RU1841103C - Simulator for training of operators of ship passive radar systems - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: physics, navigation.

SUBSTANCE: the invention relates to training technical facilities and can be used for training of operators of radar systems (RS). The simulator for training of operators of ship passive RS contains the operator console of passive RS with fifteen outputs, the unit of indicator devices with ten inputs and one integrated input with output, the radiation signal bearing frequency memory unit with four inputs and five outputs, the antenna current position simulation unit with one input and output, the target detection time memory unit with four inputs and one output, the receiver simulation unit with five inputs and two outputs, the tropospheric signal propagation simulation unit with three inputs and five outputs, the video signal simulation unit with ten inputs and four outputs, the decoder with one input and three outputs, the counter with two inputs and one output, the evaluator with five inputs and four outputs, the online memory with one input and output, the analysis unit with two inputs and outputs, the buffer memory with two inputs and one output, the memory unit with three inputs and one output, the decision-making unit with three inputs and one output, AND gate with two inputs and one output, the first OR gate with two inputs and one output, the second OR gate with two inputs and one output.

EFFECT: the invention allows to approach simulation conditions to the real ones as much as possible.

13 dwg

Description

The proposed device relates to the field of simulator engineering and can be used to increase the level of professional training of operators in the management of a ship's passive radar system (PRLS) in a complex radar situation.

The device in question is a simulator for training PRLS operators, which includes a computer, implemented on the basis of a computer or microprocessor kit.

One of the important issues that developers of simulators need to solve is to ensure a high degree of adequacy of the models of the external environment, the object and their interaction real in the conditions of re-reflection of radiated signals of the probable enemy radar from the coastline, which is typical during the operation of ship radars. The re-reflection of radar signals from the coastline is the reason for the formation on the radar indicators along with true false targets, which significantly complicate the professional activity of the operator. In such a complex radar environment, characterized by the presence of both true and false targets, the operator needs the ability to identify true targets, followed by the issuance of information about them in weapons. Therefore, the use of a ship's PRLS simulator, which implements the ability to simulate the formation of false targets due to the re-reflection of radiation signals from the coastline, is an urgent task in terms of combat training of naval personnel.

Known radar simulator for training operators in guidance and manual tracking of targets according to AS No. 525999, MKI G09B 9/00, 7/02, bull. No. 31 of 08/25/1976 The simulator contains a guidance indicator, an angular sweep forming unit, a range sweep forming unit, a vertical marking forming unit, a horizontal marking forming unit, an antenna system simulation unit connected to the antenna angular steering wheel, a sector start pulse generation unit scanning unit for generating pulses of the end of the scanning sector, units for measuring the coordinates of the left and right boundaries of the scanning sector, respectively, unit for generating pulses of the bisector scanning torus, control trigger, angular coordinate reference conjunctor, angular coordinate reference unit within the scanning sector, range trigger, range marker pulse generator, range conjunctor, range coordinate reference unit, horizontal mark positioning unit, steering wheel angular displacement conversion unit into code, manual tracking control wheel, matching unit, computers, code switching unit, manual tracking unit.

Before starting the simulator, a program of the trajectories of the movement of targets and interference is introduced into the main memory of the computer. The task of the radar operators of guidance and manual tracking of targets is to, according to target designation, i.e. coordinates of the target, aim the antenna system so that the bisector of the scanning sector intersects the target. The operator observes the air situation by a guidance indicator with a raster scan, similar to a television one. The raster is created by scanning the beam of the radiation pattern (MD) of the antenna.

The operator combines the mark of the tracking range system (horizontal mark) with the target (as a result, the target is at the intersection of the bisector of the scanning sector and the horizontal mark of range) and puts the antenna control system and the tracking range system in the manual tracking mode, trying to keep the target in the crosshair of the scanning sector bisector and horizontal range mark.

Radar simulator for training operators in guiding and manual tracking of targets according to AS No. 525999 provides:

- display on the screen of the indicator with a raster scan of the target mark;

- display on the screen of an indicator of horizontal and vertical marks of the tracking system;

- manual tracking of the detected target using a tracking system;

- measurement of accuracy and time characteristics of operator activity;

- the output of the results to the printing device.

The disadvantages of the radar simulator for training operators in guiding and manual tracking of targets according to AS No. 525999 should include:

- the impossibility of teaching operators the practical skills of detecting and tracking radiation sources at extreme trans-horizon distances;

- the impossibility of teaching operators the practical skills of detecting and tracking radiation sources with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse;

- the impossibility of training operators in practical skills of the combat use of a real system in the conditions of radio-wave DTR;

- the impossibility of teaching operators the practical skills of detecting and tracking radiation sources in a complex radar field, characterized by the presence of both true and false targets, formed as a result of simulating the re-reflection of radiated signals from the probable enemy radar from the coastline.

Known simulator for training operators of ship's passive radar systems (YaV1.079.003T0), providing:

- display on the screens of indicators of a simulated radar and radio engineering situation;

- display on the screen of the indicator with a horizontal scan of the secondary signals in the form of corresponding pulse markers;

- the ability to train operators in practical skills in detecting radiation sources at extreme, beyond-horizon ranges;

- the possibility of training operators in practical skills in detecting radiation sources with a determinate carrier frequency in the conditions of DDR radio waves;

- measurement of the accuracy and time characteristics of operator activity in the learning process;

- the issuance of learning outcomes at the ADCU (alphanumeric printing device).

The simulator for training operators of shipborne passive radar systems (ЯВ1.079.003Т0) includes a computer, a buffer memory, random access memory, a sign display device, a control device, a device for generating the first and second marker, the first and second voltage converters into code, the first , the second and third comparison circuits, the first and second OR circuits, a simulator of the current presentation of the antenna, containing the fourth comparison circuit and the third OR circuit, a trigger, the first ogicheskuyu circuit "AND", a binary counter, as well as radar signal simulator, and analyzing videopulses display device, a second logic circuit "AND".

Before starting the training process for operators, a program for calculating the trajectory of the movement of targets is introduced into the main memory of a computer using an input and registration device. In this case, the trajectories of the targets are set on a plane in a rectangular coordinate system with the center taken from the point of standing of the passive system to the maximum range of the passive radar both in the X coordinate and the Y coordinate.

Simulation of the operation of superheterodyne receivers of a passive radar in the given conditional frequency ranges I and II is carried out by linearly varying voltage generators, which are part of the control device equipment. In the control device, horizontal triggering pulses of the first and second scans of the video pulse indication device are generated. The sawtooth voltages I and II, taken from the generators, through the sawtooth current amplifiers I and II enter the deflection coils, and the light spots are deflected along the entire length of the CRT screen.

The simulated radar radiation signals in the form of video pulses entering the video pulse display device form an information model of the radio engineering situation. In the process of training, the operator can carry out semi-automatic data collection of the information model. Semi-automatic removal is implemented using a control device, a device for forming a marker I and a device for forming a marker II.

As already noted, the simulation of radar signals in the simulator is carried out at the video frequency. This takes into account a number of parameters of the radiation signals and changes in these parameters (amplitude, number of pulses, etc.) on the CRT screen of the video pulse display device depending on the distance of the path, the radiation source is a passive radar, propagation conditions of the signals along the path, and the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the receiving device, radiation patterns (BF) of a direction-finding antenna.

Under the conditions of functioning of a ship’s passive radar, the troposphere has a great effect on the level of input power of received signals. The influence of the troposphere on the input power level when simulating radar signals is usually characterized by the attenuation function, which is determined by the average value and fluctuations. Changes in the average level of signals are caused by meteorological reasons such as changes in the intensity of atmospheric fluctuations, the passage of atmospheric fronts, changes in the temperature regime of the troposphere, etc. The average level and standard deviation of slow fluctuations in the simulator are selected according to the statistical processing of a large number of experimental implementations of the autocorrelation function and are recorded in read-only memory included in the DTR simulator.

In addition to the video pulse display device, the simulator also includes a sign display device, consisting of a sign decoder, backlight amplifier, CRT, envelope shaper, DC amplifier, distributor and address shaper. On the CRT screen of the sign-indicating device during the operation of the simulator, the forms (a set of radio technical parameters plus the current coordinate values) of the detected radiation sources in a given scanning sector of the direction-finding antenna are displayed in the alphanumeric form.

As a result of the analysis of the forms of the detected radiation sources, the passive radar operator manually dials on the control device the corresponding attribute - the target number and issues the data form to the necessary consumer of the ship's passive radar.

To simulate the rotation of the direction-finding antenna in a given scanning sector, the simulator uses a simulator of the current position of the antenna, consisting of a rotating transformer, a current azimuth sensor, two disks with slots, three photocells, a motor, a switching device, two triggers, two "I" circuits, two binary counters, two "OR" circuits, two adders and two blocks of constants.

Training of operators on the simulator for training operators of shipborne passive radar systems (ЯВ1.079.003Т0) involves the following stages: perception, decision-making and execution of the decision with the function of time characteristics.

The perception stage begins with an information search, as a result of which the operator detects radiation sources in a given sector of the antenna scan.

The next stage is the analysis and processing of the information received for decision making. After the decision-making process, the final stage begins - the executive actions of the operator with the help of management bodies to make appropriate decisions.

The disadvantages of the simulator for the training of shipborne passive radar systems operators (ЯВ1.079.003Т0) are as follows:

- the impossibility of teaching operators the practical skills of detecting and tracking radiation sources with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse;

- the inability to take into account the random nature of the field in the aperture of the direction-finding antenna in the conditions of DDR radio waves, leading to loss of antenna gain,

- the impossibility of learning the practical skills of detecting and tracking radiation sources in a complex radar field, characterized by the presence of both true and false targets obtained in conditions of simulating the re-reflection of the emitted signals from the coastline.

The simulator under consideration implements a model of motion of radiation sources, which is a collection of sections with rectilinear movement and a section of maneuver. This is the so-called nominal motion model. It is based on the representation of the process of changing coordinates in a limited area of observation in the form of a polynomial. (see AN Romanov. Simulators for training radar operators using computers. - M: Military Publishing House, 1980, p. 34-38).

After the simulator is turned on, the trained operator, using a text pulse shaper and a start pulse shaper I and II, imitates the operation of superheterodyne devices of a passive radar in the specified conditional frequency ranges I and II, and also displays horizontal sweeps on the screen of a two-beam CRT. The listed devices are part of the operator panel of the passive radar.

Radar signals simulated in the simulator by a video pulse simulation unit are sent in analog form to the corresponding CRT electrodes, where they are reproduced in the form of marks. Here, on the CRT screen, rectangular pulses-markers are displayed, which are formed in the block of indicator devices.

Thus, the radar signals of radiation on the video frequency displayed on the CRT screen of the block of indicator devices and secondary signals in the form of rectangular pulses of a given duration form an information model of the radar situation in the coverage area of the passive radar.

In the process of training, the operator can carry out semi-automatic data acquisition of the information model of the radar situation. For this purpose, the trained operator combines the pulse markers with the marks of the target in the form of video pulses. Changing the position of the luminous markers on the screen of a CRT is done using the passive radar operator’s console and the indicator unit.

The trained operator, using the passive radar operator’s console and the carrier block for fixing the radiation frequency, detects radiation sources with a determinate carrier frequency. In this case, the time interval spent by the operator in the process of detecting radiation sources is estimated. The evaluation result is printed out in alphanumeric form.

The simulator for training shipborne passive radar operators includes a sign information device consisting of a sign decoder, backlight amplifier, CRT, envelope shaper, DC amplifier, distributor, and address shaper. On the CRT screen of the sign display device, forms of detected radiation sources are displayed in alphanumeric form. For this purpose, from the first output of the calculator when executing the subroutine for the formation of the radio engineering situation, the forms of radiation sources whose signals do not fall within the shadow zone from the deck superstructures of the ship and entered into the calculator for organizing the learning process are received in the buffer memory. The buffer storage device operates in conjunction with random access memory, the targets for which are copied in the presence of a binary code P _tech.ant - the angular position of the direction-finding antenna. A prerequisite for the presence of the P _tech.ant code is the simultaneous receipt of signals from the outputs of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna and the simulation unit of the receiving device at the first and second inputs of the logic circuit “AND”. The considered condition is equivalent to the reception of radiation signals by the main lobe of the beam during the operation of superheterodyne receiving devices of a passive radar.

To simulate detected radar signals, the simulator uses a video signal simulation unit. Since during the operation of a ship’s passive radar that implements the amplitude direction-finding method, information about the object of observation comes in the form of a continuous sequence of video pulses fluctuating in amplitude, the generated video signals are a sequence of rectangular pulses whose amplitude fluctuates. In this case, the average power level of the emitted signal changes inversely with the second degree of range in accordance with the basic equation of radar.

