RU2059241C1 - Process of determination of requirements of crops in nitrogen fertilizer - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: for increase of precision of determination of requirements of crops in nitrogen fertilizer process provides for finding of carrying-out of nitrogen by predicted harvest B and of sum of mineral nitrogen N_min in soil before sowing which are added with quantity of biological nitrogen N_bio used by plants during vegetation due to mineralization of organic substance and fixing out of the air. Requirement H of crop in nitrogen fertilizer is found by formula H = B-(0,5 N_min+N_bio)/K_u,, where K_u is factor of utilization of nutrients from fertilizers, %. EFFECT: increased precision of determination of requirements of crops in nitrogen fertilizer. 2 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture and can be used to determine the norms of nitrogen fertilizers in the cultivation of spring crops and cereal-legume mixtures.

 The purpose of the invention is to improve the accuracy of the method.

где K_у коэффициент использования питательных веществ из удобрений,
Биологический азот определяется экспериментальным путем при выращивании растений без применения азотных удобрений и составляет разницу между выносом его с урожаем и суммой минеральных форм в почве перед посевом культуры с учетом коэффициента использования.This goal is achieved by the fact that in a method that includes determining the removal of the predicted crop B and the amount of mineral nitrogen in the soil before sowing N _min , an additional amount of biological nitrogen N _{biol is} additionally determined. used by plants during the growing season due to the mineralization of organic matter and fixation from the air, and the need for crops in nitrogen fertilizer N is determined by the formula:
H

where K _in utilization of nutrients from fertilizers,
Biological nitrogen is determined experimentally when growing plants without the use of nitrogen fertilizers and makes up the difference between its removal with the crop and the sum of mineral forms in the soil before sowing the crop, taking into account the utilization rate.

 To implement the proposed method, fertilizers should be applied to the predicted yield, which is determined by the reserves of productive moisture in the soil in the spring before sowing and the average annual rainfall over a conventionally accepted growing season.

 To determine the need for the predicted crop in nitrogen, the previously obtained experimental data on its removal with the crop of early spring crops without the use of nitrogen fertilizers are used. At the same time, the content of total nitrogen in the grain, straw and root system before harvesting is taken into account. For legumes, nitrogen taken into account by plants from the air is taken into account.

+ N_биол. где B вынос азота прогнозируем урожаем, кг/га;
N_min концентрация доступной формы азота в слое почвы, мг/кг;
h изучаемый слой почвы, см³;
d объемная масса почвы, г/см³;
W содержание влаги в почве,
N_биол. сумма азота, используемая растениями за счет минерализации органического вещества в течение вегетации культур и за счет фиксации его из воздуха бобовыми культурами, кг/га.The determination of the nitrogen supply of plants is carried out according to the following formula:
BN _min • h • d • 0.1

+ N _biol. where B is the nitrogen outflow predicted by the crop, kg / ha;
N _{min the} concentration of the available form of nitrogen in the soil layer, mg / kg;
h studied soil layer, cm ³ ;
d bulk soil mass, g / cm ³ ;
W soil moisture content,
N _biol. the amount of nitrogen used by plants due to the mineralization of organic matter during the growing season of crops and due to its fixation from the air by legumes, kg / ha

 The use of biological nitrogen by plants depends on the humus content in the soil layer being treated, in relation to the total weight of absolutely dry soil and cultivation features, including biological features, characteristics and methods of soil cultivation, as well as weather conditions.

 The value of biological nitrogen is determined in preliminary experiments for various types of soils and cultivated crops (see table. 1).

 The use of nitrogen from fertilizers depends on the doses and methods of application, on the type of soil and weather conditions, the biological characteristics of cultivated crops and the characteristics of agricultural technology (see table. 2).

PRI me R. The experiment was conducted on the experimental field of the Don farm in the Oktyabrsky district of the Rostov region. The soils under the experiments are ordinary heavy loamy micellar-carbonate chernozem. The humus content in the arable layer 3.9-4.3% carbonate 0.86-2.10% pH pH _aq. 7.5-8.0, pH _salt 6.9-7.5. The bulk mass of the arable layer of 1.16 g / cm ³ .

 Previous crops for spring wheat and leguminous mixture winter wheat, for spring barley corn for grain.

 After harvesting the predecessors, technological operations were carried out: in the fall, stubble cultivation with disk implements and plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm, in spring, harrowing and cultivation to a depth of 10-12 cm.

 The estimated fertilizer rates are applied in two ways: scatter and locally. Scatter before cultivation, locally after it to a depth of 8-10 cm.

 Sowing of seeds was carried out across the direction of the rows with fertilizer to a depth of 5-6 cm together with phosphorus sowing fertilizer.

 Variety of spring wheat Orenburg 2; spring barley Odessa 100; leguminous mixture: barley Odessa 100, peas Zernogradsky 9, oats Astor.

Seed ratio: peas 40% barley and oats 30% each
The projected yield is determined based on the actual level of moisture supply for each year of the study.

 Studies have shown that forecasting yields in rainfed agriculture in the steppe zone is quite possible and necessary to determine the moisture ration of nitrogen fertilizers in each year.

By determining the moisture-content norms of basic fertilizers, yields were obtained compared to sowing (P ₁₀ ) for spring wheat 4.2-7.7 c / ha, for spring barley 6.9-16.6 c / ha. Due to the local method of fertilizer application, an additional increase in productivity for spring wheat up to 3.4 c / ha and for barley up to 4.1 c / ha was obtained.

 In the variant where fertilizers were applied at the rate calculated according to the cost standards, the barley yield was lower, the number of nitrogen fertilizers, the norm of which was insufficient, was a factor in limiting the yield growth.

 Thus, in spring crops with an overall high increase in yield from fertilizers, determining the norm of nitrogen fertilizers was of paramount importance.

 According to the legume mixture on green fodder, the yield increase from the calculated fertilizer norm ranged from 5.3 to 24.8 c / ha. Due to the application of the local method of application, it was higher and amounted to an additional 3 years from 0.5 to 81.7 kg / ha.

 Common to all crops was an increase in the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate when applied locally. Therefore, when calculating, it is advisable to reduce the nitrogen norm by 25-50% without reducing the yield, or use special coefficients for the use of nutrients from fertilizers at a local location.

Claims (1)

METHOD FOR DETERMINING AGRICULTURAL NEEDS IN NITROGEN FERTILIZER, including determining the B removal by the predicted crop and the amount of mineral nitrogen N _{m and n} in the soil before sowing, characterized in that, in order to improve accuracy, they additionally determine the amount of biological nitrogen N _{b and o l} used plants during the growing season due to the mineralization of organic matter and fixation from the air, and the need H of the crop for nitrogen fertilizer is determined by the formula

where K _in utilization of nutrients from fertilizers,

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