RU2046210C1 - Electric rocket engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines for space vehicles. SUBSTANCE: electric rocket engine has charged-particle accelerator 17, electric power supply system 4, ionizing radiation source located on engine lateral surface, magnetic field coil 1 for creating magnetic field beyond the engine. Engine is provided with plasma source 5 connected with passage 6 and 7 for flow of propulsive mass whose inner walls 8 and 9 are made in form of electrodes generating bodies of revolution which are coaxial relative to magnetic field coil. Distance from walls to axis does not decrease in the direction of escape of propulsive mass. Engine is provided with neutralizer 32, nuclear charge storage, nuclear charge ejector; magnetic coil is connected with accumulation, storage and switching system which is also used for employing magnetic field energy for creating of thrust. Mounted at outlet of passages for flow of propulsive mass is system of electrodes 11 and 12 for creating electric field parallel with engine axis. Provided on upper end surface of engine is projection 13 which is coaxial to coil. Located at base of this projection is additional ionizing radiation source 14; on two sides of this source, electrodes 15 and 16 are located which have form of body of revolution coaxial to coil. Mounted on lateral surface of coil are two pairs of coaxial electrodes 21 and 22 whose axes are perpendicular to axis of coil and are mutually parallel; each pair of electrodes is made for free flow of atmospheric gas along its axis and is connected with additional plasma source 26 feeding plasma to inter-electrode electrode clearance of coaxial electrodes and with radiation source 23 used for ionization of atmospheric gas along axis of coaxial electrodes. EFFECT: enhanced reliability. 12 cl, 6 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to engines for spacecraft and can be used for aircraft moving in the atmosphere.

 A nuclear rocket engine containing a nuclear reactor and a liquid hydrogen supply system [1] is known to have reactive thrust, in which it is created by heating liquid hydrogen in a nuclear reactor due to the nuclear energy of the fuel and expelling heated hydrogen gas through nozzles into the surrounding space.

The disadvantages of the engine are the inability to use environmental matter to create reactive thrust and the low energy content per unit mass of the working fluid, which for liquid hydrogen does not exceed 10 ⁷ J / kg.

 Known chemical rocket engine [1] uses to create rocket propulsion the chemical energy of burning fuel.

Its disadvantage is the small amount of energy contained in the unit mass of fuel, which does not exceed 1.2 ˙ 10 ⁷ J / kg.

 Known electric rocket engine with a nuclear power plant [1] using the conversion of nuclear energy of fuel into thermal energy of heated liquid hydrogen, converting into electrical energy, which is then used to create jet propulsion in an electric rocket engine.

The disadvantage of this engine is the small amount of energy contained in the unit mass of the working fluid when converting nuclear energy into electrical energy, for example, for liquid hydrogen this value does not exceed 10 ⁷ J / kg. As a result, it becomes necessary to take large quantities of liquid hydrogen with you at the time of launch or to limit the capacity of a nuclear power plant to the capacity of a hydrogen re-liquefaction system.

 Known electric rocket plasma engine with a rail accelerator [1] containing rails, accelerated projectile, a plasma source. In this engine, a potential difference is created between the two rails, an electric current flows through them, closing through the plasma bridge between the rails. The currents flowing through the rails create a magnetic field that acts on the current flowing through the plasma jumper by the Ampere force accelerating the jumper along the rails. Due to this force, the plasma jumper pushes an accelerated projectile in front of itself and accelerates it.

 The disadvantages of this engine are the lack of acceleration of the environment as a working fluid, erosion and destruction of rails during operation and low traction, about 10 N.

 Known nuclear rocket engine with explosive nuclear charges of low power [2] containing a metal chamber and a device that ejects nuclear charges of low power. Jet thrust in this engine is created by explosions of nuclear charges inside a metal chamber.

 The disadvantage of this engine is its low throttle ratio, due to the large weight of the metal chamber, which is necessary so that it does not evaporate at the time of the explosion, as well as the large weight of the accompanying radiation cooling system, the weight of which in nuclear power plants, starting from capacities of the order of 100 MW, is a determining limitation their power, exceeding the weight of their remaining components.

 The famous engine "Solar Sail" [2] is a thin film deployed over a large area in outer space with a reflective coating deposited on its surface. Jet thrust in this engine is created by electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation of the Sun, which falls on its surface, is absorbed or reflected by it, transfers part of its momentum to it and accelerates it.

 The disadvantages of this engine are the complexity of the deployment and orientation of the film in outer space, as well as the fact that the jet thrust in this engine rapidly decreases with increasing distance to the Sun, decreasing in proportion to the square of this value.

 Known induction electric rocket engine [1] containing a plasma source, induction coil and power supply system.

 The disadvantages of this engine are low thrust, which, as a rule, is not more than 250 N, and the requirement for the speed of change of currents in the induction coil, leading to its rapid heating.

 Known electric rocket plasma Hall engine [3] containing a power supply system, a magnetic field coil, a plasma source and an accelerating electrode system. In this engine, jet thrust is created by accelerating the plasma in crossed electric and magnetic fields. The accelerating interelectrode gap is chosen so that when ions are accelerated by an electric field, they acquire a speed at which their Larmor radius of rotation exceeds the size of this gap, and they, rotating in a magnetic field, leave this gap, while the electrons drift perpendicular to them from - for a larger Hall parameter, supporting electroneutrality.

 The disadvantage of this engine is low thrust, for example 0.65 G with an electric power of 22 kW.

 Known direct-flow electric rocket engine [4] containing a magnetic field coil, an ionizing radiation source, an accelerator of charged particles and an electrical power system. In this engine, traction is created by ionizing the oncoming stream with a source of ionizing radiation and ejecting charged particles in front of the engine along the magnetic field lines of particles of the same sign of electric charge. As a result, a volume electric charge is generated in the oncoming flow in front of the engine and the engine body is electrically charged with a charge of the opposite sign. These charges are attracted to each other. At the same time, the space charge of the oncoming flow spreads and relaxes due to the conductivity of the medium between the space charge and the engine casing. The magnetic field of the coil increases the relaxation time of the space charge. The medium in the region of its existence, due to the collision of charged particles with neutral ones, acquires acceleration towards the engine and thereby creates reactive thrust during the space charge relaxation time. The disadvantage of the engine is low thrust, 13.6 kg.

 The challenge facing the invention is to increase traction and provide the ability to use for its creation of additional external sources of the working fluid.

 This problem is achieved in that the electric rocket engine containing a charged particle accelerator, an electrical power system, an ionizing radiation source located on the side surface of the engine, a magnetic field coil configured to create a magnetic field outside the engine, is equipped with a plasma source connected to the channels for the passage of the working bodies whose inner walls, made in the form of electrodes, form rotation figures coaxial to the coil, the distance of which to the axis does not decrease in the direction of exit Yes, the working fluid, a neutralizer, a storage facility for nuclear charges, a device for ejecting nuclear charges, while the coil is connected to a system of storage, storage, switching and use to create traction energy of the magnetic field, at the output of the channels for the passage of the working fluid is installed a system of electrodes configured to create a magnetic field parallel to the axis of the engine, coinciding with the axis of the coil, a protrusion coaxial to the coil is made on the upper end surface of the engine, at the base of which an additional a source of ionizing radiation, on two sides of which are two electrodes having the shapes of rotation figures, coaxial to the coil, one of the electrodes located on the upper end surface of the coil, and the other on the protrusion, on the side surface of the coil from two opposite sides of its axis pairs of coaxial electrodes, the axes of which are perpendicular to the axis of the coil and are mutually parallel, and each pair of coaxial electrodes is made with the possibility of free flow of atmospheric gas along its axis and is connected with additional an additional plasma source configured to supply plasma into the interelectrode gap of the coaxial electrodes, and with a radiation source configured to ionize the atmosphere gas along the axis of the coaxial electrodes. The engine is equipped with a nuclear power plant. The engine is equipped with a hydrogen re-liquefaction system. The coil is made in the form of a superconducting solenoid, the length of which is less than its diameter, and is placed in a helium cryostat with thermal insulation. The plasma source is connected to a device for the suction of environmental matter, made with the possibility of cooling the power system. The external electrode of each pair of coaxial electrodes is configured to shield an external magnetic field in the interelectrode gap. The engine is equipped with a repulsive device configured to disconnect the part of the engine located above the coil from the rest of the engine, dilute the separated parts along the axis of the engine and connect them back. The engine is equipped with a repulsive device configured to detach a part of the engine, including elements located inside the through axial hole of the coil and above the coil, from the remaining elements of the engine, diluting the separated two parts along the axis of the engine and connecting them. On the end surfaces of the engine, two external electrodes are installed, through the interelectrode gaps of which the engine axis passes, made with the possibility of free passage of particles through them. The engine is equipped with a source of refractory dispersed particles from a material with a small work function. The source of refractory dispersed particles is made in the form of a plasma chemical reactor. An electric rocket engine contains at least two sheets attached in layers to the lower end surface of the engine, made of a material that attenuates electromagnetic and neutron radiation with a nuclear explosion spectrum, and a system that enables the sheets to be disconnected from the engine in turn.

Such a constructive solution allows you to increase traction and provides the ability to create it by accelerating not only the working fluid taken with you at the time of launch, but also additional external sources of the working fluid. When moving in the atosphere, atmospheric gas is used, when moving in the radiation belts, the particles forming these belts, when the solar wind plasma moves in interplanetary space. The use of an inductive energy storage device when starting from a planet with an atmosphere allows to reduce the consumption of the working fluid taken with itself at the time of launch to a minimum and to increase the specific energy content of the engine power unit per unit mass, including the mass of the working fluid taken with it and cooling liquefied gases. In this case, the energy content of the inductive energy storage unit per unit mass of its winding can be achieved on the order of 4 ˙ 10 ⁹ J / kg, based on the parameters of currently existing inductive energy storage devices for energy of 4.6 ˙ 10 ¹³ J, and, since the volume, and therefore , and the mass of the inductive energy storage is proportional to the energy to the degree 3/5, then in the future this dependence allows, by linearly increasing the mass of the magnetic field coil, to increase its specific energy content nonlinearly more quickly. In this case, the energy consumption for cooling the cryostat is proportional to its surface area, and therefore, to the volume and mass to the degree of 2/3. Therefore, the energy consumption for cooling the cryostat is proportional to the stored energy to the degree of 2/5 and, therefore, cannot fundamentally limit the amount of stored energy. When the power supply system is in the switching and use mode, to create the traction of energy stored by the coil, a lower power of the radiation cooling system is required than in the case of its operation in the mode of transferring the thermal energy of a nuclear reactor into electrical energy, which reduces the weight of the heat exchanger-radiator by at least 60% at the same level of electrical power. In this case, the possibility of flying on the energy stored in the coil with the nuclear reactor turned off for a while from the celestial body to the celestial body, including it in high power mode to accumulate magnetic field energy on planets, their satellites or asteroids, can be realized, using for cooling a nuclear power plant power systems water, ice and oceans of liquefied gas, such as ammonia and methane. This makes it possible in principle to increase the power of the power plant and the thrust-weight ratio of the engine during a flight in outer space, reducing its heat generation, since the weight of heat exchangers-radiators is decisive for electric power in nuclear power plants exceeding 100 MW and exceeds the weight of their other elements, and the problem of radiation cooling by Today, the development of space technology is the main limitation on the power of nuclear power plants when working in outer space. The use of nuclear charges to create reactive thrust makes it possible to increase the specific energy content of both the working fluid and fuel at the same time per unit mass to a value of the order of 10 ¹¹ J / kg, while the conversion of the nuclear energy of the fuel into the kinetic energy of the working fluid occurs outside the engine in the region of the magnetic field, which leads to a decrease in its heating. Additionally, nuclear explosions in a magnetic field create powerful electric fields parallel to the axis of the engine, which pull and accelerate ions and dispersed refractory particles, while simultaneously charging them with a positive electric charge, and in the future it is possible to use these fields to accumulate electric energy, using it to create reactive traction and slight acceleration of the engine in external cosmic electric fields, for example, the Earth’s magnetopause fields. The engine has the ability to create a small photon traction from external sources of electromagnetic radiation, such as the Sun. Gamma radiation from a nuclear explosion allows you to generate and store electrical energy by the engine by knocking out Compton electrons in gamma rays in capacitors located outside the engine. The engine has the ability to create reactive thrust in an electrically conductive liquid, such as sea water, which allows it to be used when splashing spaceships for their own towing. The engine can be used for space shuttle systems such as the Space Shuttle, shuttle flights in the atmosphere to take it outside and return from space spaceships. In this case, the engine can operate completely on the energy of the coil stored on the Earth before each flight. A side effect of engine operation in the Earth’s atmosphere is the generation of ozone due to ionization of atmospheric oxygen, which leads to a decrease in ozone holes, while the use of traditional chemical rocket engines, on the contrary, burns ozone and leads to the formation of local ozone holes in the cosmodrome areas. Additionally, the engine allows to reduce the radiation exposure of the payload during the passage of the planetary radiation belts due to the deflection of the particles making up these belts by the magnetic field of the coil, and the radiation exposure of the payload at the time of the explosion of the nuclear charge is reduced due to the separation of the payload and its removal to a safe distance from the coil magnetic field. For the launch and landing of spacecraft equipped with an engine, specially equipped cosmodromes are not required, which greatly simplifies their operation, making flights on them economically more profitable than flights on ships with traditional propulsion systems.