So, the video signal simulation unit imitates radar signals at the video frequency taking into account the range, signal propagation conditions, and the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the receiving device in the conventional frequency ranges I and II.

. Величина $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

зависит от большого числа факторов - протяженности трассы, метеорологических условий, времени суток и года, размеров антенны и др. Данные о потерях усиления пеленгационной антенны заносятся во внешние запоминающие устройства перед началом процесса обучения. В работе тренажера осуществляется выборка величин $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

, которые преобразуются из дискретного в аналоговый вид и суммируются с амплитудами принимаемых пассивной РЛС сигналов, и тем самым учитывается эффект потери усиления коэффициента направленного действия пеленгационной антенны. В конечном итоге увеличивается степень подобия имитируемых сигналов реальным в условиях ДТР радиоволн. Все это реализуется в блоке имитации дальнего тропосферного распространения сигналов.Under the conditions of operation of shipborne passive radars, the troposphere has a great effect on the power level of received signals. The mechanism of field formation during DDR radio waves is such that the field in the aperture of the direction-finding antenna has a sharply fluctuation character and the statistical effects are strongly pronounced. The random nature of the field in the antenna aperture leads to a shift in the field intensity at the focus, i.e. to reduce the antenna directivity $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

. Value $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

depends on a large number of factors - the length of the route, meteorological conditions, time of day and year, the size of the antenna, etc. Data on the loss of gain of the direction-finding antenna are entered into external storage devices before starting the learning process. In the work of the simulator is a sample of quantities $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

which are converted from discrete to analog form and are summed with the amplitudes of the received passive radar signals, and thereby take into account the effect of loss of gain of the directional coefficient of the direction-finding antenna. Ultimately, the degree of similarity of the simulated signals to the real ones in the conditions of DDR radio waves increases. All this is realized in a block for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation.

In the process of detecting radiation sources with a determinate carrier frequency during the contact time of the main lobe of the direction-finding antenna of the direction-finding antenna for the purpose at each frequency search, the superheterodyne receiving device manages to receive a series (packet) of emitted signals. They illuminate the screen of a CRT device for displaying video pulses, which is part of the block of indicating devices, in the same place. As a result of this, the energy that excites the screen in the place that corresponds to the mark of the target increases in proportion to the number of pulse signals in the packet. The luminescence field of the screen ensures that the target mark (packet of video pulses) is saved until the frequency search is completed, after which a new packet of detected signals illuminates the screen again, creating a mark of the target.

In the case of operation of superheterodyne receiving devices, the receiver simulation unit simulates the operation of the device for compensating radiation signals received along the side lobes of the direction finding antenna of the direction finding antenna.

If the detection of radiation sources with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse is simulated, then the compensation for the reception of radiation signals along the side lobes of the direction finding antenna of the direction finding antenna is fundamentally excluded. Since in this case, a direct gain receiver is operating, which has the ability to simultaneously receive radiation signals in the entire frequency range and from any direction.

The simulation of the direct amplification receiver in the simulator for the training of shipborne passive radar systems operators is carried out using the receiver simulation unit. At the same time, data forms of all radiation sources of a given frequency range located in the scanning sector of a direction-finding antenna of a passive radar are sampled from the buffer memory into the random-access memory. At the same time, the possibility of semi-automatic information retrieval using pulse markers from a video pulse display device in the event of detection of radiation sources with a determinate carrier frequency is excluded. And this is true, since during the operation of radiation sources with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, the appearance of video signals on the CRT screen of a video pulse display device is due to a predetermined law of carrier frequency tuning and the law of tuning of the receiving device. The appearance and location of such video pulses from sweep to sweep is random. There is no correlation dependence of them in time, they appear randomly in different places on the screen, while video pulses from radiation sources with a determinate carrier frequency are located with some scatter due to measurement errors in a certain place on the screen and a quite compact group.

A trained operator, observing visually the CRT screen of a video pulse display device, in the case of solving the problem of detecting radiation sources with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, cannot allocate a compact package of video pulses. Then it turns on the direct gain receiver.

, где θ_о - ширина главного лепестка ДН пеленгационной антенны по уровню половинной мощности, вычислитель переходит на подпрограмму перезаписи признака (П) источника излучения с перестраиваемой несущей частотой в формуляр данных, характеризующих данный источник излучения.Simultaneously with the operation of switching on the direct gain receiver, the trained operator, using the simulation unit of the current antenna position, performs spatial reorientation of the direction-finding antenna in the direction of the assumed location of the radiation source with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse. As a criterion for the correct spatial orientation of the direction-finding antenna in the simulator, the condition for indicating randomly appearing video pulses with a maximum amplitude is selected. Later, when the coordinate (bearing) of the radiation source with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, stored in the memory of the computer, will be inside the strobe $$P_{te\mathrm{to}.\mathrm{but}nt}\pm \raisebox{1ex}{${\theta }_{\mathrm{about}}$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.$$

, where θ _о is the width of the main lobe of the direction-finding antenna of the direction-finding antenna at the half power level, the calculator switches to the subroutine for rewriting the sign (П) of the radiation source with tunable carrier frequency into the data form characterizing this radiation source.

In the process of operator training, a data form with the sign П is displayed on the CRT screen of the sign display device, which is part of the block of indicator devices. The fact that these characteristics appear in the form of the form indicates the detection of a radiation source with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse.

The carrier frequency change from pulse to pulse of the radiation source is simulated in the simulator by the carrier frequency change simulation unit.

In the simulation unit, changes in the carrier frequency are stored in a specific sequence of the magnitude of the change in the carrier frequency of the pulse signals (± Δf). The sequence of values (± Δf) is set a priori before the start of the learning process. During the operation of the simulator, when detecting radiation sources with a tunable carrier frequency, the carrier frequency of the simulated radiation signals changes from pulse to pulse according to a given law.

The fact of detection of a radiation source with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse is established by the result of joint observation of the video signals appearing on the CRT screen of the video pulse indicating device and the data form with the sign P on the CRT screen of the sign indicating device. To do this, an operation is carried out to describe the radiation source, which is performed by typing on the operator’s remote control panel a passive radar code of the target number — the target sign, the data form of which has the sign P. If there is a target number code, the calculator switches to a subroutine for evaluating the operator’s speed of action when a radiation source with a tunable carrier is detected frequency from pulse to pulse in the conditions of DTR radio waves.

So, when training the Navy personnel on a simulator for training operators of shipborne passive radar systems, it is possible to increase the degree of operators' training in practical skills in detecting radiation sources with both deterministic and tunable carrier frequencies from pulse to pulse, as well as maximum similarity of the simulated signals to real DTR conditions of radio waves.

The aim of the invention is to increase the level of professional training of operators in managing a passive radar station by simulating in the coverage area and displaying false marks on indicator devices obtained by re-reflecting radar signal sources from the coastline.

This goal is achieved by the fact that in the simulator for the training of shipborne passive radar system operators, which includes a passive radar operator console connected in series, a unit for simulating the current antenna position, a computer, a buffer storage device, a block of indicator devices, a carrier frequency fixing unit for radiation signals, a block simulations of far tropospheric propagation of signals, a block for simulating video signals and a block for fixing the time of target detection, as well as after well-connected receiver simulation unit and logic element “I”, while the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth outputs of the passive radar operator panel are connected to the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth, respectively inputs of the indicator device block, the ninth, tenth and eleventh outputs of the passive radar operator’s console are connected respectively to the second, third and fourth inputs of the video signal simulation block, the twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth outputs of the pool The passive radar operator’s operator is connected respectively to the second, third and fourth inputs of the carrier unit for fixing the radiation signal frequency, the fifteenth output of the passive radar operator’s panel is connected to the second input of the target detection time fixation unit, the output of the antenna current simulation unit is also connected to the second input of the logic element " And ", the first input of the receiver simulation unit and the fifth input of the video simulation unit, the second and third, fourth and fifth inputs of the calculator are connected respectively to the second and third inputs of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals, the first output of the block for fixing the time for detecting targets and the second output of the block for simulating the receiving device, the second, third, fourth and fifth outputs of the calculator are connected respectively to the fifth input of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals, second the input of the block imitating the far tropospheric propagation of signals, the second input of the block simulating the receiving device and the third input of the block fixing the time of detection of targets, the ninth and the fourth inputs of the indicator device block are connected respectively to the second and third outputs of the video signal simulation block, the fourth and fifth outputs of the carrier block of the radiation frequency signal are connected respectively to the third inputs of the receiver simulation block and the far tropospheric signal simulation block, the second and third outputs of the carrier fix block frequencies of radiation signals are also connected to the fourth and fifth inputs of the receiver simulation unit, the second, third, fourth and fifth the outputs of the far tropospheric signal propagation simulation unit are connected respectively to the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth inputs of the video signal simulation unit, the tenth input and fourth output of which are connected respectively to the fourth output of the computer and the fourth input of the target detection time recording unit, series-connected decoder, unit are introduced memory, a solver and a first OR gate; a counter connected in series, the second logical element "OR", as well as the analysis unit, while the second, third, ..., nth outputs of the decoder are connected to the second, third, ..., nth inputs of the memory unit, the second input and output of the first logical the "OR" element is connected respectively to the output of random access memory and to the first input of the indicator device block, the decoder input is connected to the output of the simulation unit of the current antenna position, the input and output of the counter are connected respectively to the thirteenth output of the operator panel passive radar station and the first input of the second logical element "OR", the second input and output of the second logical element "OR" are connected respectively to the output of the logical element "AND" and the second input of the buffer storage device, the input, the first and second outputs of the analysis unit are connected respectively to the output of the buffer memory, to the input of the random access memory and to the second input of the deciding device, the first output of the simulation unit of the current antenna position is connected respectively to the third input of the solver and the second input of the counter, and the second input of the analysis unit is connected to the output of the counter.

This construction of the simulator allows you to create dynamic and informational models that simulate the radar signal radiation, re-reflection of the emitted signals from the coastline, spatial and frequency search, reception and detection of both true and false, obtained by re-reflection from the coastline, radiation in the area of the PRLS, as well as their classification and display in the form of marks on indicator devices.

Thus, the newly introduced devices and communications in conjunction with the devices and communications of the prototype make it possible to create a complex radar field on the display devices of the PRLS simulator, which includes, along with the true ones, false targets obtained by re-reflecting the radar signals of the radiation sources from the coastline. Thus, the operator gets the opportunity to improve the quality of training in more complex radio engineering conditions to identify true targets against false ones.

Ultimately, this leads to an increase in the degree to which the operators of passive radar systems learn the practical skills of managing them in various situations.

The authors are not aware of simulators having properties that match those of the proposed simulator. Therefore, the proposed simulator for training the operators of ship's passive radar systems in comparison with the known simulators of this purpose has significant differences.

In the drawing of FIG. 1a, b shows a block diagram of a simulator for training operators of shipborne passive radar systems.

In the drawing of FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an operator panel (1).

In the drawing of FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a unit simulating the current position of the antenna (2).

In the drawing of FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a calculator (3).

In the drawing of FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a block of indicator devices (5).

In the drawing of FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of a block for fixing the carrier frequency of radiation signals (6).

In the drawing of FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a unit for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation (7).

In the drawing of FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a video pulse simulation unit (8).

In the drawing of FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a target detection time fixing unit (9).

In the drawing of FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a receiver simulation unit (10).

In the drawing of FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a resolver (15).

In the drawing of FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an analysis unit (19).

