RU2054868C1 - Method of potato nematode control - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: soil is mulched with a mixture of fresh-crushed bark of pines and fir trees, fraction 0.1-0.5 cm, at the rate of 70-80 t/ha. The method is highly economical and ecologically clean and provides for effective control of potato nematode, reducing the number of parasites by 66%. EFFECT: utilization of large amounts of waste wood bark and reduction of antropogenic effect on environment. 3 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to agriculture and can be used to combat a cyst-forming potato nematode.

 The cyst-forming potato nematode Globodera rostochiensis Woll is a highly harmful phytoparasitic nematode and is a quarantine object. The fight against potato nematodes is mandatory both for collective farms and for owners of personal plots. If even a low level of invasion is detected, a sharp decrease in potato productivity and a deterioration in the quality of the resulting product are observed. In infected areas, the potato harvest may decrease by 60-70%, and with strong infection, a complete death of potato crops is observed.

 Chemical agents, fumigants, nematicides, for example, thiazone, heterophos, carbamide DD, etc. are widely used as means of protecting potatoes from a nematode.

 However, these drugs are highly toxic to warm-blooded animals and humans and therefore require great care when working with them. In addition, they are effective at high doses of application, which leads to the accumulation of nitrates, phosphorus and organochlorine compounds in the soil.

 There is also known a way to combat Globodera rostoch. according to which granular nematicides, such as oxamyl at a dose of 30, 60, 90 kg / ha, etoprofos at a dose of 60, 90, 120 kg / ha or phenamiphos at a dose of 70, 110, 150 kg / ha are introduced into the soil. Oxamil was most effective at a dose of 60 kg / ha, providing a 71% reduction in the nematode population and a 59% increase in yield (Kalyviotis Gazelas Claery Control of gelden nematode with granular nematicides. "Ann. Inst. Phytopathol. Benaki", 1982, No. 13 N 2, 145-150).

The disadvantage of this method is the high toxicity of drugs for warm-blooded; so, for oxamyl LD ₅₀ for rats, orally is 5.4 mg / kg bp and high consumption rates of nematicides, which leads to environmental pollution. It should be noted that the intensive decomposition of oxamil requires special soil conditions: good aeration, sunlight, alkaline environment and high temperature. Such a complex of factors is difficult to provide in practice.

 Recently, an integrated system of protection against potato nematodes has been spread, including the use of soil fumigants along with the cultivation of nematode-resistant potato varieties, as well as the introduction of crop rotation.

 So, there is a known method of combating golden potato nematode, by which the soil is treated with fumigants (carbofuran, stagerop, oxamyl, phenamiphos, aldicarb) and pasture grasses are grown as a precursor to potato crops.

However, these fumigants have strong phytotoxicity and toxicity, and in the climatic conditions of the Northwest of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia, in particular in Karelia, the use of these nematicides is difficult due to insufficient heating of the soil in spring and autumn, when it is recommended to apply these preparations. In accordance with instructions for use of fumigants, they must make a depth of 15 cm, when the soil temperature above 10 ^{° C,} and potatoes land can be carried out one month after the treatment field. Thus, the introduction of nematicides occurs at the end of May June or August, which excludes the possibility of growing potatoes in this growing season. The disadvantages of the method also include the fact that all nematicides are scarce expensive drugs and are produced in our country in insufficient quantities, as a result of which it is necessary to partially purchase them abroad.

 The basis of the invention is the creation of an effective, economical and environmentally friendly way to combat potato nematodes.

 To do this, as a nematicidal agent use a mixture of freshly crushed bark of pine and spruce fraction of 0.1-0.5 cm, containing, by weight. pine bark 50-60; spruce bark 40-60. The indicated mixture of pine and spruce bark mulch the soil at a dose of 70-80 t / ha.

The proposed method is effective and economical. Using it in practice provides a decrease in the density of the parasite population by 3-7 times and eliminates the cost of purchasing nematicides. The cost-effectiveness of the method also increases due to the utilization of large-tonnage waste of debarking wood (only in Karelia it is formed annually 600-700 thousand m ³ ) and reduction of environmental pollution and costs associated with these problems.

 The advantage of the method is also that, being an environmentally friendly way of controlling, it creates favorable conditions for the growth and development of potato plants and thereby makes it possible to increase the yield of potatoes to 450 kg / ha, with an average yield in Karelia of about 130 kg / ha.

 Testing of the method was carried out during 1989-1993. on susceptible and immune to Globodera rostochiensis Woll. potato varieties in the laboratory and in the field.

Example 1. The study of the nematicidal effect of a mixture of freshly crushed bark of pine and spruce and the identification of effective doses of mulching was carried out on a nematode susceptible potato variety "Detskoselsky". Potato plants were grown in laboratory conditions in pots with a capacity of 2.0 l from May to August. The substrate for growing was sand; Knop's medium containing all the necessary nutrients was used as a nutrient solution. The level of invasion (Globodera rostochiensis Woll.) Is 100 cysts per plant. Freshly crushed pine and spruce bark with a fraction of 0.1-0.5 cm were mixed in a ratio of 50% pine and 50% spruce and the substrate was mulched in flowerpots. Explored three options:
1) mulching at the rate of 70 t / ha of bark;
2) mulching at the rate of 80 t / ha of bark;
3) mulching at the rate of 90 t / ha of bark.

