RU131763U1 - BUILDING BLOCK (OPTIONS) AND SPOON LAYING OF THESE BLOCKS - Google Patents

Abstract

1. The building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped with spoon, poke and bed faces, provided with at least one through vertical hole, while at least one of the poke faces perpendicular to the bed faces is formed two recesses, made with the possibility of formation during masonry together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block of additional vertical holes, characterized in that the other flat bonding face in two holes were made in the body of a rectangular parallelepiped in the number of recesses, opposite to one of which a through slot was made in a flat bonding face. 2. The block according to claim 1, characterized in that at least two recesses on the bonded edge are located symmetrically with respect to the symmetry plane of the block intersecting the spoon edges and are configured to form an additional vertical hole when laying together with the corresponding recess of the adjacent block. The block according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the recesses on the bonded face is made through with the possibility of formation, when laying together with the corresponding recess of the adjacent block, an additional vertical through hole. The block according to claim 1, characterized in that the recesses are in the form of a half cylinder or triangular prism. The block according to claim 1, characterized in that the through vertical hole in the cross section has the shape of a triangle, or rectangle, or a polyhedron, or a circle, or an ellipse. The block according to claim 1, characterized in that the walls of the through vertical hole are convex

Description

The utility model relates to the field of construction, namely to the construction of building blocks or bricks, and can be used in the construction of external load-bearing walls of buildings and structures up to three floors high.

A known building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped, with spoon, pin and bed faces, provided with at least one through vertical hole in the body of the block, while on each of the button faces perpendicular to the bed faces are formed, according to at least two recesses, made with the possibility of formation during laying together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block of additional vertical holes (RU No. 120115, E04C 1/00, publ. 09/10/2012).

Spoon masonry is known from the same source, consisting of in-line placement of building blocks, at least part of which is a rectangular parallelepiped in shape with spoon, poke and bed flat faces, while at least one through hole is made in the block, and at least two recesses are made on the bonded faces, and in a row, these building blocks are turned to each other by bonded faces to form, when laying together with the corresponding grooves of the adjacent block, additional vertical holes.

This decision was made as a prototype.

The presence of through holes in such a building block provides a sufficiently high percentage of voidness, which allows the block to perform both structural and heat-insulating functions in the outer walls of buildings, leading to a reduction in energy consumption for heating buildings. Such an arrangement of rows of through holes in the building block and on its bonded faces causes its reduced thermal conductivity both in the bonded and spooned directions of the heat flow, and increases the thermal properties of the building block in the outer walls of buildings and structures.

However, these advantages are manifested only with spoon masonry, in which there are no openings. If there are window or door openings in the spoon masonry of the blocks in the area of the intake, they are laid out with the butt edges outward. Due to the fact that grooves are made on the bump faces, when masonry is performed, cold bridges are formed in the opening zone. This is due to the fact that the labyrinth-like passage of heat flow along the rows of spoon masonry is interrupted.

Thus, the disadvantage of the prototype is the lack of a “thermal lock” on the bonded faces when laying in the formation zone of the opening, in this regard, in the laying of similar building blocks, it is possible to form cold bridges along the bonded faces of the building blocks.

This utility model is aimed at achieving a technical result consisting in increasing the thermal properties and reducing their thermal conductivity in the masonry areas of openings (door, window, aisles) from these building blocks.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped, with spoon, poke and bed faces, provided with at least one through vertical hole, while on one of the poke faces is perpendicular to the bed at least two recesses are formed to the faces, which are configured to form additional vertical holes when laying together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block, on the other flat bonded face in the body of a rectangular parallelepiped, two holes are made in the number of recesses, opposite one of which a through slot is made in the flat bonded face.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that the spoon masonry, consisting of a row placement of building blocks, at least part of which is a rectangular parallelepiped in shape with spoon, poke and bed flat faces, while at least one through is made in the block a hole, and at least two recesses are made on the bonded faces, and in a row, these building blocks are turned to each other by bonded faces to form when laying together with the corresponding grooves of the adjacent block of additional vertical holes, equipped with additional building blocks, the basis of the formation of each of which is a rectangular parallelepiped, with spoon, poke and bed faces made with at least one through vertical hole, and with recesses on one of the poke faces made with the possibility of formation during masonry together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block of additional vertical holes, in each additional building block another tychkova I face is made flat and in this building block two holes are made by the number of recesses, opposite one of which a through slot is made in the flat bonding face, while in each row of building blocks, when laying, forming an opening, an additional row is located in the row in the opening zone building block facing the aperture with a flat bonding face.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped, with spoon, poke and bed faces, provided with at least one through vertical hole, while on one of the poke faces is perpendicular to the bed at least two recesses are formed to the faces, which are configured to form additional vertical holes when laying together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block, two other holes are made in the body of a rectangular parallelepiped on the other bonded face in the number of recesses, this bonded face is made stepped, and a through slot is made in the protruding part of the stepped bonded face opposite one of the holes.