The proposed simulator for training operators of ship's passive radar systems (Fig. 1a, b) consists of a passive radar operator console (1) connected in series, a unit for simulating the current position of the antenna (2), a computer (3), and a buffer storage device (4); series-connected block of indicator devices (5), a block for fixing the carrier frequency of radiation signals (6), a block for simulating far tropospheric propagation of signals (7), a block for simulating video signals (8), and a block for fixing the target detection time (9); series-connected receiver simulation unit (10) and logic element “I” (11), as well as random access memory (12), in addition, series-connected decoder (13), memory block (14), solving device (15) and the first logical element "OR" (16); connected in series counter (17), the second logical element "OR" (18), as well as the analysis unit (19), while the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth outputs of the operator panel of the passive radar (1) are connected respectively to the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth inputs of the indicator unit (5), the ninth, tenth and eleventh outputs of the passive radar operator panel (1) are connected respectively to the second, third and fourth inputs of the video signal simulation unit (8) twelfth thirteen the th and fourteenth outputs of the passive radar operator’s console are connected respectively to the second, third and fourth inputs of the carrier block of the radiation frequency carrier (6), the fifteenth output of the passive radar operator’s panel (1) is connected to the second input of the target detection time fixation block (9), output block simulating the current position of the antenna (2) is connected to the second input of the logical element "And" (11), the first input of the block simulating the receiving device (10), the fifth input of the block simulating video signals, the third input of the solving device (15), the second counter input and the first input of the decoder (13), the second, third, fourth and fifth inputs of the calculator (3) are connected respectively to the second, third output of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6), the first output of the block for fixing the target detection time (9) and the second output of the receiver simulation unit (10), the second, third, fourth and fifth outputs of the calculator (3) are connected respectively to the fifth input of the carrier block of the radiation frequency (6), the second input of the far tropospheric simulation block injured signals (7), the second input of the receiver simulation unit (10) and the third input of the target acquisition time recording unit (9), the output of the buffer storage device (4) is connected to the input of the analysis unit (19), the ninth and tenth inputs of the indicator device block (5) are connected respectively to the second and third outputs of the video signal simulation block (8), the second and third outputs of the carrier block of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6) are connected respectively to the fourth and fifth inputs of the receiver simulation block (10), the fourth and the fifth outputs of the block of fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6) are connected respectively to the third input of the simulation block of the receiving device (10), and the third input of the simulation block of far tropospheric propagation of signals (7), the second, third, fourth and fifth outputs of the simulation block of the simulation block of the far tropospheric propagation of signals (7) are connected respectively to the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth inputs of the video simulation module (8), the tenth input and fourth output of which are connected respectively to the fourth mu output of the calculator and the fourth input of the unit for recording the target detection time, the second, third, ..., nth outputs of the decoder are connected respectively to the second, third, ..., nth inputs of the memory unit (14), the second input and output of the first logic element " OR "(16) are connected respectively to the output of random access memory (12) and to the first input of the indicator unit (5), the input of the decoder (13) is connected to the output of the unit simulating the current position of the antenna (2), the input and output of the counter (17) connected respectively to the thirteenth output the ultral of the operator of the passive radar station (1) and the first input of the second logical element "OR" (18), the second input and output of the second logical element "OR" (18) are connected respectively to the output of the logical element "AND" (11) and to the second input buffer memory (4), the input, the first and second outputs of the analysis unit (19) are connected respectively to the output of the buffer memory (4), to the input of random access memory (12) and to the second input of the deciding device (15).

The above blocks and circuits that are part of the simulator equipment for training the operators of ship's passive radar systems (the block diagram of the simulator is shown in Fig. 1a, b) is performed as follows.

one). The passive radar operator console (1) is intended for manual control of the passive radar system by the trained operator during training on the simulator. It provides coordination of the work of all simulated functional devices with the help of synchronizing and control sequences of signals.

The block diagram of the operator panel of the passive radar (1) is shown in FIG. 2. The passive radar operator's console (1) includes a scanning sector setting circuit (20), a clock pulse shaper (21), a start pulse shaper 1 and 2 (22), a sawtooth voltage generator 1 (23), and a sawtooth voltage generator 2 ( 24), driver of control voltage 1 (25), driver of code sequence (26), driver of control voltage 2 (27) and driver of attributes (26). The installation scheme of the scanning sector (20) consists of a steering wheel connected mechanically to a rotating transformer. The output of the rotating transformer is connected to the input of the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2).

The pulse generator (21) consists of a series-connected crystal oscillator, a binary counter and a decoder. The first, second, third and fourth outputs of the decoder are connected respectively to the unit and zero inputs of trigger 1 and trigger 2, which are part of the trigger pulse shaper 1 and 2 (22). The fifth output of the decoder, which is included in the clock generator (21), is connected respectively to the eighth input of the indicator device unit (5) and the second input of the fixation unit of the time interval for solving the problem (9). The outputs of trigger 1 and trigger 2 are connected respectively to the inputs of the sawtooth generator 1 (23) and the sawtooth generator 2 (24). The output of the sawtooth voltage generator 1 (23) is simultaneously connected to the second input of the indicator device block (5) and the second input of the video signal simulation block (8), and the output of the sawtooth voltage generator 2 (24) is simultaneously connected to the fourth input of the indicator device block (5) and the third input of the block simulating video signals (8).

Generators of sawtooth voltage 1 (23) and 2 (24) are made on a backward wave lamp (BWT).

The driver of the control voltage 1 (25) and the driver of the control voltage 2 (27) are variable resistors. The outputs of the variable resistors are, respectively, the third input of the block of indicator devices (5), the second input of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of radiation signals (6), the fifth input of the block of indicator devices (5) and the fourth input of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of radiation signals (6).

The code sequence generator (26) consists of N electrical targets, each of which is a series-connected button, a single pulse shaper, a delay line, a trigger, and a buffer register, while the second trigger inputs are also connected to the outputs of a single pulse shapers, second, third, ..., N-th inputs of the buffer register are connected to the outputs of the triggers, (N + 1) -th input of the buffer register is also connected to the fifth output of the decoder, which is included in the clock shaper (21). The output of the buffer register, which is controlled by a decoder included in the clock shaper (21), is connected simultaneously to the third input of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6) and the counter input (17).

The tracer (28) consists of two electrical targets, each of which is a series-connected button, a single pulse shaper, a delay line, a trigger, and a buffer register, while the second trigger inputs are also connected to the outputs of a single pulse shapers, the second buffer register input is connected to the trigger output, the third input of the buffer register is also connected to the fifth output of the decoder included in the clock shaper (21).

The considered blocks and circuits are made on known elements of analog and discrete technology. See 1. Martynov V.A. etc. Panoramic receivers and spectrum analyzers. Ed. G.D. Zavirina - M .: Publishing House "Sov. Radio", 1964, pp. 201-205. 2. Reference amateur radio designer. Ed. R.M. Malinina - M .: Publishing house "Energy", 1973, pp. 344-345. 3. Handbook of digital computing. Ed. B.N. Malinovsky - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, pp. 282-291. 4. M.I. Fallenstein. The basics of radar - M .: Publishing house "Sov. Radio", 1973, pp. 383-387. 5. S.V. Samsonenko. Digital methods for optimal processing of radar signals. - M.: Publishing House "Military Publishing", 1968.

2). A unit for simulating the current position of the antenna (2) converts the angle of rotation of the direction-finding antenna of the passive radar into binary code, fixes the boundaries of the specified scanning sector of the direction-finding antenna and determines the current azimuth, the bisector of the scanning sector.

A block diagram of a unit simulating the current position of the antenna (2) is shown in FIG. 3.

The unit simulating the current position of the antenna (2) includes a rotary transformer (29) mechanically connected to the disk 1 (30), in turn, the disk 1 (30) is mechanically connected to the current azimuth sensor (31), disk 2 (32), mechanically connected to the motor (33), which is connected to the switching device (34), the photocell 1 (35) connected in series, the AND ₁ logic element (36), the binary counter 1 (37), the OR logic element (38) and one adder (39) and photocell 2 (40) 3 photocell (41), the trigger 1 (42), a trigger 2 (43), an aND gate "aND _2" (44), binary ELAPSED to 2 (45), the block constants 1 (46), the block constants 2 (47), the logic element "OR _2" (48) and the adder 2 (49), the output of the photocell 2 (40) is connected to a single input of latch 1 (42), the output of photocell 3 (41) is connected to the zero input of trigger 1 (42), and the output of trigger 1 (42) is connected to the second input of the logic element "AND ₁ " (36), the zero output of trigger 1 (42) is connected to the first input of the switching device (34), the output of photocell 1 (35) is also connected to the first input of the logic element "AND ₂ " (44), the output of photocell 2 (40) is also connected to the zero input of trigger 2 (43) and to the second input of the binary counter 2 (45), the output of the photocell 3 (41) is also connected to the second input of the binary counter 1 (37) and the single input of trigger 2 (43), the single output of trigger 2 (43) is connected to the second input of the logic element "AND ₂ "(4), and the zero output of trigger 2 (43) is connected to the second input of the switching device (34), the output of binary counter 2 (45) is connected to the second input of the logic element" OR ₁ "(38), the output of the logic element" AND ₁ "(36) and the logic element" AND ₂ "(44) are also connected to the inputs of the block of constants 1 (46) and the block of constants 2 (47), output which are connected respectively to the first and second inputs of the OR gate ₂ (48), the outputs of the current azimuth sensor (31) and the OR gate ₂ (48) are connected respectively to the first and second information inputs of the adder 2 (49), and the output of the adder 2 (42) is connected to the second input of the adder 1 (39), the output of the adder 1 (39) is connected respectively to the first input of the calculator (3), the second input of the logical element “AND” (11), the fifth input of the video signal simulation block ( 8), the first input of the receiver simulation unit (10), the first input eshifratora (13), the third input of the decision unit (15) and the second input of the counter (17).

The operation of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2) is as follows. The operator, controlling the rotary transformer (29), sets the disk 1 (30) to the appropriate position and thereby sets the boundaries of the scanning sector of the direction-finding antenna, since on the disk 1 (30) the specified scanning sector (ΔС) is marked with two slots. Slots are also located on the periphery of disk 1 (30) so that their number corresponds to the discreteness of the azimuth count. Disk 1 (30) is mechanically connected to the current azimuth sensor (31), from the output of which the scanning sector bisector (P _LSI ) binary code is sent to the second input of adder 2 (49). According to disk 1 (30), disk 2 (32) is installed, in which spectral slots are made to form the pulses of the beginning and end of the scanning sector and to calculate the azimuth of the marks. On the other side of the disk 2 (32) there are light sources that create narrow rays of light, which at each moment of time illuminate only one slot in the disk 2 (32). Disk 2 (32) is mechanically connected to the motor (33), the rotation direction of the shaft of which is switched by changing the phase of the supply voltage. Switching is carried out by a switching device (34). Photocell 1 (35), photocell 2 (40) and photocell 3 (41) convert light pulses penetrating through the slots of the disk 2 (32) when it is rotated by the motor (33) into electric current pulses. In this case, the pulse of the beginning of the scanning sector, which is generated by photocell 2 (40) at the moment of passing the direction of the initial boundary, and sets trigger 1 (42) to a single state, is fed to the single input of trigger 1 (42). This opens the logical element "AND ₁ " (36) and the sequence of pulses from the photocell 1 (35) read azimuth marks goes to binary counter 1 (37), the output of which is connected to the first input of the logical element "OR ₁ " (38) and input of the block of constants 1 (46).

, где $$\left(-\frac{\Delta С}{2}\right)$$

хранится в блоке констант 1 (46) и $$\left(+\frac{\Delta С}{2}\right)$$

хранится в блоке констант 2 (47), а в сумматоре 1 (39) осуществляются такие операции:At the same time, the pulse from the output of photocell 2 (40) is fed to the zero input of trigger 2 (43), translating it into the zero state, and to the second control input of binary counter 2 (45), resetting it to zero. Trigger 1 (42) controls its switching output (34) with its zero output. At the end of the scanning sector, the end pulse generated by photocell 3 (41) is fed to the zero input of trigger 1 (42), returning it to its original state, and to the second input of binary counter 1 (37), zeroing it. At the same time, the end pulse from the output of photocell 3 (41) is fed to the single input of trigger 2 (43), which opens the logic element “AND ₂ ” (44) for passing through it to the inputs of binary counter 2 (45) and the block of constants 2 ( 47) a sequence of pulses from photocell 1 (35). The output of binary counter 2 (45) is connected to the second input of the logic element "OR ₁ " (38). The zero output of trigger 2 (43) is similar to the zero output of trigger 1 (42) connected to the second input of the switching device (34), which controls the operation of the motor (33). In adder 2 (40), the following operations are performed: $$P_{B\mathrm{AND}\mathrm{FROM}}\pm \frac{\Delta \mathrm{FROM}}{2}$$

where $$\left(-\frac{\Delta \mathrm{FROM}}{2}\right)$$

stored in the block of constants 1 (46) and $$\left(+\frac{\Delta \mathrm{FROM}}{2}\right)$$

stored in the block of constants 2 (47), and in the adder 1 (39) the following operations are performed:

, $$P_{B\mathrm{AND}\mathrm{FROM}}\pm \frac{\Delta \mathrm{FROM}}{2}\pm P_{te\mathrm{to}.\mathrm{but}nt}$$

,

where the binary code (+ P _{tech. ant.} ) is generated by binary counter 1 (37) and the binary code (- P _{tech. ant.} ) is generated by binary counter 2 (45).

, который используется при работе тренажера.Thus, a binary code is generated in the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2) $$P_{te\mathrm{to}.\mathrm{but}nt.}=P_{B\mathrm{AND}\mathrm{FROM}}\pm \frac{\Delta \mathrm{FROM}}{2}\pm P_{te\mathrm{to}.\mathrm{but}nt.}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

which is used when operating the simulator.

