RU1841104C - Simulator for training of operators of ship passive radar systems - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: physics, navigation.

SUBSTANCE: the invention relates to training technical facilities and can be used for training of operators of radar systems (RS). The simulator for training of operators of ship passive RS contains an operator console of passive RS with fifteen outputs, the unit of indicator devices with ten inputs and one integrated input with output, the radiation signal bearing frequency memory unit with five inputs and outputs, the antenna current position simulation unit with two inputs and one output, the target detection time memory unit with four inputs and one output, the receiver simulation unit with five inputs and two outputs, the unit of simulation of distant tropospheric signal propagation with three inputs and five outputs, the video signal simulation unit with ten inputs and four outputs, the calculator with five inputs and outputs, the online memory unit with one input and output, the buffer memory with two inputs and one output, the adaptive observation parameters simulation unit (AOPSU) with five inputs and two outputs, the first AND gate with two inputs and one output, the second AND gate with two inputs and one output, the OR gate with two inputs and one output, NOT element with one input and output. AOPSU contains five input registers, the constant register, two adders, the multiplier, two comparison circuits, seven AND gates, the delayed multivibrator.

EFFECT: the invention allows to approach simulation conditions to the real ones as much as possible.

11 dwg, 2 cl

Description

The proposed device relates to the field of simulator engineering and can be used to train the operators of shipborne passive radar systems (PRLS) in methods and techniques for their control in various operational and tactical situations.

The device under consideration is a simulator for training passive radar operators, the equipment of which includes a computer, implemented on the basis of a computer or microprocessor kit. All this makes it possible to artificially implement the physical or functional model of the ship's PRLS and its interaction with the external environment. Allowing to bring training conditions as close as possible to the conditions of professional work of the operators, the simulator for the training of shipborne RPLS operators to the greatest extent ensures the fulfillment of the psychological and pedagogical requirements for the process of naval personnel.

One of the important issues that developers of simulators need to solve is the possibility of realizing in the simulator a functional model of the external conditions specific to the operation of ship radar systems and training for the operators' professional skills. So, one of the most important combat missions faced by shipborne radar operators is the detection of radar emitting probable enemy radars with long-range tropospheric propagation of radio waves (DTR) at maximum ranges several times greater than the range to the radio horizon.

Thus, in the simulator for the training of shipborne radar operators it is necessary to simulate the processes of searching, receiving and measuring the main radio engineering parameters of the radar radiation of a potential enemy located at ranges of 300-350 km. In addition, with the help of a simulator, it is necessary to teach shipborne radar operators the methods and techniques for controlling systems in solving the problems of searching, receiving and measuring the main radio-technical parameters of radar emissions in radar systems at maximum distances from their receiving point.

Therefore, at present, simulators have become very popular in the national economy for the training of shipborne RPLS operators, where the issues discussed above are solved to one degree or another. Among these simulators is the proposed simulator for the training of shipborne passive radar systems operators.

A known radar simulator for training operators in guiding and manually tracking targets (ed. St. No. 525999, MKI G09B 9/00, G01S 7/02 - Bulletin No. 31 of 08/25/1976).

The simulator includes a guidance indicator, an angular sweep forming unit, a range sweeping forming unit, a vertical marking forming unit, a horizontal marking forming unit, an antenna system simulation unit connected to the antenna angular steering wheel, a scanning sector start pulse generating unit, an end pulse generating unit scanning sectors, blocks for measuring the coordinates of the left and right boundaries of the scanning sector, respectively, a pulse generating unit for the sector bisector with aniasing, control trigger, conjunctor of reading the angular coordinates, block of reading angular coordinates inside the scanning sector, range trigger, generator of pulse-markers, range conjunctor of range, block of reading the coordinates of the range, block for determining the position of the horizontal mark, block for converting the angular movement of the helm into code manual tracking, matching unit, computers, code switching block, manual tracking block.

Before starting work, a program for calculating the trajectories of movement of targets and interference is introduced into the main memory of the computer. The task of the radar operators of guidance and manual tracking of targets is to, according to target designation, i.e. coordinates of the target, lead the antenna system so that the bisector of the scanning support sector intersects the target. The operator observes the air situation by a guidance indicator with a raster scan, similar to a television one. The raster is created by scanning the beam of the radiation pattern (MD) of the antenna.

The operator combines the mark of the tracking range system (horizontal mark) with the target (as a result, the target is in the crosshair of the bisector of the scanning sector and the horizontal mark of range) and puts the antenna control system and tracking range system in the manual tracking mode, trying to keep the target in the crosshair of the bisector of the scanning sector and horizontal range mark.

The radar simulator for training operators in guiding and manual tracking of targets (av. St. No. 525999) provides:

- display on the screen of the indicator with a raster scan of the target mark;

- display on the screen of an indicator of horizontal and vertical marks of the tracking system;

- manual tracking of the detected target using a tracking system;

- measurement of accuracy and time characteristics of operator activity;

- the output of the results to the printing device.

The disadvantages of the radar simulator for training operators in guiding and manually tracking targets (ed. St. No. 525999) include:

- the impossibility of teaching operators the practical skills of detecting and tracking radiation sources at maximum ranges several times greater than the range to the radio horizon;

- the impossibility of teaching operators the practical skills of detecting and tracking radiation sources with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse;

- the impossibility of training operators in the practical skills of the combat use of the radar in the conditions of DDR radio waves.

Known simulator for training operators of ship's passive radar systems (ЯВ1.079.003 Т0), providing:

- display on the screen of indicators of simulated radar and radio engineering situations;

- display on the screen of the indicator with a horizontal scan of the secondary signals in the form of corresponding pulses;

- the possibility of training operators in practical skills in detecting radiation sources with a determinate carrier frequency in the conditions of radio-wave DTR;

- measurement of accuracy and time characteristics of operator activity;

- the issuance of results to the ADCU.

The simulator for training operators of shipborne passive radar systems (ЯВ1.079.003Т0) contains a computer, a buffer memory, random access memory, a sign display device, a control device, a device for generating the first and second markers, the first and second voltage converters into code, the first, second and a third comparison circuit, the first and second logic circuit OR, a simulator of the current position of the antenna, containing the fourth comparison circuit and the third logic circuit OR, trigger, the first logic ical circuit "AND", a binary counter, as well as radar signal simulator, and analyzing videopulses display device, a second logic "AND".

Before starting the process of training operators on the simulator, a program for calculating the trajectories of movement of targets is introduced into the main memory of a computer using an input and registration device. In this case, the trajectories of the targets are set on the plane in a rectangular coordinate system with the center taken out from the point of the ship's radar to the maximum range of the system both in the X coordinate and in the Y coordinate.

The simulation of the existing superheterodyne PRLS receiving devices in the given conditional frequency ranges I and II is carried out by linearly varying voltage generators, which are part of the control device equipment. In the control device, horizontal triggering pulses of the first and second scans of the video pulse indication device are generated. The sawtooth voltages I and II, taken from the generators through the sawtooth current amplifiers I and II, enter the deflecting coils, and the light spots deviate over the entire length of the CRT screen.

The simulated radar signals of radiation in the form of video pulses entering the display device form an information model of the radio engineering situation. In the process of training, the shipborne radar operator can carry out semi-automatic data acquisition of the information model. Semi-automatic removal is implemented using a control device, a device for forming a marker I and a device for forming a marker II.

As already noted, the simulation of radar signals in the simulator occurs at the video frequency. This takes into account a number of radio-technical parameters of the signals and the change in these parameters (amplitude, number of pulses, etc.) on the CRT screen of the video pulse display device depending on the distance of the radiation source — PRLS, propagation conditions of the signals along the route, amplitude-frequency characteristics of the receiver, diagram directivity (DN) direction finding antenna.

Under the conditions of functioning of the radar control system, the troposphere has a great effect on the input power level of the received signals. The influence of the troposphere on the input signal power level is usually characterized by the attenuation function, which is determined by the average value and fluctuations. Changes in the average level of signals are caused by meteorological reasons such as changes in the intensity of atmospheric fluctuations, passage of atmospheric fronts, changes in the temperature regime of the troposphere, etc. The average level and standard deviation of slow fluctuations in the simulator are selected from the data of statistical processing of a large number of experimental implementations of the autocorrelation function and are recorded in read-only memory included in the DTR simulator.

The simulator also includes a sign indication device, consisting of a sign decoder, backlight amplifier, CRT, envelope shaper, DC amplifier, distributor, and address shaper. On the CRT screen of the device of a given sign indication in alphanumeric form, the forms (a set of some basic radio technical parameters plus the current bearing value) of the detected radiation sources are displayed. By analyzing the forms of detected targets, the ship radar operator manually dials on the control device the corresponding attribute - target number and issues the data form to the weapon control system.

To simulate the rotation of the direction-finding antenna in a given sector, the simulator uses a simulator of the current position of the antenna, consisting of a rotating transformer, a current azimuth sensor, two disks with slots, three photocells, a motor, a switching device, two triggers, two "I" circuits, two binary counters , two "OR" circuits, two adders and two blocks of constants.

Training of operators on the simulator (ЯВ1.079.003Т0) involves the following stages: perception, decision making and execution of the decision.

The perception stage begins with an information search, as a result of which the operator discovers radiation sources in a given spatial sector. The next stage is the analysis and processing of the information received for decision making. After the decision is made, the final stage begins - the executive actions of the operator.

The disadvantages of the simulator for the training of shipborne passive radar systems operators (ЯВ1.079.003Т0) are as follows:

- the impossibility of teaching shipborne radar operators the practical skills of detecting and tracking radar with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse;

- the impossibility of taking into account the random nature of the field in the aperture of the direction-finding antenna under the conditions of DDR radio waves, leading to loss of antenna gain;

- the impossibility of teaching operators the practical skills of detecting and tracking radiation sources at maximum ranges several times greater than the range to the radio horizon.

The simulator implements a model of movement of radiation sources, which is a combination of sections with rectilinear movement and sections of maneuver - this is a polynomial model of movement. (See AN Romanov. Simulators for training radar operators using computers. - M: Military Publishing House, 1980, p. 34-38).

After the simulator is turned on by the trained operator, the clock pulse generator and the trigger pulse generator simulate the operation of superheterodyne PRLS receiving devices in the I and II conditional frequency ranges, as well as simulate horizontal sweeps on the screen of a two-beam CRT. All computing devices are part of the passive radar operator console.

Radar signals of radiation, simulated in the simulator by a video pulse simulation unit, are sent in analog form to the corresponding CRT electrodes, where they are reproduced in the form of marks. Here, on the CRT screen, rectangular pulses-markers are displayed, which are formed in the block of indicator devices.

Thus, the radar signals of radiation at the video frequency and the secondary signals in the form of rectangular pulses of a given duration, which are displayed on the CRT screen of the block of indicator devices, form an information model of the radio engineering situation in the coverage area of the ship's radar equipment.

During the operation of the simulator, the trained operator can carry out semi-automatic data collection of the information model of the radar situation. For this, the trained operator combines the pulse markers with the marks of the target in the form of video pulses. Changing the position of the luminous markers on the screen of a CRT is done using the passive radar operator’s console and the indicator unit.

The trained operator, using the passive radar operator’s console and the carrier block for fixing the radiation frequency, detects radiation sources with a determinate carrier frequency. In this case, the time spent by the operator in the process of detecting radiation sources is estimated. The evaluation result is printed out in alphanumeric form.

The simulator for the training of shipborne radar operators includes a sign display device consisting of a sign decoder, backlight amplifier, CRT, envelope shaper, DC amplifier, distributor, address shaper. On the CRT screen of the sign display device, forms of detected radiation sources are displayed in alphanumeric form. To this end, in the buffer memory from the first output of the calculator during the execution of the subroutine for the formation of the radio environment, radar forms are received whose signals do not fall within the shading zone from the deck superstructures of the ship and entered into the calculator to organize the process of forming the information model of the radio environment. The buffer storage device operates in conjunction with random access memory, the target forms to which are rewritten in the presence of a binary code P. _tech.ant. - the angular position of the direction finding antenna. A prerequisite for the presence of the code P _tech.ant. is the simultaneous receipt at the first and second inputs of the logic circuit "And" signals from the outputs of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna and the simulation unit of the receiving device. This condition is equivalent to the reception of radiation signals by the main lobe of the antenna beam of the direction-finding antenna when compensating for the radiation signals received along the side lobe of the beam during the operation of superheterodyne PRLS receivers.

To simulate detected radar signals, the simulator uses a video signal simulation unit. Since during the operation of the radar detection system that implements the amplitude direction finding method, information about the object of observation comes in the form of a conversation sequence of video pulses fluctuating in amplitude, the generated video signals are a sequence of rectangular pulses whose amplitude fluctuates. In this case, the average power level of the received signal changes inversely with the second degree of range in accordance with the basic equation of radar.

So, the video signal simulation unit imitates the radar signals at the video frequency taking into account the range, signal propagation conditions, and the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the receiving devices when operating in the I and II frequency ranges.