 No technical solutions were found that fulfill the task with the same technical means.

 In FIG. 1 shows an electric rocket engine, a section in the plane of its axis; figure 2 the same engine, a view of a serh; figure 3 the same engine, the main view; figure 4 is a side view; figure 5 shows a repulsive device of the second type at the time of separation of the engine parts with a payload and with a magnetic field coil; 6 shows a layout of electrically insulated, electric drive sheets, in which they store electricity at the time of a nuclear explosion.

 The magnetic field coil 1 (FIG. 1) is aligned with the axis of symmetry of the engine, made in the form of a superconducting solenoid, the length of which is less than its diameter, placed in a cryostat 2 and connected to a power supply and switching system of the energy of the magnetic field coil, which coincides with the system 3 of storage, storage , switching and using to create traction energy of the magnetic field. The coil provides for the possibility of creating a magnetic field around the entire engine and operating it as an inductive energy storage device, including the possibility of storing, storing and using its magnetic field energy to generate traction.

 The cryostat 2 is configured to cool the coil to temperatures not exceeding 4.2 K, followed by thermal insulation and thermoregulation, for example, it is equipped with a cryogenic installation and contains several vessels with liquefied gases, which have different boiling points surrounding the vessel with liquid helium. One of them contains liquid hydrogen, and it is possible to use this liquefied gas as a working fluid for the power supply system and plasma source.

 The system of storage, storage, switching and use to create traction of magnetic field energy is connected to a power supply system 4 made in the form of a three-mode nuclear power plant, which provides for the possibility of liquefying hydrogen, then reusing it to generate electricity or directing the hydrogen heated in a nuclear reactor to a plasma source, channels for the passage of the working fluid and cooling the fuel and energy cycle of the heat exchangers-emitter.

 The plasma source 5 is installed in the area of the through axial hole of the magnetic field coil. There are also installed channels 6, 7 for the passage of the working fluid, connected to it, the inner walls of which, made in the form of electrodes 8, 9, 10, form rotation figures, coaxial to the coil, the distance of which to the axis does not decrease in the direction of the working fluid exit. At the output of the channels, electrodes 11, 12 are made, made in the form of rings whose radii consistently coincide with the radii of the channel walls closest to them with the possibility of creating electric fields parallel to the motor axis in their interelectrode gap.

 The engine housing has an axisymmetric protrusion 13, coaxial with the axis of the engine, for example, made in the form of a hemisphere, located on the side of the magnetic field coil, opposite to the exit of the channels for the passage of the working fluid. At the base of the protrusion is an additional ionizing radiation source 14, for example, an electron source having an axisymmetric distribution of ionizing radiation along the surface of the engine. The power supply system is designed in such a way that the nuclear reactor included in it has the ability to radiate part of its ionizing radiation in the form of neutrons and gamma rays into the same region. An additional source of ionizing radiation is located between the electrodes 15, 16, coaxial to the coil, made of segments insulated from each other with the possibility of independent, autonomous supply of electricity separately to each segment. The electrode 15 is in the form of a ring, located above the upper surface of the coil and the cryostat in which it is placed. The electrode 16 has the shape of a surface of revolution, located on the surface of the protrusion 13 in its lower part.

 In the upper part of the protrusion is an accelerator 17 charged particles. When choosing the sign of accelerated particles, two factors compete. It is desirable that these be positively charged particles, but ion and positron accelerators are technically more complex and emit a smaller total electric charge during acceleration than electron accelerators. The choice of the sign of accelerated charged particles is significantly affected by the magnitude of the electric field of the atmosphere. The charged particle accelerator is configured to eject charged particles upward at an angle to the axis of the engine approximately uniformly along the ring above the upper surface of the cryostat above the electrode 15 with their defocusing electrodes scattering at the outlet of the accelerator, and also with the ability to direct particles in a different operating mode ahead of the engine. The accelerator can be made either in the form of an ion accelerator, for example an isochronous cyclotron, or in the form of a positron accelerator, for example a microtron with an electron-positron converter, or in the form of an electron accelerator, for example a microtron. In all cases, the design of the accelerator of charged particles should advantageously use the magnetic field of the coil to create the field of the desired configuration in the accelerator. So, in an isochronous cyclotron, instead of a magnet, only spiral ferromagnetic isochronous overlays are installed, in a microtron, only ferromagnetic overlays are installed instead of a magnet with the possibility of aligning the magnetic field between them from its external source, in this case, from magnetic field coil 1. The output device of the charged particle accelerator has an exit window of a metal membrane symmetrically surrounding it in the form of a ring.

 In the protrusion 13 there is a device 18 for sucking in the substance of the external medium, for example, a pump with hermetic valves, connected by channels 19, 20 for passing the substance of the external environment with a plasma source 5, configured to cool the power supply system 4 and with the ability to close and open the outputs of these channels in plasma source 5, for example, using valves.

 On the side surface of the cryostat 2, next to the side surface of the coil, on the opposite sides from the axis of the engine, two pairs of coaxial electrodes 21, 22 are installed, the axes of which are perpendicular to this axis and mutually parallel. The external electrode of each pair is configured to shield an external magnetic field in the interelectrode gap, for example, it is made of soft magnetic material. The cathode is made emission. A through hole is made along the axis of the coaxial electrodes in the interelectrode gap with the possibility of free passage of particles through it. Each pair of coaxial electrodes is connected to a radiation source 23 configured to ionize atmospheric gas along their axis. For example, it contains a source 24 of narrowly directed ionizing radiation, for example, X-ray with an energy of gamma rays of 10 MeV, and a powerful microwave generator 25, configured to cause an electrical breakdown of atmospheric gas near its outlet, which is limited along the perimeter by the radiation lines of source 24 ionizing radiation, the distance between the output windows of which is less than the wavelength of the radiation of the microwave generator. Each pair of coaxial electrodes is connected to an additional plasma source 26, configured to direct the plasma into the interelectrode gap of these electrodes.

 Around the side surface of the cryostat, and consequently the coil, an ionizing radiation source 27 is arranged around its perimeter, for example, an electron source configured to ionize atmospheric gas around the perimeter of the cryostat separately for each half-space of pairs of coaxial electrodes located on the input and output sides, t. e. front and rear of the coil in the direction of movement of the engine. The surface of the engine in the area of the location of the ionizing radiation source 27 is made electrically insulated as well as between the electrodes 15, 16. It can be made of electrically insulated conductive sections, for example, metal membranes of electron sources separated by electrical insulation, so that surface currents cannot flow through it .

 Outside the engine casing, external electrodes 28, 29 are installed on the upper side of the magnetic field coil and external electrodes 30, 31 on the lower side of it, made in the form of grids with the possibility of free flight of particles through them, creating an electric field perpendicular to the axis of the engine, and compactly storing them either in the state pressed to the surface of the engine, or inside it and deploying them in outer space outside the engine so that the axis of the engine appears inside them.

A neutralizer 32 is installed near the through hole of the coil on the lower side of it, made with the ability to move away from the electrodes 11, 12 along the axis of the engine, connecting to the engine with a cable, the distance to the axis of the engine in the central part of the cable is greater than at its ends. Nearby, a device 33 for ejecting nuclear charges, such as a catapult, and a storage facility for 34 nuclear charges are installed. The power of the used nuclear charges is determined from the condition that the energy of a nuclear explosion should be much less than the magnetic energy stored in the coil. For example, when the energy stored in the coil is 4 ˙ 10 ¹⁵ J, thermonuclear charges with an explosion energy of 10 kt are used. Thermonuclear charges with a power of 100 kt are more preferable, since they have a higher ratio of explosion energy to the weight of a nuclear charge, but they already require a coil with stored magnetic energy of at least 10 ¹⁷ J. An explosion energy of 10 kt is equivalent to about 4 ˙ 10 ¹³ J. In the future, one should strive to increase the power of thermonuclear charges used and to increase the energy stored in the coil due to an increase in its size, since there also arises a nonlinear increase in the energy to weight ratio. The use of nuclear charges is also promising, the power and weight of which are minimized due to the use of a substance with a small critical mass, for which California 251 can be recommended, the critical mass of which in the case of spherical symmetry of fissile material and a water neutron reflector is 10 g. Such charges can be used coil with reduced size, mass and stored magnetic energy. Fissile material for creating nuclear charges can be obtained directly during operation of a nuclear reactor of an engine power supply system. For example, California 251 can be obtained when a nuclear reactor operates on plutonium.

 A source of 35 refractory dispersed particles from a material with a small work function, the melting temperature of which is not less than 2000 K, the work function of not more than 3.5 eV, and the size of not more than 50 nm is installed near the through axial hole of the coil. As the material of such particles, calcium oxide may be recommended. The source of such particles can be made, for example, in the form of a plasma chemical reactor or in the form of a device that ejects reagents for plasma chemical reactions leading to the synthesis of such particles when these reagents are heated by radiation with a nuclear explosion spectrum to temperatures at which some of the reagents are converted into plasma and such a plasma-chemical reaction proceeds. The source of these particles is arranged to inject them down from the engine along its end surface and towards its axis.

