OA18387A - Aqueous compositions for controlling pests or regulating plant growth, said compositions comprising thymol or carvacrol, a surfactant, and a solvent. - Google Patents

Aqueous compositions for controlling pests or regulating plant growth, said compositions comprising thymol or carvacrol, a surfactant, and a solvent. Download PDF

Info

Publication number
OA18387A
OA18387A OA1201700315 OA18387A OA 18387 A OA18387 A OA 18387A OA 1201700315 OA1201700315 OA 1201700315 OA 18387 A OA18387 A OA 18387A
Authority
OA
OAPI
Prior art keywords
compositions
composition
surfactant
plant
présent invention
Prior art date
Application number
OA1201700315
Inventor
Francois Daigle
Ann Letellier
Sylvain Quessy
Serge Auray
Original Assignee
Laboratoire M2
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Laboratoire M2 filed Critical Laboratoire M2
Publication of OA18387A publication Critical patent/OA18387A/en

Links

Abstract

The present document describes compositions and uses thereof in methods for controlling pests, and/or regulating growth of plants or seeds by contacting said plant, seed, or a soil containing said plant or seed thereof.

Description

AQUEOUS COMPOSITIONS FOR CONTROLLING PESTS OR REGULATING PLANT GROWTH, SAID COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING THYMOL OR CARVACROL, A SURFACTANT, AND A SOLVENT
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority of US provisional patent application 62/116,630, filed on February 16, 2015, the spécification of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND (a) Field
The subject matter disclosed generally relates to pest control and/or fertilizer compositions, and uses thereof.
(b) Related Prior Art
Soil is a réservoir for a variety of plant and animal diseases. These include diseases caused by microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, actinomyces, phytoplasmas, protozoa and viruses), and larger soil organisme such as nematodes as well as insects (e.g. ants, aphïds).and small animais (e.g. slugs, snails, rodents). Plant and animal pathogens may also be spread via insect vectors or by soil animais such as nematodes. The most common disease caused by soil-borne pathogen are rots that affect below the ground plant parts, and vascular wilts as a resuit of root infections. Some soil-bome pathogens also cause diseases on the aboveground parts of the plants (like on the foliage).
The most important pathogen group causing soil-borne disease are the multicellular organism fungi. In general, a fungal infection can cause local or extensive necrosis. It can also inhibit normal growth (hypotrophy) or induce excessive abnormal growth (hypertrophy or hyperplasia) in a portion of or throughout an entire plant. Symptoms associated with necrosis include leaf spots, blight, scab, rots, damping-off, anthracnose, diëback, and canker. Symptoms associated with hyperplasia include clubroot, galls, warts, and leaf curls. The principal control measures include the use of disease-free seed and propagating stock, the destruction of ail plant materials that may harbor pathogenic fungi, crop rotation, the development and use of résistant plant varieties, and the use of chemical and biological fungicides.
Many species of bacteria can cause disease in plants, animais and humans. The principal généra of plant pathogenic bacteria are Agrobacterium, Clavibacter, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Streptomyces, and Xylella. Bacterial diseases can be grouped into four broad categories based on the extent of damage to plant tissue and the symptoms that they cause, which may include vascular wilt, necrosis, soft rot, and tumors. In order for a bacterium to produce a disease in a plant, the bacterium must first invade the plant tissue and multiply. Bacterial pathogens enter plants through wounds, principally produced by adverse weather conditions, humans, tools and machinery, insects, and nematodes, or through natural openings such as stomates, lenticels, hydathodes, nectar-producing glands, and leaf scars. Losses from bacterial diseases are reduced by the use of pathogen-free seed. Bactericidal seed compounds control some bacterial diseases, such as angular leaf spot of cotton, gladiolus scab, and soft rot of ornamentals. Protective bactericidal sprays are used against bacterial blights of beans and celery, tire blight, crown gall, blackleg of delphinium, and filbert and walnut blights.