. Величина $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

зависит от многих факторов - протяженности трассы распространения сигналов излучения до места приема, метеорологических условий, времени суток и года, размеров зеркала антенны и др. Данные о потерях усиления пеленгационной антенны заносятся во внешние запоминающие устройства перед началом процесса обучения. В процесса работы тренажера осуществляется выборка величин $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

, которые в дальнейшем преобразуются с дискретного в аналоговый вид и суммируются с амплитудами сигналов, принимаемых ПРЛС, и тем самым учитывается эффект потери усиления коэффициента направленного действия пеленгационной антенны. Это приводит к увеличению степени подобия имитированных сигналов реальным в условиях ДТР радиоволн. Для этой цели в тренажере используется блок имитации дальнего тропосферного распространения сигналов.Under the conditions of functioning of the radar communication system, the troposphere has a great effect on the power level of received signals. The random nature of the field in the aperture of the direction-finding antenna leads to a decrease in the field intensity at the focus, i.e. to reduce the antenna directivity $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

. Value $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

depends on many factors - the length of the propagation path of the radiation signals to the place of reception, meteorological conditions, time of day and year, mirror dimensions of the antenna, etc. Data on the gain loss of the direction-finding antenna are entered into external storage devices before the training process. In the process of the simulator, the selection of quantities $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

, which are subsequently converted from discrete to analog form and summed with the amplitudes of the signals received by the radar detector, and thereby take into account the effect of loss of gain of the directional gain of the direction-finding antenna. This leads to an increase in the degree of similarity of simulated signals to real ones in the conditions of DDR radio waves. For this purpose, the simulator uses a unit for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation.

When simulating radar detection with a determinate carrier frequency of the radiation signals, superheterodyne receiving devices operate and the receiver simulation unit, which is part of the simulator's equipment, imitates the operation of the device for compensating radiation signals received by the battle lobes of the direction finding antenna.

When simulating the detection of radiation sources with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, the compensation of the reception of radiation signals along the side lobes of the direction-finding antenna of the direction-finding antenna is fundamentally not included, since in this case a direct gain receiver is operating that can simultaneously receive radiation signals in the entire frequency range and from any directions.

The simulation of the direct gain receiver in the simulator is carried out using a simulation of the receiving device as follows. From the buffer storage device to the random access memory, data forms are selected for all radiation sources of the specified frequency ranges located in the scanning sector of the PRLS direction finding antenna. At the same time, the possibility of semi-automatic information retrieval using pulse markers from a video pulse display device is excluded, since when a radar operates with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, the appearance of video signals on the CRT screen of a video pulse display device is random. There is no time correlation, they appear randomly in different places on the screen, while video pulses from radars with a determinate carrier frequency are located with some scatter due to measurement errors in a certain place on the screen and a quite compact group.

An RLS operator, visually observing a CRT screen of a video pulse display device in case of detecting a radar with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, cannot select a compact packet of video pulses. He is forced to turn on the direct gain receiver. Simultaneously with switching on the direct amplification receiver, the trained operator, using the simulation unit of the current position of the direction-finding antenna, implements the spatial orientation of the antenna in the direction of the assumed location of the radar with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse. As a criterion for the correct spatial orientation of the antenna, the condition for indicating randomly appearing video pulses with a maximum amplitude is selected. When the coordinate (bearing) radar tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, stored in the memory of the calculator, would be inside the gate _tek.ant n ± θ _0/2, where θ ₀ - width of the main lobe direction-finding antenna half-power level, the calculator switches on the subroutine of rewriting the characteristic (P) into the data form characterizing the given radiation source.

A data form with the sign P is displayed on the CRT screen of the sign display device, which is part of the block of indicator devices. The appearance of feature II in the form of data indicates the detection of a radar source with tunable carrier frequency.

Simulation of changes in the carrier frequency from pulse to pulse is implemented in the simulator unit simulating changes in the carrier frequency, which is part of the block of simulation of video signals. In the simulation unit, changes in the carrier frequency are stored in a specific sequence of the magnitude of the change in the carrier frequency of the signals (± Δf). The sequence of values (± Δf) is set a priori before the start of the operator training process when detecting the frequency of radiation signals according to a given law.

The fact of detecting radar with a tunable carrier frequency is established as a result of joint observation of the video signals appearing on the screen of the CRT of the video pulse indicating device and the data form with the sign P on the screen of the CRT of the sign indicating device. For this purpose, a radar description operation is performed, which is performed by dialing on the remote control of the radar operator a code of the target number - a target attribute, the data form of which has the P. sign.

If there is a target number code, the calculator switches to the subroutine for evaluating the speed of actions of the shipborne radar operator when a radar with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse is detected during DDR radio waves.

So, when training the Navy personnel on the simulator for training ship radar operators, it is possible to increase the degree of operators' practical skills in managing radar in the process of detecting radars with both deterministic and tunable carrier frequencies, as well as to achieve maximum similarity of the simulated signals in the conditions of radio-wave DDR.

The aim of the invention is to increase the level of training of operators to detect radiating radars at maximum ranges with long-range tropospheric propagation of radio waves by optimizing the spatial search parameters of a direction-finding antenna.

This goal is achieved by the fact that in the simulator for training operators of ship's passive radar systems, which includes a passive radar operator’s console, an antenna position simulator, a computer, a buffer memory, random access memory, a block of indicator devices, a block for fixing the carrier frequency of radiation signals, a unit for simulating far tropospheric propagation of signals, a unit for simulating video signals and a unit for recording time of target detection, as well as a unit and receiving device and logical element "I", while the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth outputs of the operator panel of the passive radar are connected respectively to the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth inputs of the indicator unit , the ninth, tenth and eleventh outputs of the operator panel of the passive radar are connected respectively to the second, third and fourth inputs of the video simulation unit, the twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth outputs of the operator panel of the passive radar they are connected respectively to the second, third and fourth inputs of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals, the fifteenth output of the operator panel of the passive radar is connected to the second input of the block for fixing the target detection time, the output of the block for simulating the current position of the antenna is also connected to the second input of the logical element "I", the first the input of the receiver simulation unit and the fifth input of the video signal simulation unit, the third, fourth and fifth inputs of the computer are connected respectively to the third output of the fixation unit the current frequency of the radiation signals, the first output of the unit for recording the target detection time and the second output of the simulation unit of the receiving device, the second, third, fourth and fifth outputs of the calculator are connected respectively to the fifth input of the unit for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals, the second input of the unit for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation, the second input of the receiver simulation unit and the third input of the target detection time recording unit, the ninth and tenth outputs of the indicator device unit are connected respectively, to the second and third outputs of the video signal simulation block, the fourth and fifth outputs of the radiation carrier carrier frequency fixing unit are connected respectively to the third inputs of the receiver receiving device simulation module and the far tropospheric signal simulation block, and the second and third outputs of the radiation signal carrier carrier frequency fixing block connected to the fourth and fifth inputs of the receiver simulation unit, the second, third, fourth and fifth outputs of the far tropospheric simulation unit signal propagation is connected respectively to the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth inputs of the video signal simulation block, the tenth input and fourth output of which is connected respectively to the fourth output of the calculator and the fourth input of the target detection time recording block, the adaptive review parameters simulation block and the logic element are connected in series " NOT ", the second logical element" AND "and the logical element" OR ", while the first, second outputs and the first, second, third, fourth, fifth inputs of the block simulate The adaptive overview parameters are connected respectively to the second input of the OR gate, the second input of the current antenna position simulation block, the output of the current antenna position simulation block, the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth outputs of the passive radar operator console, the output of the buffer memory, the input of the logic element NOT "connected to the seventeenth output of the passive radar operator's console, the second input of the second logic element" AND "is connected to the output of the buffer storage device, and the output q logical element "OR" is connected to the input of random access memory.

The authors are not aware of simulators with properties that match the properties of the proposed simulator. Therefore, the proposed simulator for training operators of passive ship radar in comparison with the known simulators of this purpose has significant differences.

The simulator considered above allows one to create dynamic and informational models with the help of which it is possible to simulate radar from a probable enemy’s radar located at maximum distances from the ship’s radar, exceeding the range to the radio horizon by several tens of times in the conditions of radio-wave DDR.

Thus, the newly introduced devices and communications in conjunction with enemy devices and communications make it possible to create a display on the simulator’s display devices of a complex radio engineering field generated by radar from a probable enemy’s radar located at maximum distances from radar ships several tens of times greater than the range to the radio horizon and subject to the conditions of DTR radio waves.

Thus, the trained operator of the ship’s radar system gets the opportunity to acquire skills and techniques for controlling the radar of a potential enemy, characterized by low energy potential, during training. At the same time, the quality of professional training of shipborne radar operators increases, which leads to an increase in combat readiness of the Navy.

Consider the technical implementation of the simulator for the training of operators of ship's passive radar systems, the characteristics of individual devices, blocks and elements.

In the drawing of FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a simulator for training shipborne passive radar system operators.

In the drawing of FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a passive radar operator panel (1).

In the drawing of FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a unit simulating the current position of the antenna (2).

In the drawing of FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a calculator (3).

In the drawing of FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a block of indicator devices (6).

In the drawing of FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of a block for fixing the carrier frequency of radiation signals (7).

In the drawing of FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a unit for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation (8).

In the drawing of FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a video simulation unit (9).

In the drawing of FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a target detection time fixing unit (10).

In the drawing of FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a receiver simulation unit (11).

In the drawing of FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a unit for simulating adaptive viewing parameters (13).

The proposed simulator for training operators of passive radar systems (Fig. 1) consists of a series-connected remote operator panel of a passive radar (1), a unit simulating the current position of the antenna (2), a computer (3) and a buffer memory (4), random access memory ( 4), random access memory (5), a block of indicator devices (6), a block for fixing the carrier frequency of radiation signals (7), a block for simulating far tropospheric propagation of signals (8), a block for simulating video signals (9), and a block fixing the time of detection of targets (10), as well as the simulation block of the receiving device (11), the first logical element "AND" (12), the block simulating the parameters of the adaptive review (13) and the logic element "NOT" connected in series (14), the second logical element "AND" (15) and logic element "OR" (16), while the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth outputs of the operator panel of the passive radar (1) are connected respectively to the second, third, fourth, fifth , the sixth, seventh and eighth inputs of the block of indicator devices (6), de the fifth, tenth and eleventh outputs of the passive radar operator console (1) are connected respectively to the second, third and fourth inputs of the video signal simulator (9), the twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth outputs of the passive radar operator console (1) are connected to the second, third and fourth, respectively the carrier frequency fixing of the radiation signals (7), the fifteenth output of the passive radar operator panel (1) is connected to the second input of the first logical element "And" (12), the first input of the receiver simulation unit (11) and the fifth the input of the video signal simulation block (9), the second, third, fourth and fifth inputs of the calculator (3) are connected respectively to the second and third outputs of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7), the first output of the block for fixing the target detection time (10) and the second output of the receiver simulation unit (11), the second, third, fourth and fifth outputs of the calculator (3) are connected respectively to the fifth input of the carrier block of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7), the second input of the far tropospheric propagation simulation block signals (8), the second input of the receiver simulation unit (11) and the third input of the target detection time recording unit (10), the ninth and tenth inputs of the indicator device block (6) are connected to the second and third outputs of the video signal simulation unit (9), the second and third outputs of the fixing block of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7) are connected respectively to the fourth and fifth inputs of the simulation block of the receiving device (11), and the fourth and fifth outputs of the block of fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7) are connected respectively to the third inputs of the receiver simulator unit (11) and the far tropospheric signal propagation simulator (8), the second, third, fourth, and fifth outputs of which are connected to the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth inputs of the video signal simulator (9), respectively, the ninth the input and the fourth output of which are connected respectively to the fourth output of the calculator (3) and the fourth input of the block for recording the target detection time (10), the first, second, third, fourth and fifth inputs of the block for simulating adaptive RAs (13) are connected respectively to the second input of the ″ OR ″ logical element (16), the second input and output of the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2), the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth outputs of the passive radar operator panel (1), the output of the buffer memory ( 4), the input of the logical element "NOT" (14) is connected to the seventeenth output of the operator panel of the passive radar (1), the second input of the second logical element "AND" (15) is connected to the output of the buffer memory (4), and the output of the logical element " OR "(16) connected to input o a memory device (5).

The listed blocks and circuits that are part of the simulator equipment for training the operators of ship's passive radar systems (the block diagram of the simulator is shown in Fig. 1) are implemented as follows.

1. The passive radar operator console (1) is intended for manual control of the passive radar by the trained operator during training on the simulator. It provides coordination of the work of all blocks and circuits of the simulator using the synchronizing and control signals generated by it.

The block diagram of the operator panel of the passive radar (I) is shown in FIG. 2.

The passive radar operator's console (1) consists of a scanning sector installation circuit (17), a clock pulse shaper (18), a start pulse shaper 1 and 2 (19), a sawtooth voltage generator 2 (21), and a control voltage shaper 1 (22), shaper code sequence (23), shaper control voltage 2 (24) and shaper signs (25).

The installation scheme of the scanning sector (17) consists of a steering wheel connected mechanically to a rotating transformer. The output of the rotating transformer is connected to the first input of the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2).