On the lower end surface of the cryostat 2, sheets 36, 37 of material weakening electromagnetic and neutron radiation with a nuclear explosion spectrum are installed. The sheet has a thickness of 25 μm, of which 5 μm falls on the lower layer of a material that reflects optical radiation, for example, molybdenum made in the form of a foil, to which the other two layers are simply pressed: an average thickness of 15 μm from a material that attenuates neutron radiation, for example , beryllium, on which the upper layer of refractory material with a small work function, for example beryllium oxide, which is also an electrical insulator, is sprayed by the method of plasma-chemical spraying. The sheet is reinforced with high-strength material in the form of a mesh, for example, of silicon-chromium-manganese steel with a thickness of about 1 mm. bottom layer
more distant from the engine than the rest. The sheets are attached to the lower surface of the cryostat by a system that allows the sheets to be disconnected from the engine in turn, for example, it contains holders 38, 39, which are clamps, some of which hold, for example, even sheets with respect to an arbitrary layer-by-layer numbering of the sheets and charges them with an electric charge, made with the ability to release them one at a time, part holds the odd ones, made with the ability to charge them also with an electric charge and release them one at a time. Holders can, for example, hold a grid that reinforces each sheet individually. Some of them are made with the ability to hold and release all even sheets, while the other part releases or accordingly holds all the odd sheets and vice versa so that the sheet at the bottom is free, and the subsequent one restricts the freedom of movement to the rest. In the region where the clamps are located in the sheets, holes are made whose area is negligible compared to the area of the sheets.

 The engine is equipped with a repulsive device 40, configured to ensure that the part of the engine located above the coil is disconnected from the rest of the engine, the separation of the separated parts of the engine along the axis of the engine and their connection back. The repulsive device can also be configured to detach a part of the engine, including elements located inside the through axial hole of the coil and above the coil, from the remaining elements of the engine, diluting the separated two parts along the axis of the engine and connecting them.

 If there is no mechanical contact between the separable parts of the engine after extending to the sides, except possibly several cables, then such a device is called a repulsive device of the first type, but in this case an electric contact in the form of a cable may remain between the separable parts. This device contains a superconducting solenoid 41, configured to feed it with currents at different times in opposite directions, charged particle accelerators 42, 43, for example resonant electron and ion accelerators, separated together with motor elements located inside the through hole of the coil, and accelerators 44, 45 charged particles separated along with the other part, at least one of which is an electron accelerator, and at least one of the separated parts must have particle accelerators of both signs.

 If mechanical contact remains between the engine parts to be separated, then such a device is called a repulsive device of the second type. It is shown in figure 5 at the time of separation of the parts 48, 49 of the engine containing the payload and the magnetic field coil, respectively. The repulsive device of the second type contains rechargeable plates 50, 51, 52 connected by a movable shell 53 to each other and to separable parts of the engine, made electrically insulated with the ability to stretch and contract along the axis of the engine, for example, it can be made in the form of an accordion or a bellows. The rechargeable plates are made with the possibility of being charged with an electric charge of the same sign as all at once, or alternately with charges of different signs. The chargeable plates are mounted along the axis of the engine, their planes are perpendicular to it. The approximate length of the movable shell in the stretched state is about 200 m, the average thickness is about 0.1 mm. The movable shell is made of a strength frame, on which the film is stretched. It is possible to fill the shell with gas with a high breakdown voltage with the possibility of subsequently directing it to the plasma source 5 to create traction. The payload 46, for example crew cabins, is installed inside the protrusion 13 and is surrounded by a magnetic shield 47 made of soft magnetic material.

 In FIG. 6 shows an arrangement of electrically insulated, electrically conductive sheets, in which they store electricity during a nuclear explosion. Electrically conductive, electrically insulated sheets 55, 56 are connected to the engine from the side of the lower end surface of the magnetic field coil, connected to a system that stores and uses the energy stored in them. The shape of the sheets can be varied. For example, they can be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the axis of the engine. They can also be made in the form of segments of spheres, the centers of which lie on the axis of the engine.

 The engine operates as follows.

 The coil 1 of the magnetic field stores the energy of the magnetic field, creates a magnetic field in the area of its through axial hole and outside the engine in the surrounding space. Cryostat 2 cools it to a temperature not exceeding 4.2 K and maintains this temperature. The cryostat contains a working fluid for engine elements accelerating it, for example, liquid hydrogen and liquid nitrogen. The system 3 of accumulation, storage, switching and use to create traction of magnetic field energy performs the above functions with respect to the energy stored in the coil. The power supply system 4 generates electricity through fuel and energy cycles in a nuclear power plant, feeds the coil generated by electricity, redistributes the energy between all engine elements, redistributes the converted magnetic energy stored in the coil between the engine elements, supplies the working fluid heated in its nuclear power plant, for example nitrogen or hydrogen, to the plasma source 5 or directly to the channels 6, 7 for the passage of the working fluid. The plasma source 5 additionally heats and ionizes the working fluid entering it, for example, by flows of low-energy electrons and directs the formed plasma into channels 6, 7 for passage of the working fluid, in which they are further accelerated. The plasma source may also contain a component supply system for chemical reactions, the products of which are also ionized, and the heat generated during the reactions is used to heat the plasma. Electrodes 8, 9, 10 in the channels create an electric field perpendicular to their surfaces. Radial electric currents flow in the plasma, creating an azimuthal magnetic field, which acts on these currents with an Ampere expelling bulk force directed to the output of the channels. In turn, the magnetic field of the coil also acts on these currents with an Ampere volumetric force that drives the plasma into rotation around the axis of the engine. Under the action of centrifugal forces, the plasma spreads away from the axis, sliding along the inclined walls of the channels in the direction of their exit. A drift Hall electron current arises, on which the magnetic field of the coil is affected by the Ampere force, accelerating the plasma toward the channel exit direction. There is thermal expansion of the heated plasma, which also accelerates it to exit the channels. The energy of the accelerated flow depends on the magnitude of the voltage applied to the electrodes.

 In the engine operating mode, when a large specific impulse and low thrust are needed, the electrodes 11, 12 create an electric field parallel to the axis, accelerating positively charged ions and dispersed particles from the material with a small work function, which are also positively charged. Ions come from plasma source 5, and dispersed particles are formed, for example, during channel erosion. During a start in the planet’s atmosphere, the working fluid is accelerated in the channels in the regime of the highest thrust and the smallest specific impulse. The working fluid is used with a large atomic weight, such as nitrogen or argon. It is possible to use a nuclear power plant to supply the working fluid heated without additional ionization and use it to create draft of its thermal pressure. At the same time, the plasma source delivers ionized gas, which is mixed with gas from a nuclear reactor, twisted in crossed magnetic and electric fields, and accelerated along the axis of the engine. It is also possible to feed components into the gaps for chemical reactions that generate heat there and increase the thermal pressure. This mode is carried out for the short time required to lift the engine due to rocket thrust to a height of several meters, and therefore does not require additional costs for cooling the engine. Around the protrusion 13, an ionizing radiation source 14 ionizes the atmospheric gas above the surface of the cryostat 2 between the electrodes 15, 16 and along the side surface of the protrusion. The electrodes 15, 16 create between themselves an electric field that has a component perpendicular to the power lines of the coil. The electric field of the planet’s atmosphere is perpendicular to these magnetic lines of force above the surface of the cryostat. The charged particle accelerator 17 throws the charged particles at an angle upward along the generatrices of an imaginary cone above the surface of the cryostat. In the region of ejection of these particles, a space charge is formed, the shape of which resembles a torus. Between this region and the upper surface of the cryostat during the relaxation time of the space charge there is an electric field caused by the separation of electric charges, perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. Under the action of the resultant of these three electric fields having a component perpendicular to the magnetic field, the ionized atmospheric gas above the protrusion and between the electrodes 15, 16 enters a drift Hall rotation. If the accelerator 17 of charged particles emits positively charged particles, then the fields created by them are directed in the same direction as the field of atmospheric electricity, and if negatively charged, it is oppositely directed. Rotating atmospheric gas due to centrifugal forces spreads away from the axis of rotation, which coincides with the axis of the engine. In this case, due to dynamic friction, all of the atmospheric gas near the upper surface of the cryostat starts to rotate and the ejector outside the rotation region surrounds it, creating a rarefaction region near the protrusion above the upper surface of the cryostat, in which the particle density and pressure are lower than in the surrounding atmosphere. Under the lower surface of the cryostat, the pressure is higher than atmospheric, since atmospheric gas is much warmer due to the ejection of the accelerated working fluid from channels 6, 7. A pressure difference arises under the lower and above the upper surfaces of the engine. In this case, the gas rotates above and below the engine in different directions, which can be achieved by choosing the directions of the electric fields between the electrodes. There is a turbulent upward movement of atmospheric gas from the bottom up, creating some lifting force for the engine, stabilizing its take-off and landing. Atmospheric gas spreading over the upper surface of the cryostat moves in a helical line, spirals upward, goes around the rarefaction region and rushes to the axis of the engine, near which it moves downward to the engine due to pressure difference, heading to the device 18 for sucking in the environmental medium, which sucks it into the channels 19, 20 for the passage of the substance of the external medium through which it passes into the power supply system, experiences thermal contact with it, cools it, heating up, then entering the plasma source and AvantGo Channels 6, 7 for the working fluid passage. Here it is either accelerated in the manner described above for the working fluid, or is not pre-ionized and simply cools the channels for the passage of the working fluid.

 A device for sucking in environmental substances can work in two cycles. At the first step, the environment substance fills the channels 6, 7 for the passage of the working fluid. The plasma source 5 ionizes the working fluid, which at the moment is the substance of the external environment located in it, and throws it into the channels for the passage of the working fluid, for example, due to greater thermal pressure. The electrodes 8, 9, 10 create electric fields perpendicular to the magnetic field lines of the coil. In crossed electric and magnetic fields, the plasma comes into rotation, centrifugal forces push it in the direction from the axis of the engine, the plasma presses on non-ionized or weakly ionized masses of the environment, which due to this are pushed out of the channels for the passage of the working fluid and thereby create reactive thrust. The mass of a strongly ionized plasma, which is directly accelerated in crossed electric and magnetic fields, can be much smaller than the mass of a non-ionized and weakly ionized gas, which is then pushed out by the accelerated strongly ionized plasma from the channels for the passage of the working fluid. During the first cycle, the outputs of the channels for the passage of the substance of the environment are closed. Strongly ionized plasma in crossed electric and magnetic fields is completely expelled due to centrifugal forces from the channels for the passage of the working fluid. In these channels and in the plasma source 5, a region of reduced pressure (the region of rarefied gas) is formed. The outputs of the channels for the passage of environmental matter during the second cycle are opened. Due to the difference in pressures, the environmental medium located in them enters the plasma source and into the channels for the passage of the working fluid, completely filling them. The substance of the external environment outside the engine moves downward along its axis and is sucked in by the device for sucking the substance of the external medium into the channels for its passage (due to a change in pressure in them, which becomes less than in the external environment). The outputs of the channels for the passage of the substance of the external environment are closed. The first measure starts again, etc. In the plasma source during the first cycle, both the substance of the external medium and another working fluid, for example, hydrogen coming from a nuclear reactor, can be ionized. The channels for the passage of the working fluid can also be cooled by separate components for chemical reactions, which can separately pass along them or inside additional cooling channels made in electrodes 8, 9, 10, and then react outside these channels, creating a draft. Liquid hydrogen can also pass through cooling channels, evaporating when heated by walls.

