RU2094991C1 - Method of cucumber and tomato plants protection from phytopathogens - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: at weak damage plants were treated with 30-50% trichodermin preparation obtained on the basis the strain Trichoderma harzianum VKM F-2477 D that contains 3-5% carboxymethylcellulose. This treatment ensures to recover plants damaged with ascochytosis, white and black rots. EFFECT: enhanced effectiveness of method, increased yield of crops. 8 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture and can be used to develop means for protecting the stems of cucumber and tomato from phytopathogens in closed ground conditions.

A known method of protecting cucumber from ascochitosis by spraying plants 3 times, starting from the phase of 7-8 real leaves, with a suspension of trichodermin biologic based on the fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, strain VKM F-2477 D at a concentration of 5 • 10 ⁵ 5 • 10 ⁷ spores / ml with a flow rate of a working solution of 700-2000 l / ha. The method provides a delay in the development of ascochitosis for 10-14 days and reduces the degree of development of the disease / 1 /.

The disadvantage of this method is that it does not exclude the spread of the disease on the stems of plants in individual foci. This is due to the fact that after spraying, most of the antagonist diasporas are deposited on the leaves and make up 350-400 pcs / cm ² . The population density of the antagonist on the stems remains very low and does not exceed 20-45 pcs / cm ² . Therefore, there is a slight inhibition of the development of pathogens (pathogens of ascochitosis, white and gray rot) on the stems of plants, which causes their death.

 There is also known a method of protecting cucumber and tomato from ascochitosis, gray and white rot by inoculation of stems affected by the paste with a biological product trichodermin based on the fungus Trichoderma harzianum in a concentration of 10-50%, depending on the intensity of the development of diseases / 2 /. The application of this method provides the healing of affected diseases of the sections of the stems, reduces the degree of development of diseases. This method is chosen by us as a prototype.

However, this prototype has the following disadvantages:
1. The terms for the use of the paste-like preparation of trichodermin have not been developed, depending on the degree of plant damage by phytopathogens.

 2. Trichodermin paste is not stable, therefore, after application, it flows down the stem from the affected area. In addition, the holding in the greenhouses of such an obligatory agrotechnical measure as irrigation irrigation, provided for by the technology of growing crops, determines the complete flushing of the drug from the stems. The stems remain unprotected and the disease spreads to other areas, which causes the death of plants.

 3. In the paste there are no food sources for the fungus, therefore, its development and survival on the stems after application of the drug is significantly reduced, which leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of the method.

 4. The antagonistic and antibiotic activity of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum does not provide complete recovery of plants from phytopathogens, and the degree of development of diseases decreases only 7-9 days after treatment.

 The aim of the proposed method is to increase the efficiency of plant protection of cucumber and tomato from phytopathogens and crop yields.

 This object is achieved in that in the method of protecting plants of cucumber and tomato from phytopathogens by coating them with a paste-like preparation of trichodermine based on the fungus Trichoderma harzianum, according to the invention, a preparation based on the Trichoderma harzianum Rifai VKM F-2477 D strain containing 3- 5% carboxymethyl cellulose, and the coating of plant stems is carried out with a weak degree of damage.

 A comparative analysis of the proposed technical level of the solution shows that the method of protecting plants of cucumber and tomato from phytopathogens differs from the known one in that trichodermin preparations use a preparation obtained on the basis of the Trichoderma harzianum VKM F 2477 D strain containing 3-5% carboxymethyl cellulose. Therefore, the proposed method of protecting plants from phytopathogens meets the criterion of "novelty."

 There is also a method of protecting tomato from gray rot, septoria, Fusarium wilting by dusting seeds and applying to the soil when planting. According to the method, Trichodermin powder is used based on the fungus Trichoderma lignorum strain M-10/3 /. The known plant protection method uses trichodermin powder, which prophylactically inhibits the development of pathogens in the soil, while the proposed method uses a preparation based on the Trichoderma harzoanum VKM F 2477 D strain and inhibits the development of diseases that affect the stems, which provides the proposed technical solution "inventive step" .

 The proposed method of protecting cucumber and tomato from phytopathogens is implemented as follows.

To obtain Trichodermin, a Trichoderma harzianum VKM F-2477 D strain is grown on a nutrient medium in barley or wheat grains. At the same time, bottles or jars are filled with 1/3 grain and moistened with water up to 70-80% of the total weight of the substrate and sterilized in an autoclave for 1 h at 1 atm. After cooling the substrate to 23-25 ^o C it is inoculated with a suspension of spores of the uterine culture at the rate of 20-25 ml per 1 kg of substrate. The fungus develops 5-7 days. Then the biological product is dried in a ventilated room at a temperature of 30-32 ^o C and grind in a ball mill.

To prepare a paste-like preparation of trichodermin, take 100 ml of tap water, heated to a temperature of 65-70 ^o C and dissolve in it 3-5 wt. carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). After cooling the solution to 20-22 ^o C contribute 30-50 wt. trichodermin and mix thoroughly.