Viruses and viroids are the smallest of the infectious agents. Both viruses and viroids are obligate parasites, as they are able to multiply or replicate only within a living cell of a particular host. A single plant species may be susceptible to infection by several different viruses or viroids. Most disease-causing viruses are carried and transmitted naturally by insects and mites, which are called vectors ofthe virus. The symptoms of viral and viroid plant diseases fall into four groups: (1) change in color : yellowing, green and yellow mottling, and vein clearing; (2) malformations : distortion of leaves and flowers, rosetting, prolifération and witches’-brooms (abnormal prolifération of shoots), and little or no leaf development between the veins; (3) necrosis: leaf spots, ring spots, streaks, wilting or drooping, and internai death, especially of phloem (food-conducting) tissue; and (4) stunting or dwarfing of leaves, stems, or entire plants. Control is accomplished by several methods, such as growing résistant species and varieties of plants or obtaining virus-free seed, cuttings, or plants. Further control measures include controlling insect vectors by spraying plants with contact insecticides or fumigating soil to kill insects, nematodes, and other possible vectors. It also includes spraying leaves of plants with oils like minerai oil and paraffin, which helps to prevent viral propagation during insect infestation of growing plants.
A great many of the current pest control formulations, contain antimicrobial agents which are not naturally occurring. Typical antimicrobial agents include chemical disinfectants such as phenolic compounds, quatemary ammonium compounds, formaldéhyde and halogen containing compounds. Such materials are not of naturel origin (i.e. not found in nature) and are prepared through chemical processing and synthesis. A great many of these “synthetic” disinfectants cause undesirable effects on both the environment and on human health. The interaction of any synthetic chemical disinfectants, let alone a number of such chemicals with the environment always cornes with unexpected conséquences.
The non-selective way in which synthetic chemical disinfectants control pests also makes them undesirable. The chemicals can often hâve unexpected and serious detrimental effects on désirable insects or animais as well as the pest insect or animal.
Because of the often detrimental effects of synthetic chemical disinfectants a number of alternatives hâve been proposed and researched. One such alternative is the use of naturel disinfectants or pesticides. Naturel disinfectants or pesticides are compounds that exist in nature (e.g. in plants, animais, or other insects) and hâve properties that allow them to be used as is, combined, or modified to be used as disinfectants or pesticides.
Although naturel pesticides hâve previously been utilized, there still remains a need for effective naturel pesticides that do not hâve the undesirable effects often exhibited by synthetic chemical pesticides.
There is therefore a need for compositions for controlling pests, for plant régulation, or both, that reduce or at least mitigate the drawbacks of the prior art.
SUMMARY
According to an embodiment, there is provided a composition for regulating plant growth comprising :
a pesticide composition consisting of :
a) from about 0.01% to about 25% weight of at least one antimicrobial isolated or synthetic phenolic compound of natural origin selected from the group consisting of thymol and/or carvacrol;
b) from about 0.001% to about 15% weight of an anionic, a cationic, an amphoteric, an non-ionic surfactant, or combinations thereof, sufficient to form a solution or dispersion of the phenolic compound in an aqueous carrier;
c) from about 0.001% to about 40% weight of a solvent;
d) sufficient water to make 100 weight percent, and a supplément comprising at least one of a pesticide, a fertilizer, a defoamer, a plant growth regulator, or combinations thereof.
The antimicrobial compound may be of synthetic origin.
The surfactant may be selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant, and combinations thereof.
The at least one antimicrobial compound may be from about 0.12% to about 1.15% w/w of the composition.
The at least one antimicrobial compound may be from about 0.12% w/w, or about 0.23% w/w, or about 0.46% w/w, or about 1.15% w/w of the composition.
The surfactant may be from about 0.1% to about 15% (w/w) of the formulation. The solvent may be from about 0.1 % to about 40% (w/w) of the formulation.
The pesticide may be chosen from an algicide, an antifouling agent, a disinfectant, a fungicide, a fumigant, an herbicide, a molluscicide, an ovicide, a rodenticide, an insect growth a bactéricide, a virucide, an insect repellent, an arthropod repellent, a nematicide, an insecticide, an acaricide, an herbicide, and a plant growth regulator.