The implementation of this method of creating reactive thrust allows stationary hovering and vertical movement in dense layers of the atmosphere. When moving horizontally in the atmosphere, its gas fills the interelectrode gaps of each pair of coaxial electrodes 21, 22. The external electrode of each pair screens an external magnetic field, such as the field of the coil. A powerful electric field is created in the interelectrode gap, orthogonal to the axis of the coaxial electrodes. The cathode emits emission electrons, and an electrical breakdown of the interelectrode gap occurs. Orthogonal to the axis of the electrodes, radial electric currents flow, creating an axial magnetic field, which acts on the currents causing it by the Ampere buoyancy force, accelerating the ionized atmosphere gas in the direction of exit of each pair of coaxial electrodes, creating traction. At the input side of each pair of coaxial electrodes, atmospheric gas is ionized by a radiation source 23. In this case, ionization occurs both under the action of a source 24 of narrowly directed ionizing radiation, and under the action of radiation of a powerful microwave generator 25, which are part of the radiation source 23. A narrowly directed ionizing radiation source 24 can be made in the form of an x-ray source with a linear electron accelerator, accelerating electrons by radiation of a powerful microwave generator 25, i.e. this generator can be included in the design of the accelerator as a source of microwave radiation. Part of the energy of a powerful microwave generator is spent on electron acceleration, part is brought out, increasing the efficiency of the system, since the same wave in this case accelerates the electrons in a linear accelerator, and after their acceleration goes beyond the radiation source and is used to ionize the atmospheric gas. The thickness of the membrane of the exit window of the electron accelerator is chosen so that 90% of the electron energy is retained in it in the form of heat or passes into the energy of x-ray radiation, and the electrons, creating a bremsstrahlung x-ray, fly out through the membrane and ionize the leaky gas of the atmosphere. A powerful microwave generator can be installed outside the external coaxial electrode closer to the coil, connecting to the central coaxial electrode by a waveguide. This will allow the use of the coil field when creating microwave radiation. A source of ionizing narrowly directed radiation ionizes atmospheric gas along lines parallel to the axis of the electrodes, the distance between which is less than the microwave wavelength, so that the ion concentration along these lines is not less than
n _o ≥ 10 ¹⁵ / λ ² , cm ^-3 , where λ is the radiation wavelength of the microwave generator, cm,
and the thickness of each line of the ionized gas of the atmosphere exceeded the wavelength of microwave radiation. In this case, a plasma waveguide is formed for microwave radiation, in which it propagates, undergoing complete internal reflection from the walls. As a result, the divergence of microwave radiation is significantly reduced compared to radiation directly from a microwave generator.

The use of traditional antennas requires for a given area of the radiating surface of the antenna to reduce the divergence of a decrease in wavelength, which leads to a decrease in the ultimate radiated power of the microwave generator. In addition, the use of an antenna reduces the microwave radiation flux density, which should be as high as possible and lead to an atmospheric gas breakdown. If the source of ionizing narrowly directed radiation is made in the form of a source of hard x-ray radiation with the ability to knock out Compton electrons from the atoms of the gas of the atmosphere, then powerful electric fields with a strength of up to 3 ˙ 10 ⁴ V / m arise along the propagation lines of this radiation, which can lead to streamer breakdown in these directions. Also in these directions, dispersed particles are accelerated under the action of such quasistatic fields and are charged with a positive charge, which are formed in the interelectrode gaps and on the walls of coaxial electrodes due to wall erosion and plasma-chemical reactions. This leads to additional ionization of the atmospheric gas along the propagation lines of this radiation. The plasma source 26 directs the plasma into the interelectrode gap of the coaxial electrodes when moving in a rarefied plasma and in space (in the latter case, the interelectrode gap of the coaxial electrodes closes on one side). The engine moves in the atmosphere and takes into the through hole of the coaxial electrodes the leaky ionized gas of the plasma waveguide formed before entering the interelectrode gap. The plasma accelerated by coaxial electrodes is pulled to their axis due to compression, the dynamic friction of the plasma on the surface of the external electrode decreases, and a region of denser plasma forms along the axis of the coaxial electrodes, which stretches in the form of a “plasma cord” after them. Such "plasma cords" stretch on both sides of the coil behind each pair of coaxial electrodes, together creating two parallel lines of conducting plasma in the atmosphere behind the outputs of the coaxial electrodes, and two parallel lines of conducting plasma of "plasma waveguides" are also created in front of their inputs. The first two parallel lines, “plasma cords,” are used to accelerate the engine; the second two parallel lines, “plasma waveguides,” are used to decelerate.

 Consider the acceleration process first. The ionizing radiation source 27 ionizes the atmosphere gas along the rear side surface of the cryostat (from the outputs of the coaxial electrodes) with a narrow line (strip) between the pairs of coaxial electrodes. As a result, a conductive plasma jumper is created between the "plasma cords". Along the perimeter of the ionizing radiation source, auxiliary electrodes are installed in the form of pins, between the nearest of which an electric field is successively created that is sufficient for electric breakdown of the atmospheric gas, so that the conductivity of the plasma bridge corresponds to the conductivity of the electric arc over the entire gap between the coaxial electrodes. After that, a potential difference is created between the coaxial electrodes and an electric current flows through the plasma jumper between the “plasma cords”, the density of which corresponds to the current density in the electric arc, and the electric field in this region is significantly reduced due to the conductivity of the plasma jumper, and the current direction is opposite to the current direction in the next turns of the magnetic field coil. From the side of the coil, the Ampere repulsive force acts on the current flowing through the jumper, under the influence of which it slides along the "plasma cords", moving away from the coil and creating traction similar to a rail accelerator with the difference that "plasma cords" in the atmosphere were used instead of rails. It is possible to simultaneously accelerate several plasma jumpers connected to the "plasma cords" according to the circuit of parallel electrical resistances, which significantly increases traction. This can be achieved by creating a new plasma jumper while continuing to accelerate the old one, provided that at first additional electrodes in the form of pins create a new jumper, and then, at its junction with the “plasma cords” of ionizing radiation source 27, the atmospheric gas conductivity is compared and the conductivity of the plasma jumper, and the current coming from the "plasma cords" begins to flow through it. Shunting of bridges by each other does not occur, since the cross-sectional areas of the “plasma cords” are much larger than the cross-sectional areas of the plasma jumpers, and their conductivities are the same.

 This way of creating jet thrust is much more effective when used to brake the engine. In this case, the ionizing radiation source 27 ionizes the atmosphere gas in a narrow strip in front of the front side surface of the cryostat in front of the engine (from the input side of the coaxial electrodes). A plasma jumper is formed between the “plasma waveguides” in the atmosphere, a potential difference is created between the pairs of coaxial electrodes, and a current flows through the plasma jumper, pushing it away from the coil by the Ampere force forward in the direction of engine motion. The internal motor EMF source, two “plasma waveguides” and the conducting plasma jumper form a single closed circuit with a current similar to that of a rail accelerator, but the efficiency in this case is much higher, since the plasma jumper is at a minimum distance from the coil all the time during braking , and the force of interaction between the currents flowing through them decreases very quickly with distance. The electrons of the plasma jumper automatically ionize the atmospheric gas leaking due to electron impacts, so that the jumper maintains itself during horizontal engine braking and self-restores when current flows through it. A significant decrease in aerodynamic drag during horizontal acceleration of the engine in the atmosphere occurs if the leakage gas of the atmosphere is brought into rotation around the axis of the engine. This can be achieved by creating electric fields between the electrodes 15, 16. In this case, the leaky gas of the atmosphere is ionized by electron impacts of a plasma rotating in crossed electric and magnetic fields, and is involved in a similar rotation. However, by making the electrodes 15, 16 consisting of mutually isolated segments with autonomous power supply to each segment, it is possible to rotate the ionized atmosphere gas in different directions relative to the plane of symmetry of the engine so that the rotating masses of atmosphere gas near this plane collide and rush from the engine, creating traction . For this, at some time moments an electric field is created to the left of the plane of symmetry, directed to one side, then at other times to the right of this plane, a field is created directed to the other side, so that the plasma rotates in crossed electric and magnetic fields to the left and to the right of the plane occurred in opposite directions. Preliminarily, the atmospheric gas is ionized ahead of the engine by the ionizing radiation source 27, for example, it directs the electrons forward and upward, by the additional ionizing radiation source 14 and the charged particle accelerator 17, and the charged particles can be shot in the forward-side direction so that the fields they create These moments of time brought the ionized atmospheric gas into rotation in the same direction as the fields of the segments of the electrodes 15, 16 lying on the same side of the plane of symmetry. To increase traction, first electric fields are created between the nearest segments of one electrode, sufficient for electric breakdown of atmospheric gas, then when electric arcs flash between these segments, similar fields are created between the most distant segments of one electrode, and when arcs flash between them, a difference is created potentials between the electrodes 15, 16 themselves and electric arcs flash in their interelectrode gap, to which from the side of the magnetic field of the coil, to the currents flowing through them, the accelerating force of Ampere acts, which rotates arcs around the axis of the engine and involves the ionized atmosphere gas in the interelectrode gap and around it due to dynamic friction. Creating such a thrust, the motor supplies voltage to the electrodes 15, 16 in two cycles with a duration of about 1 ms on average with a frequency of 100 Hz. These parameters depend on whether the pre-ionized atmospheric gas has time to fill the interelectrode gaps between the electrodes 15, 16, or not, in the time intervals between cycles between the cycles. Similar time parameters and principles that define them have methods for accelerating the engine with pairs of coaxial electrodes and a plasma jumper between them.

When accelerating an engine in the atmosphere for horizontal acceleration, the energy stored in the magnetic field coil is mainly used. When commuting this energy and using it to create traction, it is possible, for example, to simply break the electric circuit of a magnetic field coil and send current flowing through it through a highly ionized atmospheric gas, distributing the current to various elements of the engine using high-speed high-current switches, redistributing it at different points in time in a certain sequence. The electric circuit of the coil can be broken by applying a narrowly directed magnetic strong field to its shell, as a result of which it locally temporarily leaves the superconducting state, and electric current flows through parallel shunt conductors, and from them to high-current switches and to the accelerated gas of the atmosphere. A strong narrowly directed magnetic field can be created in the gap of two ferromagnetic rods with points that bend and strengthen the field of the coil. At the end of acceleration in the atmosphere, these rods move to the sides, the magnetic field in the region of superconductivity violation becomes less than the critical value, the shell becomes superconducting again, and an undamped current starts circulating again. Calculations performed for a superconducting coil with a shell weight of 112 tons and a current of 105 A / cm ² show that 3.87 ˙ 10 ¹⁵ J is stored in such a superconducting solenoid, which allows for an engine efficiency of 20% and a condition of 30% being stored in the coil energy after the entire horizontal acceleration due to switching accumulated energy to accelerate an engine weighing 4000 tons, of which at least 500 tons are in payload, to a third space speed of 16.5 km / s. The thrust developed in this case exceeds 10 ⁸ N, the speed of the accelerated working fluid exceeds 35 km / s, and the estimated time to set speed is 16.5 km / s with the engine no more than 15 minutes. For similar specific impulses of the order of 3500 s, known plasma engines have an efficiency significantly exceeding 30%; therefore, it can be argued that the expected engine efficiency will be at least 30% when accelerated by a gas atmosphere. The calculations performed to estimate the pressure loss due to dynamic friction in coaxial electrodes show that they are negligible compared to the traction developed in the gaps by these electrodes, meaning the loss of atmospheric gas pressure during acceleration. The recommended horizontal acceleration height for the Earth is about 32 km, at which the pressure is 0.01 atmosphere. When the coaxial electrodes are in stationary mode, the outer electrode should be longer than the inner one, which is the anode, and expand in the direction of the output of the accelerated working fluid. A similar requirement is imposed on the design of the electrodes 8, 9, 10 in the case of their operation in stationary mode. The outer electrodes 28, 29, 30, 31, when starting in motion in the atmosphere, are stored in a pressed or compactly packed state on the surface or inside the engine and are deployed in outer space, with the electrodes 28, 29 above the coil and the electrodes 30, 31 below, so so that the motor axis is in their interelectrode gap.