These features are significant and are interconnected with the formation of a stable set of essential features sufficient to obtain the desired technical result.

The present invention is illustrated by a specific example of execution, which, however, is not the only possible, but clearly demonstrates the possibility of achieving the desired technical result.

Figure 1 - building blocks for spoon masonry, a prototype;

figure 2 - spoon masonry of the blocks of figure 1 in the area of the opening;

figure 3 - building block with a "thermal lock", the first example of execution;

figure 4 - building block with a "thermal lock", the second example of execution;

figure 5 - spoon masonry of building blocks with a "thermal lock" in figure 3 and 4, the design of the doorway;

6 is a building block with a "thermal lock", the third example of execution;

Fig.7 is a building block with a "thermal lock", the fourth embodiment;

Fig - spoon masonry of building blocks with a "thermal lock" of Fig.6 and 7, the design of the window opening;

Fig.9 is an example of the design of spoon masonry in the area of the opening of building blocks with a "thermal lock".

According to this utility model, the construction of building blocks is considered, providing the possibility of designing openings in the walls (window, door or aisles) when using building blocks with "thermal locks". Building blocks with "thermal locks" represent a constructive development of the already known building blocks protected by RU No. 120115.

In RU No. 120115, a building block 1 for spoon masonry is described (Fig. 1), the shape of which is based on a rectangular parallelepiped, with spoon, poke 2 and bed 3 faces. At least one through vertical (vertically oriented) hole 4 is made in the body of such a block, and at least two recesses 5 are formed on the bonded faces 2 perpendicularly to the bed faces, configured to form an adjacent block when laying together with the corresponding recesses additional vertical holes 6.

In such a block, both recesses can be through, and when two blocks adjoin the masonry, two through holes will form in a row with jagged faces. 6. In a preferred embodiment of the utility model, at least two end-to-end recesses are made on each bonded face of the block. In another embodiment, one of the recesses can be through, and the other with a bottom.

The block has vertical holes 4, which in various versions of the building block can be either through or blind. Preferably, all holes 4 are made through.

The shape of the vertical holes 4 in cross section may be different. For example, the holes 4 in the cross section are in the shape of a triangle, or rectangle, or a polyhedron, either in the shape of a circle or in the shape of an ellipse. The walls of the through vertical hole are convex or the corners in the through vertical hole can be rounded.

The presence of at least two recesses with guaranteed excludes the possibility of the formation of cold bridges in the gap between the building blocks, even in case of violation of the integrity of the wall of one of the recesses. When using the proposed building block in the outer walls, the heat flow (Fig. 1), crossing the block body in the spoon direction, passes along a curved path, thereby reducing the heat transfer intensity. In this regard, with in-line spoon masonry, due to the notches 5 being made on the bonded faces, the possibility of formation of cold bridges during masonry is guaranteed to be reduced.

The number of rows of holes in the building block can also be different - one, two, three or more rows (see, Fig. 1 shows the building blocks, each of which has three rows (along the bed side) of the holes. Each row has from one to two through holes. On groove faces along the rows of holes, corresponding recesses are made, the number of which can also be different - from two (for example, two recesses, four recesses, etc.)

Blocks in dimensions can have both square and rectangular shapes.