The pulse generator (18) consists of a series-connected crystal oscillator, a binary counter and a decoder. The first, second, third and fourth outputs of the decoder are connected, respectively, to the unit and zero inputs of trigger 1 and trigger 2, which are part of the trigger pulse shaper 1 and 2 (19). The fifth output of the decoder, which is part of the clock generator (18), is connected respectively to the eighth input of the indicator device block (6), the second input of the target detection time recording unit (10) and the second input of the adaptive review parameters simulation unit (13). The outputs of triggers 1 and 2 are connected respectively to the inputs of the sawtooth generator 1 (20) and the sawtooth generator 2 (21). The output of the sawtooth voltage generator 1 (20) is connected respectively to the second inputs of the indicator device block (6) and the video signal simulation block (9), and the output of the sawtooth voltage generator 2 (21) is connected respectively to the fourth input of the indicator device block (6) and the third input block simulation of video signals (9). The outputs of triggers 1 and 2 included in the driver 1 and 2 (19) are also connected to the sixth and seventh inputs of the block of indicator devices (6).

The sawtooth voltage generators 1 (20) and 2 (21) are made on a backward wave lamp (BWT).

Shapers of control voltage 1 (22) and 2 (24) are variable resistors, the outputs of which are connected respectively to the third input of the block of indicator devices (6), the second input of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7), and the fifth input of the block of indicator devices (6 ) and the fourth input of the fixing block of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7).

The code sequence generator (23) consists of N electrical circuits, each of which is a series-connected button, a single pulse shaper, a delay line, a trigger, and a buffer register, while the second trigger inputs are also connected to the outputs of the single pulse shapers, the second, third ... , N-th inputs of the buffer register are connected to the outputs of the triggers, (N + 1) -th input of the buffer register is connected to the fifth output of the decoder, which is included in the clock shaper (18). The first, second and third outputs of the code sequence generator (23) are connected respectively to the third input of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7), the third input of the block for simulating adaptive scan parameters (13) and simultaneously to the fourth input of the block for simulating adaptive scan parameters (13) and the input of the logic element "NOT" (14).

The signifier (25) consists of two electrical circuits, each of which is a series-connected button, a single pulse shaper, a delay line, a trigger and a buffer register, with an echo the second trigger inputs are also connected to the outputs of a single pulse shapers, the second buffer register input is connected to the trigger output, the third input of the buffer register is also connected to the fifth output of the decoder included in the clock shaper (18).

The considered blocks are made on known elements of analog and discrete technology. See 1. Martynov V.A. etc. Panoramic receivers and spectrum analyzers. Under. ed. G.D. Zavirina - M .: Publishing House "Sov. Radio", 1964, pp. 201-205.

2. Reference amateur radio designer. Under. ed. R.M. Malinina - M .: Publishing house "Energy", 1973, pp. 344-345.

3. Handbook of digital computing. Under. ed. B.N. Malinovsky - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, p. 282-291.

4. M.I. Fallenstein. The basics of radar - M .: Publishing house "Sov. Radio", 1973, pp. 383-387.

5. S.V. Samsonenko. Digital methods of optimal processing of radar signals - M .: Publishing house "Military Publishing", 1968.

2. The simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2) converts the angle of rotation of the direction-finding antenna into binary code, fixes the boundaries of the specified scanning sector of the antenna, determines the current azimuth and bisector of the scanning sector, and also applies the angular speed of rotation of the direction-finding antenna.

A block diagram of a simulation of the current position of the antenna (2) is shown in FIG. 3.

The unit simulating the current position of the antenna (2) includes a rotating transformer (26) mechanically connected to disk 1 (27), in turn, disk 1 (27) is mechanically connected to the current azimuth sensor (28), disk 2 (29) is mechanically connected to the tracking system (30), which is connected with the scanning mode control circuit (31) and the speed control circuit (32), the output of the current azimuth sensor (28) and the first, second, third and fourth outputs of the scanning mode control circuit (31) connected respectively to the first, second, third, fourth and fifth the input inputs of the antenna position code generation unit (33), the rotary transformer (26) is connected to the first output of the passive radar operator panel (I), the input of the speed control circuit (32) is connected to the second output of the adaptive viewing parameters simulation unit (13), the output of the unit generating the antenna position code (33) is connected simultaneously to the first input of the calculator (3), the fifth input of the video signal simulation block (9), the first input of the receiver simulation module (11), the second input of the first logical element “AND” (12) and the first input block imitates tion adaptive viewing parameters (13).

The scan mode control circuit (31) includes a first photocell, a first AND gate, and a first binary counter connected in series; second photocell and first trigger; second trigger; the second logic element "And" and the second binary counter, as well as the third photocell and switching device, while the first and second outputs of the first trigger are connected respectively to the second input of the first logical element "And" and the first input of the switching device, the output of which is connected to the first input the tracking system (30), the output of the first logical element "AND" is also connected to the first input of the unit for generating the antenna position code (33), the output of the first photocell is also connected to the second input of the second logical element nta "I", the output of the second photocell is also connected to the second inputs of the second trigger and the second binary counter, the output of the third photocell is connected simultaneously to the second input of the first trigger, the second input of the first binary counter and the first input of the second trigger, the output of the second logic element "And" is connected to the second input of the antenna position code generation unit (33), the output of the second binary counter and the second output of the second trigger are connected respectively to the third and fourth input of the position code generation unit I have antennas (33).

The antenna position code generation unit (33) includes an OR gate and a first adder connected in series; the first block of constants, the second logical element "OR" and the second adder, as well as the second block of constants, while the second input of the first adder is connected to the output of the second adder, the second input of which is the fifth input of the unit for generating the antenna position code (33) and connected to the output the sensor of the current azimuth (28), the output of the second block of constants is connected to the second input of the second logical element "OR", the inputs of the second and first blocks of constants are respectively the first and second inputs of the block forming the antenna position code (33), the first and second inputs of the first logical element "OR" are respectively the third and fourth inputs of the unit for generating the antenna position code (33), the output of the unit for generating the antenna position code (33) is connected simultaneously to the first input of the transmitter (3), the fifth input of the video signal simulator ( 9), the first input of the receiver simulation unit (11), the second input of the first AND gate (12) and the first input of the adaptive review parameters simulation block (13).

The speed control circuit (32) includes a “NOT” logic element, a first clock pulse generator, an “OR” logic element, a binary counter and a code-voltage converter, and a second clock generator, and the inputs of the “NOT” logic element are connected in series ", the second clock generator and the second input of the binary counter are connected simultaneously to the second output of the adaptive review parameter simulation unit (18), the output of the second clock generator is connected to the second input logically th element "OR", the output code-voltage converter connected to the second input of the servo system (30).

The operation of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2) is as follows. The operator, controlling the rotary transformer (26), sets the disk 1 (27) to the corresponding position and thereby sets the boundaries of the scanning sector of the direction-finding antenna, since on the disk 1 (27) the specified scanning sector (ΔС) is marked with two slots. Slots are also located on the periphery of disk 1 (27), the number of which corresponds to the discreteness of the azimuth reading. Disk 1 (27) is mechanically connected to the current azimuth sensor (28), from the output of which the binary code of the scanning sector bisector is received to the second input of the second adder entering the antenna position code generation unit (33) (P _bis. ). In alignment with disk 1 (27), disk 2 (29) is installed, in which special slots are made to form pulses of the beginning and end of the scanning sector and counting azimuthal marks. On the other side of the disk 2 (29) there are light sources that create narrow rays of light, which at each moment of time illuminate only one slot in the disk 2 (29). The disk 2 (29) is mechanically connected to the tracking system (30), which includes the engine. The direction of rotation of the shaft is switched by changing the phase of the supply voltage. Switching is carried out by a switching device included in the scan mode control circuit (31). The first, second, and third photocells convert light pulses penetrating through the slots of the disk 2 (29) when it is rotated by the engine into electric current pulses, while a pulse of the beginning of the scanning sector, generated by the second, is received at the single input of the first trigger, which is part of the scan mode control circuit a photocell at the moment of passing the direction of the initial boundary and setting the first trigger to a single state. This opens the first logical element "AND" and the sequence of pulses from the first photocell read azimuth marks goes to the first binary counter, the output of which is connected to the first input of the first logical element "OR", and to the input of the second block of constants.

At the same time, the pulse from the output of the second photocell arrives at the zero input of the second trigger, translating it to the zero state, and at the second control input of the second binary counter, zeroing it. The first trigger controls its switching device with its zero output. At the end of the scanning sector, the end pulse generated by the third photocell is fed to the zero input of the first binary counter, resetting it to zero. At the same time, the end pulse from the output of the third photocell goes to the single input of the second trigger, which opens the second logic element “I” for passing through it to the inputs of the second binary counter and the second block of constants of the pulse sequence from the first photocell. The output of the second binary counter is connected to the second input of the first logical element "OR". The zero output of the second trigger is similar to the zero output of the first trigger connected to the second input of the switching device, which controls the operation of the motor. In the second adder, the following operations are performed:

, где $$\left(-\frac{\Delta С}{2}\right)$$

хранится в первом блоке констант и $$\left(+\frac{\Delta С}{2}\right)$$

хранится во втором блоке констант, а в первом сумматоре осуществляются такие операции: где двоичный код $$(+{П}_{тек.ант.}^{\text{'}})$$

вырабатывается первым двоичным счетчиком и двоичный код $$(-{П}_{тек.ант.}^{\text{'}})$$

вырабатывается вторым двоичным счетчиком. $$P_{b\mathrm{and}\mathrm{from}.}\pm \frac{\Delta \mathrm{FROM}}{2}$$

where $$\left(-\frac{\Delta \mathrm{FROM}}{2}\right)$$

stored in the first block of constants and $$\left(+\frac{\Delta \mathrm{FROM}}{2}\right)$$

stored in the second block of constants, and in the first adder the following operations are performed: where is the binary code $$(+P_{te\mathrm{to}.\mathrm{but}nt.}^{\text{'}\text{'}})$$

generated by the first binary counter and binary code $$(-P_{te\mathrm{to}.\mathrm{but}nt.}^{\text{'}\text{'}})$$

generated by a second binary counter.

Thus, in the unit simulating the current position of the antenna (2) using a rotary transformer (26), disk 1 (27), the current azimuth sensor (28), disk 2 (29), the tracking system (30), the scanning mode control circuit ( 31) and the antenna position code generation unit (33) a binary code is generated

$$P_{te\mathrm{to}.\mathrm{but}nt.}=P_{b\mathrm{and}\mathrm{from}.}\pm \frac{\Delta \mathrm{FROM}}{2}\pm P_{te\mathrm{to}.\text{ant}\text{.}}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

which is subsequently used when operating the simulator.

The rotation speed of the motor shaft, which is part of the tracking system (30), is set by the speed control circuit (32) as follows. At the input of the logic element "NOT" from the second output of the unit for simulating adaptive viewing parameters (13), a control signal is received or not. If there is no control signal, i.e. If the adaptive survey is not performed (scan sector overview with the lowest angular rotation speed of the antenna), then from the output of the logic element “NOT” the inverted logic “0” starts the first clock generator, which generates a sequence of standard pulses with a certain frequency. This sequence of pulses from the output of the first clock generator through the OR logic element is fed to the input of a binary counter, which performs the function of counting for a certain period of time pulses and generates a binary code, which is converted by a code-voltage converter to voltage to control the rotation of the servo motor shaft system (30) with a certain speed. If there is a control signal, then it is inverted by the logic element "NOT" to the logical "0" and thereby stops the operation of the first clock generator. At the same time, it resets the binary counter and starts the second clock generator, the generation frequency of which is much lower than the generation frequency of the first clock generator. The sequence of pulses from the output of the second clock generator through the logical element "OR" falls into the binary counter, where they are counted and the binary code of the account from the output of this binary counter is then sent to the code-voltage converter. The code-voltage converter converts the code into voltage to control the rotation speed of the motor shaft, which will be the lowest compared to the rotation speed of the antenna under normal conditions, i.e. when adaptive view mode is not set.

So, using the speed control circuit (32) in the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2), the RPM of the direction-finding antenna of the PRLS is simulated, which manifests itself in a slow change in the binary code of the current position of the antenna.

The purpose of the individual blocks and elements that make up the block simulating the current position of the antenna (2), and their construction are described in detail in the special technical literature. See 1. C.V. Samsonenko. Digital methods of optimal processing of radar signals - M .: Military Publishing House, 1968, pp. 108-112.

2. A.N. Romanov. Simulators for training radar operators using computers - M.: Military Publishing, 1980, pp. 70-74.

3. The computer (3) is an EC-1030 computer and is designed to convert radar and radio information according to a given program, control the computing process and the interaction of blocks, circuits and elements in the process of solving educational problems.

The block diagram of the calculator (3) is shown in FIG. four.