где

- индукция магнитного поля;

напряженность электрического поля.When moving in space, the magnetic field lines of the coil move relative to the cosmic plasma and a potential difference arises at the boundary of their contact, leading to the capture of charged plasma particles in the magnetic trap formed by the coil, which in its configuration and physical nature is similar to the magnetic trap of a magnetic dipole and geomagnetic field. In a magnetic trap, the charged particles of cosmic plasma trapped by it drift between its magnetic mirrors, which are formed by the areas of condensation of magnetic field lines. Between the electrodes 28, 29 and 30, 31, rapidly alternating electric fields are created perpendicular to the axis of the coil. Electrodes 8, 9, 10, and 15, 16 create electric fields perpendicular to magnetic lines of force in and around the electrode gaps. Part of the particles trapped in the magnetic trap falls into the loss cone, passes through the magnetic mirrors and enters the gaps between the electrodes, where they are exposed to the electric field orthogonal to the axis of the coil, under the influence of which they drift in crossed electric and magnetic fields, increasing their velocity component perpendicular to the magnetic field until it reaches a value

Where

- magnetic field induction;

electric field strength.

 The ratio of the parallel and perpendicular velocity components leaves the loss cone, and the particles are reflected from the magnetic mirrors and returned to the magnetic trap. An engine can theoretically use electric fields, cosmic fields of outer space to create a small reactive thrust. It is known that such fields exist in the magnetopause of planets, for example, in the magnetopause of the Earth. So, in its tail, the potential difference of the electric field, due to the leakage of the Solar wind, at a distance of up to one hundred radii of the Earth is about 10-100 kV. Also, at distances from one to three radii of the Earth in areas near the magnetic poles, there is a potential drop of the order of 1-10 kV, and the field is directed parallel to the magnetic field lines of the Earth. This field arises as a result of the following physical phenomenon, which when the engine is running can contribute to the creation of additional small thrust.

где ε_o диэлектрические проницаемости среды и вакуума;

радиус-вектор заряженной частицы;
θ- угол между радиус-вектором и направлением движения частицы.The magnetic traps of both the Earth and the engine are captured by relativistic charged particles, a significant part of which has energies exceeding 100 keV. In this case, the temperature of electrons due to collisions cannot be lower than the temperature of ions, and therefore the ratio of the particle velocity to the speed of light significantly exceeds the similar ratio for ions. An expression is known that relates the electric field of a relativistic charged particle to its velocity:

where ε _{o the} dielectric constant of the medium and vacuum;

radius vector of a charged particle;
θ is the angle between the radius vector and the direction of motion of the particle.

Скорости захваченных в магнитную ловушку частиц не должны выходить из конуса потерь, откуда следует, что компонента скорости, перпендикулярная направлению движения, V_⊥ около магнитных зеркал превышает компоненту скорости, параллельную направлению движения, V_II. Поэтому в районе магнитных зеркал, где нормали к плоскостям ларморовских кружков вращения частиц, захваченных в магнитную ловушку, наклонены к магнитным силовым линиям под углом, не превышающим угол раствора конуса потерь, угол между плоскостью кружков и магнитной силовой линией лежит в интервале 90^о плюс-минус указанный угол. В этих направлениях релятивистские электрические поля релятивистских электронов превышают аналогичные поля ионов, что ведет к суммированию векторной разности этих полей вдоль магнитных силовых линий внутри конуса с указанным углом раствора. В свою очередь, перпендикулярное магнитным силовым линиям электрическое поле электронов меньше электрического поля ионов. В результате возникает конус релятивистского искривления электрического поля. Характерной особенностью конуса релятивистского искривления поля является невозможность его экранировки нерелятивистскими частицами, поскольку поле таких частиц является сферически симметричным, а конус релятивистского искривления поля такой симметрии не обладает. Накопление таких экранирующих частиц внутри конуса релятивистского искривления поля создает электрическую силу расталкивания таких частиц перпендикулярно оси конуса, под действием которой они в этом направлении из него уходят. В итоге сохраняется увеличение поля релятивистких электронов вдоль оси и уменьшение его перпендикулярно оси. Однако существует еще процесс ускорения электронов этим полем вдоль магнитных силовых линий, что ведет к росту V_II и, как следствие, к уменьшению отношения V_⊥/V_II и к уменьшению конуса релятивистского искривления поля. В пользу подтверждения рассмотренного физического явления говорит тот факт, что около магнитных полюсов Земли электрическое поле направлено вверх, отрицательный потенциал вверху, хотя, обычно, в других ее районах отрицательный потенциал находится на ее поверхности.From this expression it follows that the field perpendicular to the direction of motion of the relativistic particle grows with increasing velocity in proportion to the expression
E _┴

The velocities of particles trapped in the magnetic trap should not go out of the loss cone, which implies that the velocity component perpendicular to the direction of motion, V _⊥ near magnetic mirrors, exceeds the velocity component parallel to the direction of motion, V _II . Therefore, in the region of magnetic mirrors, where the normals to the planes of the Larmor circles of rotation of particles trapped in a magnetic trap are inclined to the magnetic lines of force at an angle not exceeding the angle of loss of the loss cone, the angle between the plane of the circles and the magnetic field lies in the range of 90 ^about plus minus the specified angle. In these directions, the relativistic electric fields of relativistic electrons exceed similar ion fields, which leads to the summation of the vector difference of these fields along the magnetic field lines inside the cone with the indicated angle of solution. In turn, the electric field of the electrons perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force is less than the electric field of the ions. As a result, a cone of relativistic curvature of the electric field arises. A characteristic feature of the cone of relativistic field curvature is the impossibility of its screening by nonrelativistic particles, since the field of such particles is spherically symmetric, and the cone of relativistic field curvature does not possess such symmetry. The accumulation of such screening particles inside the cone of relativistic curvature of the field creates an electric force of repulsion of such particles perpendicular to the axis of the cone, under the action of which they leave it in this direction. As a result, the increase in the field of relativistic electrons along the axis and its decrease perpendicular to the axis are retained. However, there is still a process of electron acceleration by this field along magnetic field lines, which leads to an increase in V _II and, as a consequence, to a decrease in the V _⊥ / V _II ratio and to a decrease in the cone of relativistic field curvature. In support of the confirmation of the physical phenomenon considered, the fact is that near the Earth’s magnetic poles the electric field is directed upward, the negative potential is upward, although, usually in other regions of it, the negative potential is on its surface.

 The physical phenomenon considered should lead to the formation of similar physical fields along the magnetic lines of force of other celestial bodies, near the magnetic poles of other planets, the sun and stars. Some prospects are made possible by the existence of such electric fields along the magnetic lines of force (tubes) of the Sun and stars that go in the areas of coronary holes a long distance into the surrounding space (to infinity). There are several ways to use external electric fields to create a little extra traction.

The first is that in the regions of the poles of the coil between the outer electrodes 28, 29 or 30, 31 an electric field is created perpendicular to the axis of the coil, increasing the component V _{частиц of the} particle velocity, trapped in a magnetic trap falling into the loss cone. This leads to the fact that in these regions the relativistic curvature of the electric field intensifies, due in addition to the fact that the plasma becomes non-equilibrium when the electric field is applied, and the electron temperature and the electron temperature can significantly exceed the ion temperature. The presence of a relativistic curvature of the field is similar to the existence in this region of some uncompensated effective charge, the field of which is equal to the vector sum of the fields of relativistic particles of different signs, each of which is separately given by the expression for the electric field of the relativistic particle, which is affected by an external cosmic electric field. The effective charge and the effect of acceleration caused by its presence by an external field can be increased by injection of additional plasma from plasma sources 5, 26 into the magnetic trap. Relativistic curvature of the electric field leads to the injection of additional charged particles of cosmic plasma into the magnetic trap of the coil, which can then be used to create traction.

 The second method consists in the use of nuclear charges injecting charged particles into a magnetic trap by explosions, further, as in the first case.

 The third method is most obvious. The accelerator 17 of charged particles accelerates and throws into outer space the charged particles of a certain sign, thereby charging the engine to a certain electric potential. To implement this method, it is possible to attach additional large-area surfaces to the engine to increase the applied charge at the same potential.

 In an external electric field, acceleration is possible both in the attraction mode and in the repulsion mode. In cases where relativistic curvature of the field along the axis of the engine is used, the effective charge corresponds to a negative charge, since the relativistic fields of electrons in this direction are larger than the fields of ions, and perpendicular to the axis corresponds to a positive charge, since the fields of electrons in this direction are smaller (obviously, the total field from the entire magnetic trap with particles). The engine can likewise also accelerate in an electric field near the Sun and stars, due to the difference in the scattering force by radiation acting from their electromagnetic radiation on the electrons and ions of the Solar and stellar wind. The difference is due to the fact that the Thomson scattering cross section increases with decreasing particle mass, while the electron has a smaller one. Therefore, the radiation flux for the plasma is equivalent to the application of a certain quasistatic force, which is balanced by the appearance of oppositely directed electric fields.

, где Р_м дипольный момент катушки магнитного поля;
R рассстояние от центра катушки магнитного поля до подсолнечной точки;
μ и μ_o магнитные проницаемости среды и вакуума;
n и m_р концентрация и масса протонов Солнечного ветра;
V скорость Солнечного ветра.When moving in interplanetary space, the engine is in the plasma stream of the solar wind. Due to its perfect conductivity, the magnetic field lines of the coil cannot penetrate the incoming Solar wind and, to a first approximation, form an empty magnetic region called the magnetopause, similar to the Earth’s magnetopause. In the same approximation, the shape of the magnetopause is determined by the balance of the dynamic pressure of the solar wind and the pressure of the lines of force of the magnetic field coil. The magnetic field on the inner side of the magnetopause boundary is twice the magnitude of the magnetic field of the coil due to the contribution of surface currents in the solar wind plasma, which completely shield this field in it. The dynamic pressure of the solar wind also doubles due to its perfect reflection from the border. Thus, at a point on the line connecting the center of the magnetic field coil to the Sun, lying on the border of the magnetopause, called the sunflower point, the pressure balance is determined by the expression
2nm _p v ²

where P _{m is the} dipole moment of the magnetic field coil;
R is the distance from the center of the magnetic field coil to the sunflower point;
μ and μ _o magnetic permeability of the medium and vacuum;
n and m _{p the} concentration and mass of the protons of the solar wind;
V is the speed of the solar wind.