The purpose of the individual blocks and elements that make up the block simulating the current position of the antenna (2), and their construction are described in detail in the special technical literature. See 1. C.V. Samsonenko. Digital methods for optimal processing of radar signals. - M .: Military Publishing House, 1968, pp. 108-112. 2. A.A. Romanov. Simulators for training radar operators using computers. - M .: Military Publishing House, 1980, pp. 70-74.

3). The computer (3) in the simulator under consideration is an EC-1030 computer and is designed to convert radar and radio information according to a given program, control the computing process and the interaction of blocks, circuits, assess the quality of training of trained operators and record their erroneous actions when controlling a passive radar in the process solving educational problems. In addition, the computer (3) captures the time components of the operator training process on the simulator.

The block diagram of the calculator (3) is shown in FIG. four.

The calculator (3) includes a BC-2030 processor (50) with main RAM connected to the selector channel SK1 (51), the selector channel SK2 (52), the selector channel SK3 (53) and the multiplex channel MK (54), the device NMD control EC-5551 (55), NMD EC-5056 (56), NML control device EC-5517 (57), NML EC-5017 (58), input-output interface (59), UVU device (60), switching a device (61), an input and registration device (62), consisting of a typewriter with an EC-7070 control unit (63), an ECU-7032 ADCP, an EC-7012 punch card output device (65), and an input device with p RF-card EC-6012 (66), while the selector channel SK1 (51) is connected in series with the control device NMD (55) and NMD (56), the selector channel SK2 (52) is connected in series with the control device NML (57) and NML (58) ), the selector channel SK3 (53) is connected in series with the input-output interface (59), the UVU device (60) and the switching device (61), the multiplex channel MK (54) is simultaneously connected to the typewriter (63), the ADCU (64) punch card output device (65) and punch card input device (66). The first, second, third, fourth and fifth inputs of the switching device (61) are connected respectively to the output of the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2), the second and third output of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6), the output of the block for fixing the time interval for solving the problem ( 9) and the first output of the receiver simulation unit (10). The first, second, third, fourth and fifth outputs of the switching device (61) are connected respectively to the first input of the buffer storage device (4), the fifth input of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6), the second input of the block for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation (7) , simultaneously to the tenth input of the video signal simulation block (8) and the second input of the receiver simulation block (10), the third input of the fixation block of the time interval for solving the problem (9).

In the calculator (3), the initial subroutines are entered using the input and registration device (62) through the multiplex channel MK (54) into the processor (50). From the RAM of the processor (50), the introduced subprograms are overwritten to the NMD (56) and the NML (58) via the selector channel SK1 (51) and the selector channel SK2 (52). In the process of the simulator, the initial subroutines with NMD (56) and NML (58) are entered in a certain sequence into the processor (50) of the calculator (3). Information to be registered is transmitted via the multiplex channel MK (54) to the input and registration device (62).

Operational information, which is used by the calculator (3) during the operation of the simulator, comes from the blocks and circuits that are part of the simulator, and is issued to these devices through the selector channel SK3 (53), the input-output interface (59), and the UVU device (60 ) and a switching device (61).

The organization of the computing process and the exchange through channels with the simulator equipment, the composition and purpose of the individual calculator devices (3), their hardware construction, the requirements for the construction of the input-output interface (59), the UVU device (60), the switching device (61) are described in sufficient detail in special technical literature. See 1. E.A. Drozdov et al. Electronic computers of a single system. - M.: Publishing House "Engineering", 1976, 2. B.S. Khusainov. Programming of input-output in OSES computer in assembly language. M .: "Statistics", 1980. 3. EU computers, I / O interface. Structure and composition. Functional Requirements. OST C 50.000.020 Scientific Research Institute of High-Tech Center, 1969 4. V.I. Grubov and other devices of electronic computing. - K .: Vishka Shkola Publishing House, 1980.

four). The buffer storage device (4) coordinates the operation of the PRLS operator console (1), the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2), the computer (3), and the receiver simulation unit (10). The first and second inputs of the buffer memory (4) are connected respectively to the first output of the computer (3) and the output of the second logical element "OR" (18). The output of the buffer storage device (4) is the input of the analysis unit (19).

The buffer storage device (4) contains memory cells (LPS), each of which has an address number and serves to store a machine word of a certain length, representing a number or other type of information. A memory cell consists of a set of memory elements (EP), each of which can be in several stable states and is designed to fix (record) and store one digit (bit) or digit of a number. The memory cells make up the cube of memory. In addition, the buffer memory (4) includes an address register (P ₂ A), a word register (P ₂ Sl), a switching node (Uz K), a reading node (Uz Sch), a recording node (Uz 3) and a node Management (Uz U).

By the method of organizing the access to a given PL, the buffer storage device (4) is a matrix storage device with the structure of the storage device. See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinovsky - K .: Publishing house ″ Technique ″ 1974, pp. 282-291.

5). The block of indicator devices (5) is designed to indicate alphanumeric information in tabular form and video signals of detected radiation sources in the coverage area of a passive radar.

A block diagram of the indicator devices (5) is shown in FIG. 5.

The block of indicator devices (5) includes a sign indicating device (67), a video pulse indicating device (68), a marker forming device 1 (69) and a marker forming device 2 (70), while the first and second inputs of the sign indicating device (67) ) are connected respectively to the output of the first logical element "OR" (16) and the eighth output of the operator panel of the passive radar (1), the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth inputs of the display device of the video pulses (68) are connected respectively to the output of the formation device arker 2 (70), the second output of the passive radar operator panel (1), the fourth output of the passive radar operator panel (1), the second output of the video signal simulator (8) and the third output of the video signal simulator (8), the first and second inputs of the formation device markers 1 (69) are connected respectively to the third and fifth outputs of the operator panel of the passive radar (1), the first and second inputs of the device for forming marker 2 (70) are connected respectively to the sixth and seventh outputs of the operator panel of the passive radar (1), the first input of the device is significant in diction (67) is simultaneously the first output, which is connected to the first input of the block fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6).

The sign indication device (67) includes a sign decoder, a backlight amplifier, an envelope shaper, a DC amplifier, a distributor, an address shaper, and a CRT.

The organization of the display of alphanumeric information, the purpose of the individual devices of sign indication and their hardware construction are described in special technical literature. See 1. I.I. Litvak et al. Fundamentals of the construction of display equipment in automated systems - M .: Publishing House "Sov. Radio", 1975, pp. 154-159. 2. N.G. Katukov et al. A unified sign board with a memory screen for shipborne radar systems - Shipbuilding Issues, Radar Series, Issue 23, 1976, pp. 71-74.

The video pulse display device (68) includes a CRT, a pulse expander 1, a sawtooth voltage generator 1, a sawtooth voltage amplifier 2, a sawtooth current amplifier 2, a forward sweep illumination circuit 1, a sweep forward illumination circuit 2, a mixer unit 2, an adjustment circuit brightness 1, focus adjustment circuit 2, the first and second CRT reject coils, six CRT control electrodes and two CRT fixation coils.

The formation of a horizontal scan on the screen of a CRT device for displaying video pulses (68) is as follows.

Since the duration of the forward sweep is longer than the duration of the start pulse, a pulse expander, for example, a standby multivibrator, is turned on in front of the sawtooth generator. Its negative impulses after each period of succession of start pulses are locked for the duration of the forward sweep of the sawtooth generator lamp. The sawtooth sweep voltage, taken from the generator through the sawtooth current amplifier, enters the deflecting coil and the light spot is deflected over the entire length of the CRT screen. The illumination circuit changes the pulses of the expander in polarity and amplitude so that these pulses, being applied to the CRT control electrode, cause the necessary screen illumination during the forward sweep.

The technical implementation of the video pulse display device (68) is straightforward. See 1. A.N. Romanov. Simulators for training radar operators using computers. - M .: Military Publishing House, 1980, pp. 59-64. 2. I.I. Litvak et al. Fundamentals of building display equipment in automated systems. - M.: Publishing House "Sov. Radio", 1975

The marker forming device 1 (69) and 2 (70) are a series-connected comparator and a waiting multivibrator. At one of the inputs of the comparator, a predetermined voltage is supplied, and at the other, a ramp voltage. At the moment of equal amplitudes, the result is read. This transformation is called integration with a single angle. The simplest comparator is a differential amplifier with a large gain, built on the basis of transistors or operational amplifiers. Waiting multivibrators form rectangular pulses of a given duration and amplitude (markers), which from their outputs go to the first and second inputs of a video pulse display device (68).

The hardware construction of the marker forming device is given in sufficient detail in the special technical literature. See 1. P. Horowitz, W. Hill. The Art of Circuit Engineering, Volume I. Translated from English. under. ed. Halperin - M .: Publishing house "Mir", 1983, p. 212-214. 2. M.I. Fallenstein. The basics of radar - M .: Publishing house "Sov. Radio", 1973, pp. 383-387.

6). The fixing block of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6) is designed to fix the simulated carrier frequency of the signals of the detected radiation sources in the coverage area of the passive radar.

A block diagram of the fixation of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6) is shown in FIG. 6.

The carrier frequency fixing block of the radiation signals (6) includes a first voltage to code converter (71) and a first comparison circuit (72), a second voltage to code converter (73) and a second comparison circuit (74), as well as an analysis circuit, connected in series and a third comparison circuit, while the input of the first voltage converter to code is connected to the twelfth output of the passive radar operator panel (1), the input of the second voltage converter to code (76) is connected to the fourteenth output of the passive radar operator panel (1), the input of the circuit isa (75) is connected to the second output of the calculator (3), the first output of the analysis circuit (75) is connected simultaneously to the second input of the first comparison circuit (72) and the first input of the block for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation (7), the second output of the analysis circuit (75) ) is connected simultaneously to the second input of the second comparison circuit (74) and the third input of the simulation unit for far tropospheric signal propagation (7), the output of the second comparison circuit (74) is connected simultaneously to the third input of the calculator (3) and the fifth input of the receiver simulation unit (10), the output of the first comparison circuit (72) is connected to the second input of the calculator (3), the first and second inputs of the third comparison circuit (76) are connected respectively to the first output of the indicator device block (5) and the thirteenth output of the passive radar operator panel ( one).

The first, second, and third comparison schemes (72, 74, 76) perform the comparison operation, in which the fact that one of the conditions

X = Y; X> Y; X <Y

, $$Y={\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^n{Y}_i\cdot 2^{i-1}}$$

Where $$X={\displaystyle \sum _{i=\mathrm{one}}^n{X}_i\cdot 2^{i-\mathrm{one}}}$$

, $$Y={\displaystyle \sum _{i=\mathrm{one}}^n{Y}_i\cdot 2^{i-\mathrm{one}}}$$

The comparison operation consists in the fact that the second is subtracted from one number and the following two of the above conditions are judged by the sign of the remainder. Such an operation is performed on the adder, to which an additional circuit is connected to fix the zero code of the remainder, which corresponds to the fulfillment of the first condition. See K.G. Samofalov et al. Electronic digital computers - K.: Vishka Shkola Publishing House, 1976, pp. 159-165.

The first and second voltage to code converters (71, 73) are used to convert continuous values to discrete ones. The conversion of an analog quantity into a digital code is a measuring process and occurs by performing a series of operations of comparing the measured quantity with a set of reference discrete quantities having the same nature as the converted analog. The voltage converters in the code (71, 73) consist of a null-body that performs the operation of comparing the measured U _x and compensating (balancing) U _{to the} values, the source of the reference voltage E _op , a digital voltage divider including a grid of resistances and switches, a digital machine that implements one of the balancing algorithms, a clock generator that synchronizes the operation of all nodes. See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinovsky - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, pp. 379-389.

7). The far tropospheric signal propagation simulation unit (7) is designed to simulate the effects of the troposphere on the power level of received radiation signals.

A block diagram of a unit for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation (7) is shown in FIG. 7.

The unit for simulating far tropospheric propagation of signals (7) includes a first logical element “I” (77), a first external storage device (78) and a first code-to-voltage converter (79), a second logic element “I” (80) , a second external storage device (81) and a second code-to-voltage converter (82), while the first input of the first logic element “AND” (77) is connected simultaneously to the first output of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6) and the seventh input of the simulation block video signals (8), the first input of the second logical element "And" (80) is connected simultaneously to the fifth output of the block fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6) and the eighth input of the block simulating video signals (8), the second inputs of the first logical element "And" (77 ) and the second logical element "AND" (80) are connected simultaneously to the third output of the calculator (3) and the ninth input of the video simulation module (8), the outputs of the first code converter in voltage (79) and the second code to voltage converter (82) are connected respectively to the first and sixth in I give simulation video unit (8).