The calculator (3) includes an EC-2030 (34) processor with main RAM connected to the selector channel SK1 (35), SK2 (36), SK3 (37) and the multiplex channel MK (38), and the EC-NMD control device 5551 (39), NMD EC-5056 (40), NML control unit EC-5517 (41), NML EC-5017 (42), input-output interface (43), UVU device (44), switching device (45) , an input and registration device (46), consisting of a typewriter with an EC-7070 control unit (47), an ADCU EC-7032 (48), an EC-7012 punch card output device (49) and an EC-6012 punch card input device ( 50), while SK1 (35) after connected to the control device NMD (39) and NMD (40), SK2 (36) is connected in series with the control device NML (41), and the NML (42), SK3 (37) is connected in series with the input-output interface (43), a UVU device (44) and a switching device (45), MK (38) is simultaneously connected to a typewriter (47), an ADCP (48), a punch card output device (49) and a punch card input device (50).

The first, second, third, fourth and fifth inputs of the switching device (45) are connected respectively to the output of the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2), the second and third outputs of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7), the output of the block for fixing the target detection time (10) ) and the second output of the receiver simulation unit (11).

The first, second, third, fourth and fifth outputs of the switching device (45) are connected respectively to the first input of the buffer storage device (4), the fifth input of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7), the second input of the block for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation (8) , simultaneously to the tenth input of the video signal simulation block (9) and the second input of the receiver simulation block (11), the third input of the target detection time fixing block (10).

In the calculator (3), the initial subroutines are entered using the input and registration device (46) through the MK (38) into the processor (34). From the RAM of the processor (34), the introduced routines through CK1 (35) and CK2 (36) are overwritten to NMD (40) and NML (42). In the process of the simulator, the initial subroutines with NMD (40) and NML (42) are entered in a certain sequence into the processor (34) of the calculator (3). Information to be registered is received through MK (38) to the registration input device (46).

Operational information, which is used by the calculator (3) during the operation of the simulator, comes from the blocks and circuits that are part of the simulator equipment, and is transmitted to the device data via SK3 (37), the input-output interface (43), and the UVU device (44) and switching device (45).

The organization of the computing process and the exchange through channels with the simulator equipment, the composition and purpose of the individual calculator devices (3), their hardware construction, the requirements for the construction of the input-output interface (43), the UVU device (44), the switching device (45) are described in sufficient detail in special technical literature. See 1. E.A. Drozdov et al. Electronic Computing Machines of a Unified System - M.: Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1976.

2. B.S. Khusainov. Programming of input-output in the OS of the EU computer in assembly language. - M .: "Statistics", 1980.

3. EC computer, input-output interface. Structure and composition. Functional Requirements. OST Ts50.000.020 Scientific Research Institute of High Voltage, 1969.

4. V.I. Grubov and other devices of electronic computing. - K .: Vishka Shkola Publishing House, 1980.

5. The buffer storage device (4) contains N memory cells and is intended to store machine words of a certain length.

Each memory cell consists of a set of memory elements (triggers), which can be in several stable states and are designed to fix (record) and store one digit (bit) or discharge of a number. The memory cells make up the cube of memory. In addition, the buffer memory (4) includes an address register, a word register, a switching unit, a reading unit, a recording unit, and a control unit.

According to the method of organizing the access to a given memory cell of the buffer storage device (4), the latter is a matrix storage device with the structure of the ZD. See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinovsky - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, p. 282-291.

5. Random access memory (5) is used as a matching device. This device is a transformer type, built on a U-shaped, linear ferrite cores. See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinowski - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, p. 322-329.

6. The block of indicator devices (6) is designed to indicate alphanumeric information in tabular form and video signals of the detected radars in the coverage area of the ship's radar equipment.

A block diagram of a block of indicator devices (6) is shown in FIG. 5.

The block of indicator devices (6) includes a sign indicating device (51), a video pulse indicating device (52), a marker forming device 1 (53) and a marker forming device 2 (54), while the first and second inputs of the sign indicating device (51) ) are connected respectively to the output of random access memory (5) and the eighth output of the passive radar operator's console (1), the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth inputs of the video pulse display device (52) are connected respectively to the output of the device marker 1 (53), the output of marker formation device 2 (54), the second and fourth outputs of the passive radar operator console (1), the second and third outputs of the video pulse simulation unit (9), the first and second inputs of marker formation device 1 (53) connected respectively to the third and fifth outputs of the passive radar operator's console (1), the first and second inputs of marker formation device 2 (54) respectively connected to the sixth and seventh outputs of the passive radar operator's console (1), the first input of the sign display device (51) is flush The output of the block of indicator devices (6) is connected to the first input of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of radiation signals (7).

The sign indication device (51) includes a sign decoder, a backlight amplifier, an envelope shaper, a DC amplifier, a distributor, an address shaper, and a CRT.

The organization of the display of alphanumeric information, the purpose of the individual devices of sign indication and their hardware construction are described in special technical literature. See 1. I.I. Litvak et al. Fundamentals of building display equipment in automated systems. - M.: Publishing House "Sov. Radio", 1975, p. 154-159.

2. N.G. Katukov et al. A unified sign board with a memory screen for shipborne radar systems - Shipbuilding Issues, Radar Series, Issue 23, 1976.

The video pulse display device (52) includes a CRT, a pulse expander 1, a sawtooth voltage generator 1, a sawtooth current amplifier 1, a pulse extender 2, a sawtooth voltage generator 2, a sawtooth current amplifier 2, a forward sweep illumination circuit 1, a forward illumination circuit sweep progress 2, mixer unit 1, mixer unit 2, brightness adjustment circuit 1, brightness adjustment circuit 2, focus adjustment circuit 1, focus adjustment circuit 2, first and second CRT deflecting coils, six control electrodes CRT and CRT two focusing coils.

The formation of a horizontal scan on the screen of a CRT device for displaying video pulses (52) is as follows.

Since the duration of the forward sweep is longer than the duration of the start pulse, a pulse expander, for example, a standby multivibrator, is turned on in front of the sawtooth voltage generator. Its negative impulses after each period of succession of start pulses are locked for the duration of the forward sweep of the sawtooth generator lamp. The sawtooth sweep voltage, taken from the generator through the sawtooth current amplifier, enters the deflecting coil and the light spot is deflected over the entire length of the ZLT screen. The illumination circuit changes the expander’s pulse in polarity and amplitude so that these pulses, when applied to the CRT control electrode, cause the necessary screen glow during the forward sweep. The technical implementation of the video pulse display device (52) is straightforward. See 1. A.N. Romanov. Simulators for training radar operators using computers. - M .: Military Publishing House, 1980, pp. 59-64.

2. I.I. Litvak et al. Fundamentals of building display equipment in automated systems. - M .: Publishing house "Sov. Radio", 1975.

Marker forming devices 1 (53) and 2 (54) are serially connected, a comparator and a waiting multivibrator. At one of the inputs of the comparator, a predetermined voltage is supplied, and at the other, a linearly increasing voltage. At the moment of equal amplitudes, the result is read. This transformation is called integration with a single angle. The simplest comparator is a differential amplifier with a large gain, built on the basis of transistors or operational amplifiers. Waiting multivibrators form rectangular pulses of a given duration and amplitude (markers), which from their outputs go to the first and second inputs of a video pulse display device (52). The hardware construction of the marker forming device is given in sufficient detail in the special technical literature. See 1. P. Horowitz, W. Hill. The art of circuitry. Volume I. Translation from English, ed. M.V. Halperin - M .: Publishing house "Mir", 1983, p. 212-214.

2. M.I. Fallenstein. The basics of radar - M .: Publishing house "Sov. Radio", 1973, pp. 383-387.

7. The fixing block of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7) is designed to fix the simulated carrier frequency of signals detected by radiation sources in the coverage area of a passive radar.

The block diagram of the fixation of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7) is shown in FIG. 6. The fixing block of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7) includes a series-connected first voltage converter to code (55) and a first comparison circuit (56), a second voltage converter to code (57) and a second comparison circuit (58), and the analysis circuit (59) and the third comparison circuit (60), while the input of the first voltage converter to code (55) is connected to the twelfth output of the passive radar operator's console (1), the input of the second voltage converter to code (57) is connected to the fourteenth output of the remote passive radar operator (1), input the analysis circuit (59) is connected to the second output of the calculator (3), the first output of the analysis circuit (59) is connected simultaneously to the second input of the first comparison circuit (56) and the first input of the far tropospheric signal propagation simulation unit (8), the second output of the analysis circuit ( 59) is connected simultaneously to the second input of the second comparison circuit (58) and the third input of the block for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation (8), the output of the second comparison circuit (58) is connected to the third input of the calculator (3), the output of the first comparison circuit (56) is connected to the second at the input of the calculator (3), the first and second inputs of the third comparison circuit (60) are connected respectively to the first output of the indicator device unit (6) and the thirteenth output of the passive radar operator panel (1). The first, second and third comparison schemes (56, 58, 60) perform the comparison operation, in which the fact of one of the conditions

x = y; x> y; x <y

, $$y=\pm {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^n{y}_i\cdot 2^{i-1}}$$

.Where $$x=\pm {\displaystyle \sum _{i=\mathrm{one}}^n{x}_i\cdot 2^{i-\mathrm{one}}}$$

, $$y=\pm {\displaystyle \sum _{i=\mathrm{one}}^n{y}_i\cdot 2^{i-\mathrm{one}}}$$

.

The comparison operation consists in the fact that the second is subtracted from one number and the last two of the above conditions are judged by the sign of the remainder. Such an operation is performed on the adder, to which an additional circuit is connected to fix the zero code of the remainder, which corresponds to the fulfillment of the first condition. See K.G. Samofalov et al. Electronic digital computers. - K .: Publishing house "Vishcha school", 1976, p. 159-165.

The first and second voltage to code converters (55, 57) are used to convert continuous values to discrete ones. The conversion of an analog quantity into a digital code is a measuring process and occurs by performing a series of operations of comparing the measured quantity with a set of reference discrete quantities having the same nature as the converted analog. The voltage converters in the code (55, 57) consist of a null-body that performs the operation of comparing the measured U _x and compensating (balancing) U _x values, the reference voltage source E _op , a digital voltage divider including a grid of resistances and switches, a digital machine that implements one of the balancing algorithms, a clock generator, synchronizing the operation of all nodes.

See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinovsky - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, pp. 379-389.

8. The unit for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation (8) is designed to simulate the effects of the troposphere on the power level of received radiation signals.

A block diagram of a unit for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation (8) is shown in FIG. 7.

The far tropospheric signal propagation simulation unit (8) includes a first logical element “I” (61), a first external storage device (62) and a first code-to-voltage converter (63), a second logic element “I” (64) , a second external storage device (65) and a second code-to-voltage converter (66), while the first input of the first logic element (61) is connected simultaneously to the first output of the carrier block of the radiation frequency (7) and the seventh input of the video signal simulator nalov (9), the first input of the second logic element (64) is connected simultaneously to the fifth output of the block of fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7) and the eighth input of the block simulating video signals (9), the second inputs of the first logic element (61) and the second logic element ( 64) are connected simultaneously to the third output of the computer (3) and the ninth input of the video signal simulation unit (9), the outputs of the first code to voltage converter (63) and the second code to voltage converter (66) are connected to the first and sixth inputs of the block, respectively video signal mitigation (9).

The first and second code-to-voltage converters (63, 66) are intended for issuing in an analog form control actions on the corresponding devices. They consist of a register in which a binary code of the quantity to be converted into an analog quantity, a source of stable voltage, and a digital voltage divider consisting of a decoding resistance network and precision keys are entered and stored.

A detailed description of code-to-voltage converters is given in the special technical literature. See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Edited by B.N. Malinovsky - K., Publishing House "Technique", 1974, pp. 392-394. The first and second external storage devices (62, 65) are used as sensors for the necessary information. These devices are of transformer type, built on U-shaped, linear ferrite cores. See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinovsky - K., Publishing House "Technique", 1974, pp. 322-329.

9. The video signal simulation unit (9) is designed to simulate the received passive radar signals of detected targets at a low frequency (video frequency), taking into account a number of their characteristic parameters and changes in these parameters (amplitude, angular extent on the indicator screen, etc.) depending on the range path radiation source - passive radar, conditions for the propagation of signals along the path, the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the receiving device.

A block diagram of a video simulation unit (8) is shown in FIG. 8.

The video signal simulator (9) includes a series-connected radar signal simulator (67) and a first adder (68), a carrier frequency change simulator (69) and a second adder (70), as well as a third adder (71) and a fourth adder (72) ), while the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh inputs of the radar signal simulator (67) are connected respectively to the output of the second adder (70), the output of the fourth adder (72), the tenth and ninth outputs of the passive radar operator console ( 1), the fifth output of the simulation block yes tropospheric propagation of signals (8), the output of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2) and the fourth output of the computer (3), the first output of the simulator of radar signals (67) is also connected to the first input of the fixation unit of the time interval for solving the problem (10), and the second the output of the radar signal simulator (67) is connected simultaneously to the first input of the third adder (71), and the fourth input of the block fixing the time interval for solving the problem (10), the second input of which in turn is connected to the third output of the block by them of the distant tropospheric signal propagation (8), and the output of the third adder (71) is connected to the tenth input of the indicator device block (6), the second input and output of the first adder (68) are connected respectively to the first output of the far tropospheric signal simulation block (9) and the ninth input of the indicator device unit (6), the second input of the second adder (70) is connected to the fourth output of the far tropospheric signal propagation simulation unit (8), the second output and the input of the carrier frequency change simulator (69) are keys respectively to the first input of the fourth adder (72) and the output of the eleventh passive radar operator console (1) and the second input of the fourth adder (72) connected to the second output unit simulation distal tropospheric propagation signals (8).

