OA21776A - Binder comprising carbonated biomass ash - Google Patents

Abstract

Binder comprising at least 1% of carbonated biomass ash and construction material comprising said cementitious composition.

Description

BINDER COMPRISING CARBONATED BIOMASS ASH

The present invention relates to novel low carbon binders comprising carbonated biomass ash as well as construction materials prepared from said binders.

The manufacture of binders, particularly hydraulic binders, and in particular cements, essentially consists of calcining a mixture of carefully selected and measured raw materials, also known as "raw material". The firing of this raw material produces an intermediate product, clinker, which, when ground with calcium sulfate and possible mineral additions, produces cement. The type of cement produced depends on the nature and proportions of the raw materials as well as the firing process. There are several types of cement: Portland cements (which represent the vast majority of cements produced in the world), aluminous cements (or calcium aluminate cements), natural quick-setting cements, sulfoaluminous cements, sulfobelitic cements and other intermediate varieties.

The most widely used cements are Portland cements. Portland cements are made from Portland clinker, obtained after clinkerization at a temperature of around 1450°C of a raw material rich in calcium carbonate in a kiln. The production of one tonne of Portland clinker is accompanied by the emission of significant quantities of CO2 (approximately 0.8 to 0.9 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of cement in the case of clinker).

However, in 2014, the quantity of cement sold worldwide was around 4.2 billion tonnes (source: Syndicat Français de l’Industrie Cimentière - SFIC). This figure, which is constantly increasing, has more than doubled in 15 years. The cement industry is therefore today looking for a valid alternative to Portland cement, that is to say, cements with at least the same strength and quality characteristics as Portland cements, but which, during their production, release less CO2.

During the production of clinker, the main constituent of Portland cement, the release of CO2 is linked to:

- up to 40% for heating the cement kiln, grinding and transport;

- up to 60% to so-called chemical CO2, or decarbonation.

Decarbonation is a chemical reaction that occurs when limestone, the main raw material for Portland cement, is heated to high temperatures. The limestone is then transformed into quicklime and CO2 according to the following chemical reaction: CaCO ₃ - to CaO + CO ₂

Natural carbonation of cement-based materials, particularly concrete, is a potential way to reduce the carbon footprint associated with the manufacturing process and cement use. However, although concretes prepared from these cements naturally recarbonate during the lifetime of the structures to the extent of 15% to 20% of the decarbonation CO2 emitted during manufacturing, the carbon footprint associated with the production of Portland cement remains positive. It is therefore still necessary to reduce CO2 emissions during the production of Portland cement and/or to improve the processes for reusing end-of-life concrete.

To reduce CO2 emissions linked to the production of Portland cement, several approaches have been considered so far:

- the adaptation or modernization of cement processes in order to maximize the efficiency of thermal exchanges;

- the development of new “low carbon” binders such as sulfo-aluminous cements prepared from raw materials with less limestone and at a lower firing temperature, which allows a reduction in CO2 emissions of around 35%;

- or the (partial) substitution of clinker in cements with materials that limit CO2 emissions.

Among the above approaches, that of (partial) substitution of clinker in cements has been the subject of numerous developments.

Examples of alternative materials include blast furnace slag and fly ash from coal-fired power plants. However, the closure of coal-fired power plants is causing a shortage of good-quality fly ash. Furthermore, replacing clinker with limestone filler (i.e., an inactive material) essentially has a diluting effect and is accompanied by a significant reduction in strength, which is problematic.

Carbon capture and storage technologies have also been developed to limit CO2 emissions from cement plants or coal-fired power plants. International patent application WO-A-2019/115722 describes a method for both cleaning CO2-containing exhaust gases and producing additional cementitious material. The described method involves using recycled concrete fines comprising providing recycled concrete fines with dgo < 1000 pm in stockpiles or a silo as a feedstock, rinsing the feedstock to provide carbonaceous material, removing the carbonaceous material and the cleaned exhaust gas, and deagglomerating the carbonaceous material to form the additional cementitious material, as well as using stockpiles or a silo containing a feedstock of recycled concrete fines with dgo < 1000 pm for cleaning CO2-containing exhaust gases and simultaneously producing additional cementitious material. However, this process requires drying the carbonated product before it can be used.