The first and second code-to-voltage converters (79, 82) are intended for issuing in an analog form control actions on the corresponding devices. They consist of a register in which a binary code of the quantity to be converted into an analog value is entered and stored, a source of stable voltage and a digital voltage divider, consisting of a decoding grid of resistances and precision keys.

A detailed description of code-to-voltage converters is given in the special technical literature. See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinovsky - K .: Publishing House "Technics", 1974, pp. 392-394.

The first and second external storage devices are used as sensors for the necessary information. These devices are of transformer type, built on U-shaped, linear ferrite cores. See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinovsky - K .: Publishing House "Technics", 1974, pp. 322-329.

8). The video signal simulation unit is designed to simulate the received passive radar signals of the detected targets at a low frequency (video frequency), taking into account a number of their characteristic parameters and changes in these parameters (amplitude, angular extent on the indicator screen, etc.) depending on the distance of the path, the radiation source is passive Radar, conditions for the propagation of signals along the route, the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the receiving device.

A block diagram of a video simulation unit (8) is shown in FIG. 8.

The video signal simulator (8) includes a series-connected radar signal simulator (83) and a first adder (84), a carrier frequency change simulator (85) and a second adder (86), as well as a third adder (87) and a fourth adder (88) ), while the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh inputs of the radar signal simulator (89) are connected respectively to the output of the second adder (86), the output of the fourth adder (88), the tenth and ninth outputs of the passive radar operator console ( 1), the fifth output of the simulation block yes tropospheric propagation of signals (7), the output of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2) and the fourth output of the transmitter (3), the first output of the simulator of radar signals (83) is also connected to the first input of the fixation unit of the time interval for solving the problem (9), and the second the output of the radar signal simulator (89) is connected simultaneously to the first input of the third adder (87) and the fourth input of the fixation unit of the time interval for solving the problem (9), the second input of which, in turn, is connected to the third output of the block by them of the far tropospheric signal propagation (7), and the output of the third adder (87) is connected to the tenth input of the indicator device block (5), the second input and the output of the first adder (84) are connected respectively to the first output of the far tropospheric signal simulation block (7) and the ninth input of the indicator device unit (5), the second input of the second adder (86) is connected to the fourth output of the far tropospheric signal propagation simulation unit (7), the second output and the input of the carrier frequency change simulator (85) under it is connected, respectively, to the first input of the fourth adder (88) and the eleventh output of the passive radar operator panel (1), and the second input of the fourth adder (88) is connected to the second output of the far tropospheric signal propagation simulation unit (7).

The radar signal simulator (83) includes four comparison circuits, four "I" logic elements, two antenna radiation pattern simulators, four modulators, two clock pulses, two long-range tropospheric propagation simulators, two Schmitt triggers, two voltage to code converters .

The operation of the radar signal simulator (83) is as follows. From the fourth output of the calculator (3) and the output of the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2), the codes of the bearing of the radiation source and the current azimuthal position of the direction-finding antenna are received respectively at the first and second inputs of the first and third comparison circuits. If the received codes coincide, the first and third comparison circuits generate control signals that open the first and third logic elements for passing through them the code of the current azimuthal position of the direction-finding antenna to the inputs of the first and second antenna radiation pattern simulators (BOTTOMs). The first and second DND simulators, taking into account the code of the current azimuthal position of the direction-finding antenna, generate signals whose amplitudes correspond to the format of the antenna envelopes of the antenna in I and II conventional frequency ranges. From the outputs of the first and second DND simulators, the signals are received respectively at the first inputs of the first and third modulators, the second inputs of which respectively receive signals from the outputs of the second and fourth logical elements “AND”. From the outputs of the first and third modulators, the modulated signal sequence is fed to the first inputs of the second and fourth modulators, respectively. The second inputs of the second and fourth modulators receive signals from the outputs of the first and second simulators of the far tropospheric propagation of radio waves (DTR), respectively. DTR simulators are designed to form the levels of amplitudes of radiation signals, taking into account their attenuation during propagation along the horizon, i.e. taking into account the average values of the signal attenuation level depending on the length of the path and the conditions of radio surveillance. The modulated signals from the outputs of the second and fourth modulators are respectively supplied to the inputs of the first adder (84) and the third adder (87).

The carrier frequency change simulator (85) includes two binary counters, two read-only memory devices and two buffer registers.

The operation of the carrier frequency change simulator (85) is as follows. Permanent memory devices, consisting of an address register, a decoder, shapers, a memory unit, a read amplifier, are laid down in a certain sequence of changes in the carrier frequency of radiation pulses with their sign (± Δf) by creating a rigid wiring diagram. These sequences correspond to predetermined laws of change in the carrier frequency of radiation sources in I and II conventional frequency ranges. The address of the quantity (± Δf), which must be read from the memory block, is written into the address register from the binary counter. The readings of the binary counters with the given conversion factors are generated using clock pulses fed to the inputs of the binary counters from the eleventh output of the passive radar operator console (1). The address of the quantity (± Δf) is decrypted using a decoder. The signal at the output of the decoder's excited bus enters the shaper unit, where it is formed by amplitude and duration, after which it is fed to a selected cell in the memory block. The code signals of the selected (± Δf) are amplified by read amplifiers and are sent to the buffer register of the number.

Thus, with the help of a decoder and a memory unit that performs the functions of an encoder, the address code is converted into a read code (± Δf). The binary code (± Δf) then goes from the output of the corresponding buffer register to the first input of the corresponding second and fourth adders (86, 88).

The nodes and blocks that make up the carrier frequency change simulator (85) are described in detail in the special technical literature. See 1. E.A. Drozdov et al. Multiprogramming digital computers - Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1974, pp. 212-220. 2. E.A. Drozdov et al. Electronic Digital Computers - Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1968, pp. 244-262. 3. Handbook of digital computing. Ed. B.N. Malinowski - K .: Publishing House "Technics". 1974, pp. 96-108. 4. M.I. Fallenstein. "Fundamentals of Radar" - Moscow: Publishing House "Sov. Radio", 1973, pp. 303-387.

The first, second, third and fourth adders (84, 86, 87, 88) are designed to sum n-bit values and consist of n-one-digit adders, the number of which is equal to the number of bits of the terms taking into account the sign bits, with the output connection, which yields a transfer signal of a given discharge, with an input for a transfer signal of an adjacent, older discharge.

The technical implementation of the adders is described in detail in the technical literature. See 1. Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinowski. - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, p. 182-200. 2. S.V. Samsonenko. Digital methods for optimal processing of radar signals. M .: Military Publishing House, 1968, p. 38-43.

9). The unit for detecting the target detection time (9) is designed to record the time of the control operations of the passive radar in the process of detecting radiation sources in a given spatial sector.

A block diagram of a target detection time fixing unit is shown in FIG. 9.

The block for detecting target acquisition time (9) includes an OR gate (89), a trigger (90), an AND gate (91), and a binary counter (92), the first and second inputs of the logic gate "OR" (89) are connected respectively to the first and fourth outputs of the video signal simulation block (8), the second input of the logic element "AND" (91) is connected to the fifteenth output of the passive radar operator panel (1), the second inputs of the trigger (90) and binary counter (92) are connected simultaneously to the fifth output of the calculator (3), and the output binary counter (92) is connected to the fourth input of the computer (3).

, где yⁱ - логическое значение прямого выхода триггера i-го разряда. Выход двоичного счетчика (92) подключен к четвертому входу вычислителя (3). См. Справочник по цифровой вычислительной технике. Под ред. Б.Н. Малиновского - К.: Изд-во "Технiка", 1974, стр. 176.Binary counter (92) with binary positional coding represents a node consisting of series-connected trigger cells controlled by a counting input. The maximum number of states of an n-bit binary counter can be determined by the relation N = 2 ⁿ , and the counter capacity S _n = 2 ⁿ -1. Numeric expression of the current state of the binary counter $$S_{\mathrm{to}}={\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{\mathrm{to}}{2}^i\cdot y^i}$$

where y ⁱ is the logical value of the direct output of the trigger of the i-th category. The output of the binary counter (92) is connected to the fourth input of the computer (3). See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinowski - K .: Publishing House "Technics", 1974, p. 176.

A trigger (90) that performs a switching function is the most common element of a discrete technique. See M.I. Fallenstein. The basics of radar - M .: Publishing house "Sov. Radio", 1973, pp. 333-387.

10). The receiver simulation unit (10) is designed to simulate the operation of a direct gain receiver used in a passive radar.

The block diagram of the receiver simulation unit (10) is shown in FIG. eleven.

The receiver simulation unit (10) includes a series-connected comparison circuit (93) and a first OR gate (94), a control signal generation circuit (95), a NOT gate (96), a ″ AND ″ logical gate (97) and the second logical element ″ OR ″ (98), as well as the third logical element "OR" (99), while the first and second inputs of the comparison circuit (93) are connected respectively to the output of the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2) and the fourth output of the calculator (3), the second input and output of the first logical element "OR" (94) by connected respectively to the output of the control signal generation circuit (95) and the input of the AND logic element (11), the first, second inputs and the output of the third OR logic element (99) are connected respectively to the second, third outputs of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6) and the second input of the AND gate (97), the second input and output of the second OR gate (98) are connected respectively to the fourth output of the carrier block for fixing the frequency of the radiation signals (6) and the fifth input of the calculator (3).

The control signal generation circuit (95) is designed to form a sign of the direct gain receiver operation and includes a power supply, a button, a single pulse shaper 1 and a trigger, and a single pulse shaper 2, and the input of a single pulse shaper 2 is connected to the input a single pulse shaper 1, and the output of a single pulse shaper 2 is connected to the zero input of the trigger. When the button is turned on, the electric circuit is closed and the single pulse shaper 1 generates a single pulse, which sets the trigger in a single state. When the button is turned off, the electric circuit is opened and the single pulse shaper 2 generates a single pulse, which sets the trigger to zero. Thus, a control signal is generated corresponding to the inclusion of the direct gain receiver. See K.G. Samofalov et al. Electronic digital computers - K .: Vishka Shkola Publishing House, 1976

The logical element "NOT" implements the inversion function. See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.H. Malinowski - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, pp. 96-108.

eleven). The first and second inputs of the AND gate (11) are connected respectively to the output of the receiver simulation unit (10) and the antenna current simulator block (2), and the output to the second OR gate (18).

The logical element "AND" (11) implements the switching function of the conjunction and is a multipole with two inputs and one output. See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinowski - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, pp. 96-108.

12). Random access memory (12) is constructed according to a scheme similar to the buffer memory (4). The technical implementation of random access memory is straightforward. See the Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinowski - K .: Publishing house "Technique", 1974, pp. 322-329.

13). The decoder (13) is designed to decrypt the address according to the input value of the current position of the antenna. The decoder input (13) is connected to the first output of the antenna position simulator (2), and the second, third, ..., nth outputs of the decoder are connected to the second, third, ..., nth inputs of the memory unit (14). The technical implementation of the decoder (13) is straightforward. This is one of the common elements of discrete technology. See 1. K.G. Samofalov et al. Electronic digital computers. - K .: "Vishka school", 1976. 2. Handbook of digital computing. Ed. B.N. Malinovsky - K .: "Technique", 1974, pp. 282-291.

fourteen). The memory unit (14) is designed for long-term storage of the constants necessary for organizing the process of simulating the re-reflection of radar radiation from a coastline.

The memory block (14) consists of n-registers in which the constants are stored, m-logic elements "OR", interconnected accordingly. In this case, the input of each of the n-registers is connected to one of the n-outputs of the decoder (13). The output of the memory block (14) coincides with the output of the m-th logical OR circuit and is connected to the input of the resolving device (15).

The technical implementation of the memory unit is straightforward. See 1. Handbook of Digital Computing. Ed. B.N. Malinowski. - K .: Technique, 1974. 2. K.G. Samofalov et al. Electronic digital computers. - K .: Vishcha school, 1976.

fifteen). The decisive device (15) is designed to make a decision on whether it is possible to simulate a false target as a result of re-reflection of radar radiation from a coastline, and the formation of a false target form in the case of a positive decision.

