PL245406B1 - Optical microscope - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to an optical microscope, preferably configurable, comprising at least one objective and a detection optical system (2). In the microscope, directly behind the microscope objective (1) on the side of the detection optical system, there is a mirror (3) (3) positioned at an angle of 30 - 60°, preferably 45°, relative to the optical axis of the microscope objective, for bending light beams passing through the objective in the direction from and to the detection optical system, the optical elements of which are arranged in one or more horizontal planes. The microscope is used for visual evaluation and recording images of samples in laboratory tests in the field of medicine, biology, chemistry, physics, geology, etc.

Description

Description of the invention

Field of the invention

The invention relates to an optical microscope, preferably configurable, in which the optical elements of the detection optical system are arranged in one or more horizontal planes. The microscope according to the invention is used for visual assessment and registration of images of samples in laboratory tests in the fields of medicine, biology, chemistry, physics, geology, etc.

State of the art

Various designs of optical microscopes are known, both analog and digital. A typical optical microscope in its basic configuration has an objective or turret with several (usually two, three, four or six) objectives with a magnification usually between 1x and 100x. Rotating the head allows you to quickly change the lens optically. The lens is directed at a table with holders for mounting the sample (in the case of plate samples) and a central through-hole, below which a light source or a mirror transmitting light from another external light source is installed. Other optical elements, such as a condenser, may be installed between the light source/mirror and the hole in the table. Typically, the microscope also has an eyepiece (or a pair of glasses) providing magnification, usually of the order of 10x or 15x, or a camera for viewing and recording the image. The eyepiece or camera is connected - physically and optically - to the lens via a tube or other body mounted on a tripod mounted on the base.

For example, US 2017/108688 discloses an optical system for use with a microscope, comprising a turret engaged in a plurality of objectives and configured to switch them optically, wherein the first objective is configured to transmit an image of the sample to a detector at the imaging position of the first objective, and the second objective includes a targeting optical element configured to form an optical path with the secondary detector and transmit an image of the sample to the detector at the imaging position of the second objective.

US 2018/284412 discloses an optical microscope containing a light source, a turret equipped with several lenses and configured to switch them optically, a sensor detecting a lens placed in the optical path, and an illumination control system containing a table of illumination levels for each of the lenses, a table of lighting level values indicated by the observer, a unit for setting the lighting level depending on the correlation of the values from both tables, and a controller for adjusting the lighting level taking into account the above. values.

Moreover, in US 2018/329174 an optical microscope in a vertical arrangement, having a stand, a sample stage, a turret equipped with several objectives and configured to switch them optically, a tube containing an optical system together with a pair of eyepieces, and elements such as a rotating ring and a hook part for manually changing the position of the lenses by turning the head.

PL 179625 B1 discloses a microscope with coaxial illumination in which the optical axis of the illuminator lying between the front plane of the optical fiber or other light source and the refracting element coincides with the axis of rotation of the magnification changer, while the optical axis of the illuminator behind the refracting element lies close to or coincides with the axis optical lens, where the light beam emerging from the changer drum area is optically isolated from the video path by an opaque cover on the section from the changer drum to the lens.

WO 2014/210536A2 describes a microscope with a dual configuration: upright and inverted. The microscope includes a base, a body and an objective lens. The base has an upper and lower part, the latter of which is the supporting element of the microscope. The body has three parts, the second, intermediate part, placed between the first and third body parts, is rotatably connected to the upper part of the base. The axis of rotation extends in the longitudinal direction relative to the microscope. The lens is located closer to the first part of the body, and the light source is located closer to the second part of the body. Changing the normal vertical configuration (with the objective pointing downwards - for examining samples on glass plates) to the reverse configuration (with the objective pointing upwards - e.g. for examining samples in vessels) requires the entire microscope body to be rotated relative to the base by 180°.

On the market of optical microscopes, there is a niche of open designs in which the user can configure the optical system of the microscope himself: light beam path, light sources, detectors, etc. This makes it possible to create new optical systems in microscopy, later adapted by other users. These types of structures are sometimes referred to as configurable microscopes. Exemplary kits are disclosed in David G. Rosenegger et al. “A High Performance, Cost-Effective, Open-Source Microscope for Scanning Two-Photon Microscopy that Is Modular and Readily Adaptable” PLOS ONE, 1 October 2014, Vol. 9, Issue 10, e110475. Manufacturers of optical systems offer such open platforms (e.g. the Cerna® system from Thorlabs), but all of them are based on a vertical structure, in which subsequent microscope elements are most often placed (suspended) on a vertical column (acting as a tripod). This construction is inconvenient because, for example, with a larger number of optical elements, it can reach a significant height. It does not allow the use of standard optical elements, and running the beams vertically is dangerous due to the possibility of accidentally shining the laser beam into the eye. If the optical element is not mounted precisely, it may fall from a great height, destroying other components and being damaged itself. A significant drawback of many such systems is insufficient mechanical stability, which directly affects the results of observations carried out using such a configurable microscope, where the positions of the elements often have to be stable with an accuracy of the order of micrometers or more.