The fertilizer may be chosen from fertilizers an inorganic fertilizer, a nitrogen fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, an organic fertilizer, a manure, a compost, a rock phosphate, a bone meal, an alfalfa, a wood chip, a langbeinite, a cover crops, potassium sulfate, a rock powder, ash, a blood meal, a fish meal, a fish émulsion, an algae, a chitosan and a molasse.
The defoamer may be chosen from a minerai oil, a vegetable oil, a paraffin wax, an ester wax, a silica, a fatty alcohol, a silicone, a polyethylene glycol, a polypropylene glycol, copolymer, and an alkyl polyacrylate.
The plant growth regulator may be chosen from a carbamate, a chlorinated hydrocarbon, cyclohexadione, an organic acid, ancymidol, ethephon, gibberelic acid, gibberellins and benazladenine, maleic hydrazide, NAA, napthalene acetamide, paclobutrazol, N-acetylaspartic acid.
The supplément further comprises a colorant, a pH adjusting agent, a sequestering agent, and combinations thereof.
According to another embodiment, there is provided a method for the control of pests, the method comprising contacting a soi!, a seed, a plant, or combinations thereof, with a pesticidal amount of the composition of the présent invention to control the pest.
According to another embodiment, there may be provided a method for the control of pests, the method comprising contacting a soil, a seed, a plant, or combinations thereof, with a pesticidal amount of a pesticide composition consisting of :
a) from about 0.01% to about 25% by weight of at least one antimicrobial compound selected from the group consisting of thymol and carvacrol;
b) from about 0.001% to about 15% by weight of surfactant sufficient to form a solution or dispersion of the phenolic compound in an aqueous carrier;
c) from about 0.001 % to about 40% by weight of a solvent; and
d) sufficient water to make 100 weight percent.
The antimicrobial compound may be of synthetic origin.
The surfactant may be selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant, and combinations thereof.
The at least one antimicrobial compound may be from about 0.12% to about 1.15% w/w of the composition.
The at least one antimicrobial compound may be from about 0.12% w/w, or about 0.23% w/w, or about 0.46% w/w, or about 1.15% w/w of the composition.
The surfactant may be from about 0.1% to about 15% (w/w) of the formulation.
The solvent may be from about 0.1% to about 40% (w/w) of the formulation.
The pest may be chosen from an insect, a nematode, a fungi, a bacteria, a larvae, a plant, an animal, a virus, a parasite, a gastropod, an arthropod, a snail, a slug, an algae, or combinations thereof.
The plant may be a weed. The arthropod may be a mite. The insect may be a moth. The bacteria may be chosen from an E. Amylovora, an E. coli or a combination thereof.
According to another embodiment, there is provided a method for regulating the growth of a plant, the method comprising contacting a soil, a seed, a plant, or combinations thereof, with a growth regulating amount of a composition according to the présent invention.
According to another embodiment, there is provided a method for regulating the growth of a plant, the method comprising contacting a soil, a seed, a plant, or combinations thereof, with a growth regulating amount of a pesticide composition consisting of :
a) from about 0.01% to about 25% by weight of at least one antimicrobial compound selected from the group consisting of thymol and carvacrol;
b) from about 0.001% to about 15% by weight of surfactant sufficient to form a solution or dispersion of the phenolic compound in an aqueous carrier;
c) from about 0.001 % to about 40% by weight of a solvent; and
d) sufficient water to make 100 weight percent.
The antimicrobial compound may be of synthetic origin.
The surfactant may be selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant, and combinations thereof.
The at least one antimicrobial compound may be from about 0.12% to about 1.15% w/w of the composition.
The at least one antimicrobial compound may be from about 0.12% w/w, or about 0.23% w/w, or about 0.46% w/w, or about 1.15% w/w of the composition.
The surfactant may be from about 0.1% to about 15% (w/w) ofthe formulation.
The solvent may be from about 0.1% to about 40% (w/w) of the formulation.