The solver (15) consists of an input register (100), a first register of constants (101), a first comparison circuit (102), a first logical element "AND" (103), a second register of constants (104), a second comparison circuit (105) , the second logical element "AND" (106), the logical element "OR" (107) and the output register (108). In this case, the input of the solving device (15) is the input of the input register (100) and is connected to the memory unit (14), the second input of the first comparison circuit (102) is connected to the output of the first register of constants (101), the second input of the first logical element "AND" (103) is connected to the output of the input register (100), the second input of the second comparison circuit (105) is connected to the output of the second register of constants (104), the second input of the second logical element "AND" (106) is connected to the output of the analysis unit (19), the second input of the OR gate (107) is connected to the output of the simulation block about the position of the antenna (2), the output of the output register (108) is connected to the input of the first logical element "OR" (16).

The technical implementation of the elements that make up the decisive device is described in sufficient detail in the special technical literature. See 1. Samofalov et al. Electronic digital computing machine. - K .: Vishcha school, 1976. 2. P. Horowitz, W. Hill, The Art of Schematics. Volume I. English under the editorship of M.V. Halperin. - M .: Mir, 1983, 3. Yu.G. Chugaev et al. Electronic and digital computers. - M.: Military Publishing, 1962, 4. V.I. Grubov and other devices of electronic computing. - K .: Vishka school, 1980.

16). The first logical element "OR" (16) is designed to coordinate the information received from the random access memory (12) and the solving device (15), and transmit it to the block of indicator devices (5). The implementation of the first logical element "OR" is not difficult. This is a widespread element of computer technology. See Computer Reference. Ed. B.N. Malinovsky - K .: Technique, 1974.

17). Using the counter (17), the radar address is formed, the radiation of which as a result of re-reflection from the coastline can give a false target. The counter (17) is started from the PRLS operator panel (1), and is reset when the current antenna position code (2) is received.

The counter (17) consists of n-triggers connected accordingly. The output of the counter (17) is connected to the first input of the second logical element "OR" (18).

The technical implementation of the binary counter (17) is not difficult. See 1 B.I. Grubov and other devices of electronic computing. - K .: Vishka school, 1980. 2. Yu.G. Chugaev et al. Electronic and digital computers. - M.: Military Publishing, 1962.

eighteen). The second OR gate (18) coordinates the information coming from the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2), the simulation unit of the receiving device (10) and the binary counter (17) into the buffer memory (4). The technical implementation of the logical element is not difficult. See Computer Reference. Ed. B.N. Malinovsky - K .: Technique, 1974.

19). The analysis unit (19) is designed to separate true targets from false ones by comparing the current radar address coming from the buffer memory (4) with the radar address, the radiation of which can give a false target as a result of re-reflection from the coastline, while the address of such a radar comes from the counter (17), as well as the subsequent transfer of the true target data form to the random access memory (12) and the false target data form to the solving device (15).

The analysis unit (19) consists of series-connected: the first comparison circuit (109), the first logical element "AND" (110), the second logical comparison circuit (111), the second logical element "AND" (112), the first logical element "OR" (13); the first logical element "NOT" (114), the third logical element "AND" (115), the third logic circuit (116), the fourth logical element "AND" (117), the second logical element "NOT" (118) , the fifth logical element "AND" (119), the second logical element "OR" (120), as well as the register of constants (121), while the output of the buffer storing device (4) is connected to the input of the first comparison circuit (109) and the second inputs of the first (110), second (112), third (115), fourth (117) and fifth (119) logic gates "AND", binary counter output (17) is connected to the second input of the first comparison circuit (109), the output of the first comparison circuit (109) is connected to the first input of the NOT gate (114), the output of the constant register (121) is connected to the second inputs of the second (111) and third (116) comparison circuits, the output of the fourth logical element "AND" (117) is connected to the second input of the first logic element "OR" (113), the output of which is connected to the input of random access memory (12), the second input and the first output of the second logical element "OR" (120) are respectively connected to the first output of the second logical element "AND" (112) and the output of the solving device (15).

The technical implementation of the elements supplying the analysis unit is described in sufficient detail in the special technical literature. See 1. P. Horowitz, W. Hill. The art of circuitry. Tom. I. Per. from English under the editorship of M.V. Halperin. - M .: Mir, 1983. 2. V.I. Grubov and other devices of electronic computing. - K .: Vishka school, 1980.

Consider the operation of a simulator for training operators of shipborne passive radar systems, shown in the drawings of FIG. 1a, b, in which the proposed devices, circuits and communications are introduced.

Before the start of the training, the training leader, using the punch card device, enters into the RAM of the calculators the following data:

- information about sources with both tunable and non-tunable carrier frequencies;

- forms of the main radio technical parameters of the given radiation sources;

- coordinates of the location of the radiation sources relative to the passive radar;

- motion parameters of radiation sources and a passive radar carrier;

- the conditions for the propagation of radiation signals in case of radio-wave DTR;

- programs that simulate continuous or paused operation of specified radiation sources in an educational task;

- a sign of simulating the re-reflection of radar signals from a coastline.

The entered information through the selector channels (51, 52) using the NMD control device (55) and the NML control device (57) is further recorded on the NMD. The listed devices are part of the calculator (3). Through the selector channel (53), information is received that is necessary to simulate a specific radio engineering situation. The operation of the selector channel (53) is regulated by the input-output interface (59), the UVU device (60) and the switching device (61), which are also part of the computer (3).

The information part of a given radio environment during the operation of the simulator is formed by such devices: a passive radar operator’s panel (1), a unit for simulating the current antenna position (2), a computer (3), a buffer memory (4), an indicator unit (5), a unit fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6), a unit for simulating far tropospheric propagation of signals (7), a unit for simulating video signals (8), a unit for fixing time detection of targets (9), a unit for simulating a receiving device, th element of "AND" (11) and random access memory (12).

In the implementation of the radio environment, the paths of the radiation sources are set on a plane in a rectangular coordinate system, the origin of which is the location of the FC. The model of motion of carriers of radiation sources that make up a typical order is a combination of sections with rectilinear motion and sections of maneuver. This model is a nominal model of motion based on the representation of the process of changing coordinates in a restrictive observation region as a polynomial.

The simulated radar signals of the radiation sources of a given type order at the video frequency are supplied from the second and third outputs of the video signal simulation block (8) to the ninth and tenth inputs of the indicator device block (5), which are the first information inputs of the mixer blocks. From the second output of the video signal simulation block (8), video signals of the I conditional frequency range are received, and from the third output of the same block, video signals of the II conditional frequency range. Next, the video signals from the outputs of the mixer blocks included in the video pulse display device (68) are fed to the CRT electrodes. On the CRT screen, which is part of the video pulse display device (68), the simulated radar signals are reproduced in the form of corresponding marks. At the second information inputs of the mixer blocks, rectangular marker pulses are received, which are formed respectively by the marker I formation devices (69) and the marker II formation device (70), which are part of the indicator device block (5).

Thus, the video pulse display devices displayed on the CRT screen (68), the video pulses of the radar signals from the radiation sources of a given standard order and secondary signals in the form of rectangular pulses of a given duration form a model of the radar situation in the passive radar coverage area when the trained operator performs a combat mission.

In the process of training, the passive radar operator performs a semi-automatic data acquisition from a CRT of a video pulse display device (68). To this end, it combines pulse markers with target marks. The position of the markers on the CRT screen is changed by changing the constant voltage in the first driver of the control voltage (25) and the second driver of the control voltage (27), which are part of the operator panel of the passive radar (1). The control voltages from the third and fifth outputs of the passive radar operator panel (1) are respectively supplied to the second inputs of the first marker forming device (69) and the second marker forming device (70). At the same time, the control voltages from the twelfth and fourteenth outputs of the passive radar operator panel (1) are supplied to the second and fourth inputs of the carrier block for fixing the radiation frequency signals (6), which are inputs of the first voltage converter to code (71) and the second voltage converter code (73). Sawtooth voltages from the outputs of the first (23) and second sawtooth voltage generators (24), which are part of the passive radar operator panel (1), are fed to the first inputs of marker forming devices (69, 70). At the moment of equal voltage, the waiting multivibrators are launched, forming rectangular pulse markers.

From the outputs of the PNK converters (71, 73), the constant voltage in the binary code is supplied to the first inputs of the first and second comparison circuits (74), the second inputs of which receive binary codes of the carrier frequency of the radar signals of the radiation sources, respectively, from the first and second outputs of the analysis circuit (75 ) The analysis circuit (75) fulfills the function of determining the conditional frequency range to which the simulated radar radiation signal belongs, and together with the first and second comparison circuits (72, 74) it is part of the fixation block of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals. In the analysis circuit (75), the binary codes of the carrier frequency of the radar signals of radiation come from the second output of the computer (3), which, according to the program of the given training task, imitates the main radio-technical parameters of the radiation signals.

When markers are combined with target marks in the first and second comparison circuits (72, 74), control signals are generated which from the second and third outputs of the carrier block of the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6) are fed to the first and second inputs of the third OR logic element (99 ) and then from its output to the second input of the logical element "AND" (97), the first input of which receives a signal from the output of the logical element "NOT" (96). The ″ NOT ″ logic element (96) inverts the control signal. At the time of simultaneous receipt of signals at the inputs of the logic element "AND" (97), a control signal is formed at its output "to take the reading of the binary counter." The control signal is fed to the first input of the second OR gate (98) and then from its output to the fifth input of the calculator (3). In this way, the detection time of radiation sources with a determinate carrier frequency is estimated, which is an important factor in the preparation of passive radar operators.

The above logical elements "OR" (98, 99), "NOT" (96) and "AND" (96) are part of the receiver simulation unit (10).

Having received the signal "take the reading of the binary counter", the calculator (3) switches to the subroutine for overwriting the readings of the binary counter (92), which is part of the block for recording the target detection time (9). The result is output to the ADCU device (64), included in the computer (3), where it is printed in alphanumeric form on paper.

The operation of the binary counter (92) is regulated by the logical element "OR" (89), the trigger (90) and the logical element "AND" (93), which are also part of the unit for fixing the time of detection of targets (9). Zeroing the binary counter (92) and changing the state of the trigger (90) is carried out by the control signal "zeroing" generated by the calculator (3) and fed to the second inputs of these devices from the fifth output of the calculator (3). The first and second inputs of the OR gate (89) are connected respectively to the first and fourth outputs of the video simulation module (8), and the second input of the AND gate (91) is connected to the fifteenth output of the passive radar operator panel (1). Such a functional connection of the logical elements "OR" (89), "AND" (91), trigger (90) and binary counter (92) ensures the normal functioning of the unit for fixing the time of detection of targets (9).

, где П_ц - пеленг на цель; θ_о - ширина главного лепестка ДН антенны пассивной РЛС. Рассмотренное условие эквивалентно приему сигналов излучения главным лепестком ДН антенны, а схема сравнения (93) имитирует работу устройства компенсации сигналов излучения, принятых блоковыми лепестками ДН антенны в случае работы супергетеродинного приемника.The indicator device unit (5) includes a sign indication device (67), consisting of a sign decoder, backlight amplifier, CRT, envelope shaper, DC amplifier, distributor, address shaper. Using the listed devices, on the CRT screen, sign indication devices (67) are displayed in alphanumeric form for the main radio-technical parameters plus bearings of detected radiation sources, including false radiation sources. For this, from the first output of the calculator (3) to the buffer memory (4), the forms of the main radio technical parameters of the radiation sources are received, which are entered into the RAM of the calculator (3). The memory capacity of the buffer storage device (4) is designed for the maximum number of forms. The buffer storage device operates in conjunction with random access memory (12) and the analysis unit (19), the data forms in which are copied in the presence of a signal P _tech.ant. - binary code of the current position of the direction finding antenna. Binary code P _tech.ant. is the address of the cell from where the information is transferred from the buffer (4) to the random access memory (12) and the analysis unit (19). A prerequisite for the presence of a binary code P _tech.ant. the output of the logical element "And" (11) is the simultaneous receipt at the first and second inputs of the logical element "And" (11) of signals from the output of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2) and the second output of the simulation unit of the receiving device (10), which is the output the first logical element "OR" (94). The first input of the first OR gate (94) is connected to the output of the comparison circuit (93), in which a control signal is generated when the condition is met: $$P_c-\raisebox{1ex}{${\theta }_{\mathrm{about}}$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.\le P_{te\mathrm{to}.\mathrm{but}nt.}\le P_c+\raisebox{1ex}{${\theta }_{\mathrm{about}}$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.$$

where P _c - bearing on the target; θ _about - the width of the main lobe of the bottom of the antenna of the passive radar. The considered condition is equivalent to the reception of radiation signals by the main lobe of the antenna beam, and the comparison circuit (93) simulates the operation of the device for compensating radiation signals received by the block lobe of the antenna beam in the case of a superheterodyne receiver.

In the process, the binary code P _tech.ant. from the output of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2), it enters the first input of the comparison circuit (93), and the binary code _{Pc of the} fourth output of the calculator (3) enters the second input of the same circuit.