The radar signal simulator (67) includes four comparison circuits, four “I” logic elements, two antenna radiation pattern simulators, four modulators, two clock pulses, two long-range tropospheric propagation simulators, two Schmitt triggers, two voltage to code converters .

The operation of the radar signal simulator (67) is as follows. From the fourth output of the calculator (3) and the output of the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2), the codes of the bearing of the radiation source and the current azimuthal position of the direction-finding antenna are received respectively at the first and second inputs of the first and third comparison circuits. If the received codes coincide, the first and third comparison circuits generate control signals that open the first and third logic elements for passing through them the code of the current azimuthal position of the direction-finding antenna to the inputs of the first and second antenna radiation pattern simulators (BOTTOMs). The first and second DND simulators, taking into account the code of the current azimuthal position of the direction-finding antenna, generate signals whose amplitudes correspond to the shapes of the envelopes of the antenna bottom in the I and II conventional frequency ranges. From the outputs of the first and second DND simulators, the signals are received respectively at the first inputs of the first and third modulators, the second inputs of which respectively receive signals from the outputs of the second and fourth logical elements “AND”. From the outputs of the first and third modulators, the modulated signal sequence is fed to the first inputs of the second and fourth modulators, respectively. The second inputs of the second and fourth modulators receive signals from the outputs of the first and second simulators of the far tropospheric propagation of radio waves (DTR), respectively. DTR simulators are designed to form the levels of amplitudes of radiation signals, taking into account their attenuation during propagation along the horizon, i.e. taking into account the average values of the level of signal attenuation depending on the length of the path and the conditions of radio surveillance. The modulated signals from the outputs of the second and fourth modulators are respectively supplied to the inputs of the first adder (68) and the third adder (71).

The carrier frequency change simulator (69) includes two binary counters, two read-only memory devices and two buffer registers.

The operation of the carrier frequency change simulator (69) is as follows. Permanent memory devices, consisting of an address register, a decoder, shapers, a memory unit, a read amplifier, are laid down in a certain sequence of changes in the carrier frequency of radiation pulses with their sign (± Δf) by creating a rigid wiring diagram. These sequences correspond to the specified laws of change in the carrier frequency of radiation sources in I and II conventional frequency ranges. The address of the quantity (± Δf), which must be read from the memory block, is written into the address register from the binary counter. The readings of the binary counters with the given conversion factors are generated using clock pulses fed to the inputs of the binary counters from the eleventh output of the passive radar operator console (1). The address of the quantity (± Δf) is decrypted using a decoder. The signal at the output of the decoder's excited bus enters the shaper unit, where it is formed by amplitude and duration, after which it is fed to a selected cell in the memory block. The code signals of the selected (± Δf) are amplified by read amplifiers and are sent to the buffer register of the number.

Thus, with the help of a decoder and a memory unit that performs the functions of an encoder, the address code is converted into a read code (± Δf). The binary code (± Δf) from the output of the corresponding buffer register is fed to the first input of the corresponding second and fourth adders (70, 72).

The nodes and blocks that make up the carrier frequency change simulator (69) are described in detail in the special technical literature. See 1. E.A. Drozdov et al. Multiprogramming digital computers - M .. Military Publishing House, 1974, pp. 212-220.

2. E.A. Drozdov et al. Electronic Digital Computers - Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1968, pp. 244-262.

3. Handbook of digital computing. Edited by B.N. Malinowski - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, pp. 96-108.

4. M.I. Fallenstein. The basics of radar - M., Publishing House "Sov. Radio", 1973, pp. 383-387.

The first, second, third and fourth adders (68, 70, 71, 72) are designed to sum N-bit values and consist of N-one-digit adders, the number of which is equal to the number of bits of the terms taking into account the sign bits, with the output connection, which yields a transfer signal of a given discharge, with an input for a transfer signal of an adjacent, older discharge.

The technical implementation of the adders is described in detail in the technical literature. See 1. Handbook of Digital Computing. Edited by B.N. Malinowski. K., Publishing House "Technique", 1974, p. 182-200.

2. S.V. Samsonenko. Digital methods of optimal processing of radar signals - M .: Military Publishing House, 1968, pp. 38-43.

10. The unit for recording the time of detection of targets (10) is designed to record the time of operations for controlling a passive radar in the process of detecting radiation sources in a given spatial sector.

A block diagram of a target acquisition time fixing unit (10) is shown in FIG. 9.

, где y_i - логическое значение прямого выхода триггера i-го разряда.The block for detecting target acquisition time (10) includes the OR gate (73), the trigger (74), the AND gate (75), and the binary counter (76) connected in series, with the first and second inputs of the logic element "OR" (73) are connected respectively to the first and fourth outputs of the video signal simulation block (9), the second input of the logical element "AND" (75) is connected to the fifteenth output of the passive radar operator panel (1), the second inputs of the trigger (74) and binary counter (76) are connected simultaneously to the fifth output of the calculator (3), and the output binary counter (76) is connected to the fourth input of the computer (3). Binary counter (76) with binary positional coding represents a node consisting of series-connected trigger cells controlled by a counting input. The maximum number of states of an N-bit binary counter can be determined by the relation M = 2 ^N , and the counter capacity S _N = 2 ^N -1. Numeric expression of the current state of the binary counter $$S_{\mathrm{to}}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^N{2}^i\cdot y^i}$$

where y _i is the logical value of the direct output of the trigger of the i-th category.

The output of the binary counter (76) is connected to the fourth input of the computer (3). See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinowski - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, p. 176.

A trigger (74) that performs a switching function is the most common element of a discrete technique. See M.I. Fallenstein. The basics of radar - M .: Publishing house "Sov. Radio", 1973, pp. 383-387.

11. The receiver simulation unit (11) is designed to simulate the operation of a direct gain receiver used in a passive radar.

A block diagram of a receiver simulation unit (II) is shown in FIG. 10.

The simulation unit of the receiving device (11) includes a series-connected comparison circuit (77) and a first logical element "OR" (78), a circuit for generating a control signal (79), a logical element "NOT" (80), a logical element "AND" (81) and the second OR gate (82), as well as the third OR gate (83), while the first and second inputs of the comparison circuit (77) are connected respectively to the output of the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2) and the fourth output of the calculator (3), the second input and output of the first logical element "OR" (78) respectively, to the output of the control signal generation circuit (79) and the first input of the AND gate (12), the first, second inputs and the output of the third OR gate (83) are connected respectively to the second, third outputs of the signal carrier frequency fixation block radiation (7) and the second input of the logic element "AND" (81), the second input and output of the second logic element "OR" (82) are connected respectively to the fourth output of the block fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7) and the fifth input of the calculator (3) .

The control signal generating circuit (79) is intended to form a sign of operation of the direct amplification receiver and includes a power supply, a button, a single pulse shaper 1 and a trigger, and a single pulse shaper 2, and the input of a single pulse shaper 2 is connected to the input a single pulse shaper 1, and the output of a single pulse shaper 2 is connected to the zero input of the trigger. When the button is turned on, the electric circuit is closed and the single pulse shaper 1 generates a single pulse, which sets the trigger in a single state. When the button is turned on, the electric circuit is opened and the single pulse shaper 2 generates a single pulse, which sets the trigger to zero. Thus, a control signal is generated corresponding to the inclusion of the direct gain receiver. See K.G. Samofalov et al. Electronic Digital Computers - K., Vishka Shkola Publishing House, 1976. The logical element "NOT" implements the inversion function. See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinowski - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, pp. 96-108.

12. The logical elements “AND” (12, 15) realize the switching function of the conjunction and are multi-strips with two inputs and one output. See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinowski - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, pp. 96-108.

13. The adaptive viewing parameters simulation unit (13) is intended for adjusting the angular rotation speed of the direction-finding antenna and changing the energy parameter of the signals of the detected radar depending on the rotation speed of the direction-finding antenna.

A block diagram of a unit for simulating adaptive viewing parameters (13) is shown in FIG. eleven.

The adaptive review parameter simulation block (13) includes the first AND gate (84), the first input register (85), the first comparison circuit (86), the second AND gate (87), the second comparison circuit, connected in series (88) the third logical element "And" (89) and the waiting multivibrator (90), the fourth logical element "And" (91), the second input register (92), the third comparison circuit (93), the fifth logical element "And" ( 94) and the first adder (95), the sixth logical element "AND" (96) and the third input register (97); the seventh logical element "AND" (98), the fourth input register (99), the multiplier (100) and the output register (101), the register of constants (102) and the second adder (103), as well as the fifth input register (104), with this, the first input of the first logical element "And" (84) and the second input of the second logical element "And" (87) are connected to the output of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2), the first inputs of the fourth and sixth logical elements "And" (91, 96 ) are connected respectively to the output of the buffer storage device (4) and the fifteenth output of the operator panel of the passive radar (1), in the first inputs of the first, fourth and sixth logical elements "AND" (84, 91, 96) are connected to the seventeenth output of the operator panel of the passive radar (1), the second input of the third logic element "AND" (89) is connected to the output of the first comparison circuit (86 ), the output of the standby multivibrator (90) is connected to the second input of the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2), the output of the third input register (97) is connected to the second input of the third comparison circuit (93), the second input of the fifth logical element "AND" (94) connected to the output of the buffer memory (4), the second in the stroke and output of the first adder (95) are connected respectively to the output of the constant register (102) and the second input of the first comparison circuit (86), the first and second inputs of the seventh logical element "AND" (98) are connected respectively to the output of the buffer storage device (4) and the output of the third logical element "AND" (89), the output of the output register (101) is connected to the second input of the logical element "OR" (16), the input and output of the second adder (103) are connected respectively to the output of the fifth logical element "AND" ( 94) and the second input of the second comparison circuit (88), in the progress and the output of the fifth input register (104) are connected respectively to the sixteenth output of the operator panel of the passive radar and the second input of the multiplier (100).

Elements, circuits, and registers that are part of the unit for simulating adaptive viewing parameters (13) are widespread elements of discrete technology; their electrical parameters are described in detail in the special technical literature. See 1. Reference on digital computer technology. Ed. B.N. Malinovsky K.: Publishing House "Technique", 1974, pp. 96-108. 2. K.G. Samofalov et al. Electronic digital computers - K.: Vishka Shkola Publishing House, 1976. 3. Yu.G. Chugaev and others. "Electronic and digital computers" - M., Military Publishing, 1962.

The unit for simulating adaptive review parameters (13) operates as follows. Before training the operator of the ship's radar from the 16th output of the passive radar operator’s panel (1), a constant is introduced into the fifth input register (104) to increase the energy parameter of the detected radar when implementing the adaptive view of the space, direction finding antenna. Radar energy parameter - the number of radar radiation signal packets received by the superheterodyne receiver during tuning in a given frequency range during the passage of the direction-finding antenna direction to the radar. In the search mode of radiating radars, the direction-finding antenna scans at a speed w = 2 ° / s specified from the operator’s panel of the passive radar (1). When viewing the adaptive mode is activated DF antenna while in strobe n _n ± 2 °, scans at a slower speed w = 0,3 ° / s, thereby increasing the contact time with the radar direction-finding antenna. This means that the energy parameter of the detected radar increases by about 5-7 times, which contributes to a more stable tracking of the radar and an effective solution to the problem of generating the coordinates of the detected radiation source with the aim of using airborne weapons.

When a trained operator decides to turn on adaptive viewing mode, the control signal from the seventeenth output of the passive radar operator panel (1) simultaneously arrives at the inputs of the logical elements NOT (14), AND ₁ (84), AND ₄ (91), AND ₆ ( 96). The logical elements "And ₁ " (84), And ₄ (91) and "And ₆ " (96) are opened for passage through them, respectively, P _tech.ant. , form data goals and N _c . Binary code P _tech.ant. enters the first input register (85), the target data form enters the second input register (92), and the detected target number enters the third input register (97). From the output of the logical element “NOT” (14), the inverted control signal (switching on the adaptive mode) arrives at the first input of the second logical element “AND ₂ ” (15) and closes it, thereby entering the target data form from the output of the buffer storage device (4) to the inputs of the fourth logical element "AND ₄ " (91) and the seventh logical element "AND ₇ " (98).

From the outputs of the second input register (92) and the third input register (97), the target data form and the target number enter the third comparison circuit (93), where the target numbers are compared. In the case of comparison, the control signal from the output of the third comparison circuit (93) is fed to the first input of the fifth logic element “I” (94) and opened for passing the target data form through it to the first adder (95) and the second adder (102). In the first adder (95), an operation P _i -2 °, and the second adder (103) - P _n + 2 °. The constant 2 ° to the adders comes from the output of the register of constants (102). From the outputs of the first adder (95) and the second adder (103), the binary codes P _c -2 ° and P _c + 2 ° are received at the second inputs of the first comparison circuit (86) and the second comparison circuit (88), respectively.