The regulating the growth may comprise an increase in the number of fruit, vegetable, bulb or tuber from the plant.
The regulating the growth may comprise an increase in the size of fruit, vegetable, bulb or tuber from the plant.
The regulating the growth may comprise an increase in the number of healthy plants. The plant may be chosen from a banana plant, an apple tree, a pear tree, a potato plant, a rice plant, a coffea plant, a citrus tree, an onion, ginseng, soy, a weed, a tomato plant.
According to another embodiment, there is provided a method for regulating the growth of a seed, the method comprising contacting a seed or a soil containing the seed thereof, with a growth regulating amount of a composition according to the présent invention.
According to another embodiment, there is provided a method for regulating the growth of a seed, the method comprising contacting a seed or a soil containing the seed thereof, with a growth regulating amount of a pesticide composition consisting of :
a) from about 0.01% to about 25% by weight of at least one antimicrobial compound selected from the group consisting of thymol and carvacrol;
b) from about 0.001% to about 15% by weight of surfactant sufficient to form a solution or dispersion of the phenolic compound in an aqueous carrier;
c) from about 0.001 % to about 40% by weight of a solvent; and
d) sufficient water to make 100 weight percent.
The antimicrobial compound may be of synthetic origin.
The surfactant may be selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant, and combinations thereof.
The at least one antimicrobial compound may be from about 0.12% to about 1.15% w/w of the composition.
The at least one antimicrobial compound may be from about 0.12% w/w, or about 0.23% w/w, or about 0.46% w/w, or about 1.15% w/w of the composition.
The surfactant may be from about 0.1% to about 15% (w/w) ofthe formulation.
The solvent may be from about 0.1% to about 40% (w/w) ofthe formulation.
The seed may be a tuber.
The tuber may be from a potato (kumara), a sweet potato, a yam, a cassava, and a dahilia.
The regulating the growth may comprise an increase in the length of a tuber sprout. The following terms are defined below.
Before describing the présent invention in detail, a number of terms will be defined. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictâtes otherwise.
The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the spécification may mean “one”, but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more”, “at least one”, and “one or more than one. Similarly, the word “another” may mean at least a second or more.
As used in this spécification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise and “comprises”), “having (and any form of having, such as “hâve” and “has), “including (and any form of including, such as “include” and “includes”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contain” and “contains”), are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited éléments or process steps.
The term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes an inhérent variation of errer for the device or the method being employed to détermine the value.
Weight percent, percent by weight, % by weight, wt %, and the like are synonyms that refer to the concentration of a substance as the weight of that substance divided by the weight of the composition and multiplied by 100.
It is noted that terms like “preferably”, “commonly”, and “typically” are not utilized herein to limit the scope of the claimed invention or to imply that certain features are critical, essential, or even important to the structure or function of the claimed invention. Rather, these terms are merely intended to highlight alternative or additional features that can or cannot be utilized in a particular embodiment of the présent invention.
For the purposes of describing and defining the présent invention it is noted that the term “substantially” is utilized herein to represent the inhérent degree of uncertainty that can be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other représentation. The term “substantially” is also utilized herein to represent the degree by which a quantitative représentation can vary from a stated reference without resulting in a change in the basic function ofthe subject matter at issue.
The term « composition » as used herein is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingrédients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingrédients in the specified amounts. Such term in relation to pharmaceutical composition or other compositions in general, is intended to encompass a product comprising the active ingredient(s) and the inert ingredient(s) that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingrédients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingrédients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingrédients. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions or other compositions in general of the présent invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of the présent invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. By pharmaceutically acceptable or “acceptable” it is meant the carrier, diluent or excipient must be compatible with the other ingrédients of the formulation and not deleterious to the récipient thereof.