 To determine the required amount of a paste-like preparation that effectively inhibits the development of phytopathogens, various concentrations of trichodermin based on the Trichoderma harzianum VKM F-2477D strain were tested. Tests have shown that trichodermin at a concentration of 10-20% is not effective enough, since after coating the stems, the phytopathogens remain viable, and the affected tissues are partially healed. The most optimal concentrations of trichodermine are 30–50%, which provide complete inhibition of the development of diseases after plastering (Table 1). Increasing the concentration of trichodermin to 60-70% is not economical, as the drug consumption increases, and the effectiveness does not change.

 To determine the optimal period of application of the paste-like preparation, the tests were carried out on stems of cucumber and tomato, different in degree of disease prevalence. Tests have shown that trichodermin at a concentration of 30-50% is manifested with a maximum degree of inhibition with a weak affection of the stems with a 0.1-1 point. When the stems were affected by 3-4 points, none of the tested concentrations of the drug had an effect on reducing the development of diseases. The process of tissue death became irreversible and led to the death of plants. Based on these data, the paste-like preparation of trichodermin based on the Trichoderma harzianum VKM F 2477D strain is applied to the stems with a weak degree of damage of 0.1-1 points (Table 2).

 To stabilize the paste-like preparation, CMC was included in its composition. Tests have shown that stability of the drug occurs when 2–3% of CMC is introduced into the composition of trichodermin. Increasing the concentration of CMS to 6-7% is not advisable, since the consumption of the drug increases, and the effectiveness of the action does not change (Table 3).

 The inclusion of CMC in the preparation of trichodermin based on the Trichoderma harzianum VKM F 2477D strain has no toxic effect on plants. The phytotoxicity test, which was determined on the seeds of cucumber and tomato, on the contrary, revealed the phytostimulating effect of CMC on their germination and the development of seedlings (Table 4).

 The optimal level of antagonistic activity of the strain Trichlderma harzianum VKM F-2477D after applying the paste-like preparation to the stems is possible only with its active development and reproduction. Therefore, it is necessary to include a stock of nutrients in the composition of the pasty preparation. Unlike the prototype, the Trichoderma harzianum VKM F 2477D strain uses CMC as a carbon source, which optimizes development and improves its survival on stems (Tables 5 and 6).

 In the proposed method, a synergistic effect of the components of the paast-like preparation on phytopathogens (high antibiotic activity of the strain and phytostimulating effect of CMC) is observed, which provides more intensive healing and healing of the affected tissues compared to the known method.

 So, in the known method, tissue healing occurs on the 7th-9th day after smearing with the drug, and in the proposed method on the 3-5th day. Moreover, in the proposed method, the development of ascochitosis and white rot is completely inhibited, and in the known method it is higher on cucumbers by 7.9 and 6.3 times, and on tomatoes by 4.7 and 4.8 times, respectively. The degree of development of gray rot in the known method is higher than that proposed for cucumbers and tomatoes by 6.7 and 6.9 times, respectively (table. 7).

 In the proposed method, the affected areas of the stem dry out more intensively, enhanced cell division is observed in the healing and formation of new tissue such as callus, and additional roots are formed in the basal part. The thickness of the stem in the healing places, after the cessation of the development of diseases, plants of cucumber and tomato in the known method is on average 10-12 mm, and in the proposed method 15-18 mm or more, respectively. This provides a more optimal supply of nutrients and water to plants and increases their productivity.

 As the calculations showed, the proposed method compared with the known method for growing cucumber and tomato increases profit by 1162.7 and 2278.5 thousand rubles. (tab. 8).

 The proposed method of protecting plants of cucumber and tomato from phytopathogens is industrially acceptable and allows you to completely improve the stems of cucumber and tomato plants affected by ascochitosis, white and gray rot, increase their yield, reduce the cost of vegetables and improve working conditions in closed ground.

Sources of information
1. A.S. USSR N 1124473, class A 01 N 63/00, 1982.

 2. Grinko N.N. Biological protection of cucumber from a complex of diseases in a protected ground; Grinko N.N. Rodigin V.M. The possibility of using Trichoderma harzianum in the fight against tomato pathogens // Biol. plant protection method: Abstract. doc. scientific -product. conf. Minsk, April 18-19. 1990, pl. 1990. c. 201-204.

 3. Shovkoplyas P. A. Use of trichodermine biological product to protect tomato and pepper from a complex of diseases in a protected ground // Abstract. dis. Cand. biol. sciences. M. 1988, p. 22.

Claims (1)

 A method of protecting plants of cucumber and tomato from phytopathogens by coating them with a paste-like preparation of trichodermine based on the Trichoderma harzianum fungus, characterized in that trichodermine preparations use a preparation based on the Trichoderma harzianum VKM F-2477D strain containing 3 5% carboxymethyl cellulose, and the plants are coated with low degree of damage.

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