 As a control, potatoes infected with a nematode were grown without mulching with a bark mixture. Each option and control were performed in six replicates. The results are presented in table. 1.

 From the data presented in table. 1, it follows that a freshly crushed mixture of spruce and pine bark with a fraction of 0.1-0.5 cm has a pronounced nematicidal effect on Globoders rostochiensis Woll. In experimental variants, the level of invasion increased 2.7-4 times, in the control variant without the introduction of mulch from the bark, the level of invasion increased 26 times. The most pronounced nematicidal effect is observed at a dose of bark mulching of 90 t / ha, but the weight of potato tubers decreases. Therefore, the optimal dose of mulching is 70-80 t / ha.

PRI me R 2. Potato plants were grown, the variety "Detskoselsky" analogously to example 1, but the mulching with a mixture of pine and spruce bark was carried out at a dose of 70 t / ha. Explored three options:
1) mulching with freshly crushed bark with a fraction of 0.1 cm;
2) mulching with freshly crushed bark with a fraction of 0.5 cm;
3) mulching with freshly crushed bark with a fraction of 1.0 cm

 As a control, potatoes infected with a nematode were grown without mulching with a bark mixture. Each option and control were performed in six replicates. The experimental results are presented in table. 2.

 Analysis of the data given in table. 2 showed that the mixture of pine and spruce bark, fragmented to a particle size of 0.1 cm, has the highest nematicidal activity; 0.5 cm, which is confirmed by the smallest increase in the nematode population in variants (1 and 2). The level of invasion in them increased 3 times, in the control, the growth of nematode populations increased 17 times. The bark mixture with a fraction of 1.0 cm has a lower effectiveness, compared with the control, a decrease in the number of nematodes is reduced by 2.5 times, while a mixture of the bark with a fraction of 0.1-0.5 cm decreases by 5.2-5.5 times . Therefore, to suppress the number of nematodes, it is advisable to mulch with a mixture of bark, crushed to a particle size of 0.1-0.5 cm.

PRI me R 3. Potato plants were grown, the variety "Detskoselsky" similar to example 1, but mulched the substrate with a mixture containing a different ratio of pine and spruce bark fraction of 0.1 cm at a dose of 70 t / ha. Explored five options:
1) mulching with a mixture of bark containing, by weight. pine bark 40; spruce bark 60;
2) mulching with a mixture of bark containing, by weight. pine bark 50; spruce bark 50;
3) mulching with a mixture of bark containing, by weight. pine bark 60; spruce bark 40;
4) mulching with one pine bark;
5) mulching with one spruce bark.

 As a control, potatoes infected with a nematode were grown without mulching with a bark mixture. Each option and control was performed in six replicates. The results are presented in table. 3.

 Analysis of experimental data given in table. 3 shows that the greatest nematicidal effect are compounds 3 and 2, containing respectively, by weight. pine bark 60, spruce 40, and pine 50, spruce 50. The level of invasion under the influence of composition 3 increased 3.2 times, and under the action of composition 2 it increased 3.4 times, which is 5.2-5.5 times lower than in control. Mulching the substrate only with milled pine or spruce bark has a less pronounced nematicidal effect than their combined use in the ratio specified in compositions 2 and 3.

Example 4. The study of the nematicidal effect of crushed pine and spruce bark with a fraction of 0.1 cm containing pine bark of 50% spruce bark 50% was carried out at the Konchezersky state farm in the field on an area of 100 m ² . The plot was fertilized with cow manure (500 kg / 100 m ² ) and divided into two parts: experimental and control. In the experimental part of the plot, mulching with the bark mixture indicated above with a layer of 2 cm at a dose of 400 kg per 500 m ² was performed. at the rate of 80 t / ha for nemato-resistant potato variety Prigozhiy-2 The initial density of the nematode population in the plot was high and amounted to 50-75 cysts / 100 cm ^{3 of} soil. In the experiment with mulching with a bark mixture at the end of the growing season, the number of nematode cysts decreased by 3-5 times and amounted to 17 cysts / 100 cm ³ ; in the control, without mulching with bark, the number of cysts practically did not change and amounted to 80 copies of cysts per 100 cm ^{3 of} soil. Thus, mulching with the mixture made it possible to reduce the number of potato nematodes by 66%. The yield of potatoes of the Prigogy-2 variety amounted to 450 centners per 1 ha, which is 3 times higher than the average productivity in Karelia.

 The analysis of the soil subjected to mulching with a bark mixture showed that its acidity did not change and amounted to pH 6.3-6.5, the amount of nitrogen also remained the same (0.14%), traces of nitrates were found in the soil (0.65 mg / 100 g of soil).

 The above examples 1-4 indicate that the inventive method of combating potato nematodes is effective, economical and environmentally friendly. In addition, the method allows to eliminate the environmental pollution effect of the waste of debarking conifers on the environment, offering to use them as a means to combat potato nematodes. The method is simple and affordable for widespread use in agricultural practice.

Claims (1)

METHOD FOR FIGHTING POTATO NEMATODE, including soil treatment with a nematicidal activity agent, characterized in that a mixture of freshly crushed pine bark and spruce fractions of 0.1 - 0.5 cm containing, by weight, is used as an agent with nematicidal activity. %:
Pine bark - 50 - 60
Bark of spruce - 40 - 50
moreover, the soil treatment is carried out by mulching the specified mixture of pine and spruce bark at a dose of 70 - 80 t / ha.

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