The terms “regulating plant growth” and “growth régulation amount” are intended to mean that the method and composition of the présent invention regulate at least one aspect of the growth of a plant. The régulation of growth does not need to be on ail aspects of plant growth. For example, the composition of the présent invention may regulate the growth of any one of the foliage, leaves, flowers, stems, branches, fruits, vegetables, bulb, tubers, or any other part of the plant, independently from other parts of the plant. As used herein, the term “growth regulating amount” is intended to mean an amount of the composition of the présent invention that causes at least one of the aspects of the growth of a plant to be regulated as defîned above. The régulation of plant growth may also include an overall increase on the growth of a plant. The régulation of plant growth may also show as an increase in the number of healthy plants in a culture of plants comprising several individuals. The régulation of plant growth may also include stimulation of fruit ripening. The régulation of plant growth may also include inhibition of plant growth and shoot growth. The régulation of plant growth may also include an increase in flowering. The régulation of plant growth may also include the régulation of leaf and fruit senescence. The growth regulating amount may span a range of concentration over which the effect may be observed, and each growth regulating effects may be observed at the détriment of the growth of other parts of the plant. Preferably, the growth regulating effect may be obtained without any phytotoxic effects to the remainder of the plants, but in some embodiments this may not be possible.
The term “pesticidal amount” to mean an amount of the composition of the présent invention that will be sufficient to control a given pest. This, the amount may vary according to the targeted pest, which implies that a lower concentration may be sufficient to control one pest, and that a higher concentration may be required to control another pest.
The terms “fruit” and “vegetable are intended to mean the common language usage of “fruit” and vegetable which normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of a plant that are sweet or sour, and edible in the raw state, such as apples, bananas, grapes, lemons, oranges, and strawberries. It also includes the botanical usage of fruit and vegetable” which includes many structures that are not commonly called fruits” or “vegetable, such as bean pods, corn kernels, tomatoes, and wheat grains.
The term tuber” is intended to mean the enlarged structures in some plant species used as storage organs for nutrients. They are used for the plant's perennation (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season, and as a means of asexual reproduction. Stem tubers form from thickened rhizomes (underground stems) or stolons (horizontal connections between organisms). Common plant species with stem tubers include potato and yam. Some sources also treat modified latéral roots, (root tubers) under the définition; these are encountered in sweet potato, cassava, and dahlia.
Features and advantages of the subject matter hereof will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description of selected embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying figures. As will be realized, the subject matter disclosed and claimed is capable of modifications in various respects, ail without departing from the scope of the claims. Accordingly, the drawings and the description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive and the full scope of the subject matter is set forth in the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Further features and advantages of the présent disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 illustrâtes the cumulative germination of common ragweed (AMBAR) and bamyard grass (ECHCR) for the different compositions during 21 days in Pétri dishes. Vertical bars represent ± SE
Fig. 2 illustrâtes the adjusted seed mortality of common ragweed (AMBAR) and bamyard grass (ECHCR) for the different compositions, after 21 days in Pétri dishes. Columns with the same letter are not significantly different according to Fisher’s Protected LSD at a=0.05. Vertical bars represent ± SE.
Fig. 3 illustrâtes a Visual symptoms of water, compositions 10 and 11 phytoxicity observed on common ragweed (AMBAR) and bamyard grass (ECHCR).
Fig. 4 illustrâtes the mean rates (± SE) of codling moth egg mortality observed 7 days after spraying. Treatments with different letters are significantly different (ANOVA, HSD Tukey-Kramer test, a=0.05).
Fig. 5 illustrâtes the codling moth eggs seven days after spraying with water (control) (a), composition 8 (b) and composition 10 (c).
Fig. 6 illustrâtes the mean rates (± SE) of two spotted spider mites mortality, 24 hours after spraying. Treatments with different letters are significantly different (ANOVA, HSD Tukey-Kramer test, a=0.05).
Fig. 7 illustrâtes the King B agar media contaîning streptomycin inoculated with bacterial suspensions for sensitivity test. Quadrant 1 (Q1), E. amylovora 433; Quadrant 2 (Q2), E. amylovora 435; Quadrant 3 (Q3), E. amylovora 153sm5; and Quadrant 4 (Q4), E. coli ATCC25922.