Among the known solutions, there are no optical microscopes in an open configuration (which can be adapted by the user depending on his specific needs) with easy access to all elements and light beams, using standard optical elements and ensuring the mechanical stability of the system.

Summary of the invention

The inventor of the invention stated that bending the optical path just behind the microscope objective with a mirror, so that the entire optical system is built horizontally, on one or several standard optical plates, allows to avoid a number of inconveniences related to the above-mentioned. described solutions from the state of the art.

The subject of the invention is an optical microscope containing a supporting structure on which the following are successively mounted, preferably detachably:

- sample holder,

- a turret head of the supporting structure, wherein the said head has two parts rotatably connected to each other, where one, fixed part of the head is mounted on the supporting structure, and the other, rotating part of the head is equipped with at least two microscopic objectives arranged on its surface,

- a mirror placed directly behind the microscope objective and set at an angle of 30-60°, preferably 45° relative to the optical axis of the microscope objective in use,

- detection optical system, wherein the optical elements are arranged in at least one horizontal plane.

In the microscope according to the invention, the number of microscope objectives corresponds to the number of positions on the rotatable part of the head, and each position of the rotatable part of the head indicates the orientation of the microscope objective in use between the sample holder and the mirror. The microscope according to the invention also has a system for setting the relative position of the elements, and the optical elements of the detection optical system are arranged in one or several horizontal planes. The rotating part of the head has the form of a truncated cone with an axis of rotation making an angle a, preferably 45°, with a light beam running between the mirror and the first element of the detection optical system, and at least two lenses are arranged on the side surface of the conical part of the rotating head on the side opposite to the mirror. so that the optical axis of the lens located in a given position of the rotating part of the head, between the sample holder and the mirror, forms an angle β = 90° - a with the axis of rotation of the rotating part of the head, characterized by the following:

or ii) from the inside, on the round base of the rotating part of the head, mirrors are mounted, the number and arrangement of which corresponds to the number and arrangement of the lenses.

Preferably, the detection optical system includes a digital camera.

Preferably, the detection optical system contains a dichroic mirror and is additionally equipped with a radiation source that excites the fluorescence of the sample, preferably a laser radiation source or a light-emitting diode (LED).

Preferably, the system for adjusting the mutual position of the optical elements includes at least one micrometer screw for precise movement and at least one macrometric screw for coarse movement.

Preferably, on the side of the sample holder opposite the lens, it has a light source, preferably selected from a lamp, a laser radiation source or an LED. In a particularly advantageous variant, a condenser is placed between the light source and the sample holder.

Preferably, the detection optical system also includes a light source, preferably selected from a lamp, a laser radiation source or an LED.

Preferably, between the objective lens and the detection optical system, the microscope according to the invention has a diaphragm with a small hole.

Preferably, the microscope according to the invention is a configurable microscope.

The solution used in the microscope according to the invention, i.e. mounting the optical system on a horizontal standard optical plate (or several such plates), enables the use of standard optical and opto-mechanical elements (e.g. for mounting mirrors, filters, prisms, lenses), provides excellent stability optical, even with the low weight of the plate(s), and ensures that laser beams (if used) are guided safely horizontally. The horizontal arrangement also means easy access to all elements of the system and light beams in the microscope, which not only facilitates the observation of the sample in a given configuration, but also allows for easy modification of this configuration depending on the current needs of the user.

In the context of the present invention, the term "detection optical system" means a system containing optical elements directly used to record and/or process an image of a sample. However, such a system may also contain other elements performing functions not directly related to image detection, including in particular a light source (illuminating or exciting the sample), such as a lamp, a laser radiation source or an LED.