At the date of the present invention, it therefore remains necessary to identify new substitute materials making it possible to significantly reduce CO2 emissions during the production of cement while maintaining the mechanical properties of the construction materials prepared from these cements, in particular the medium and long-term compressive strengths, at levels allowing their use.

Biomass ash, i.e. ash obtained from the combustion of biomass such as wood, so-called annual plants, agricultural residues, paper and sewage treatment plant sludge (or WWTP sludge) is recovered through its use in various fields. Thus, it is noted that biomass ash is used in particular to stabilize foundation soils, for the treatment of liquid effluents or as a secondary raw material in ceramic products or as a mineral filler in bituminous coatings.

The use of carbonated biomass ash in the form of monoliths as a substitute for lightweight aggregates was studied by Hills Colin et al. in their publication “Valorisation of agricultural biomass-ash with CO2”, Scientific Reports, vol. 10, n° 1, 1 December 2020. The use of such ash as a cement substitute, or, more generally, as a binder substitute, is never mentioned by the authors. Furthermore, the solution presented in this document only reduces the carbon footprint associated with the production of the construction material due to the capture of CO2 by the aggregate used to prepare it (the production of said aggregates does not produce (or produces little) CO2.

The use of biomass ash as an alternative to coal fly ash as a substitute material in cementitious compositions has also been evaluated. However, several authors, such as Ivana Carevié et al., “Correlation between physical and chemical properties of wood biomass ash and cement composite performances”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol.256, 30 September 2020, 119450, have found that the reuse of these ash in cements or concretes leads to a loss of workability which makes the implementation of cement or concrete difficult. Workability can be partially restored by increasing the amount of mixing water, but this increase in the W/C ratio results in a loss of mechanical strength.

This workability issue is also reported in Japanese patent application JP-A-2021-155720. The subject of this patent application is the provision of a method for preparing a construction material capable of capturing/immobilizing CO2 quickly. A method for preparing a construction material comprising a step of carbonation of an alkaline solid containing calcium and then mixing with a cement is notably described. It is nevertheless explained that the use of an alkaline solid containing calcium in cements is associated with workability problems and that the use of coal ash (i.e. fly ash) should be preferred in order to limit this effect.

However, it has now been found, quite surprisingly, that the carbonation of biomass ash allows its use as a cementitious additive without reducing the workability of the cement or concrete finally prepared. In addition, it has also been observed that carbonated biomass ash does not behave as simple fillers but participates in the increase in performance of the binder, which makes it possible to significantly increase the substitution rate of said binder compared to conventional filler, thus making it possible to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of the finally prepared construction material while maintaining mechanical properties, and in particular medium and long-term compressive strengths compatible with the intended uses. The use of carbonated biomass ash as a cementitious substitute therefore makes it possible to reduce the carbon footprint associated with the production of the construction material not only by the capture of CO2 by the biomass ash, but also by the significant reduction in the quantity of clinker to be produced to obtain said construction material.

Thus, the subject of the present invention is a binder comprising at least 1% of carbonated biomass ash.

The use of carbonated biomass ash in the binders of the invention makes it possible to significantly increase the cement substitution rate compared to conventional fillers, and therefore to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of the construction material finally prepared from said binder, while maintaining workability and mechanical properties, and in particular medium and long-term compressive strengths compatible with the intended uses.

In the context of the present invention:

- “biomass ash” means any mainly basic residue from the combustion of various natural, non-fossil, plant organic materials such as wood, so-called annual plants, agricultural residues, paper and sewage treatment plant sludge (or WWTP sludge) containing less than 11% total carbon, less than 4% inorganic carbon, and at least 1% Na2O equivalent. Preferably, the biomass ash also contains at least one of the following phases: whitlockite, hydroxyapatite, tremolite and/or tricalcium phosphate;

- “carbonated biomass ash” means any biomass ash which, after being brought into contact with a gas flow enriched in CO2, retains part of it and contains more than 4% inorganic carbon;

- “aluminous cement” means any cement, amorphous or not, obtained by cooking a mixture of limestone and bauxite and containing at least 5% monocalcium aluminate CA;