Fig. 8 illustrâtes the King B agar media contaîning Composition 12 at different dilutions inoculated with bacterial suspensions for sensitivity test. Quadrant 1 (Q1 ), E. amylovora 433; Quadrant 2 (Q2), E. amylovora 435; Quadrant 3 (Q3), E. amylovora 153sm5; and Quadrant 4 (Q4), E. coli ATCC25922.
Fig. 9 illustrâtes the effect of compositions of the présent invention on yield of harvested potato tubers at the end of the trial. This effect is measured as the mean of total tubers / plants (A) and mean weight of tubers and / plant (B). Light bars represent assay A where compositions of the présent invention are applied alone, and dark bars represent assay B where compositions of the présent invention are applied in combination with oil and fungicide.
Fig 10. illustrâtes the mean % of green plants after application ofthe compositions of the présent invention. Light bars represent assay A where compositions of the présent invention are applied alone, dark bars represent assay B where compositions of the présent invention are applied in combination with oil and fungicide.
Fig. 11. illustrâtes the mean % of plants with dry leaflets after application of the compositions of the présent invention. Light bars represent assay A where compositions of the présent invention are applied alone, dark bars represent assay B where compositions of the présent invention are applied in combination with oil and fungicide.
Fig. 12. illustrâtes the mean % of plants with early blight symptoms (spotted leaflets, panel A) and magnitude of symptoms (number of spots / leaflets, panel B) following the application of compositions of the présent invention, in combination with oil and fungicide.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In a first embodiment there is disclosed a composition for regulating plant growth comprising:
a pesticide composition which consists of :
a) from about 0.01% to about 25% weight of at least one antimicrobial isolated or synthetic phenolic compound of natural origin selected from the group consisting of thymol and/or carvacrol;
b) from about 0.001% to about 15% weight of an anionic, a cationic, an amphoteric, an non-ionic surfactant, or combinations thereof, sufficient to form a solution or dispersion of the phenolic compound in an aqueous carrier;
c) from about 0.001% to about 40% weight of a solvent;
d) sufficient water to make 100 weight percent, and a supplément comprising:
at least one of a pesticide, a fertilizer, a defoamer, a plant growth regulator, or combinations thereof.
Compositions ofthe présent invention
The phenolic compounds of natural origin as used in the présent invention can be synthetically made by known methods within the capacity of a skilled technician, or can be obtained from plant oil extracts. In an embodiment of the présent invention, the phenolic compounds of natural origin are obtained from plant extracts. In a further embodiment of the présent invention, the phenolic compounds of natural origin are commercially available. In yet a further embodiment of the présent invention, the phenolic compounds of natural origin comprise carvacrol and thymol.
In an embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise thymol, carvacrol or mixtures thereof. In a further embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise one or more natural essential oils enriched in thymol, carvacrol or mixtures of thymol and carvacrol.
In an embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention further comprise a surfactant. A surfactant operative herein comprises a water soluble or water dispersible nonionic, anionic, cationic, or an amphoteric compound. In a further embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise one or more of the conventional anionic surfactants known in the art. A représentative listing of surfactants and properties thereof is detailed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17^ édition (Mack Publishing Company). Non-limiting examples of surfactants according to an embodiment of the présent invention include sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbitan stéarate, sorbitan esters, sodium laureth sulfate, sarkosyl, cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), sodium lauryl ether sulfonate, alkyl benzene sulfonates, nonylphenol ethoxylate, ether ethoxylate, as well as the surfactants listed in Table 9 below. It is appreciated that one or more additional surfactants may be included in the pesticide compositions of the présent invention. A surfactant (surface active agent) is generally intended to refer to a substance which when dissolved in water, or other aqueous System, reduces the surface or interfacial tension between it and another substance or material. In an embodiment of the présent invention, the surfactant aids in the dispersion or émulsification of the essential oils within the aqueous carrier. According to an embodiment, the dispersion is not necessarily and homogenous dispersion. The dispersion may necessitate agitation and/or shaking prior to use. According to another embodiment, the dispersion is a homogenous dispersion. In a further embodiment of the présent invention, the anionic surfactant aids in braking down the structure of biofilms through dénaturation. In yet a further embodiment, the surfactant acts as a “wetting” agent. Wetting agents typically reduce the surface tension of the water molécules, allowing for a greater spreading of the solution and a deeper pénétration into small crack and crevices of the surface to be treated.