In addition, this solution allows you to design a simple turret with several lenses to quickly change the lens used at a given moment to observe the sample and, even more importantly, allows you to very easily change the microscope configuration from the normal vertical (upright, i.e. with the lens pointing downwards) to inverted (i.e. with the lens pointing upwards), or even an intermediate configuration (in which the optical axis of the lens currently used to observe the sample makes any angle with the horizontal plane) by rotating the head itself, and not the entire microscope body, as in previously known solutions, such as the rotating microscope disclosed in WO 2014/210536A2 (https://discover-echo.com /revolve). Preferably, the head rotates around the rotation axis coinciding with the axis of the horizontal light beam between the mirror and the first element of the detection optical system. A setup with the lens currently in use to view the sample from an unusual angle can be particularly useful for analyzing special types of samples/objects (including animals, e.g. mice).

An additional advantage of the variant in which the head contains a cylindrical fixed part and a cylindrical rotating part mounted on it, and in which the axis of rotation of the rotary part of the head does not coincide with the axis of the light beam running between the mirror and the first element of the detection optical system, is very easy replacement mirrors.

An additional advantage of the variant with a rotating head in the form of a truncated cone is its compact arrangement. Moreover, if mirrors are mounted on the round base of the rotating head, the number and arrangement of which corresponds to the number and arrangement of the objectives, it is possible to ensure a better fit of a specific type of mirror to a given objective, e.g. depending on the source of radiation that excites the tested sample. For example, although mirrors with a silver reflecting coating are typically used, for infrared radiation it may be advantageous to use mirrors with a gold reflecting coating.

If the detection optical system contains a dichroic mirror and the microscope is additionally equipped with a source of radiation that excites the fluorescence of the sample, such as a laser radiation source or LED, the microscope according to the invention can be used in fluorescence microscopy techniques, which are of particular importance in research in the field of medicine and biology.

In turn, if a diaphragm with a small hole is placed between the objective lens and the detection optical system, the microscope according to the invention can function as a confocal microscope.

A brief description of the drawing figures

The invention in its embodiments is illustrated in the drawing in which:

Fig. 1 shows a schematic side view of a microscope according to the invention in a normal vertical configuration;

Fig. 2 is a schematic side view of the microscope of Fig. 1 in an inverted configuration;

Fig. 3 shows a schematic side view of a microscope according to one preferred embodiment;

Fig. 4 shows a schematic side view of a microscope according to a second preferred embodiment;

Fig. 5A shows a perspective view of the turret of a microscope according to the invention in a preferred embodiment;

Fig. 5B shows a cross-sectional view of the head of Fig. 5A;

Fig. 6A shows a perspective view of the turret of a microscope according to the invention in an alternative preferred embodiment;

Fig. 6B shows a cross-sectional view of the head of Fig. 6A;

Fig. 7A shows a perspective view of the turret of a microscope according to the invention in a third preferred embodiment;

Fig. 7B shows a cross-sectional view of the head of Fig. 7A;

Fig. 8A shows a perspective view of the turret of a microscope according to the invention in a fourth preferred embodiment;

Fig. 8B shows a cross-sectional view of the head of Fig. 8A;

Fig. 9 shows a perspective view of an exemplary microscope configuration according to the invention.

Detailed discussion of the invention

Fig. 1 shows a schematic side view of the microscope according to the invention in a normal vertical configuration, in which the microscope objective 1 is placed vertically above the sample S. Directly behind the microscope objective, on the side of the detection optical system 2, there is a mirror 3 set at an angle of 45° to the optical axis A of the microscope objective 1. The mirror 3 bends the light beams passing through the objective 1 towards the detection optical system 2.

Fig. 2 shows a schematic side view of a microscope according to the invention containing the same elements as in Fig. 1, but in an inverted configuration, in which the objective 1 is placed vertically under the sample and below the objective there is a mirror 3 set at an angle of 45° to the axis optical A of lens 1, bending light beams passing through lens 1 towards the detection optical system 2.