- “quick-setting natural cement” means any hydraulic binder with rapid setting and hardening in accordance with standard NF P 15-314: 1993 in force on the date of the present invention. Preferably, “quick-setting natural cement” means a cement prepared from a clinker comprising:

> from 0% to 20% of C3S;

> from 40% to 60% of C ₂ S;

> from 7% to 12% of C ₄ AF;

> from 2% to 10% of C3A;

> 10% to 15% CaCOs (calcite);

> 10% to 15% Ca5(SiO4)2CO3 (spurrite);

> from 3% to 10% of sulfate phases: yeelimite C4A3$, langbeinite (K2Mg2(SÛ4)3, anhydrite (CaSO4); and > from 10% to 20% of lime, periclase, quartz and/or one or more amorphous phases;

- “Portland cement” means any Portland clinker-based cement classified as CEM (I, II, III, IV or V) according to standard NF EN 197-1;

- “sulfoaluminous cement” means any cement prepared from a sulfoaluminous clinker containing from 5% to 90% of the C4A3$ ‘yeelimite’ phase, a sulfate source, and, optionally, a limestone addition;

- “binder” means any hydraulic or alkali-activated binder

- “activated alkali binder” means any aggregate-free mixture composed of a mineral precursor (usually blast furnace slag or metakaolins) and an alkali activator. If the precursor is a calcined clay powder, the alkali-activated binder is then referred to as a “geopolymer”.

- “hydraulic binder” means any binder free from aggregates which reacts with water to form new phases called hydrates, such as, for example, cement;

- “Na2O equivalent” or “NazO eq.” means the alkali content of a cement calculated according to the following formula: % Na2O eq. = (% Na2O + 0.658% K2O) soluble in acid;

- “loss on ignition” means the cumulative content of bound water, organic matter, CO2 in carbonates (limestone fillers and carbonate part of the material) and any oxidizable elements. Loss on ignition is determined by calcination in air at a temperature of (950 +/- 25°C) according to the method described in standard NF EN 196-2 (classification index P 15-472) - Test methods for cements - Part 2: Chemical analysis of cements; and

- “construction material” means mortar or concrete.

In the context of the present invention, the following notations are adopted to designate the mineralogical components of the cement:

- C represents CaO;

- A represents AI2O3;

- F represents Fe2O3;

- S represents S1O2; and

- $ represents SO3.

In the context of the present invention, the “inorganic carbon rate” or “CIT” corresponds to the quantity (% w/w) of inorganic carbon contained in an entity (e.g. carbonated biomass ash) relative to the total weight of said entity (e.g. said carbonated biomass ash).

To determine the inorganic carbon content, different methods can be used, such as a previously calibrated Carbon Hydrogen Sulfur (CHS) elemental analyzer. To do this, approximately 250 mg of the product to be analyzed is placed in a nickel boat. This boat is then introduced into a quartz tube furnace, allowing a gradual increase in temperature and temperature steps to separate the different carbon species in a sample. This allows us to determine:

the “TOC”, i.e. the quantity (% w/w) of total organic carbon of the entity determined by analysis of the signal obtained between 100°C and 400°C with a plateau at 400°C;

the “C”, i.e. the quantity (% w/w) of elemental carbon of the entity determined by analysis of the signal obtained between 400°C and 600°C with a plateau at 600°C; and the “CIT”, i.e. the quantity (% w/w) of total inorganic carbon of the entity determined by analysis of the signal obtained between 600°C and 1000°C with a plateau at 1000°C.

Total carbon “CT” corresponds to the sum of these three values: CT = COT+C+CIT

Finally, in the context of the present invention, the proportions expressed in % correspond to mass percentages relative to the total weight of the entity (e.g. clinker or cement) considered.