Building blocks are designed for laying in one row, sequentially. Blocks are connected using various building mixtures or adhesives. Rows are obtained only spoon. Transverse vertical seams of each upper row overlap with blocks of the other row 1/2 block in the spoon rows. An example of the arrangement of building blocks in a row is shown in figure 1

At the same time, the presence of large through holes and / or recesses in the building block allows you to create when laying a lot of vertical channels for laying communications. During the laying process, straight (or broken, but communicating) vertical heat-sound-insulating voids are formed from through holes and / or recesses of the blocks, forming columns to the entire height of the wall. These poles are designed for laying communications - electrical wiring, pipes, telephone cables, etc., and can also be used to fill bulk insulation: expanded clay, vermiculite, crumb foam glass, polystyrene foam, expanded polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, etc. At least one of the rows of holes can be installed liners of heat-insulating material.

In the spoon masonry of such building blocks in the outer walls, the heat flow (Fig. 1), crossing the block body in the spoon direction, passes along a curved path, thereby reducing the heat transfer intensity. In this regard, with in-line spoon masonry, due to the notches 5 being made on the bonded faces, the possibility of formation of cold bridges during masonry is guaranteed to be reduced. However, for extremely located building blocks, in which the recesses remain open, the property of reducing heat transfer is lost and a cold bridge forms on the open bonded face. The butt edges of such blocks that are extreme during the design of the pod (for a door or window, or passage), as shown in Fig. 2, remain open. Since the material of which the door frame 7 or the box or window frame is made differs from the material of the building blocks, and everything else, there is a gap between the end blocks and the frame itself in the opening, sealed with mounting foam, a cold transfer zone is formed in the place of this gap , that is, a direct exit of the heat flow to the zone of low temperature ..

To exclude the formation of cold bridges, it is necessary that the extreme building blocks 8, which form the opening itself, have endings on the butt edges openly facing the opening. An example of such additional building blocks is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. FIG. 3 shows a full-sized block, and in FIG. 4 a half-sized block along the bed edge of the block in FIG. 3. Since, in the case of spoon laying, the blocks in each subsequent row are shifted by half the length of the block, for the formation of the opening, the algorithm for installing blocks in rows in the opening zone dictates that if a full-sized building block is placed in one row (Fig. 3), then it is placed in an adjacent row half block (figure 4)

These building blocks (Figs. 3 and 4) are also used for spoon masonry and have a rectangular parallelepiped, with spoon, poke and bed edges, at the heart of the shaping. The block is provided with at least one through vertical hole, and at least two recesses are formed on one of the bonded faces perpendicular to the bed faces, which are capable of forming additional vertical holes when laying together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block. Two holes 9 are made on the other flat bonding face 2 in the body of a rectangular parallelepiped in the number of recesses, opposite one of which a through slot 10 is made in the flat bonding face 10. Thus, it can be seen that, in general, these building blocks repeat the construction of the blocks of FIG. 1, but they have differences in the design of one bonded face. In the new additional block, the bonded face 2, placed in a row of masonry from the side of the opening, is made flat and has at least two holes at the wall of this face. Each of these holes is made in a series of other through holes in the body of the block. These holes exclude the transfer of heat flux into the opening area and are, in essence, a "thermal lock".

If we compare the construction of the building block of FIGS. 3 and 4 with the construction of the block of FIG. 1, then their difference lies in the fact that in additional building blocks open recesses on one bonded face are made closed or partially closed. Thus, the opening zone is formed by additional blocks in figure 3 and 4, as shown in figure 5. In the marginal zones of the aperture, all the outermost blocks are located with jagged faces in which "thermal locks" are formed. Additional building blocks in figure 3 and 4 are universal, as they can be used to design the opening of any purpose. This is due to the fact that the walls of the aperture are made flat and do not have protrusions that could be considered as stops or stops for installing the frame.

To obtain an opening with positioning elements in it of a frame or box, you can use additional building blocks 11 of Fig.6 and 7. These blocks basically repeat the design of the blocks of Fig.3 and 4.

The building block for spoon masonry in Fig.6 and 7 has the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with spoon, poke and bed edges. At least one through vertically oriented hole is made in the block body, and at least two recesses are formed on one of the bonded faces perpendicular to the bed faces, which are capable of forming additional vertical holes when laying together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block. A feature of this block is that on the other bonded face 2 in the body of a rectangular parallelepiped, two holes 9 are made according to the number of notches, this bonded face is stepped, and a through slot 10 is made in the protruding part 12 of the stepped bonded face opposite one of the holes.