Небольшая фотонная тяга, ускоряющая дополнительно двигатель в межпланетном пространстве, складывается из динамического давления Солнечного ветра на магнитопаузу и давления электромагнитного излучения Солнца на частицы плазмы, захваченной в магнитную ловушку катушки. В магнитном поле отражение электромагнитных волн от плазмы существенно увеличивается, поскольку заряженные частицы рассеивают электромагнитное излучение в этом случае как осцилляторы. Плазма, захваченная ловушкой, получает за счет действия на нее этой силы рассеяния света дополнительный имульс и, поскольку она образует с катушкой замкнутую систему, передает импульс двигателю, создавая фотонную тягу от внешнего источника электромагнитного излучения. Величина этой тяги на орбите Земли от Солнечного излучения для соленоида с магнитным моментом 2,03 ˙ 10¹⁰ А ˙ м² составляет около 2000 Н, что позволяет двигателю массой 4000 т двигаться с ускорением 5 ˙ 10^-5. Под действием давления излучением двигатель ускоряется подобно солнечному парусу, который целесообразно использовать для космических полетов в некоторых случаях даже при сообщаемых им ускорениях порядка 10^-5. По сравнению с ним двигатель имеет то существенное принципиальное преимущество, что фотонная тяга с ростом расстояния до Солнца уменьшается для солнечного паруса пропорционально расстоянию в степени 2, а для двигателя пропорционально расстоянию в степени 4/3, что значительно медленнее. Это объясняется тем, что радиус магнитосферы двигателя растет с удалением от Солнца пропорционально уменьшению концентрации протонов Солнечного ветра в степени 1/6, которая, в свою очередь, уменьшается с ростом расссояния до Солнца пропорционально расстоянию в степени 2. Скорость Солнечного ветра от орбиты Земли до границы гелиосферы (примерно 150 астрономических единиц от Солнца) приблизительно неизменна и равна 400 км/с. В результате радиус магнитосферы двигателя растет пропорционально расстоянию до Солнца в степени 1/3, фотонная тяга двигателя пропорциональна произведению площади поперечного сечения магнитосферы на мощность электромагнитного излучения Солнца, убывающего пропорционально квадрату расстояния до него, поэтому степень 1/3 два раза умножается на 2. Плазма, захваченная в магнитную ловушку катушки из космического простраснства, может ускоряться вдоль оси двигателя и создавать реактивную тягу следующим образом.Particles of cosmic plasma captured by a magnetic trap are held by the magnetic field lines of the coil inside the magnetopause, the radius of which approximately coincides with the distance from the center of the coil to the sunflower point, determined from the previous expression and equal to
R

A small photon traction, additionally accelerating the engine in interplanetary space, consists of the dynamic pressure of the solar wind on the magnetopause and the pressure of the electromagnetic radiation of the sun on plasma particles trapped in the magnetic trap of the coil. In a magnetic field, the reflection of electromagnetic waves from a plasma increases substantially, since charged particles scatter electromagnetic radiation in this case as oscillators. The plasma captured by the trap receives an additional impulse due to the action of this light scattering force on it and, since it forms a closed system with the coil, it transmits a pulse to the engine, creating photon traction from an external source of electromagnetic radiation. The magnitude of this thrust in the Earth’s orbit from solar radiation for a solenoid with a magnetic moment of 2.03 ˙ 10 ¹⁰ A ˙ m ² is about 2000 N, which allows an engine weighing 4000 tons to move with an acceleration of 5 ˙ 10 ^-5 . Under the influence of pressure by radiation, the engine accelerates like a solar sail, which is advisable to use for space flights in some cases, even with accelerations reported by it of the order of 10 ^-5 . Compared with it, the engine has the significant fundamental advantage that the photon traction decreases with the distance to the power of 2 for the solar sail, and is proportional to the distance of 4/3 for the engine, which is much slower. This is explained by the fact that the radius of the magnetosphere of the engine increases with distance from the Sun in proportion to a decrease in the concentration of solar wind protons to a degree of 1/6, which, in turn, decreases with increasing distance to the Sun in proportion to the distance to degree 2. The speed of the Solar wind from the Earth’s orbit to the heliosphere boundary (approximately 150 astronomical units from the Sun) is approximately unchanged and is equal to 400 km / s. As a result, the radius of the magnetosphere of the engine grows in proportion to the distance to the Sun to a power of 1/3, the photon thrust of the engine is proportional to the product of the cross-sectional area of the magnetosphere by the power of the electromagnetic radiation of the Sun, which decreases in proportion to the square of the distance to it, therefore the degree 1/3 is doubled by 2. Plasma trapped in a magnetic trap of a coil from outer space, can be accelerated along the axis of the engine and create jet thrust as follows.

Outer electrodes 28, 29 and electrodes 15, 16 create electric fields perpendicular to the magnetic field of the coil, and between the outer electrodes 30, 31 the electric field is removed. Between the electrodes 11, 12, a field is created parallel to and directed from the axis of the engine. In this direction, ions are accelerated that fall due to collisions in the loss cone of the magnetic trap and moving along the magnetic field lines to the center of the coil. In the gap between the electrodes 11, 12, an accelerating electric field acts on them and causes an electron current from the engine and an electron current to the engine, causing a negative charge on it, which is neutralized by the neutralizer 32, which ejects the excess electron charge into the stream of accelerated ions outside this interelectrode gap. The total current of ions and electrons is limited by the law of the second two, and if the flow of particles falling into the loss cone exceeds this current or there are particles with energy exceeding the potential difference between the accelerating electrodes 11, 12, then between the electrodes 8, 9, 10 in the channels the passage of the working fluid creates an electric field perpendicular to their walls, increasing the ratio of V _частиц / V _II particles flying into these channels after passing through the gap of the electrodes 11, 12. Between the electrodes 8, 9, 10 in the channels for the passage of the working fluid a current perpendicular to their walls, creating a buoyant axial magnetic field, and a Hall current, which is exerted by the Ampere buoyancy force from the side of the coil’s magnetic field. So that it was just repulsion, the corresponding direction of the electric field between the electrodes is selected. As a result, plasma particles are pushed out of the channels for the passage of the working fluid and either leave the magnetic trap, moving along the axis of the engine, creating traction, or return to it.

 It is known that an ion engine, as a rule, has a greater thrust-to-weight ratio than a plasma engine [1]. The engine provides for its operation in the mode of an ion engine. For this, the plasma source 5 feeds the plasma through the channels for the working fluid to pass into the gap between the electrodes 11, 12, between which an accelerating potential difference is created, the ions are accelerated along the axis of the engine and their space charge is neutralized by the neutralizer. An additional acceleration to ions is provided by the cone of relativistic curvature of the field, the electric field of which extends and additionally accelerates them in the direction from the engine. The neutralizer in this case moves away along the axis in the direction from the engine, and the electric cable connecting the neutralizer to the engine, in its central part, moves further from the axis than the neutralizer itself. This is done so that when the charge is supplied to the converter, the cone's electric field does not interfere with it. This makes it possible to accelerate ions due to the energy of particles trapped in the magnetic trap of the coil.

 When the engine operates in the mode of its acceleration by nuclear explosions, several options for its operation are possible. Coaxial electrodes 21, 22 are closed on one side by an impenetrable partition so that the circumferential direction around the motor axis from the closed end to the open at each pair of coaxial electrodes coincides. In the interelectrode gaps of each pair of coaxial electrodes, plasma is supplied from the plasma source 26 and accelerated along their axes in opposite directions, bringing the engine into rotation around its axis. The device 33 ejecting nuclear charges, such as a catapult, is charged with a nuclear charge from the storage 34 of nuclear charges. A source 35 of refractory dispersed particles injects either these particles or reagents of the plasma-chemical reactions leading to the formation of such particles down from the engine along the end surface of the cryostat and towards the axis of the engine. The bottommost of sheets 36, 37 is charged with an electric charge flowing onto it through the holders 38, 39. This sheet of the holder is released. The repulsive device 40 of the first type separates the engine into two parts, one of which contains a payload, and the other a magnetic field coil. In the repulsive device of the first type, the superconducting solenoid 41 is energized by a current, the direction of which is opposite to the direction of the current in coil 1. Accelerators 42, 43 and 44, 45 of charged particles eject the same charged accelerated particles (electrons) into the surrounding space and charge the shared parts with an electric charge of one sign (positive). Due to the fact that the currents directed in different directions are repelled, and also due to the fact that the same charges also repel, the separable parts are repelled from each other and diverge in different directions along the axis. In this case, all parts of the engine located above the coil and inside its through axial hole move upward, and all the rest downward. The bottommost of the sheets is charged with a charge of the same sign (positive) and due to this it repels from the engine and moves down from it. The separable parts of the engine move away from each other at a certain distance, determined by the radiation safety of the payload, for example 1 km, as well as the requirement that the magnetic fields of coil 1 and solenoid 41 form a single magnetic trap with the ability to trap the explosion plasma in it. In this case, the direction of the current in the solenoid changes to the opposite, the current becomes directed in the same direction as in the coil. The energy of the magnetic field of the solenoid in this case can be stored in the capacitor bank of the power supply system, and the energy for its new supply can come through the electric cable from the coil 1.

During the dilution of the engine parts, the plasma source 5 and the electrodes 8, 9, 10 create reactive thrust. When the engine parts are separated to the desired distance, the device for ejecting a nuclear charge ejects it, and when the charge is at a selected distance from the coil, for example 100 m for a charge of 10 kt, a nuclear explosion occurs. The explosion point is between the magnetopause boundary of the coil and the engine on its axis. Electromagnetic radiation from a nuclear explosion and the plasma generated by it expands by the force of radiation pressure on plasma particles trapped in a magnetic trap formed by the external magnetic field of the engine and the sheets. This radiation transmits to them part of its electromagnetic pulse, accelerates them and thereby creates photon traction. When using low-power nuclear charges, the explosion energy and mass of which are minimized due to the use of a substance with a small critical mass, such as California 251, the explosion point must be located closer to the magnetic field coil, for example, with a fissile mass of 10 g, the explosion point can be set at a distance 15 m from the coil. The substance of a nuclear charge is heated during the explosion to a temperature of the order of 5 ˙ 10 ⁷ K, is completely ionized and scatters in different directions. Part of the plasma and decay products moves in the direction from the engine, scatters the magnetic trap and creates impulse jet propulsion, part moves along the axis of the engine towards it, passes through the central through hole of the coil and moves towards the separated part of the engine with the payload, part is captured into a magnetic trap of a coil, makes a movement between magnetic mirrors, some of the last particles fall into a loss cone, flies through a through axial hole of the coil and either leaves the trap shku to produce thrust, or moving along magnetic field lines to the breakaway portion of a payload. In a magnetic field, a nuclear explosion plasma creates a cone of relativistic curvature of the electric field, as a result of which it is directed along magnetic field lines to the point of explosion in the region of plasma expansion and remains so directed for a long time after the explosion.