The present invention therefore relates to a binder comprising at least 1% of carbonated biomass ash. Preferably, the present invention relates to a binder as defined above having the following characteristics, chosen alone or in combination:

the binder contains at least 5% of carbonated biomass ash; preferably the binder contains at least 6% of carbonated biomass ash; more preferably the binder contains at least 7% of carbonated biomass ash; more preferably the binder contains at least 8% of carbonated biomass ash; more preferably the binder contains at least 9% of carbonated biomass ash; most preferably the binder contains at least 10% of carbonated biomass ash;

the binder contains up to 45% of carbonated biomass ash; preferably the binder contains up to 40% of carbonated biomass ash; most preferably the binder contains up to 35% of carbonated biomass ash;

the carbonated biomass ash contains at least 4.5% inorganic carbon; preferably the carbonated biomass ash contains at least 5% inorganic carbon; most preferably the carbonated biomass ash contains at least 5.5% inorganic carbon;

the binder contains from 15% to 99% of hydraulic binder or alkali-activated binder; preferably the binder contains from 30% to 95% of hydraulic binder or alkali-activated binder; more preferably the binder still contains from 50% to 93% of hydraulic binder or alkali-activated binder; most preferably the binder contains from 65% to 90% of hydraulic binder or alkali-activated binder; the binder is a hydraulic binder or an alkali-activated binder; preferably the binder is a hydraulic binder; more preferably the binder is a cement; most preferably the binder is an aluminous cement, a quick-setting natural cement, a Portland cement, a sulfoaluminous cement or a mixture of at least two of these cements;

the binder contains kalcinite, carbo-hydroxyapatite and/or hydrocalumite; and/or the binder also contains a filler or a cementitious addition according to standard EN 197-1.

The binder according to the present invention can be prepared according to any method known to those skilled in the art. For example, the binder according to the present invention can in particular be prepared by simple mixing in a grinder or mixer of a hydraulic binder or an alkali-activated binder with the carbonated biomass ash, or by mixing in a grinder or mixer of a clinker, gypsum (and optionally limestone filler or any known additive) and carbonated biomass ash.

Carbonated biomass ash can be obtained by any method known to those skilled in the art. For example, a method for preparing carbonated biomass ash comprising the following steps may be mentioned:

introduction of biomass ash into a rotating drum, mixer, container or fluidized bed type reactor;

bringing the ash into contact with a source of CO2 such as exhaust gases from a cement plant or a thermal power station; and recovering the resulting carbonated biomass ash.

The binder according to the present invention can be used to prepare a construction material. Thus, the present invention also relates to a construction material comprising a binder as defined above.

The present invention may be illustrated in a non-limiting manner by the following examples.

Example 1 - Carbonated biomass ash

Different carbonated biomass ashes are obtained by placing a mixture of approximately 250 g of ashes obtained by combustion of different biomasses and 15% by mass of water ashes in a hermetically sealed bowl which is itself fixed on the base of a heating mixer robot.

The compositions and characteristics of the biomass ash used (Ash 1 to 4) before carbonation are reported in the following Table 1, in comparison with the composition and characteristics of the fly ash (non-carbonated) usually used in the cement industry.

Composition (% (w/w)) 1 Characteristics Ashes of joy. Ashes 1) Wood ashes ^Ashes 2) Japier Ashes Ashes 3) Ashes of (japier Ashes 4) Fly ash types C: coal [Ref.] CaO 31 21 54 63 18.3 SiO ₂ 4 2 20 10 43.5 AI2O3 1 2 9 67 20.4 Fe2O3 - 1 1 1 5.4 SO ₃ 12 14 2 1 1.8 p ₂ o ₅ 4 3 1 - - _Na2O 1 1 1 1 1.5 K ₂ O 25 26 1 1 - MgO 5 3 2 2 4.3 TiO ₂ - - 1 - - Loss on ignition 15 20 8 14 0.9 CIT 3.4 3.1 1.9 3.9 -

Table 1 — Composition and characteristics of biomass ash before carbonation

The reactor is equipped with a cup containing water to regulate the relative humidity in the reactor.

The temperature of the bowl is maintained at 55°C. The bowl cover is equipped with 2 holes which allow the injection of gas and its evacuation.

The gas is injected for a mixing time of 1 hour and consists of 100% CO?.

Carbonated biomass ash has the following characteristics (Table 2), compared to non-carbonated biomass ash.