Fig.6 shows a full-sized block, and Fig.7 a block half the size along the bed edge of the block of Fig.6. Since, in the case of spoon laying, the blocks in each subsequent row are shifted by half the length of the block, then for the formation of the opening, the algorithm for installing blocks in rows in the feeding zone dictates that if a full-sized building block is placed in one row (Fig. 6), then it is placed in an adjacent row half block (Fig.7).

If we compare the construction of the building block of FIGS. 6 and 7 with the construction of the block of FIGS. 3 and 4, then their difference lies in the fact that in the additional building blocks the open recesses on one bonded face are made closed or partially closed. Thus, the opening zone is formed by additional blocks in Fig.6 and 7, as shown in Fig.8. In the marginal zones of the aperture, all the outermost blocks are located with jagged faces in which "thermal locks" are formed. The additional building blocks of FIGS. 6 and 7 have a protrusion on the other bonding face, which, when laying the opening, can be used as supporting elements for supporting the door or window box. On Fig shows an example of the execution of the opening having protrusions-limiters on all sides of the frame, and Fig.9 shows an example of the use of the blocks of Fig.3 and 4 together with the sides of Fig.6 and 7.

Thus, in the aperture zone, edge blocks directly forming an aperture form a flat surface of the aperture wall, which creates convenience for mounting a box or frame of the product that is built into the aperture, taking into account today accepted technologies for mounting doors and windows or arches and their structures. At the same time, the blocks have “thermal locks” in the intake zone, which prevent the formation of cold bridges. Considering the fact that the edge blocks directly forming the opening go into a zone of a different temperature regime and a different humidity than that which is artificially formed in the rows of spoon masonry due to labyrinth-like transitions of the air flow, expansion joints and stress compensators are made on the pin faces of extremely placed blocks. These compensators are made in the form of a through gap in a flat bonding face opposite one of the vertical holes in the body of the block.

All the building blocks during masonry can be interconnected both by butt faces and by bed faces with mortar. This case is used for building blocks with flat faces at the joints. The positioning of such building blocks both in a row and between rows along the height of a structure is controlled by a bricklayer and depends on his experience.

To strengthen the connection of building blocks and to create the conditions of an unambiguous spatial position of one block relative to adjacent blocks during spoon laying, protrusions can be made on one of the bonded faces of each building block, and troughs corresponding to them on the other. In an alternative embodiment, both protrusions and depressions can simultaneously be made on the bonding faces, so that the abutting surfaces of adjacent building blocks form a structural lock on the “father-mother” principle or on the principle of “groove- crest".

On one of the bonded faces, additional protrusions can be made that do not correspond to the depressions on the opposite bonded face. Additional protrusions are designed to form distance limiters between blocks in bonded seams of masonry from blocks, which contribute to increasing the accuracy of masonry and strictly maintaining the size of the seam for mortar.

The walls of the block are made of:

1. Any clay (including with additives and in combination with special fillers) by plastic and / or vibropress and / or vacuum molding and subsequent firing, as well as by hyperpressing;

2. Any mixture of fillers (crushed stone, expanded clay, slag, ash, etc.) with cement, or foam concrete, aerated concrete, gas lubricants, expanded clay concrete, sawdust concrete by any known method of casting, vibro-casting, vibro-pressing, hyper-pressing;

3. Any mixture (crushed stone, expanded clay, slag, etc.) with cement by dry and / or semi / dry pressing or vibration pressing;

Including from:

3.1. Silicates;

3.2. Expanded clay;

3.3. Concrete in the sand and gravel;

3.4. Concrete on brick waste;

3.5. Sand-cement mixture with the addition of slags and / or granules of foam, polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam, foam glass and other known building materials / additives with thermal insulation properties in various compositions between each other and / or separately;

3.6. Foam concrete with the addition of expanded clay and / or slag of polystyrene granules, polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam, foam glass and other well-known building materials with thermal insulation properties in various compositions between each other or separately;

4. Foam concrete;

5. Aerated concrete;

6. Gas silicate;

7. Mixtures of wood chips and / or shavings with cement or sand-cement mixture, expanded clay concrete, foam concrete, aerated concrete and mineral additives, in any combination.