Example 1

The microscope shown schematically in the side view in Fig. 3 has a supporting structure on which the mechanical and optical components are mounted. The microscope has a turret head containing two parts rotatably connected to each other. One, fixed part 4 of the head, mounted on element 6 of the supporting structure, has the form of a cylinder with an axis of symmetry running in the horizontal plane. The second, rotating part 5 of the head in the form of a cylinder with an inner diameter larger than the outer diameter of the fixed part 4 of the head is mounted rotatably and coaxially on the fixed part 4 of the head. At least two microscopic objectives 1 are attached to the rotating part 4 of the head (this is what can be seen in the side view in Fig. 3). The lenses 1 are arranged on the side surface of the cylinder so that their optical axes lie in a plane perpendicular to the symmetry axis of the rotating part 5 of the head, which is also its axis of rotation A2. The mirror 3, set at an angle of 45° relative to the optical axis of the lens 1 directed at the sample S, is mounted inside the cylinder constituting the fixed part 4 of the head in an unchanged position with respect to the detection optical system 2 and the sample holder 7 S, regardless of changes in the position of the rotating part 5 of the head . In the variant shown in Fig. 3, the axis of rotation of the rotating part 5 of the head coincides with the axis of the light beams A1 bent in front of the mirror 3 towards the detection optical system 2. The number of lenses 1 corresponds to the number of positions of the rotating part 5 of the head, where each position of the rotating part 5 of the head means positioning one of the objectives 1 between the sample holder 7 S and the mirror 3.

The detection optical system includes a series of optical elements 201, 202, 203, 204, 205 and 206 arranged on two optical plates 207, 208. Each of the optical elements 201-206 is mounted on a holder mounted on a pin 210, which in turn is mounted on a sleeve 209 mounted on on the appropriate optical plate 207, 208. The mounting of the pin (together with the holder with the optical element 201-206 mounted on it) in the sleeve 209 is detachable, and is typically achieved by means of a mounting screw entering the threaded hole in the hole made in the sleeve 209 perpendicular to direction of insertion of pin 210.

In Fig. 3, the axis of light beams passing between optical elements 205 and 206 is marked as A3. This axis is parallel to the plane of the optical plate 208.

The sample S rests on the holder 7, which in Fig. 3 has the form of a table equipped with elements allowing for changing its relative position (and therefore the position of the sample S) in relation to the lens 1 directed at the sample S in the x and y directions (in the plane of the optical plate 208). Optionally, the holder 7 for the sample S in the form of a table may also be equipped with elements enabling precise movement of it together with the sample S also in the Z direction (to and from the objective 1). The holder 7 for the sample S is mounted on the stand 8, which in turn is movably mounted to the base 9 equipped with an adjustment knob 10 for setting the position of the stand 9 in the z direction, and thus for moving the holder 7 with the sample S closer or further away - or respectively - from lens 1.

To change the lens 1 used to observe the sample, the movable part 5 of the head is rotated relative to the fixed part 4 of the head. Preferably, the swivel connection between these two parts includes known elements such as springs and locks to ensure that the head movable part 5 engages after the rotation required to change the lens 1 to the nearest adjacent lens 1. Twisting the head movable part 5 to change the lens 1 to another lens, not directly adjacent to it, requires passing through a sufficient number of such latching positions. This is a typical and commonly known mechanism of operation of a turret head.

Example 2

The microscope shown schematically in the side view in Fig. 4, similarly to the variant from example 1, has a supporting structure on which the mechanical and optical components are mounted, but in this case it has the opposite configuration, i.e. one in which the sample S is located above the lens used to observe it. The microscope in this variant also has a turret head, containing two parts rotatably connected to each other, and in this case the rotating part 5 of the head has the form of a truncated cone with the rotation axis forming an angle a with a light beam running between the mirror 3 and the first optical element 201 of the detection optical system 2. At least two microscopic objectives 1 (this is what can be seen in the side view in Fig. 4) are arranged on the side surface of the conical rotating part 5 of the head on the side opposite the mirror 3 so that the optical axis A of the objective 1 located in a given position of the rotating part 5 of the head, positioned between the sample holder 7 and the mirror 3, forms an angle β = 90° - a with the axis of rotation of the rotary part 5 of the head. The stationary part 4 of the head is mounted on a mounting element 12, which in this variant is mounted on a base 9 equipped with in the adjustment knob 10 to change the position of the fastening element 12 (and with it - the entire head) in the z direction.

Unlike in example 1 (fig. 3), in the microscope variant of example 2 (fig. 4), the detection optical system includes a number of optical elements 201, 202, 203 and 204 arranged on a single optical plate 207. These elements are mounted on the plate 207 similarly to the optical elements on the upper optical plate 207 in example 1.

Another significant difference of the microscope variant shown in Fig. 4 compared to example 1 (and Fig. 3) is the fact that the mirror 3 is not mounted inside the head, but below, in the optical axis A of the microscope objective 1 used to observe the sample S mounted in the holder 7 , with the mirror tilted relative to this optical axis A at an angle of 45°, so. to bend the light beams passing through the lens 1 towards the detection optical system. The handle 7 itself is mounted on a stand 8 from above and has elements that enable changing its position in relation to the lens 1 directed at the sample S in the x and y directions, and optionally also in the z direction. In turn, the inclined mirror 3 is mounted stationary on the base 9.