CIT (%) Ashes 1 Before carbonation 3.4 Carbonated 4.8 Ashes 2 Before carbonation 3.1 Carbonated 8.6 Ashes 3 Before carbonation 1.9 Carbonated 4.8 Ashes 4 Before carbonation 3.9 Carbonated 7.8

Table 2 — Ash/carbonate ash

Example 2 - Binders according to the invention

A reference Portland cement of class CEMI 52.5 R is mixed with different quantities of non-carbonated or carbonated ash from example 1.

The compositions of binders 2 to 5 (binders according to the invention) and 6 to 9 (binders prepared from non-carbonated ash) thus obtained are reported in Tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 below.

Binder (% w/w) 1 (Ref.) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 CEM I 52.5 100 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 Carbonated ash 1 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Carbonated ash 2 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Carbonated Ashes 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 Carbonated ash 4 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 Uncarbonated ash 1 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 Uncarbonated ash 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 Uncarbonated ash 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 Uncarbonated ash 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25

Table 3.1 - Binders 1 to 9

Binder (% w/w) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 C ₃ S 61.2 48.6 47.3 46.5 46.8 48.6 48.1 46.7 46.8 C ₂ S Alpha'H 2.8 2.8 2.3 5.3 2.8 2.6 2.2 6.3 5.9 C ₂ S beta 7.0 7 6.2 7.8 7.5 6.4 6.9 8.5 7.6 C ₃ A 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.5 2.9 2.9 c ₄ af 12.2 9 8.3 9.3 9 9.2 9.8 9.1 9 Ci ₂ A? 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.7 1.6 Calcite - 5.2 6.1 12.5 19.6 2.6 4.9 3.9 8.5 Kalicinite - 3.3 - - - 0 - - - Sylvite - - - - - - 0.5 - - Lime 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.9 - 5.6 6.5 Periclase 0.9 0.5 1.4 0.6 0.4 1.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 Hydroxyapatite - - - - - 2.1 1.7 - - Carbohydroxyapatite - 2 2.7 - 0.2 - - - - Hydrocalumite - - - 0.7 0.5 - - - - Quartz 0.6 0.2 0.1 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.7 0.9 Anhydrite 0.9 1 1.1 1.3 1 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.1 Bassanite 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.8 2 1.5 1.5 Gypsum 2.3 2 1.9 1.2 1.2 2.2 1.9 1.2 1.2 Syngenite 1.7 1.3 1.5 - - 1.5 1.4 - - Aphthithalitis 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 Arcanite 1.0 8.9 10.8 0.3 0.3 6.9 8.9 0.3 0.3 Ca-Langbeinite 0.3 0.1 0.2 - - 0.3 - - - Portlandite 0.2 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.6 5 4.6 1.8 1.6 Amorphous - 7 6.7 5.7 5.3 6.5 6.3 5.1 3.6

Table 3.2 — Binders 1 to 9 (phase composition)

Binder (% w/w) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 S1O2 20.3 15.9 15.6 19.8 17.6 16.1 15.8 20.1 17.8 AI2O3 4.6 3.7 3.9 5.5 4.9 3.8 4 5.8 5.3 lezOa 3.3 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.6 CaO 61.6 52.4 51 57.3 57.8 53.1 51.3 59.8 61.9 MgO 1.9 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.7 2.6 2.2 1.9 1.8 SO3 3.6 5.2 6.4 3.2 3 5.4 6.5 3.3 3 K2O 1.0 7 7.7 0.9 1 7.1 8.1 0.9 0.8 _Na2O 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 SrO 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 T1O2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 P2O5 0.2 0.9 1 0.4 0.2 1 1 0.4 0.1 MnO 0.07 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.43 0.1 0.1 Na ₂ O eq. - 5 5.5 0.9 1 5.5 5.8 0.9 1 Loss on ignition (950°C) 1.86 8.6 7.6 5.3 8.4 6.1 6.7 1.9 3.6

Table 3.3 — Binders 1 to 9 (elemental analysis)

The CO2 emission gain for binders 2 to 5 compared to the reference binder 1 is reported in Table 4 below.

Binder 2 3 4 5 CO2 gain compared to the reference (KgCCheq/t) 213 201 219 226

Table 4 — CO2 gain for binders 2 to 5

Example 3 - Maneuverability (spread)

A spreading measurement was carried out in accordance with standard EN 1015-3 on 3 mortars manufactured according to standard 196-1 by mixing 450g of binder 1, 4 or 8, 1350g of sand and 225g of water.