8. Ashes;

9. Sawdust (concrete + sawdust and / or shavings of various sizes from 1 mm to 30 mm);

10. Wood concrete (concrete + wood chips of various sizes from 2 mm to 50 mm)

11. Perlite concrete;

12. Polystyrene concrete;

as well as any new structural materials suitable for the manufacture of stone blocks / ceramic blocks / bricks.

This utility model is industrially applicable, as it can be manufactured under industrial conditions from various materials.

Claims (15)

1. The building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped with spoon, poke and bed faces, provided with at least one through vertical hole, while at least one of the poke faces perpendicular to the bed faces is formed two recesses, made with the possibility of formation during masonry together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block of additional vertical holes, characterized in that the other flat bonding face in the body of a rectangular parallelepiped has two openings in the number of recesses, opposite one of which a through slot is made in a flat bonding face. 2. The block according to claim 1, characterized in that at least two recesses on the bonded edge are located symmetrically relative to the plane of symmetry of the block crossing the spoon edges, and are configured to form an additional vertical hole when laying together with the corresponding recess of the adjacent block. 3. The block according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the recesses on the bonded face is made through with the possibility of formation, when laying together with the corresponding recess of the adjacent block, an additional vertical through hole. 4. The block according to claim 1, characterized in that the recesses are in the form of a half cylinder or triangular prism. 5. The block according to claim 1, characterized in that the through vertical hole in the cross section has the shape of a triangle, or rectangle, or a polyhedron, or a circle, or an ellipse. 6. The block according to claim 1, characterized in that the walls of the through vertical hole are convex or the corners in the through vertical hole are rounded. 7. The block according to claim 1, characterized in that at least in one of the openings there is an insert made of heat-insulating material. 8. Spoon masonry, consisting of in-line placement of building blocks, at least part of which is a rectangular parallelepiped in shape with spoon, poke and bed flat faces, while at least one through hole is made in the block, and on the poke at least two recesses are made on the faces, and in a row, these building blocks face each other with jagged faces to form additional vertical holes when laying together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block, characterized in that it is provided with additional building blocks, the basis of each of which is formed by a rectangular parallelepiped with spoon, poke and bed faces made with at least one through vertical hole, and with recesses on one of the poke faces made with the possibility of formation during masonry together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block of additional vertical holes, in each additional building block another bonding face is made flat d, and in the body of this building block, two holes are made by the number of recesses, opposite one of which a through slot is made in the flat bonding face, while in each row of building blocks, when the masonry forms the opening, an additional building is located in the row in the row in the opening zone a block facing the opening with a flat bonding face. 9. A building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped with spoon, pin and bed faces, provided with at least one through vertical hole, while at least one of the button faces perpendicular to the bed faces is formed two recesses, made with the possibility of formation during laying together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block of additional vertical holes, characterized in that the other bonded face in the body is straight two holes are made of a rectangular parallelepiped in the number of recesses, this bonded face is made stepped, and a through slot is made in the protruding part of the stepped bonded face opposite one of the holes. 10. The block according to claim 9, characterized in that at least two recesses on the bonded edge are located symmetrically relative to the plane of symmetry of the block crossing the spoon edges, and are configured to form an additional vertical hole when laying together with the corresponding recess of the adjacent block. 11. The block according to claim 9, characterized in that at least one of the recesses on the bonded face is made through with the possibility of formation, when laying together with the corresponding recess of the neighboring block, an additional vertical through hole. 12. The block according to claim 9, characterized in that the recesses are in the form of a half cylinder or triangular prism. 13. The block according to claim 9, characterized in that the through vertical hole in the cross section is in the form of a triangle, or a rectangle, or a polyhedron, or a circle, or an ellipse. 14. The block according to claim 9, characterized in that the walls of the through vertical hole are convex, or the corners in the through vertical hole are rounded. 15. The block according to claim 9, characterized in that at least in one of the openings there is an insert made of heat-insulating material.

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