Using the control signal generating circuit (95), which is part of the receiver simulation unit (10), the trained operator switches on the direct amplification receiver when there is no compensation for the reception of radiation signals by the side lobes of the antenna beam of the passive radar.

The sign display device (67) provides the operator with the opportunity to visually determine the fact of detecting the radiation source of a standard order when he performs the training task. The operation of this device is governed by clock pulses generated in the operator panel of the passive radar (1) and coming from its eighth output to the eighth input of the indicator device unit (5).

By analyzing the data forms characterizing the true and false radiation sources and the sign indication devices displayed on the CRT screen (67), the trained operator performs a binary code N _c using the code sequence generator (26), which is part of the passive radar operator console (1) . Next, the binary code N _c from the output of the buffer register included in the shaper code sequence (26), controlled by the decoder, included in the shaper of clock pulses (21), is fed to the first input of the third comparison circuit (105), to the second input of which the binary code from the first output of the block of indicator devices (5), which is the output of random access memory (12).

с выхода третьей схемы сравнения (76) на второй вход второго логического элемента "ИЛИ" (98) поступает управляющий сигнал, который дальше с его выхода в виде сигнала "снять показание двоичного счетчика" попадает на пятый вход вычислителя. По наличию данного сигнала вычислитель (3) переходит на подпрограмму перезаписи показаний двоичного счетчика (92) для фиксации времени обнаружения источника излучения с учетом его основных радиотехнических параметров излучения. Если оператора набрал N_ц ложного источника излучения, то фиксируется время его обнаружения. Это ошибка обучаемого оператора.The decoder, which is part of the clock shaper (21) and the buffer register of the code sequence shaper (26), are part of the passive radar operator console (1), and the third comparison circuit (76) is the carrier frequency fixing block of the radiation signals (6). In case of coincidence of binary codes N _c and $$N_c^{*}$$

from the output of the third comparison circuit (76), the control signal arrives at the second input of the second OR gate (98), which then goes to the fifth input of the calculator from its output in the form of a signal "read the binary counter". By the presence of this signal, the calculator (3) switches to the subroutine for overwriting the readings of the binary counter (92) to fix the time of detection of the radiation source, taking into account its main radio-technical parameters of radiation. If the operator scored N _{c of a} false radiation source, then the time of its detection is recorded. This is a trained operator error.

Simulation of radar signals in the simulator is carried out by a video signal simulation unit (8). The operation of the video simulation unit (8) in the I conditional frequency range is as follows. From the output of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2) and the fourth output of the computer (3), respectively, to the fifth and tenth inputs of the video simulation module (8), which are both the first and second inputs of the comparison circuit included in the radar signal simulator (83), the binary codes P _c and P _{tech.ant come in.} . In case of coincidence of binary codes P _c and P _tech.ant. in the comparison circuit, a control signal is generated that opens the first logical element "AND" for passing through it the binary code P _tech.ant. to the input of the first simulator of the antenna beam. Simulator of the antenna antenna with the code P _tech.ant. generates signals whose amplitude corresponds to the shape of the envelope of the antenna beam in the I conditional frequency range. From the output of the first simulator of the antenna beam, the modulated signals are fed to the first input of the first modulator, the second input of which receives signals from the output of the second logical element "AND". In turn, the first input of the second logical element "And" receives signals from the output of the first Schmitt trigger, and to the second input - from the output of the first clock generator. The first Schmitt trigger is controlled by a second comparison circuit, the first and second inputs of which receive signals, respectively, with the output of the first voltage converter into code and the second adder (86). The voltage to code converter converts the sawtooth voltage corresponding to the operation of the superheterodyne receiver into a binary code. The sawtooth voltage is supplied to the input of the first voltage converter into the code from the ninth output of the passive radar operator panel (1).

The above-mentioned first comparison circuit, the first and second logical elements “AND”, the first simulator of the antenna antenna, the first modulator and the first voltage to code converter are part of the radar signal simulator (83).

In the first modulator, the sequence of rectangular pulses generated by the first clock generator is simulated with the direction finding antenna beam and then goes to the first information input of the second modulator. The second modulator is designed to form the level of signal amplitudes taking into account their attenuation during DTR. For this purpose, the average value of the signal attenuation level, depending on the length of the path and the conditions of radio observation, is fed to the second information input of the second modulator from the fourth output of the calculator. The modulated signals from the output of the second modulator are fed to the first input of the first adder (84), which is part of the video signal simulation unit (8). The clock generator and modulators are part of the radar signal simulator (83).

The operation of the video signal simulation unit (8) to simulate video signals in the II conditional frequency range occurs according to a scheme similar to the work in the I conditional frequency range.

So, the video signal simulator (8) imitates the radar signals at the video frequency depending on the distance of the radiation source, the propagation conditions of the signals, and the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the receiver.

для заданных размеров антенны и условного частотного диапазона. Данные зависимости заносятся в первое (78) и второе внешнее запоминающее устройство (81). Выборка величин $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

осуществляется таким образом. На первые входы первого (74) и второго логического элемента "И" (80) с третьего выхода вычислителя (3) поступает двоичный код дальности до источника излучения типового ордера, а на вторые входы первого (77) и второго логического элемента "И" (80) соответственно с первого и пятого выходов блока фиксации несущей частоты сигналов излучения (6) поступают сигналы, соответствующие заданному частотному диапазону работы приемника пассивной РЛС. Эти сигналы открывают первый (77) и второй логический элемент "И" (80), через которые на входы первого (78) и второго внешнего запоминающего устройства (81) поступают двоичные коды дальности до источника излучения. Двоичный код дальности является адресом ячейки, откуда осуществляется выборка необходимой величины $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

. Величины $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

через первый (79) и второй преобразователь кода в напряжение (82) дальше поступают на вторые входы аналоговых первого сумматора (84) и третьего сумматора (87), где они суммируются с амплитудами имитируемых радиолокационных сигналов и тем самым учитывается эффект потери усилителя пеленгационной антенны.In the process of simulating the radio environment, a large role is given to the unit for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation (7). The need to introduce a simulator of the distant tropospheric signal propagation (7) into the simulator is due to the need to take into account the gain loss of the direction-finding antenna, presented as a function of $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

for given antenna sizes and conventional frequency range. These dependencies are recorded in the first (78) and second external storage device (81). Sample of quantities $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

carried out in this way. At the first inputs of the first (74) and second logical element "AND" (80) from the third output of the calculator (3), a binary code of the distance to the radiation source of a standard order is received, and at the second inputs of the first (77) and second logical element "AND" ( 80), respectively, from the first and fifth outputs of the block of fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals (6), signals corresponding to a given frequency range of the receiver of the passive radar are received. These signals open the first (77) and second logical element "AND" (80), through which binary codes of the distance to the radiation source are received at the inputs of the first (78) and second external storage device (81). The binary range code is the address of the cell from where the required value is sampled. $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

. Quantities $$(-\Delta \overline{G})$$

through the first (79) and second code-to-voltage converter (82), they then go to the second analog inputs of the first adder (84) and the third adder (87), where they are summed with the amplitudes of the simulated radar signals and thereby take into account the effect of the loss of the direction finding antenna amplifier.

The first (77) and second logic element (80), the first (78) and the second external storage device (81), the first (79) and the second code-to-voltage converter (82) are part of a unit for simulating far tropospheric signal propagation (7) .

It should be noted such features of simulating the operation of receiving devices of a passive radar. In the case of a superheterodyne receiver, the comparison circuit (93), which is part of the receiver simulation unit (10), imitates the operation of the device for compensating radiation signals received by the side lobes of the antenna beam. In the case of operation of the direct gain receiver, compensation for the reception of radiation signals received by the side lobes of the antenna beam is fundamentally excluded. The direct gain receiver has the ability to simultaneously receive radiation signals in the entire frequency range and from any direction in azimuth. The simulation of the direct gain receiver in the simulator is as follows. The trained operator using the control signal generation circuit (95) generates a control signal, which is constantly supplied to the second input of the first OR gate (94). At the first input of the first logical element "OR" (94) from the output of the comparison circuit (93) comes the binary code P _tech.ant. matching the code P _c . From the output of the first logical element "OR" (94) binary code P _tech.ant. arrives at the second input of the logical element "AND" (11) and thereby opens it for passage to the second control input of the buffer memory (4) of the binary code P _tech.ant. from the output of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2). Binary code P _tech.ant. is the address of the cell from where the data form of the detected radiation source is sampled from the buffer memory (4) to the random access memory (12).

Thus, in the random access memory (12), in the process of the simulator operation, the forms of all sources of radiation of a typical order found in the passive radar coverage area are stored.

A trained operator, observing visually randomly appearing video pulses on a CRT screen of a video pulse display device (68) in case of detecting radiation sources with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, cannot select a compact package of video pulses. In such a situation, he is forced to turn on the direct amplification receiver, the operation signal of which will be a control signal generated by the control signal generation circuit (95) and supplied to the inputs of the AND gate (97) and the first OR gate (94).

Simultaneously with simulating the inclusion of a direct amplification receiver, the trained operator, using the simulation unit of the current antenna position (2), performs spatial reorientation of the direction-finding antenna in the direction of the assumed location of the radiation source with a tunable carrier frequency. The criterion for the correct spatial orientation of the direction-finding antenna is the condition for indicating randomly appearing video pulses with a maximum amplitude.

, вычислитель (3) переходит на подпрограмму перезаписи признака (П) перестройки несущей частоты в формуляр данных, который в дальнейшем отображается на экране ЭЛТ устройства знаковой индикации (67). Индикация формуляра данных с признаком П свидетельствует о факте обнаружения источника излучения с перестраиваемой несущей частотой.During the spatial search, when the azimuth of the carrier of the radiation source with the tunable carrier frequency is inside the gate $$P_{te\mathrm{to}.\mathrm{but}nt.}\pm \raisebox{1ex}{${\theta }_{\mathrm{about}}$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.$$

, the calculator (3) switches to the subroutine for rewriting the feature (P) of the carrier frequency tuning into the data form, which is subsequently displayed on the CRT screen of the sign display device (67). Indication of the data form with the sign P indicates the fact of detection of a radiation source with a tunable carrier frequency.

The carrier frequency change from pulse to pulse is simulated by the carrier frequency change simulator (85), which is part of the video signal simulation block (8). In the simulator, changes in the carrier frequency (85) are stored in a certain sequence of magnitude (± Δf) changes in the carrier frequency. This sequence of values (± Δf) is set a priori before the start of the learning process. The carrier frequency change simulator (85) includes first and second binary counters, first and second storage devices, first and second buffer registers. Permanent storage devices consist of an address register, a decoder, a shaper, a memory unit, and a reading amplifier. The operation of the carrier frequency change simulator (85) is regulated by clock pulses from the eleventh output of the passive radar operator panel (1) to the corresponding inputs of the first and second binary counters, where the address codes of the quantities (± Δf) are generated. Binary codes of quantities (± Δf) from the outputs of binary counters are recorded in the address register and then decrypted using decoders. The signals from the outputs of the excited decoder buses go to the shapers, where they are formed by amplitude and duration, after which they go to certain cells of the memory blocks. The code signals of the selected quantities (± Δf) are amplified by read amplifiers and enter the buffer registers. From buffer registers, binary codes of quantities (± Δf) are supplied to the first inputs of the second adder (86) and fourth adder (88), where the values (± Δf) are added to the average value of the carrier frequency of the signal (f _s ) and thus the carrier frequency is changed radiation signals according to a certain law. From the outputs of the second adder (86) and the fourth adder (88), the signals f _with ± Δf are fed to the first and second inputs of the simulators of radar signals (83) to provide a simulation of a given radio environment.

After the direction-finding antenna of the passive radar is oriented in a predetermined direction, the trained operator, using the block simulating the current position of the antenna (2), sets the bisector of the scanning sector and the size of the scanning sector of the direction-finding antenna. As soon as a decision is made to detect a radiation source with a tunable carrier frequency, the trained operator performs an operation to describe the target by typing on the key field of the operator’s passive radar station (1) the corresponding attribute - the target number (N _C ), the data form of which has the sign P. The binary code N _c from the thirteenth output of the passive radar operator's console is supplied to the first input of the third comparison circuit (76), the second input of which receives the code N _c from the first output of the indicator device block (5). The first code N _c is included in the data form. The data form is fed to the second input of the third comparison circuit (76) from the output of random access memory (12). If the compared codes N _c coincide with the output of the third comparison circuit (76), a control signal is supplied to the second input of the second OR gate (98). In the presence of this control signal from the output of the second logical element "OR" (98) to the fifth input of the calculator (3), the signal "read the binary counter" is issued. The calculator (3) switches to the subroutine for overwriting the readings of the binary counter (92) to fix the time of detection of the radiation source with a tunable carrier frequency.