From the first comparison circuit (86), the control signal is supplied simultaneously to the inputs of the second logical element "AND" (87) and the third logical element "AND" (89), opening them. Through the open second logical element “AND” (87), the binary code P _tech.ant arrives at the second comparison circuit (88) during the operation of the simulator _. where the operation P _tech.ant. ≤P _c + 2 °. In case of fulfillment of condition П _tek.ant. ≤P _c + 2 ° from the output of the second, comparison circuit (88), the control signal is supplied to the corresponding input of the third logical element "AND" (89). With the simultaneous presence of control signals at the inputs of the third logical element “AND” (89) from the outputs of the first (86) and second comparison circuits (88), a signal appears at the output of the third logical element “AND” (89), which is fed to the input of the waiting multivibrator ( 90) and to the second input of the seventh logical element "AND" (98). A waiting multivibrator (90), having received a signal from the output of the third logical element "I" (89), generates a signal of a given duration and amplitude to control the rotation speed of the motor shaft of the tracking system (30), which is part of the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2). At the same time, through the open seventh logic element “AND” (98), the target data form is received from the output of the buffer storage device (4) to the fourth input register (99) and then to the input of the multiplier (100). At the other input of the multiplier (100) from the output of the fifth input register (104), a constant for the radar energy parameter is supplied. In the multiplier (100), the operation of the _radar · const is performed, where the _radar is the energy parameter that is part of the data form. From the output of the multiplier (100), the adjusted target data form in terms of the energy parameter goes to the output register (101) and then from the output of the latter to the second input of the OR gate (16), from the output of which - to the input of the random access memory (5) . Thus, the adaptive review parameters simulation unit (13) controls the rotation speed of the direction-finding antenna (decreases compared to the operating mode) in the adaptive review mode and corrects the energy parameter of the detected radar depending on the rotation speed of the direction-finding antenna.

Consider the operation of a simulator for training operators of shipborne passive radar systems, shown in the drawing of FIG. 1, in which putative blocks, elements, circuits, and communications are inserted.

Before the start of the training, the training leader, using a punch card input device (50), enters into the RAM of the calculator (3) a set of such data:

- information about the radar of the likely enemy with both tunable and non-tunable carrier frequencies;

- forms of the main radio technical parameters of the given radar;

- coordinates of the location of the radar relative to the location of the ship's radar;

- motion parameters of radar and radar carriers;

- the conditions for the propagation of radar signals on the tracks in DTR;

- programs that simulate continuous or paused operation of given radars.

In addition, the head of training from the passive radar operator’s remote control (1), using the code sequence generator (23), enters the constant for the radar energy parameter into the fifth input register (104), which is necessary when implementing the adaptive direction-finding antenna, into the fifth input register (104) review of space.

The entered information through the selector channels SK (35, 36) using the NMD control device (39) and the NML control device (41) is then recorded on the NMD (40) and NML (42). The listed devices are part of the calculator (3). Through the selector channel SK (37), information is received in the computer (3), which is necessary to simulate a specific radio engineering situation. The operation of the SK selector channel (37) is regulated by the input-output interface (43), the UVU device (44) and the switching device (45).

The information part of the radio environment specified in the simulator process is formed by the following devices when they work together: a passive radar operator’s console (1), a unit for simulating the current antenna position (2), a computer (3), a buffer memory (4), and random access memory (5 ), a block of indicator devices (6), a block for fixing the carrier frequency of radiation signals (7), a block for simulating far tropospheric propagation of signals (8), a block for simulating video signals (9), a block for recording time detection sensing targets (10), a simulation unit of the receiving device (11) and the first logical element "And" (12).

When the simulator implements a radio-technical situation, the trajectories of the radar carriers are set on a plane in a rectangular coordinate system, the origin of which is the location of the radar

The radar carrier movement model is a polynomial motion model.

The simulated radar signals of the probable enemy’s radar at the video frequency come from the second and third outputs of the video signal simulation block (9) to the ninth and tenth inputs of the indicator device block (6), which are the first information inputs of the mixer blocks. From the second output of the video signal simulation block (9), video signals 1 of the conventional frequency range are received, and from the third output of the same block, video signals II of the conventional frequency range. Next, the video signals from the outputs of the mixer blocks included in the video pulse display device (52) are fed to the CRT electrodes. On the CRT screen included in the video pulse display device (52), the simulated radar signals are reproduced in the form of corresponding marks. At the second information inputs of the mixer blocks, rectangular marker pulses are received, which are formed respectively by the device for forming marker 1 (53) and the device for forming marker 2 (54).

Thus, the video pulse display devices displayed on the CRT screen (52), the video pulses of the radar signals and the secondary signals in the form of rectangular pulses of a given duration form a model of the radar situation in the coverage area of the passive radar equipment.

In the process of training, the PRLS operator can carry out semi-automatic data acquisition from a CRT, for which it combines marker pulses with target marks using the first (22) and second control voltage shaper (24), from the outputs of which control voltages are removed. These control voltages from the third and fifth outputs of the passive radar operator panel (1) are respectively supplied to the second inputs of the first marker forming device (54) and the second marker forming device (54). At the same time, the control voltages from the twelfth and fourteenth outputs of the passive radar operator panel (1) are supplied to the second and fourth inputs of the carrier block of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7), which are the inputs of PNA 1 (55) and PNA 2 (57).

Sawtooth voltages from the outputs of the first (20) and second sawtooth voltage generator (21) are fed to the first inputs of the marker forming devices (53, 54).

At the moment of equal voltage, the waiting multivibrators are launched, forming rectangular pulse markers. From the outputs of the PNK converters (55, 57), the constant voltage in the binary code is supplied to the first inputs of the first (56) and second comparison circuits (58), the second inputs of which receive binary codes of the carrier frequency of the radar signals of radiation sources, respectively, from the first and second outputs of the circuit analysis (59). The analysis circuit (59) performs the function of determining the conditional frequency range (I or II) to which the simulated radar radiation signal belongs, and together with the first and second comparison circuits (56, 58) it generates control signals that from the second and third outputs of the fixation unit the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7) are fed to the first and second inputs of the third logical element "OR" (83) and then from its output to the second input of the logical element "AND" (81), the first input of which receives a signal from the output of the logical element NOT (80). The NOT logic element (80) inverts the control signal. At the time of simultaneous receipt of signals at the inputs of the logic element "And" (81) at its output, a control signal is formed "to take the reading of the binary counter." The control signal is fed to the first input of the second OR gate (82) and then from its output to the fifth input of the calculator (3). In this way, the detection time of radiation sources with a determinate carrier frequency is estimated, which is an important factor in the preparation of passive radar operators.

The above logical elements "OR" (82, 83), "NOT" (80) and "AND" (81) are part of the receiver simulation unit (11). Having received the signal "take the reading of the binary counter", the calculator (3) switches to the subroutine for overwriting the readings of the binary counter (76), which is part of the block for detecting the target detection time (10). The result is issued to the ADCU device (48), which is included in the computer (3), where it is printed in alphanumeric form on paper. The operation of the binary counter (76) is regulated by the logical element "OR" (73), the trigger (74) and the logical element "AND" (75), which are also part of the block for fixing the time of detection of targets (10).

Zeroing the binary counter (76) and changing the state of the trigger (74) is carried out by the control signal "zeroing" generated by the calculator (3) and fed to the second inputs of these devices from the fifth output of the calculator (3). The first and second inputs of the OR gate (73) are connected respectively to the first and fourth outputs of the video simulation block (9), and the second input of the AND gate (75) is connected to the fifteenth output of the passive radar operator console (1). Such a functional connection of the logical elements “OR” (73), “AND” (75), trigger (74) and binary counter (76) ensures the normal functioning of the unit for fixing the time of detection of targets (10).

The indicator device unit (6) includes a sign indication device (51), consisting of a sign decoder, backlight amplifier, CRT, envelope shaper, DC amplifier, distributor, address shaper.

Using the listed devices, on the CRT screen, sign indication devices (51) are displayed in alphanumeric forms of the main radio-technical parameters plus bearings of the detected radiation sources, including false radiation sources. For this, from the first output of the calculator (3), the forms of the main radio engineering parameters of the radiation sources, which are entered into the RAM of the calculator (3), are received in the buffer memory (4). The memory capacity of the buffer storage device (4) is designed for the maximum number of forms. The buffer storage device (4) operates in conjunction with random access memory (5), the data forms of which are rewritten in the presence of a signal P _tech.ant. - binary code of the current position of the direction finding antenna. Binary code P _tech.ant. is the address of the cell from where the information is being rewritten from the buffer (4) to the random access memory (5). A prerequisite for the presence of a binary code P _tech.ant. the output of the first logical element "And" (12) is the simultaneous receipt at the first and second inputs of the logical element "And" (12) of signals from the output of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2) and the second output of the simulation unit of the receiving device (11). The first input of the first OR gate (78) is connected to the output of the comparison circuit (77), in which a control signal is generated when the condition is met:

, где $$P_c-\raisebox{1ex}{${\theta }_{\mathrm{about}}$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.\le P_{te\mathrm{to}.\mathrm{but}nt.}\le P_c+\raisebox{1ex}{${\theta }_{\mathrm{about}}$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.$$

where

P _c - bearing on the target; θ _about - the width of the main lobe of the bottom of the antenna of the passive radar. The considered condition is equivalent to the reception of radiation signals by the main lobe of the antenna beam, and the comparison circuit (77) imitates the operation of the device for compensating radiation signals received by the side lobes of the antenna beam in the case of a superheterodyne receiver. In the process of operation of the simulator, the binary code is P _tech.ant. from the output of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2), it goes to the first input of the comparison circuit (77), and the second code of the same circuit receives the binary code P _c from the fourth output of the calculator (3).

Using the control signal generation circuit (79), which is part of the receiver simulation unit (11), the trained operator switches on the direct amplification receiver when there is no compensation of the reception of radiation signals by the side lobes of the antenna beam of the passive radar.

с первого выхода блока индикаторных устройств (6), который является выходом оперативного запоминающего устройства (5).The sign display device (51) provides the operator with the opportunity to visually determine the fact of detecting the radiation source of a standard order when he performs a training task. The operation of this device is governed by clock pulses generated in the operator panel of the passive radar (1) and coming from its eighth output to the eighth input of the indicator device block (6). By analyzing the data forms characterizing the true and false radiation sources displayed on the CRT screen of the sign indicating device (51), the trained operator performs a binary code N _c using the code sequence generator (23), which is part of the passive radar operator console (1) . Next, the binary code N _c from the output of the buffer register, which is part of the code sequence generator (23), controlled by the decoder, which is part of the clock generator (18), is fed to the first input of the third comparison circuit (60), to the second input of which the binary the code $$N_c^{*}$$

from the first output of the block of indicator devices (6), which is the output of random access memory (5).

с выхода третьей схемы сравнения (60) на второй вход второго логического элемента "ИЛИ" (82) поступает управляющий сигнал, который дальше с его выхода в виде сигнала "снять показание двоичного счетчика" попадает на пятый вход вычислителя (3). По наличию данного сигнала вычислитель (3) переходит на подпрограмму перезаписи показаний двоичного счетчика (76) для фиксации времени обнаружения источника излучения с учетом его основных радиотехнических параметров излучения. Если оператор набрал N_ц ложного источника излучения, то фиксируется время его обнаружения. Это ошибка обучаемого оператора.The decoder, which is part of the clock shaper (18), and the buffer register of the code sequence shaper (23) are part of the passive radar operator console (1), and the third comparison circuit (60) is the block of fixation of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7). In case of coincidence of binary codes N _c and $$N_c^{*}$$

from the output of the third comparison circuit (60), the control signal arrives at the second input of the second OR logic element (82), which then goes to the fifth input of the calculator (3) from its output in the form of a signal “read the binary counter”. By the presence of this signal, the calculator (3) switches to the subroutine for overwriting the readings of the binary counter (76) to fix the time of detection of the radiation source, taking into account its main radio engineering parameters of radiation. If the operator scored N _{c of a} false radiation source, then the time of its detection is recorded. This is a trained operator error.

Simulation of radar signals in the simulator is carried out by a video signal simulation unit (9). The operation of the video simulation unit (9) in the I conditional frequency range is as follows. From the output of the block simulating the current position of the antenna (2) and the fourth output of the calculator (3), respectively, to the fifth and tenth inputs of the block of simulating video signals (9), which are both the first and second inputs of the comparison circuit included in the simulator of radar signals (67), the binary codes P _c and P _{tech.ant come in.} . In case of coincidence of binary codes P _c and P _tech.ant. in the comparison circuit, a control signal is generated that opens the first AND gate for passing through it the binary code P _tech.ant. to the input of the first simulator of the antenna beam. Simulator of the antenna antenna with the code P _tech.ant. generates signals whose amplitude corresponds to the shape of the envelope of the antenna beam in the I conditional frequency range. From the output of the first simulator of the antenna beam, the modulated signals are fed to the first input of the first modulator, the second input of which receives signals from the output of the second logical element "AND". In turn, the first input of the second logical element "And" receives signals from the output of the first Schmitt trigger, and to the second input - from the output of the first clock generator. The first Schmitt trigger is controlled by a second comparison circuit, the first and second inputs of which receive signals, respectively, from the outputs of the first voltage converter into code and the second adder (70). A voltage to code converter converts a sawtooth voltage characterizing the operation of a superheterodyne receiver into a binary code. The sawtooth voltage is supplied to the input of the first voltage converter into the code from the ninth output of the passive operator panel (radar (1).

