to any one of paragraphs 121 to 130, characterized in that, in the manufacture of concrete, additives are added to the concrete mixture that regulate technological and / or operational properties — ductility, setting speed, water resistance, frost resistance, strength, in an amount of 0.001 - 0.04 parts by weight by weight of cement.  132. The method according to p. 130, characterized in that as a fine aggregate use sand with a particle size module Mk from 1.7 to 3 or crushed expanded clay with a particle size module Mk 3 or a combination of sand and crushed expanded clay in the ratio (1 - 5): (5 - 1).  133. The method according to p. 130, characterized in that as a fine aggregate use burnt earth - waste metallurgical production or a combination of it with sand in the ratio (1 - 5): (5 - 1).  134. The method according to p. 123 or 130, characterized in that the use of fine and / or coarse aggregate, which is 10 - 80% consists of crushed metallurgical waste, including steel and / or cast iron sawdust, and / or crushed chips, and / or scraps of wire, and / or scraps of reinforcement, and / or ground metal-containing ores.  135. The method according to any one of paragraphs 121 to 133, characterized in that pigments are introduced into the concrete mixture or at least into the surface layer of concrete.  136. The method according to p. 121, characterized in that the cross-sectional area of the reinforcing strength element or the total area of unidirectional strength elements, which are made of material with a higher yield strength, take less than the cross-sectional area of another element or the total area of the remaining strength elements of the same directivity, which are made of material with a lower yield strength.  137. The method according to p, characterized in that the cross-sectional area of the reinforcing section of the reinforcing strength element or the total area of unidirectional force elements, which are made of material with a higher yield strength, take less than the cross-sectional area of another element or the total area of the remaining force elements the same orientation, which are made of a material with a lower yield strength.  138. The method according to p. 136 or 137, characterized in that the reinforcement of building products and structures is carried out by a force element or unidirectional force elements from a material with a higher yield strength, the total cross-sectional area of which is at least 5% of the total cross-sectional area of unidirectional power elements with different strength and yield strength.  139. The method according to p. 136 or 137, characterized in that the reinforcement of building products and structures is carried out by a force element or force elements from a material with a higher yield strength, the total cross-sectional area of which is not more than 35% of the total cross-sectional area of unidirectional power elements with different strength and yield strength.  140. The method according to any one of paragraphs.136 to 139, characterized in that the reinforcement is carried out at least by power elements with a larger total cross-sectional area and, accordingly, with lower strength, having a different yield strength.  141. The method according to any one of paragraphs.116-140, characterized in that when reinforcing building products and structures, at least two strength elements from materials with different yield strengths are fastened together at least at two points in length.  142. The method according to any one of paragraphs.136-139, characterized in that the extended power elements of the reinforcement are combined by distribution valves, which are positioned at an angle to the power elements to form flat grids and / or spatial frames, and / or used in combinations of flat and spatial frames with separate and / or coupled power elements in the construction volume, at least a part of the power elements of a material with a higher yield stress are connected in length with elements of a material with a lower Roedel yield and / or is placed between them.  143. The method according to any one of paragraphs.116 to 141, characterized in that in the manufacturing process of reinforcement and / or reinforcement of products and structures, at least part of the extended power elements are combined into a strand or in strands, each of which includes at least one element from a material with a higher yield strength.  144. The method according to any one of paragraphs.116 to 143, characterized in that at least one force element of a material with at least a lower yield strength is performed profiled. 145. The method according to p. 144, characterized in that the profiled power elements are made in cross section