 Electromagnetic and neutron radiation heat refractory dispersed particles from a material with a small work function, and under the influence of a curved relativistic electric field, thermo-electron emission begins from their surface. The electric field in which the dispersed particle is located is composed of the sum of the fields of the charged lower surface of the engine, the charged separated sheet, and the fields of relativistic particles. This field is directed downward from the engine and causes a current in the plasma in the region of dispersed particles. Thermoelectric current due to the emission of electrons charges the dispersed particles with a positive electric charge. Provided that the thermoelectronic current exceeds the current in the plasma due to its conductivity, this positive charge remains on the particles and they are accelerated by the electric field down from the engine, creating traction. Near the axis of the engine, the current density of charged particles is limited by the law of three second particles, and here their flow is parallel to magnetic field lines. In the area under the lower surface of the cryostat, magnetic lines of force are perpendicular to the electric field. Positive charged dispersed particles are accelerated by it and at the same time rotate around magnetic field lines, making Larmor precession, the radius of which can exceed the range of the accelerating electric field. The precession occurs in the region of drift Hall rotation of electrons, therefore, when positively charged dispersed particles are removed from the engine, their space charge is automatically compensated, and the current density of such particles can significantly exceed the current density limited by the law of the second two and limited from above by the magnetic field energy density in the region their acceleration by the electric field. When the dispersed particles are removed from the engine, they are cooled by radiation, fall into the region of a weaker electric field, the current of thermo-electron emission from their surface weakens, and their positive charge decreases. They move in the region of a weaker electric field, due to this, the radius of their Larmor precession further increases, and they leave the magnetic trap down from the engine, creating traction. At the same time, they scatter and weaken the neutron and electromagnetic radiation of a nuclear explosion, protecting the cryostat and coil from it. The sheet separated and moving downward from the engine also partially protects the engine elements from this radiation, attenuating, reflecting and scattering it. In this case, the sheet can completely evaporate and ionize.

 It is possible to make sheets and a system that ensures the sheets are disconnected from the engine one by one so that after the sheets are disconnected from the engine, they are cooled by radiation, and then they would return chilled back to the engine. For example, they can be strung on common generators, going down from the engine parallel to the axis with the possibility of free movement along them. A significant part of the sheets is detached in layers and they alternately move along the generatrix down from the engine. The sheets and the engine are charged with a positive charge, so mutual repulsion is provided between the sheets, preventing them from sticking together. Then the polarities of the charges of the sheets and the engine become opposite when the sheets are cooled, and they are connected to the engine due to electrical attraction. The sheets may also contain a layer of ferromagnetic material, for example, made in the form of a foil of iron. Until the ferromagnetic layer is heated by the radiation of the explosion, it is attracted to the coil, since it is magnetized by its field. When the flux of neutrons and gamma rays warms it up, then magnetism above the Curie temperature disappears and the indicated attraction is absent. The sheets are charged, move away from the engine, cooled below the Curie temperature of the ferromagnetic material, are again magnetized by the coil field and attracted to it. Electric charges from the sheets spread due to the conductivity of the surrounding plasma or are carried away by ions accelerated by the engine, and the sheets approach the engine and connect to it, cooling it, which can also be used during the operation of a nuclear power plant to cool the reactor when there are no nuclear explosions. The sheets in this case are heated by supplying heat with the coolant from the reactor. They are a heat exchanger emitter.

 Dispersed refractory particles can also be made of a ferromagnetic material into which atoms of a readily ionized material, for example cesium, are additionally injected. Such ferromagnetic particles can be obtained by powder metallurgy and get enough sleep from a source of refractory dispersed particles from a material with a small work function from any container into the surrounding space. Heated during a nuclear explosion above the Curie point, the particles are simultaneously charged and accelerated as positively charged dispersed particles. At the same time, their mass and material are coordinated so that the acceleration of these particles provides only the particles moving away from the engine to such a distance that they are radiatively cooled below the Curie point, magnetized by the coil field and attracted to it, simultaneously cooling the surface of the engine to which they fall . In this way, you can cool the channels for the passage of the working fluid, while compensating for the loss of mass of their walls due to erosion. Similarly, such particles are deposited after cooling on the surface of the sheets, compensating for the mass loss of the lower of them due to evaporation and erosion, further cooling them.

Part of the plasma particles of a nuclear explosion transmits due to dynamic pressure to the magnetic field lines of the coil an impulse caused by the expansion of the plasma during the explosion, then transmitted to the coil and accelerating it. With the fast approach of a hot explosion plasma with high conductivity, powerful induction currents are induced to the coil in the plasma, which effectively inhibit it. The electrodynamic equations describing this process are completely symmetric to the plasma acceleration equations by an induction electric rocket engine [1] in which the magnetic field changes in the induction coil exactly the opposite, causing the formation of induction currents in the plasma, which tend to leave the magnetic field flux through the plasma unchanged, which accelerate plasma due to repulsion from coil currents. Thus, the explosion plasma does work against the interaction force of the induction currents of the incident conductive plasma and the coil current, which consumes a significant part of the kinetic energy of the flying charged particles from the explosion, partially transforming into the kinetic energy of the translational motion of the coil and engine. Part of the plasma particles of a nuclear explosion moves through the axial bore of the coil and moves towards the detached part of the engine with a payload, which ejects toward the plasma stream accelerators 42, 43 charged particles of the same charged (positive) particles that charge the plasma stream and cause electrostatic repulsion of ions, leading to an increase in the component of their velocities perpendicular to magnetic field lines. Following this, the same part of the engine accelerates towards the explosion the working fluid (plasma). A collision of two plasma flows occurs, due to which the velocity component of the particles of the nuclear explosion plasma V _⊥ increases even more, leading to an increase in the V _⊥ / V _II ratio, and some of the plasma particles are trapped in a magnetic trap between the solenoid and the coil, which after a nuclear explosion travel along towards each other. In this case, the regions near the magnetic poles of the solenoid 41 and coil 1 become magnetic mirrors for plasma particles trapped in a magnetic trap between them, the distance between which decreases slowly compared to the velocities of plasma particles trapped in a magnetic trap. In this case, the kinetic energy of the approach of the separated engine parts partially passes into the kinetic energy of the plasma particles, which increases the component of the particle velocities VII, and the particles are more likely to fall into the loss cone passing through magnetic mirrors. The part of the engine that contains the payload creates electric fields that increase the velocity component V _⊥ , as a result of which they exit the loss cone and return to the magnetic trap.

 Depending on the particle flux density, either electric fields perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force are created between the electrodes 8, 9, 10, or an electric field is created between the electrodes 11, 12, parallel to the axis of the engine, directed toward the point of explosion and accelerating ions in this direction. The part of the engine that contains the coil of the magnetic field passes particles through the central hole of the coil that have fallen into the loss cone, and through it along the axis of the motor they leave the magnetic trap and create traction. Charged particles trapped in a magnetic trap between the magnetic field coil 1 and the solenoid 41 additionally create an elastic force acting between the separated parts of the engine. After the explosion, part of the engine with the coil acquires an additional impulse, due to which it begins to approach the part with the payload. When a significant part of the trapped plasma leaves the magnetic trap, both parts are charged with the same positive charge and are intensively repelled from each other until they again move to the desired distance, after which the acceleration procedure by nuclear explosions is repeated.

 Bringing both parts separated from each other into rotation is necessary to ensure the reliability of their relative orientation to each other and stability with respect to possible uncontrolled turns in space during explosions and related operations. During rotation, the problem of separation and joining of engine parts becomes quasi-one-dimensional, which greatly simplifies it (the only degree of freedom is the movement of parts along the axis of the engine). Rotation is necessary so that the separable parts move along the selected direction of the axis of rotation and do not deviate from it. The rotation is carried out at the maximum speed that engine elements and crew members can withstand.

 The device for ejecting nuclear charges can also be located with the ability to eject nuclear charges perpendicular to the axis of the engine. When an explosion of nuclear charges to the side of the engine, it experiences the dynamic pressure of the plasma of a nuclear explosion on the lines of force of the magnetic field coil and is accelerated by this pressure. The separation of the engine into two parts in this case does not occur. The outer electrodes 30, 31 before the explosions are removed inside the engine. Explosions on the axis of the engine produce a powerful electric field along the magnetic lines of force, due to the relativistic effects of an increase in the fields of electrons and a decrease in the fields of ions along these lines, accelerating ions downstream of the engine. If the payload does not need radiation protection, for example, it does not contain a crew, then the engine is not divided into two parts before the explosions. The plasma source 5 feeds the plasma into the channels for the passage of the working fluid, in which it accelerates towards the plasma flow of a nuclear explosion. After the electrodynamic reflection of the first pulse of a nuclear explosion plasma, described above for the separated part with a payload, the plasma source and either electrodes 8, 9, 10, or electrodes 11, 12 eject and accelerate the plasma along the axis of the engine, where it is additionally accelerated by the cone of relativistic curvature fields, while ions are accelerated from the engine, electrons to the engine, charging it with a negative charge. The charge is compensated by a neutralizer, which can be moved down from the center of the engine and placed outside the cone of relativistic curvature of the electric field, for example, at a distance from the axis of the engine. In this case, the electrons move to the neutralizer outside the cone of the relativistic field curvature, which is most significant on the axis of the engine, and then, flying out of the neutralizer, fall into the range of the ion field amplified by relativistic effects and neutralize their space charge. If the engine is divided into two parts before a series of nuclear explosions, then after carrying out their repulsive forces acting between the separated parts are replaced by attractive forces. For this, charged particle accelerators 42, 43 begin to eject charged particles of one sign, and accelerators 44, 45 of a different sign.

 The most favorable direction of the current in the solenoid 41, and, accordingly, the choice of the forces of attraction or repulsion between it and the coil, is determined empirically in mock installations. This fully applies to the choice of the direction of the current in the solenoid both before the separation of the parts, and during their separation to the sides, and during acceleration of the engine by nuclear explosions. The repulsion due to the magnetic interaction of the currents should be weaker at considerable distances from the motor than the attraction due to the electrical attraction of the oppositely charged parts of the motor, but at distances where various docking mechanical devices and components are used, repulsion must be present in one way or another to prevent strong impact of joined parts and ensure their smooth convergence. The engine elements located in the through hole of the coil may not separate with the payload, but remain with the part of the engine containing the coil. The operation of the engine elements is similar to their work in the previous case. The ejection of plasma by the engine towards the particles of a nuclear explosion is optional.

 The repulsive device 40 of the second type is shown in FIG. 5 at the moment of separation of the engine parts with the payload and with the magnetic field coil. A repulsive device of the second type disconnects the engine part 48 containing the engine elements located above the coil, including the payload, from all other engine elements located in the magnetic field coil part 49. At the time of disconnection, electric charges of the same sign are applied to the charged plates 50, 51, 52. This can be done by first dropping into the outer space a stream of accelerated electrons, for example, with an energy of 10 MeV, and charging the entire engine to this potential. Electric repulsive forces are created between the charged plates, the plates are repelled from each other and are separated in different directions by the separable parts of the engine, which are connected to each other by the movable shell 53. This shell can also be filled with gas, and the separable parts of the engine can be repelled from each other by gas pressure.

 In a nuclear explosion, the separable parts of the engine, due to the transfer of the explosion pressure by the electromagnetic forces to the engine, move towards each other, repelling at the same time, and form an oscillatory system whose elements oscillate with respect to the common center of gravity. After a series of accelerating nuclear explosions, the repulsion between the charged plates is smoothly replaced by attraction, the separable parts come closer to the others and, ultimately, are connected. The attraction between the plates can be carried out by charging them alternately through one charge of different signs.

 The repulsive device of the second type can simultaneously serve as a radiator-emitter, radiating heat from the surface of charged plates and a movable shell into outer space, thereby cooling the engine. The space between the charging plates can be used as hangars for transporting similar engines of lower power, which independently gained the first space speed, docked with a high-power engine and are now jointly accelerated by nuclear explosions.