The above-mentioned first comparison circuit, the first and second logical elements “AND”, the first simulator of the DN antenna, the first modulator and the first voltage to code converter are part of the radar signal simulator (67).

In the first modulator, the sequence of rectangular pulses generated by the first clock generator is modulated by the direction finding antenna beam and then goes to the first information input of the second modulator. The second modulator is designed to form the level of amplitudes of the radiation signals, taking into account their attenuation during DTR. For this purpose, the average value of the signal attenuation level, depending on the length of the path and the conditions of radio surveillance, is fed to the second information input of the second modulator from the fourth output of the calculator (3). The modulated signals from the output of the second modulator are fed to the first input of the first adder (68), which is part of the video signal simulation unit (9). The clock generator and modulators are part of the simulator of radar signals (67). The operation of the video signal simulation unit (9) to simulate video signals in the II conditional frequency range occurs according to a scheme similar to the work in the I conditional frequency range.

для заданных размеров антенны и условного частотного диапазона. Данные зависимости заносятся в первое (62) и второе внешнее запоминающее устройство (65). Выборка величин осуществляется таким образом. На первые входы первого (61) и второго логического элемента "И" (64) с третьего выхода вычислителя (3) поступает двоичный код дальности до источника излучения типового ордера, а на вторые входы первого (61) и второго логического элемента "И" (64) соответственно с первого и пятого выходов блока фиксации несущей частоты сигналов излучения (7) поступают сигналы, соответствующие заданному частотному диапазону работы приемника пассивной РЛС. Эти сигналы открывают первый (61) и второй логический элемент "И" (64), через которые на входы первого (62) и второго внешнего запоминающего устройства (65) поступают двоичные коды дальности до источника излучения. Двоичный код дальности является адресом ячейки, откуда осуществляется выборка необходимой величины $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

. Величины $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

через первый (63) и второй преобразователь кода в напряжение (66) дальше поступают на вторые входы аналоговых первого сумматора (68) и третьего сумматора (71), где они суммируются с амплитудами имитируемых радиолокационных сигналов, тем самым учитывается эффект потерь усиления пеленгационной антенны. Первый (61) и второй логический элемент "И" (64), первое (62) и второе внешнее запоминающее устройство (65), первый (63) и второй преобразователь кода в напряжение (66) входят в состав блока имитации дальнего тропосферного распространения сигналов (8).So, the video signal simulation unit (9) imitates the radar signals at the video frequency depending on the distance of the radiation source, the propagation conditions of the signals, and the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the PRLS receiver. In the process of simulating the radio environment, a large role is given to the unit for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation (8). The need to introduce a simulator of the distant tropospheric signal propagation (8) into the simulator is due to the need to take into account the gain loss of the direction-finding antenna, presented as a function of $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

for given antenna sizes and conventional frequency range. These dependencies are recorded in the first (62) and second external storage device (65). The selection of quantities is carried out in this way. At the first inputs of the first (61) and second logical element "AND" (64) from the third output of the calculator (3), a binary code of the distance to the radiation source of a standard order is received, and at the second inputs of the first (61) and second logical element "AND" ( 64), respectively, from the first and fifth outputs of the fixing block of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (7), signals corresponding to a given frequency range of the receiver of the passive radar are received. These signals open the first (61) and second logical element "AND" (64), through which binary codes of the distance to the radiation source are received at the inputs of the first (62) and second external storage device (65). The binary range code is the address of the cell from where the required value is sampled. $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

. Quantities $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

through the first (63) and second code-to-voltage converter (66), they then go to the second analog inputs of the first adder (68) and the third adder (71), where they are summed with the amplitudes of the simulated radar signals, thereby taking into account the effect of loss of direction finding antenna gain. The first (61) and second logical element "AND" (64), the first (62) and second external storage device (65), the first (63) and the second code-to-voltage converter (66) are part of a block for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation (8).

It should also be noted the features of simulating the operation of receiving devices of a passive radar. In the case of the superheterodyne receiver, the comparison circuit (77), which is part of the receiver simulation unit (11), imitates the operation of the device for compensating radiation signals received by the side lobes of the antenna beam. In the case of operation of the direct gain receiver, compensation for the reception of radiation signals received by the side lobes of the antenna beam is fundamentally excluded. The direct gain receiver has the ability to simultaneously receive radiation signals in the entire frequency range and from any direction in azimuth. The simulation of the direct gain receiver in the simulator is as follows. The trained operator using the control signal generation circuit (79) generates a control signal, which is constantly supplied to the second input of the first OR gate (78). At the first input of the first logical element "OR" (78) from the output of the comparison circuit (77) comes the binary code P _tech.ant. matching the code P _c . From the output of the first logical element "OR" (78) binary code P _tech.ant. arrives at the second input of the first logical element "AND" (12), thereby opening it for passage to the second control input of the buffer memory (4) of the binary code P _tech.ant. from the output of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2). Binary code P _tech.ant. is the address of the cell from where the data form of the detected radiation source is sampled from the buffer memory (4) to the random access memory (5) through the second AND gate (15) and the OR gate (16). Thus, in the random access memory (5), in the process of the simulator operation, the forms of all sources of radiation of a standard order stored in the passive radar coverage area are stored.

A trained operator, observing visually randomly appearing video pulses on a CRT screen of a video pulse display device (52) in case of detecting radiation sources with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, cannot select a compact package of video pulses - the radar energy parameter. In such a situation, he is forced to turn on a direct amplification receiver, the operation signal of which will be a control signal generated by the control signal generation circuit (79) and supplied to the inputs of the NOT gate (80) and the first OR gate (79). Simultaneously with simulating the inclusion of a direct amplification receiver, the trained operator, using the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2), performs spatial reorientation of the direction-finding antenna in the direction of the assumed location of the radiation source with a tunable carrier frequency. The criterion for the correct spatial orientation of the direction-finding antenna is the condition for indicating randomly appearing video pulses with a maximum amplitude.

, вычислитель (3) переходит на подпрограмму перезаписи признака (П) перестройки несущей частоты в формуляр данных, который в дальнейшем отображается на экране ЭЛТ устройства знаковой индикации (51). Индикация формуляра данных с признаком П свидетельствует о факте обнаружения источника излучения с перестраиваемой несущей частотой. Имитация изменения несущей частоты от импульса к импульсу осуществляется имитатором изменения несущей частоты (69), входящим в состав блока имитации видеосигналов (9). В имитаторе изменения несущей частоты (69) хранятся в определенной последовательности величины (±Δf) изменения несущей частоты. Данная последовательность величин (±Δf) задается априори перед началом процесса обучения. Имитатор изменения несущей частоты (69) включает в себя первый и второй двоичные счетчики, первое и второе запоминающие устройства, первое и второе буферные регистры. Постоянные запоминающие устройства состоят из регистра адреса, дешифратора, формирователя, блока памяти и усилителя считывания. Работа имитатора изменения несущей частоты (69) регламентируется синхроимпульсами, поступающими с одиннадцатого выхода пульта оператора пассивной РЛС (1) на соответствующие входы первого и второго двоичных счетчиков, где формируются коды адресов величин (±Δf). Двоичные коды величин (±Δf) с выходов двоичных счетчиков записываются в регистры адресов и далее расшифровываются с помощью дешифраторов. Сигналы с выходов возбужденных шин дешифраторов поступают в блоки формирователей, где они формируются по амплитуде и длительности, после чего они поступают в определенные ячейки блока памяти. Кодовые сигналы выбранных величин (±Δf) усиливаются усилителями считывания и поступают в буферные регистры. С буферных регистров двоичные коды величин (±Δf) поступают на первые входы второго сумматора (70) и четвертого сумматора (72), где к среднему значению несущей частоты сигнала (f_с) досуммируются величины (±Δf) и таким образом осуществляется изменение несущей частоты сигналов излучения по определенному закону. С выходов второго сумматора (70) и четвертого сумматора (72) сигналы f_c±Δf поступают на первый и второй входы имитатора радиолокационных сигналов (67) для обеспечения имитации заданной радиотехнической обстановки в тренажере. После того как пеленгационная антенна пассивной РЛС будет сориентирована в заданном направлении, обучаемый оператор с помощью блока имитации текущего положения антенны (2) задает биссектрису сектора сканирования и размер сектора сканирования пеленгационной антенны. Как только будет принято решение об обнаружении источника излучения с перестраиваемой несущей частотой, облучаемый оператор производит операцию описания цели с помощью набора на клавишном поле пульта оператора пассивной РЛС (1) соответствующего признака - номера цели (N_ц), формуляр данных которой имеет признак П.During the spatial search, when the azimuth of the carrier of the radiation source with the tunable carrier frequency is inside the gate $$P_{te\mathrm{to}.\mathrm{but}nt.}\pm \raisebox{1ex}{${\theta }_{\mathrm{about}}$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.$$

, the calculator (3) switches to the subroutine for rewriting the feature (P) of the carrier frequency tuning into the data form, which is subsequently displayed on the CRT screen of the sign indicating device (51). Indication of the data form with the sign P indicates the fact of detection of a radiation source with a tunable carrier frequency. The carrier frequency change from pulse to pulse is simulated by the carrier frequency change simulator (69), which is part of the video signal simulation block (9). In the simulator, changes in the carrier frequency (69) are stored in a certain sequence of magnitude (± Δf) changes in the carrier frequency. This sequence of values (± Δf) is set a priori before the start of the learning process. The carrier frequency change simulator (69) includes first and second binary counters, first and second storage devices, first and second buffer registers. Permanent storage devices consist of an address register, a decoder, a shaper, a memory unit, and a reading amplifier. The operation of the carrier frequency change simulator (69) is regulated by clock pulses coming from the eleventh output of the passive radar operator panel (1) to the corresponding inputs of the first and second binary counters, where the address codes of the quantities (± Δf) are generated. Binary codes of quantities (± Δf) from the outputs of binary counters are recorded in address registers and then decrypted using decoders. The signals from the outputs of the excited decoder buses enter the shapers, where they are formed by amplitude and duration, after which they enter certain cells of the memory block. The code signals of the selected quantities (± Δf) are amplified by read amplifiers and enter the buffer registers. From the buffer registers, binary codes of quantities (± Δf) are supplied to the first inputs of the second adder (70) and the fourth adder (72), where the values (± Δf) are added to the average value of the carrier frequency of the signal (f _s ) and thus the carrier frequency is changed radiation signals according to a certain law. From the outputs of the second adder (70) and the fourth adder (72), the signals f _c ± Δf are fed to the first and second inputs of the simulator of radar signals (67) to provide a simulation of a given radio environment in the simulator. After the direction-finding antenna of the passive radar is oriented in a predetermined direction, the trained operator, using the block simulating the current position of the antenna (2), sets the bisector of the scanning sector and the size of the scanning sector of the direction-finding antenna. As soon as a decision is made to detect a radiation source with a tunable carrier frequency, the irradiated operator performs an operation to describe the target by dialing the passive radar (1) on the keypad of the operator panel of the corresponding attribute — the target number (N _c ), the data form of which has the sign P.

The binary code N _c from the thirteenth output of the passive radar operator panel (1) is supplied to the first input of the third comparison circuit (60), the second input of which receives the code N _c from the first output of the indicator device block (6). The last code N _c is included in the data form. If the compared codes N _c coincide with the output of the third comparison circuit (60), a control signal is supplied to the second input of the second OR gate (82). In the presence of this control signal from the output of the second logical element "OR" (82) to the fifth input of the calculator (3), the signal "take readings of the binary counter" is issued. The calculator (3) switches to the subroutine for overwriting the readings of the binary counter (76) to fix the time of detection of the radiation source with a tunable carrier frequency.

So, the operator panel of the passive radar (1), a unit for simulating the current position of the antenna (2), a computer (3), a buffer memory (4), random access memory (5), a block of indicator devices (6), a block for fixing the carrier frequency of the signals radiation (7), a block for simulating far tropospheric propagation of signals (8), a block for simulating video signals (9), a block for fixing the time for detecting targets (10), a block for simulating a receiving device (11), and the first logical element “I” (12) the trained operator has practical skills navigation ship radar when detecting radar with a deterministic and tunable carrier frequency in the conditions of DTR. At the same time, great importance is given to assigning by the trained operator the parameters of spatial and frequency searches, which have a significant impact on the stability of receiving radar emissions in the coverage area of shipborne radar equipment and thereby on the efficiency of determining the coordinates of the location of radar carriers and the use of airborne weapons. A block for simulating adaptive viewing parameters (13), a logical element "NOT" (14), a second logical element "AND" (15) and a logical element "OR" (16) are introduced into the simulator, which enable the trained operator to set (change) parameters spatial search in order to optimize the reception of radar emissions. The trained operator learns in a particular radio environment to set the parameters of the spatial and frequency searches for radar emissions. This is an important stage in the training of shipborne radar operators, since the most typical operating conditions of a radar station are such a radio environment that will be characterized by an insignificant energy parameter of the radar, i.e. receiving 1-2 packets of radiation pulses, when the efficiency of determining the coordinates of the location is very low.