The change of objectives 1 in this variant of the microscope takes place in the same way as described in example 1.

Example 3

The turret head of the microscope according to the invention of the type generally presented in Example 1, equipped with four microscopic objectives 1 arranged symmetrically on the side surface of the rotating part 5 of the head, is shown in Fig. 5a in a perspective view, and in Fig. 5B - in cross-section. In this variant, the fixed part 4 of the head is mounted rotatably in a hole made in the vertical part of the mounting element 6, which in turn is intended to be mounted stationarily on the supporting structure of the microscope, for example on the optical plate 207, as shown in Fig. 3. In order to change position of the entire head, e.g. from normal vertical to inverted, or any other angle, loosen the screw for adjusting the position of the head change in hole 15 and turn the entire head around the axis of rotation constituting the axis of symmetry of the fixed part 4 of the head by the desired angle, and then tighten the adjustment screw in hole 15 fixes the head in a new position.

In the variant shown in Fig. 5A and 5B, the axis of rotation of the rotary part 5 of the head coincides with the axis of the light beam running between the mirror 3 mounted on the mounting element 13 and the first element of the detection optical system (not shown). On the side opposite the mounting element, the rotating part 5 of the head is closed by a detachably attached front cover 11. In the wall of the cylinder constituting the fixed part 4 of the head there is a hole 14 for transmitting light beams passing between the mirror 3 and the lens 1, which is used in a given position. to observe the sample. The change of objectives 1 in this variant of the microscope takes place in the same way as described in example 1.

Example 4

Figures 6A and 6B show - in perspective and cross-sectional views, respectively - a microscope head according to the invention having a structure similar to that of example 3 and figures 5A and 5B, but differing in that the value of the distance between the axis of rotation of the rotary part 5 of the head and the parallel axis of the light beam running between the mirror 3 and the first element of the detection optical system (not shown) is greater than zero. In other words, the axis of rotation of the rotary part 5 of the head does not coincide with the axis of the light beam running between the mirror 3 and the first element of the detection optical system. In this variant, after disconnecting the front cover 11 from the rotating part 5 of the head, easy access to the mounting/pressing element 13 is provided, under which the mirror 3 is mounted. The mounting element 13 can be made in the form of a threaded nut, which can be easily dismantled in order to replace the mirror. 3.

Example 5

Fig. 7A and 7B show - in perspective and cross-sectional views, respectively - the microscope head according to the invention, in which the rotating part 5 of the head has the form of a truncated cone with the rotation axis forming an angle a, with a light beam running between the mirror 3 and the first optical element of the detection optical system ( not shown). In the presented embodiment, the angle a = 45°, and the number of microscopic objectives 1 arranged symmetrically on the side surface of the conical rotating part 5 on the side opposite the mirror 3 is six (figs. 7A and 7B show five and four of them, respectively). The head is shown in a normal vertical configuration, i.e. one in which the lens 1 used in a given position of the rotary part 5 of the head for observing the sample is vertically above the sample. Unlike in example 2, the fixed part 4 of the head has the form of a truncated cylinder at the end entering the rotating part 5 of the head, the end of this truncated end is a mirror 3, and a hole 14 is made in the wall of the cylinder near the truncated end to allow light beams to pass through. between the mirror 3 and the lens 1. The fixed part 4 of the head is mounted on the mounting element 12, which in turn can be attached to the supporting structure of the microscope, either stationary or with the possibility of moving the entire head together with the mounting element 12 vertically - similarly to the example 2. Changing the objectives 1 in this variant of the microscope takes place in the same way as described in example 1.

Example 6

Figs. 8A and 8B show - in perspective and cross-sectional views, respectively - a microscope head according to the invention, having a structure similar to that of example 5 and figs. 7A and 7B, but differing in that on the inside the rotating part 5 of the head is on the round base mirrors are mounted, the number and arrangement of which corresponds to the number and arrangement of lenses - so in this embodiment it is six. In this variant, the fixed part 4 of the head has the form of a ring located concentrically with the axis of rotation of the rotary part 5 of the head and equipped with centrally positioned connection elements, which, together with the corresponding connection elements of the rotary part 5 of the head, create a swivel connection. These connection elements may in particular be in the form of a bearing. The fixed part 4 of the head in this variant is equipped with a central hole to provide a path for light beams passing between the mirror 3 and the optical system.