The results are reported in the following Table 5.

Mortar prepared from binder 1 Mortar prepared from binder 3 Mortar prepared from binder 8 Spread (in mm) 185 142 133

Table 5 - Spreading measurement for binders 1, 3 and 8

As these results show, the use of a mixture of cement and non-carbonated ash leads to a loss of almost 30% in workability. Carbonating the ash before mixing it with the cement limits the loss of rheology and maintains it at an acceptable level for good implementation.

Example 4 - Mechanical performance

The compressive strength of the binders obtained in example 2 was measured on prismatic specimens of standardized mortar (4x4xl6cm3), at different times (1, 2, 7 and 28 days) according to standard EN 196-1.

The results obtained are reported in the following Table 6.

Binder 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 R _c (in MPa) at 1 day 29.3 17.4 18.8 - - - 3 Rc (in MPa) at 2 days 41.7 30.7 35.1 - - 26.1 7 Rc (in MPa) at 7 days 52.9 43.7 48.1 3.2 17.8 41.4 15 Rc (in MPa) at 28 days 62 52.5 51 3.5 25.5 43.4 21

Table 6 - Compressive strength of binders 1 and 4 to 9

The binders according to the invention (i.e. binders 4 and 5) exhibit acceptable performance compared to that observed for the reference CEM I at all timescales. We thus note a maintenance of mechanical performance in the short, medium and long term at an acceptable level.

On the other hand, there is a significant decrease in the mechanical performance of binders containing non-carbonated biomass ash.

Example 5 — Comparative Examples

5.1 - Coal-type fly ash-based binder

The coal-type fly ash whose composition is reported in Table 1 is carbonated according to the protocol of Example 1.

Binder 10 is obtained by mixing a reference Portland cement of class CEM I 52.5 R with the carbonated ash thus obtained in a proportion (% w/w) 75/25.

5.2 - Carbonate binder after addition of non-carbonated ash

Binder 11 is obtained by carbonation according to the protocol of example 1 of a 75/25 (% w/w) mixture of a reference Portland cement of class CEM I 52.5 R with paper ash no. 4 of example 1 (non-carbonated ash).

5.3 - Comparative results

5.3.1 - Maneuverability (spreading)

The workability of binder 11 is evaluated according to the protocol of example 3.

The mortar prepared from binder 11 is too dry and therefore does not spread, making it impossible to use.

5.3.2 - Compressive strength

The compressive strength of binders 10 and 11 is evaluated according to the protocol of example 4.

The results obtained are reported in the following Table 7.

Binder 10 11 Rc (in MPa) at 2 days 29.5 14 Rc (in MPa) at 7 days 40.6 28.8 Rc (in MPa) at 28 days 48.5 30.8

Table 7- Compressive strength of binders 10 and 11

The compressive strengths of binders prepared from coal-fired fly ash are significantly lower than the compressive strengths of binders prepared from carbonated biomass ash at 2, 7 and 28 days. The results obtained for binder 11 are extremely low (loss of more than 50% of performance compared to the 100% Portland reference) and make this binder unusable.

Claims (11)

1. Binder comprising at least 1% of carbonated biomass ash. 2. Binder according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains at least 5% carbonated biomass ash. 3. Binder according to claim 2, characterized in that it contains at least 10% carbonated biomass ash. 4. Binder according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it contains up to 45% biomass ash. 5. Binder according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the carbonated biomass ash contains at least 5% inorganic carbon. 6. Binder according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it contains from 65% to 99% of hydraulic binder or alkali-activated binder. 7. Binder according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the binder is a hydraulic binder. 8. Binder according to claim 7, characterized in that the binder is a cement. 9. Binder according to claim 8, characterized in that the binder is an aluminous cement, a quick-setting natural cement, a Portland cement, a sulfo-aluminous cement or a mixture of at least two of these cements. 10. Binder according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that it contains kalcinite, carbo-hydroxyapatite and/or hydrocalumite. 11. Construction material comprising a binder as defined in one of claims 1 to 10.