In such situations, when the trained operator analyzes the sign displays (51) of the radar data forms displayed on the screen of the radar device, which include the energy parameter, they should decide to change the spatial search parameters, i.e. adaptive viewing mode must be set. The essence of the adaptive review mode is as follows. When the radar direction-finding antenna approaches the direction to the selected targets, the azimuthal rotation speed of the antenna decreases to 0.3 ° / s, and after passing the directions to the target, the speed increases to the value specified from the passive radar operator’s console.

Thus, the adaptive mode of operation of the radar direction-finding antenna increases the probability of receiving signal packets in the direction of the selected targets and the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the location of radar carriers, which is a determining factor when using on-board weapons.

The inability of the trained operator to make an operational decision to change the parameters of the spatial search in a particular radio environment and the lack of skills to optimize the spatial search can lead to unpredictable consequences when solving a combat mission on the military air transport. Therefore, the ability to train radar operators to use the adaptive operating mode of a direction-finding antenna in a complex radio environment is of paramount importance when creating simulators for training ship radar operators. In the simulator under consideration, the adaptive view of space mode is as follows. When solving a specific training task on the simulator, the RLS operator, analyzing the energy parameter that is part of the data form and displayed on the screen of the sign display device (51), decides to enable the adaptive view of the space. The control signal for switching on the adaptive viewing mode from the seventeenth output of the passive radar operator panel (1) is simultaneously fed to the input of the logic element “NOT” (14) and the second inputs of the first (84), fourth (91) and sixth element “I” (96). The first (84), fourth (91) and sixth logic element “And” (96) are opened for passing through them, respectively, the binary code P _tech.ant. , data form of the detected target and binary code N _c .

Binary code P _tech.ant. from the output of the first logical element, “AND” (84) goes to the input of the first input register (85) and then from the output of the last to the first input of the first comparison circuit (86).

The target data form from the output of the fourth logical element “AND” (91) is fed to the input of the second input register (92) and then from its output to the first input of the third comparison circuit (93). The binary code N _c from the output of the sixth logical element "AND" (96) is fed to the input of the third input register (97) and then from its output to the second input of the third comparison circuit (93). At the same time, from the output of the logical element “NOT” (14), the inverted control signal (switching on the adaptive mode) is supplied to the first input of the second logical element “AND” (15) and closes it to pass data forms of the detected targets through the logical element “OR” ( 16) to the input of random access memory (5). In this case, the target data form from the output of the buffer storage device (4) is supplied to the first inputs of the fourth logical element "And" (91) and the seventh logical element "And" (98). In the third comparison scheme (93), the operation compares the numbers of the detected target, and compares the target number from the data form and the target number dialed by the trained operator on the operator panel of the passive radar (selected target for processing). In the case of comparing the target numbers from the output of the third comparison circuit (93), the control signal is supplied to the first input of the fifth logical element "I" (94) and opens it to pass through it the data form of the detected target to the first inputs of the first adder (95) and the second adder (103). The second inputs of the first adder (95) and the second adder (103) are connected to the output of the constant register (102). In the first adder (95), the operation is performed (P _c -2 °), and in the second adder (103) the operation (P _c + 2 °), where P _c is the bearing to the detected target; the constant 2 ° is stored in the register of constants (102). From the outputs of the first adder (95) and the second adder (103), the binary codes of the quantities (P _c -2 °) and (P _c + 2 °), forming a strobe along the bearing to the detected target, are fed to the second inputs, respectively, of the first comparison circuit (86 ) and the second comparison scheme (88). In the first comparison scheme (86), operation P _{tech.ant is performed.} ≥ (P _c -2 °), for which, as already mentioned, the binary code P _tech.ant comes to the first input of the first comparison circuit (86) from the output of the first input register (85) _. . In case of fulfillment of condition П _tek.ant. ≥ (П _Ц -2 °) from the output of the first comparison circuit (86), the control signal is simultaneously supplied to the first input of the second logical element "AND" (87) and the second input of the third logical element "AND" (89), opening them. Through the second logical element "AND" (87), the binary code P _tech.ant arrives at the first input of the second comparison circuit (88) during the operation of the simulator _. and the second input of the second comparison circuit (88) from the output of the second adder (103) receives a binary code of magnitude (P _c + 2 °). In the second comparison scheme (88), operation P _{tech.ant is performed.} ≤ (P _c + 2 °).

для корректировки энергетического параметра в формуляре данных обнаруженной цели. В умножителе (100) осуществляется операция Э_РЛС·Δ, где Э_РЛС - энергетический параметр, входящий в формуляр данных цели. С выхода умножителя (100) скорректированный формуляр данных цели в части энергетического параметра Э_РЛС поступает на вход выходного регистра (101) и далее с выхода последнего на второй вход логического элемента "ИЛИ" (16), с выхода которого на вход оперативного запоминающего устройства (5). Итак, включение обучаемым оператором режима адаптивного обзора пространства позволяет уменьшить скорость сканирования пеленгационной антенны и тем самым увеличить время контакта корабельной ПРЛС с обнаруженной целью, что приводит к увеличению вероятности приема излучений РЛС - увеличению в формуляре данных цели количества принятых пакетов импульсов РЛС примерно в 6-7 раз. В конечном итоге это приводит к повышению точности пеленгования излучающей РЛС и более эффективному использованию бортового оружия, а приобретенные обучаемым оператором навыки и умения по оптимизации параметров пространственного поиска в условиях работы корабельной ПРЛС способствуют повышению боевой подготовки личного состава ВМФ.In case of fulfillment of condition П _tek.ant. ≤ (P _c + 2 °) from the output of the second comparison circuit (88), the control signal is supplied to the first input of the third logical element "AND" (89). If there are signals at the inputs of the third logical element “AND” (89) from the outputs of the first (86) and second comparison circuit (88), a signal appears at the output of the third logical element “AND” (89), which is fed to the input of the waiting multivibrator (90) and to the second input of the seventh logic element (98). The waiting multivibrator generates a signal of a given duration and amplitude for changing (decreasing) the rotation speed of the motor shaft of the tracking system (30), which is part of the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2). At the same time, through the open seventh logic element “AND” (98), the data form of the detected target from the output of the buffer storage device (4) is supplied to the input of the fourth input register (99) and then to the first input of the multiplier (100). The second input of the multiplier (100) from the output of the fifth input register (104), which is connected to the sixteenth output of the operator panel of the passive radar (1), receives a constant $$\left(\Delta =\frac{w=2^{\circ }/c}{w={0.3}^{\circ }/c}\approx 7\right)$$

to adjust the energy parameter in the data form of the detected target. In the multiplier (100), the operation of the E _radar · Δ is performed, where the E _radar is the energy parameter that is included in the target data form. From the output of the multiplier (100), the adjusted target data form in terms of the energy parameter of the _radar E is fed to the input of the output register (101) and then from the output of the latter to the second input of the OR gate (16), from the output of which to the input of the random access memory ( 5). So, the inclusion of the adaptive space survey mode by the trained operator allows reducing the scanning speed of the direction-finding antenna and thereby increasing the contact time of the ship radar with the detected target, which leads to an increase in the probability of receiving radar radiations — an increase in the number of received radar pulse packets in the target data sheet by about 6- 7 times. Ultimately, this leads to an increase in the accuracy of direction finding of the emitting radar and a more efficient use of airborne weapons, and the skills acquired by the trained operator in optimizing the spatial search parameters in the conditions of operation of naval radar systems contribute to an increase in the combat training of naval personnel.

The functioning of the simulator was tested in tests conducted in laboratory conditions on a breadboard. The proposed simulator for the training of shipborne radar operators in comparison with the known simulators has several advantages:

- in comparison with the simulator for training operators of shipborne radar (YaV1.079.003T0), the proposed simulator allows to increase the degree of operator training in practical skills of detecting radar of a probable enemy in the conditions of DDR radio waves with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse;

- compared with the simulator for training operators of shipborne radar, the proposed simulator allows you to increase the degree of operator training in practical skills to optimize the parameters of spatial vision in order to increase the likelihood of receiving radar radiations and improve the accuracy of direction finding of the radar carrier for the effective use of airborne weapons.

All this is achieved thanks to the newly introduced devices, blocks, elements and connections. Newly introduced devices are simple, cheap and technically simple to implement on the basis of well-known elements of discrete and analog technology.

The proposed simulator is supposed to be installed in the training center of the Navy and used in terms of training personnel of the Navy operating shipborne radar systems, which are most widely used at present.

Using the proposed simulator, a significant increase in the combat training of the Navy personnel is expected due to the completeness and accuracy of the use of dynamic and information models of the operating conditions of shipborne ballistic missiles. Ultimately, all this makes it possible to teach operators more efficient use of the military equipment entrusted to them due to its qualified service. Tests of the model of the proposed simulator confirmed its high efficiency in terms of modeling the external radio environment, as close as possible to the real one.

Claims (2)

1. A simulator for training operators of shipborne passive radar systems, comprising a series-connected operator panel of a passive radar station, a unit simulating the current position of the antenna, a computer and a buffer storage device, series-connected block of indicator devices, a block for fixing the carrier frequency of radiation signals, a block for simulating a receiving device, and the first element And, the second input of which is combined with the first input of the calculator, and the output is connected to the second input of the buffer a signaling device, series-connected unit for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation, a unit for simulating video signals and a unit for recording target acquisition time, the output of which is connected to the second input of the computer, the second output of which is connected to the first input of the unit for simulating far tropospheric signals, the second and third inputs of which are connected respectively, with the second and third outputs of the fixing block of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals, the second, third, fourth and fifth inputs of which are inens, respectively, with the second, third and fourth outputs of the operator panel of the passive radar station and the third output of the calculator, the third and fourth inputs of which are combined with the second and third inputs of the simulation unit of the receiving device and are connected respectively to the fourth and fifth outputs of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals, and also random access memory and an OR element, while the second, third, fourth and fifth outputs of the simulation unit of the far tropospheric propagation of signals from respectively, with the second, third, fourth and fifth inputs of the video simulation module, the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth inputs of which are connected respectively to the output of the simulation module of the current antenna position, the fourth output of the computer, the fifth, sixth and seventh outputs of the passive radar operator’s console stations, the eighth, ninth, ..., the fourteenth outputs of which are connected respectively to the first, second, ..., seventh inputs of the indicator unit, the eighth and tenth inputs of which are connected to responsibly, with the second and third outputs of the video signal simulation unit, the fourth output of which is connected to the second input of the target detection time recording unit, the third and fourth inputs of which are connected respectively to the fifteenth output of the passive radar operator’s desk and the fifth output of the calculator, the fifth input of which is connected to the second output the receiver simulation unit, the fourth and fifth inputs of which are connected respectively to the fourth output of the calculator and the output of the current simulation unit antenna position, characterized in that, in order to improve the level of operator training in managing a passive radar station in a difficult radio environment with long-range tropospheric propagation of radio waves at maximum distances from ship radar stations by optimizing the spatial search parameters of a direction-finding antenna, an adaptive parameter simulation block has been introduced into it overview, the second AND element and the NOT element, the input of which is combined with the first input of the simulation block parameters of the adaptive review and connected to the sixteenth output of the operator panel of the passive radar station, the seventeenth output of which is connected to the second input of the unit for simulating adaptive review parameters, the third input of which is combined with the third input of the unit for detecting targets, the fourth input is connected to the output of the block simulating the current antenna position , and the fifth is combined with the first input of the second AND element and is connected to the output of the buffer storage device, and the output of the element is NOT through the second element T and connected to the first input of the OR gate, the output of which through a random access memory connected to the input of the tenth display devices, and a second input connected to the first output unit simulation adaptive viewing parameters, a second input coupled to a second input of the simulation of the current position of the antenna. 2. The simulator according to claim 1, characterized in that the unit for simulating adaptive viewing parameters is made in the form of series-connected first element And, first input register, first comparison circuit, second element And, second comparison circuit, third element And, the second input of which is connected with the output of the first comparison circuit, and the waiting multivibrator, the fourth element And connected in series, the second input register, the third comparison circuit, the fifth And element and the first adder, the output of which is connected to the second input the second comparison circuit, series-connected register of constants and the second adder, the second input of which is connected to the output of the fifth element And, and the output is the second input of the second comparison circuit, series-connected of the sixth element And, the second input of which is the third input of the block, and the third input register the output of which is connected to the second input of the third comparison circuit connected in series to the seventh element And, the first input of which is connected to the output of the third element And, the fourth input register, multiplies A, the second input of which is connected to the fifth input register, and the output register, the output of which is the first output of the block, the first inputs of the first, fourth and sixth AND elements being the second input of the block, the first input of which is the input of the fifth input register, the fourth input of the block are the second inputs of the first and second elements And, and the second inputs of the fourth, fifth and seventh elements And are the fifth input of the block, the second output of which is the output of the standby multivibrator.

Images