 If the repulsive device of the second type simultaneously performs the functions of a radiator-emitter, it is advisable to use it for these purposes in the case of a combined execution of the repellent device of the first and second types, in which all engine elements located inside its through axial hole and above are disconnected from the coil part a coil, and then parts with elements that were inside this hole are disconnected by a repulsive device of the second type with mechanical preservation between the last parts on contact with a movable shell. Charged plates are charged with opposite charges, attracted to each other and to one of the disconnected engine parts, the one where the cooled engine elements are located, for example, the power supply system. The cooled engine element is configured to make thermal contact with such a detachable repulsive device pressed to it. For example, at the bottom of the power system there are several heat pipes to which a heat-conducting flat surface is attached. The repulsive device is attracted to this part of the engine and is closely pressed against the cooled element of the engine, which, due to thermal conductivity, gives it part of the heat. Then, the electric charge of the same name is supplied to the charged plates, and they are repelled from each other due to electric forces, diverge by a certain distance and stretch the movable shell. In this case, the surface of the repulsive device radiating heat increases and it radiates the heat received into the surrounding space, while radiatingly cooling. After cooling, an attractive electric field is created between the charged plates, and the process is repeated. Rechargeable plates can be made in the form of rings located both inside and outside the movable shell. Their radii should preferably exceed the radius of the through hole in the detachable part of the engine with a coil.

 After the engine is accelerated by nuclear explosions, its speed increases, and the number of cosmic plasma particles injected into the magnetic trap of the coil also increases. Due to this, the number of particles falling into the loss cone increases, which are then accelerated along the axis of the engine, ejected from the magnetic trap and create reactive thrust with an external additional source of the working fluid. When the engine is accelerated by nuclear explosions, the explosion plasma flow can be slowed down as follows.

 Along the axis toward the explosion plasma, the electron flow accelerates and charges the engine with a positive charge. Powerful microwave radiation is emitted towards the explosion. It can be emitted either by accelerating systems of accelerators 42-44, or free electrons injected into the channels for the passage of the working fluid, for example, from a plasma source 5 and accelerated in them by electric fields of electrodes 8-10 with the emission of electromagnetic waves. In this case, the ions of the explosion plasma cannot approach the engine due to electrostatic repulsion, and the scattering force of the radiation prevents the electrons. In this case, between the explosion plasma and the channels for the passage of the working fluid filled with emitting electrons, a standing electromagnetic wave is formed, which further enhances the effect of braking the explosion plasma by the radiation scattering force.

 When flying in outer space, the power system mainly operates in the low-energy generation mode of a three-mode nuclear power plant, the power of which is limited by the capacity of its cooling system. Nuclear explosions in a magnetic field can additionally supply electric power to the engine. Firstly, they create relativistic electric fields along its axis, the energy of which can be stored by making sheets 36, 37 electrically conductive and electrically insulated from each other in the form of a capacitor bank, the lining of which is perpendicular to the line drawn through the explosion point. One of the options for this solution is shown in Fig.6. The motor 54 is electrically connected to the sheets 55, 56. Relativistic fields cause the flow of charges between the plates (sheets), and the capacitors are charged. The sheets are connected to a system that provides this process, for example, it first connects the sheets electrically and then disconnects them, storing electric energy in the capacitors after the charge flows over the field. Secondly, the hard gamma radiation of the explosion knocks out Compton electrons from the sheet material, which at the same time acquire momentum and fly from one sheet to another, electrically charging the capacitor formed by these sheets as plates. The stored electrical energy is used to create traction. The directions of electric fields in both cases are different, therefore, these two processes compete with each other.

Engine braking occurs similarly to acceleration after turning 180 ^° . The payload 46 is shielded from the external magnetic field by a magnetic shield 47, including from the field of the coil. After the engine lands on another celestial body, the external environment is intensively sucked into the engine by the device for sucking in the environmental medium and, passing through the channels for the passage of the external medium’s substance, comes into thermal contact with the engine’s power supply system, cooling it and allowing the three-mode nuclear power plant to go over into high-power generation mode, on the order of gigawatts, by increasing the cooling power. The generated energy is converted and stored by a coil. In this case, water, ice, liquefied gases such as, for example, methane and ammonia, as well as solid soil, can be used to cool the power supply system. In the latter case, heat pipes are instilled into the ground, which are then connected to the engine. The coolant circulates in the power supply system, is heated by it, enters these pipes, heats the soil through them, and itself is cooled. When ice is cooled, the engine with its lower surface is mounted on its upper surface, releases a heated working fluid, which melts ice, through channels for the passage of the working fluid, and under the influence of its own weight, the engine is immersed in a liquid formed from melting ice, which is then sucked into the engine by a device for suction of environmental matter, enters the channels for the passage of environmental matter and cools the power supply system. After the accumulated energy is generated in the coil during operation of the power supply system in maximum power mode, corresponding to the cooling power of the environment, the engine is ready for start and for a new flight.

 An engine can be used to create reactive thrust in a conductive fluid such as sea water. When creating horizontal traction, the conductive fluid enters the interelectrode gaps of each pair of coaxial electrodes 21, 22, between which a radial electric field is created perpendicular to their axes. A radial electric current flows between the electrodes, creating an axial magnetic field, which acts by the buoyant force of the ampere on the current causing it, under the influence of which the conductive liquid is pushed out of the interelectrode gaps of each pair of coaxial electrodes. In this case, the external magnetic field (coil field) is shielded by the external electrode of the pair.

 The vertical thrust is created when the channels 19, 20 are filled with a conducting fluid for the passage of environmental matter, then coming from them into the channels 6, 7 for the passage of the working fluid, where it is accelerated in the same way as described above for plasma. The engine in this direction is capable of creating traction when moving in any fluid. At the same time, it fills the channels for the passage of the substance of the environment, the valves of the device for suctioning the substance of the environment are closed, the liquid heats up, experiencing thermal contact with the nuclear power plant of the power supply system, when heated, part of the liquid (possibly all of it) evaporates, hot steam enters the channels for the passage of the working fluid and due to its heat pressure are ejected from them with force, creating a jet thrust. Then the valves of the device for suctioning the substance of the environment open again, etc.

 When creating a horizontal traction, the electrodes 15, 16 can rotate the conductive fluid alternately, first to one side around an axis to the left of the plane of symmetry of the engine, then to the other side to the right, as described above for atmospheric gas. Rotating in different directions, the masses of the conductive fluid collide and accelerate in the direction away from the engine, creating traction.

 The engine can additionally be used for movement in glaciers, melting ice underneath and dropping under the influence of its weight, which allows it to be used for mining in areas of ice shelves, for example, Antarctica and Greenland. The engine can use small asteroids to create traction, exploding them with nuclear charges, which greatly increases the mass of the accelerated working fluid. Explosions can be carried out not only behind the engine in the direction of travel, but also in front of it. Explosion products are trapped in a magnetic trap and accelerated as previously described. When the engine brakes, it is possible to fly into the atmospheres of planets with speeds much higher than those with which spacecraft with traditional engines enter them, since the engine does not experience direct contact with atmospheric gas, but interacts with it using electromagnetic fields. This will allow the engine to move to other planets along the shortest paths, since it will be necessary to extinguish the braking speed only to the extent that the engine would be able to stay in orbit around it during the first revolution around the planet and not slip past into outer space. At the same time, it is intensively inhibited by atmospheric gas and at the next round the task is much easier. This provides very significant advantages of the engine over traditional chemical rocket engines, since ships equipped with them are constantly forced to solve the dilemma: whether to move to another planet along the shortest path and spend colossal amounts of fuel for braking to compensate for the difference in the orbital speeds of rotation around the planet’s Sun and Earth, taking into account the accumulated second space velocity (at least) or move along an elongated trajectory, at which the flight time increases (very significant but), but the fuel remains to be returned, since in this case it is spent less.

The calculation of the engine is carried out, and its performance, in principle, is scientifically substantiated. The thrust was calculated for current densities of 100 A / cm ² that exist in an electric arc in atmospheric pressure air and which withstand tungsten electrodes operating at a temperature of 2750 K with radiation cooling [1] The same electrodes can withstand direct contact with a nuclear explosion plasma, as well being cooled by radiation, since the plasma ion current in this case is much less. The engine has a maximum specific energy content per unit weight of the engine, which in principle can be proposed today by the level of development of human civilization to create reactive thrust during space flights, and this value increases nonlinearly with an increase in engine power.

Claims (12)

 1. An electric rocket engine containing a charged particle accelerator, an electrical power system, an ionizing radiation source located on a side surface of the engine, an electromagnetic magnetic field coil configured to create a magnetic field outside the engine, characterized in that it is provided with a plasma source connected to the channels for the passage of the working fluid, the inner walls of which, made in the form of electrodes, form rotation figures, coaxial with the magnetic field coil, neutralizer, poison storage charge the device, the ejection of nuclear charges, while the coil is connected to a system of accumulation, storage, switching and use the energy of the magnetic field to create traction, and the distance from the inner walls of the channels for the passage of the working fluid to their axis of symmetry does not decrease in the direction of exit of the working fluid and at the output of the channels, a system of electrodes is installed, made with the possibility of creating an electric field parallel to the axis of the engine, coinciding with the axis of the coil, while on the upper end surface the needle is made coaxial with the coil protrusion, at the base of which there is an additional source of ionizing radiation, on both sides of which are two electrodes in the form of rotation figures, coaxial with the coil, one of the electrodes mounted on the upper end surface of the coil, and the other on the protrusion, two pairs of coaxial electrodes are installed on the side surface of the coil on opposite sides of its axis, the axes of which are perpendicular to the axis of the coil and mutually parallel, and each pair of coaxial electrodes It is made with the possibility of free passage of atmospheric gas along its axis and is connected to an additional plasma source configured to supply plasma to the interelectrode gap of coaxial electrodes, and to a radiation source configured to ionize atmospheric gas along the axis of coaxial electrodes.  2. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with a nuclear power plant.  3. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with a system for re-liquefaction of hydrogen.  4. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the magnetic field coil is made in the form of a superconducting solenoid, the length of which is less than its diameter, and is placed in a helium cryostat with thermal insulation.  5. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the plasma source is connected to a device for aspirating a substance of the environment, made with the possibility of cooling the power system.  6. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the external electrode of each pair of coaxial electrodes is configured to shield an external magnetic field in the interelectrode gap.  7. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with a repulsive device configured to ensure that the part of the engine located above the coil is disconnected from the rest of the engine, the separation of the separated parts along the axis of the engine and their subsequent connection.  8. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with a repulsive device configured to disconnect a part of the engine, including elements located inside the through axial hole of the coil and above the coil, from the remaining elements of the engine, diluting the separated two parts along the axis of the engine and their subsequent connection.  9. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that on the end surfaces of the engine two external electrodes are installed, through the interelectrode gaps of which passes the axis of symmetry of the engine, made with the possibility of free passage of environmental particles through them.  10. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with a source of refractory particulate matter with a small work function.  11. The engine of claim 10, wherein the source of refractory particulate matter is made in the form of a plasma chemical reactor.  12. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains at least two sheets attached in layers to the lower end surface of the engine, made of a material that attenuates electromagnetic and neutron radiation with a nuclear explosion spectrum, and a system that allows the sheets to be disconnected in turn from the engine.

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