So, the passive radar operator’s console (1), a unit for simulating the current position of the antenna (2), a computer (3), a buffer memory (4), a block of indicator devices (5), a block for fixing the carrier frequency of radiation signals (6), a block for simulating distant tropospheric propagation of signals (7), a block for simulating video signals (8), a block for fixing the time for detecting targets (9), a block for simulating a receiving device (10), a logical element "I" (11) and random access memory (12) allow trained operator practical management skills passive radar detection radiation source with the determined carrier frequency and tunable in a portion assignment TDR in space and frequency of searching, receiving job criteria stable sources of radiation detected, target designation data in the information exchange system, the decision to end the operation.

In the process of training the operator on the simulator, it is possible to teach him to analyze the prevailing radar and radio engineering conditions, solve educational problems to determine the coordinates of the detected radiation sources, control the operating modes of the direction-finding antenna and the receiving device of the passive radar, determine the number of detected targets and accompany them during the solution of the target designation problem. The most typical conditions for the operation of a passive radar operator is such a radio environment that will be characterized by the presence of false radars generated by the re-reflection of real radar signals from a coastline. On the screen of the passive radar indicator, along with the display of the true radar data forms, there are false radar data forms. The passive radar operator must select the true ones for further processing from the entire set of displayed radar forms. This is one of the most important stages of the operator’s professional activity. An error when choosing a false target instead of a true radar can lead to unpredictable consequences when solving a particular operational-tactical task. Therefore, the ability to simulate false radars formulated by re-reflecting real radar signals from a coastline is of paramount importance when creating simulators for training passive radar operators.

In this simulator, the process of forming a false radar of the above type is as follows.

From the thirteenth output of the passive radar operator’s console (1), the counter input (17) receives a sign of simulating radar signals from the coastline, which is generated using the typesetting field of the radar operator’s console (1) in the process of setting the initial radio environment, and starts it, and the current value P bearing the antenna _and which resets the counter (17) output from the simulation block current position of the antenna (2). At the output of the counter (17), the address of the i-th real radar is generated, the radiation of which, having reflected from the coastline, can give a false target on the indicator radar, and through the second logical element "OR" (18) enters the second input of the buffer storage device ( 4), where the data form of the i-th real radar is selected, which is a list of the parameters of the radiation of the real radar encoded in binary code and the bearing on it. At the first input of the buffer storage device (4) from the calculator (3), the address of the j-th real radar is received, for which the similar data form of the i-th and j-th real radars is also selected and fed to the first input of the first comparison circuit (109) of the block analysis (19). Here, the second input of the first comparison circuit (109) from the output of the counter (17) receives the address of the i-th real radar, the radiation of which, after re-reflection from the coastline, can give a false target on the radar indicators. If the address of the j-th radar coincides with the address of the i-th radar, then the first logical element “I” (10), which is part of the analysis unit (19), is opened for passing through it the data form of the i-th radar to the first input of the second circuit comparison (111), which is part of the analysis unit (19). The second input of the second comparison circuit (111) from the register of constants (121), which is part of the analysis unit (19), selects the limits of the spatial sector of the passive radar survey for comparison with the bearing П _i i-th radar. The second logical element "AND" (112), which is part of the analysis unit (19), opens to pass through it the data form of the i-th radar to the first input of the first logical element "OR" (113), the output of which is the first output of the analysis unit (19) and to the second input of the second logical element "OR" (120), the output of which is the second output of the analysis unit (19). All this happens if the P _i i-th radar in its value falls within the spatial sector of the review. The first and second outputs of the analysis unit (19) are connected respectively to the first input of random access memory (12) and the second input of the deciding device (15). Thus, in the considered case, the data form of the i-th radar is the source for the formation of data as a false target, and true. The decisive role is assigned to the decisive (15) and random access memory (12) devices.

Next, we consider the case where the addresses of the i-th radar and the j-radar do not coincide, when the first logical element “I” (110) turned out to be closed after passing the data form of the j-th radar through the first comparison circuit (109) of the analysis block (19). In this case, the first logical element “NOT” (114) inverts the control signal that came to its input from the output of the first comparison circuit (109), and the third logical element “I” (115) opens to pass through it the data form of the j-th radar to the first input of the third comparison circuit (116), which is part of the analysis unit (19). The second input of the third comparison circuit (116) receives the limits of the spatial sector of the radar survey, stored in the register of constants (121) of the analysis unit (19), for comparison with the bearing П _j j-th radar. If P _{j the} j-th radar is within the spatial sector of the survey, the fourth logical element "And" (117) is opened to pass through it the data form of the j-th radar to the second input of the first logical element "OR" (113) and then to the input random access memory (12). Thus, in the considered case, the data form of the j-th radar can be the initial one to form the data form of only the true radar.

And finally, we consider the case of the coincidence of the addresses of the i-th and j-th radars, without P _j falling within the boundaries of the spatial sector of the survey, when the second logical element “I” (112) is closed for passing through it the form of the i-th radar. In this case, the second logic element “NOT” (118) of the analysis unit (19) inverts the control signal that came to its input from the output of the second comparison circuit (111) and opens the fifth logic element “AND” (119) for the form to pass through it data of the i-th radar to the first input of the second logical element "OR" (120) of the analysis unit (19) and then to the second input of the solving device (15). And this means that in the considered case, the form of the i-th radar can be the source for the formation of the data form only false radar.

Thus, the analysis unit (19) provides the separation of the true radar data forms against the false ones formed as a result of re-reflection of the real radar radiation from the coastline line.

Next, we consider the process of forming a false target form obtained as a result of re-reflection of real radar radiation from the coastline line.

From the output of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2), the current value of the position of the antenna P _{a is} fed to the input of the decoder (13), where the cell address of the memory unit (14) is formed. At this address of the memory unit (14), intended for storing constants, a constant is selected, which is a binary encoded total value of the distance D _{∑i of the} location of the coastline point relative to the radar carrier and the real i-th radar. The selected value Д _∑i enters the input register (100) of the resolver (15). In the first (101) and second (104) registers of constants that are part of the resolver (15), respectively, D _Дmin and D _∑max are encoded in binary code - the minimum and maximum possible values of the total range. The value Д _∑min from the first register of constants (101) goes to the second input of the first comparison circuit (102), which is part of the _solver (15), and the value Д _∑min from the second register of constants (104) goes to the second input of the second comparison circuit (105) solver (15). In this case, the first logical element "AND" (103) is opened for passing through it the value Д _∑i from the output register (100) to the first input of the second comparison circuit (105) when the condition

D _∑i > D _∑min ,

and the second logical element "AND" (106) is opened for passing through it the data form of the real radar from the second output of the buffer storage device (4) to the first input of the logical element "OR" (107), the output of which is connected to the input of the output register (108) solving device (15). This is _true provided that Д _∑i <Д _∑max . At the same time, the second input of the OR gate (107) from the output of the simulation unit of the current position of the antenna (2) receives the value P _a and then from its (107) output to the input of the output register (108). The value of P is _a bearing to the point reflections from the coastline of real radar radiation. So, in the output register (108) of the solving device (15) there is a false radar data form, formed due to re-reflection from the coastline, in which the bearing of the real radar is replaced by the bearing of the false, namely P _a . The output of the input register (108) is the output of the solver (15) and is connected to the first input of the first OR gate (16). Then, after passing through the first OR gate (16), the false radar data form enters the first input of the indicator device unit (5) and is displayed on the passive radar indicators along with the true radar data forms.

Thus, when training the Navy personnel on the proposed simulator, it is possible to achieve a high degree of adequacy of the simulated radio environment real by modeling the process of detecting a passive radar of both the true radar of a potential enemy and false radar, formed by the re-reflection of the signals of the true radar from the coastline, which is characteristic of the operation of shipborne radar systems, and thereby significantly increase the level of training of operators in solving combat missions in a complex radio environment ovke on MTVD.

The functioning of the simulator was tested in tests conducted in laboratory conditions on a breadboard. The proposed simulator for the training of shipborne radar operators in comparison with the known simulators has several advantages:

- in comparison with the simulator for training operators of shipborne radar (YAR1.079.003T0), the proposed simulator allows you to increase the degree of operator training in the practical skills of detecting radar of a potential enemy in the conditions of DDR radio waves with a tunable carrier frequency from pulse to pulse and to obtain an assessment of their training in controlling shipborne PRLS in such conditions;

- the proposed simulator makes it possible to increase the degree of adequacy of the simulated radio environment by real simulating, along with the true radar radiation, the probable adversary of false radar radiation generated by the re-reflection of the true radar signals from the coastline, and thereby significantly improve the level of training of ship radar operators in the methods of controlling such systems in a complex radio environment.

All this is achieved thanks to the newly introduced devices, blocks, elements and connections. The newly introduced devices are simple, cheap and technically easy to implement based on the well-known elements of discrete and analogue technology.

The proposed simulator is supposed to be installed in the training center of the Navy and used in terms of training highly qualified personnel for the maintenance of complex naval radar systems, armed with submarines of various classes.

When using the proposed simulator for training the operators of naval passive radar systems, a significant increase in the combat training of the Navy personnel is expected due to the completeness and accuracy of the use of dynamic and information models of the expected operating conditions of passive radars, and the monitoring of the professional activity of trained operators.

Ultimately, this makes it possible to teach operators more efficient use of the military equipment entrusted to them due to its qualified service.

Tests of the model of the proposed simulator for the training of shipborne passive radar system operators have confirmed its high efficiency in terms of modeling the external radio environment, as close as possible to the real one.

Claims (1)

A simulator for training operators of ship-borne passive radar systems, comprising a series-connected remote operator control panel of a passive radar system, a unit for simulating the current position of the antenna, a computer and a buffer storage device, series-connected unit for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals, interconnected with a block of indicator devices, a unit for simulating far tropospheric propagation signals, a block for simulating video signals and a block for fixing the time of target detection, closely connected receiver simulation unit and the I element, as well as random access memory, while the second, third ..., fifteenth outputs of the operator panel of the passive radar station are connected respectively to the second, third ..., eighth inputs of the indicator unit, second, third and fourth inputs a block for simulating video signals, to the second, third and fourth inputs of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals and for the second input of the block for fixing the target detection time, the output of the block and Iterations of the current position of the antenna are connected to the second input of the And element, the first input of the receiver simulation block and the fifth input of the video signal simulation block, the sixth, seventh, ..., ninth inputs of which are connected respectively to the second, third, fourth and fifth outputs of the far tropospheric signal distribution simulation block , the second, third, fourth and fifth inputs of the calculator are connected respectively to the second and third outputs of the block for fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals, the output of the block for fixing the time of target detection and the second output of the receiver simulation unit, the second, third, fourth and fifth outputs of the calculator are connected respectively to the fifth input of the carrier unit for fixing the radiation signal frequency, the second input of the far tropospheric signal simulation block, the second input of the receiver simulation unit and the third input of the block fixing the time for detecting targets, the ninth and tenth inputs of the block of indicator devices are connected respectively to the second and third outputs of the block simulating video signals fishing, the fourth and fifth outputs of the block of fixing the carrier frequency of the radiation signals are connected respectively to the third inputs of the block of simulation of the receiving device and the block simulating far tropospheric propagation of signals, the second and third outputs of the block of fixing the carrier frequency of the signals of radiation are connected to the fourth and fifth inputs of the block of simulation of the receiving device, the tenth input and the fourth output of the video signal simulation unit are connected to the fourth output of the computer and the fourth input of the unit for recording the detection time of the target n, characterized in that, in order to increase the level of professional training of operators in managing a passive radar in complex radio engineering conditions by simulating in the system area and displaying false marks on the indicators obtained by re-reflecting the radar signals of radiation sources from the coastline, a block has been introduced into it analysis, the decryptor, the memory unit, the decision unit and the first OR element, and the counter and the second OR element in series, the second, the third, ..., nth outputs of the decoder are connected to the second, third, ..., nth inputs of the memory unit, the first input of the counter is connected to the thirteenth output of the operator panel of the passive radar system, the second inputs of the counter and decision block are connected to the output of the simulation unit of the current antenna position, the output of the first OR element is connected to the eleventh input of the indicator unit, and its second input is connected to the output of the random access memory, the input of which is connected through the analysis unit to the output of the buffer memory stroystva, the second input of which via a second OR gate connected to the output of the AND, the second input and second output of the analysis unit connected to the output of the counter and the third input of the decision unit respectively.

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