figurative and / or

figurative and / or

figurative and / or

figurative and / or

figurative and / or

shaped profile.  146. The method according to any one of paragraphs.116-145, characterized in that for the reinforcement of products and structures use separate rods, and / or mesh, and / or frames, comprising at least one power element of at least material with higher yield strength is performed by a variable cross-sectional area along the length, and / or composite, and / or shorter or greater length relative to unidirectional force elements with a different yield strength than that of this element.  147. The method according to any one of paragraphs.116 to 146, characterized in that the reinforcement of products and structures is carried out by separate rods and / or nets and / or frames, which include at least one force element from at least one material with lower yield strength, which is performed with a smoothly and / or stepwise varying in length cross-sectional area and / or composite in length.  148. The method according to any one of paragraphs.116-147, characterized in that the reinforcement of building products or structures is carried out by separate rods and / or nets and / or frames, which include at least one power element, which is made integral by the length and at the same time include at least one section with a strength and / or yield strength different from the yield strength of the adjacent and / or other sections along the length of the element.  149. The method according to any one of paragraphs.138 to 148, characterized in that at least part of the reinforcing force elements is performed with at least one section having a reduced or disengaged grip with the reinforced material.  150. The method according to any one of claims 136 to 149, characterized in that the strength elements of the reinforcement with a lower yield strength are made of steel of class A-3 and / or A-4.  151. The method according to p. 147 or 148, characterized in that the joined reinforcing elements of the reinforcement are made up of at least one, having at least two joined sections, which are made with different cross-sectional areas and / or with different cross-section perimeters.  152. The method according to p. 151, characterized in that before concreting a reinforcement is laid in the form or formwork, comprising at least one rod with two joined sections, at least one of which is made in the form of at least two core elements combined into a power group and / or molded profiles.  153. The method according to any one of paragraphs 121 to 152, characterized in that the concrete mixture is compacted by vibrating or vibrating, and curing is carried out by holding the structures under normal conditions until the formwork or grade strength is set, or curing is at least partially carried out at thermal and / or heat and moisture treatment.  154. The method according to p, characterized in that the curing is carried out during heat treatment due to the use of solar energy.  155. The method according to any one of paragraphs 121 to 154, characterized in that at least part of the columns are concreted in molds, each of which is intended for the manufacture of at least four columns at the same time and is made from a lower horizontal base on which the central row is rigidly fixed racks with shields located on them, forming a central stationary longitudinal wall, side racks are pivotally mounted with the possibility of folding and fixing, with shields located on them, forming side, fixed in a predetermined position hinged walls, between each of which and the central wall, are installed with the possibility of deviating from the vertical by a given angle at least one row of intermediate racks with shields located on them, forming intermediate walls, and horizontal formwork pallets are mounted between the walls, and the central wall is made height greater height of the remaining walls.  156. The method according to p. 155, characterized in that the base is made integral of a system of transverse and / or longitudinal beams, on top of which a floor is laid, on which the height of the cross-section of the made columns of the stand is installed between the longitudinal walls, and the pallets are mounted on the stands. 157. The method according to p. 155 or 156, characterized in that the intermediate struts are installed with the possibility of deviation from the vertical by an angle not exceeding 5 ^o , the side struts are capable of deviating from the vertical by no more than 25 ^o , and the height of the central wall is adopted more than the height of the remaining walls by at least 10%.  158. The method according to any one of paragraphs 121 to 154, characterized in that at least a portion of the columns are concreted in molds, each of which is intended for the manufacture of at least four columns at the same time and is made integral of movable and at least one fixed blocks, moreover, a base with a central longitudinal row of struts rigidly attached to it with shields located on them forming a central longitudinal stationary vertical wall, and movable blocks are installed on a base movable with the possibility of autonomous lateral movement along it and include in each movable block rolling bearings on which horizontal beams are mounted rigidly connected to vertical racks with shields located on them that form side walls, and horizontal beams are placed on top of the beams between the side walls and the central moreover, the Central wall is performed above the side walls.  159. The method according to any one of paragraphs 121 to 154, characterized in that at least a portion of the crossbars are concreted in molds, each of which is made from the base with a central row of struts rigidly fixed on it with shields located on them, forming a central longitudinal longitudinal vertical the wall, and pivotally attached to the base with the possibility of folding and fixing two side rows of racks with shields located on them, forming folding side walls, and horizontal formwork pallets are placed between the walls, and sweeping side wall operate above.  160. The method according to any one of paragraphs.155 to 157 and 159, characterized in that the deflection of the walls of the molds is carried out with jacks, and the fixation is by tightened screws.  161. The method according to any one of paragraphs.155-158, characterized in that the columns are transported from the manufacturing workshop to the finished product warehouse using transportation equipment in the form of a movable central bearing form mounted on rolling bearings or on a rail track with attached to it both sides of the tiers of shelves for columns, and the number of shelves corresponds to the number of columns manufactured simultaneously.

Images