Example 7

Figure 9 shows a perspective view of an exemplary configuration of a Raman microscope according to the invention. The microscope has a turret described in detail in Example 3. On the upper optical plate 207, the optical element 201 is a tube lens, the optical element 202 is a dichroic mirror, and the optical element 203 is a laser radiation source. On the lower optical plate 208, the following are mounted: a spectral edge filter, a flat mirror, a photodiode and a light detector 206. In this configuration, the laser beam runs horizontally (and therefore safely), and only the (weak) light scattered on the sample placed on the lower level passes to the lower level. on or emitted from the handle 7.

List of symbols in the drawing:

microscope lens detection optical system mirror

S sample

A optical axis of the microscope objective 1 fixed part of the head rotating part of the head supporting structure element

A1 - axis of light beams bent by the mirror 3 towards the detection optical system 2

A2 - axis of rotation of the rotary part 5 of the head

A3 beam axis between optical elements 205 and 206 sample holder S tripod base adjustment knob

201-206 optical elements of the detection optical system 2

207, 208 optical plates

209 mounting sleeve

210 mounting pin

211, 212 vertical elements of the supporting structure front cover of the rotating part of the head 5 mounting element of the fixed part 4 of the head mounting element of the mirror 3 hole in the side surface of the fixed part of the head 4 hole for the head position adjustment screw

Claims (9)

1. An optical microscope containing a supporting structure on which the following are successively mounted, preferably removably: - sample holder (7), - a turret head of the supporting structure, wherein said head has two parts rotatably connected to each other, where one fixed part (4) of the head is mounted on the supporting structure and the other, rotatable part (5) of the head is equipped with at least two lenses microscopic (1) distributed on its surface, - a mirror (3) placed directly behind the microscopic objective (1) and set at an angle of 30-60°, preferably 45° relative to the optical axis (A) of the microscopic objective (1) in use, - detection optical system (2), the optical elements are arranged in at least one horizontal plane, the number of microscopic objectives corresponds to the number of positions on the rotating part (5) of the head and each position of the rotating part (5) of the head indicates the position of the microscopic objective (1) in use between the sample holder (7) and the mirror (3), the microscope also having a system for setting the relative position of the elements, and the optical elements of the detection optical system are arranged in one or more horizontal planes, the rotating part (5) the head has the form of a truncated cone with an axis of rotation (A2) forming an angle a, preferably 45°, with a light beam running between the mirror (3) and the first element of the detection optical system (2), and at least two lenses are arranged on the side the conical surface of the rotating part of the head from the side opposite the mirror (3) so that the optical axis (A) of the lens (1) located in the given position of the rotating part PL 245406 Β1 of the head in the position between the sample holder (7) and the mirror (3) creates an angle β = 90° - a with the axis of rotation of the rotary part of the head, characterized in that (i) the fixed part (4) of the head has the form of a truncated cylinder at the end entering the inside of the rotating part (5) of the head, the end of this cut end is a mirror (3), and in the wall of the cylinder near the cut end there is a hole (14) for transmitting light beams passing between the mirror (3) and the lens ( 1), or (ii) from the inside, on the round base of the rotating part of the head, mirrors (3) are mounted, the number and arrangement of which corresponds to the number and arrangement of lenses (1). 2. A microscope according to claim 1, characterized in that the detection optical system (2) includes a digital camera. 3. A microscope according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the detection optical system (2) contains a dichroic mirror and is additionally equipped with a radiation source that excites the fluorescence of the sample, preferably a laser radiation source or a light-emitting diode (LED). 4. A microscope according to one of claims 1-3, characterized in that the system for regulating the mutual position of the optical elements includes at least one micrometer screw for precise movement and at least one macrometric screw for coarse movement. 5. A microscope according to one of claims 2-4, characterized in that on the side of the sample holder (7) opposite the lens (1) it has a light source, preferably selected from a lamp, a laser radiation source or an LED. 6. A microscope according to claim 5, characterized in that a condenser is placed between the light source and the sample holder (7). 7. A microscope according to one of claims 1-6, characterized in that the detection optical system (2) also contains a light source, preferably selected from a lamp, a laser radiation source or an LED. 8. A microscope according to one of claims 1-7, characterized in that it has a diaphragm with a small hole between the lens (1) and the detection optical system (2). 9. A microscope according to one of claims 1-8, characterized in that it is a configurable microscope.