In embodiments, the composition ofthe présent invention comprises from about 0.1% to about 15% w/w surfactant, or from about 0.5% to about 15% w/w, or from about 1% to about 15% w/w, or from about 2% to about 15% w/w, or from about 3% to about 15% w/w, or from about 4% to about 15% w/w, or from about 5% to about 15% w/w, or from about 7.5% to about 15% w/w, or from about 10% to about 15% w/w, or from about 12.5% to about 15% w/w, 0.1% to about 12.5% w/w surfactant, or from about 0.5% to about 12.5% w/w, or from about 1% to about 12.5% w/w, or from about 2% to about 12.5% w/w, or from about 3% to about 12.5% w/w, or from about 4% to about 12.5% w/w, or from about 5% to about 12.5% w/w, or from about 7.5% to about 12.5% w/w, or from about 10% to about 12.5% w/w, 0.1% to about 10% w/w surfactant, or from about 0.5% to about 10% w/w, or from about 1% to about 10% w/w, or from about 2% to about 10% w/w, or from about 3% to about 10% w/w, or from about 4% to about 10% w/w, or from about 5% to about 10% w/w, or from about 7.5% to about 10% w/w, 0.1% to about 7.5% w/w surfactant, or from about 0.5% to about 7.5% w/w, or from about 1% to about 7.5% w/w, or from about 2% to about 7.5% w/w, or from about 3% to about 7.5% w/w, or from about 4% to about 7.5% w/w, or from about 5% to about 7.5% w/w, 0.1% to about 5% w/w surfactant, or from about 0.5% to about 5% w/w, or from about 1 % to about 5% w/w, or from about 2% to about 5% w/w, or from about 3% to about 5% w/w, or from about 4% to about 5% w/w, 0.1% to about 4% w/w surfactant, or from about 0.5% to about 4% w/w, or from about 1 % to about 4% w/w, or from about 2% to about 4% w/w, or from about 3% to about 4% w/w, 0.1% to about 3% w/w surfactant, or from about 0.5% to about 3% w/w, or from about 1% to about 3% w/w, or from about 2% to about 3% w/w, 0.1% to about 2% w/w surfactant, or from about 0.5% to about 2% w/w, or from about 1% to about 2% w/w, 0.1% to about 1% w/w surfactant, or from about 0.5% to about 1% w/w, 0.1% to about 0.5% w/w surfactant.
Phenolic compounds (e.g. carvacrol, thymol) are typically not sufficiently soluble in an aqueous medium. The pesticide compositions of the présent invention thus typically comprise a solvent. The solvents may be hydrophilic, hydrophobie or amphiphilic in nature. In an embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise an amphiphilic solvent. Amphiphilic solvents are capable of solubilizing the phenolic compounds of natural origin and/or the essential oil(s) in the aqueous carrier. Non-limiting examples of solvents according to an embodiment of the présent invention include methanol, éthanol, hexadecane, propylene glycol, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether and hexylene glycol. The addition of a significant amount of solvent to the pesticide solutions of the présent invention, allows for the solutions to be used at températures slightly inferior to 0°C. It is well within the capacity of a skilled technician to détermine such amounts of solvent. In embodiments, the composition of the présent invention comprises from about 0.1% to about 40% w/w solvent, or from about 0.5% to about 40% w/w, or from about 1 % to about 40% w/w, or from about 5% to about 40% w/w, or from about 10% to about 40% w/w, or from about 15% to about 40% w/w, or from about 20% to about 40% w/w, or from about 25% to about 40% w/w, or from about 30% to about 40% w/w, or from about 35% to about 40% w/w,or from about 0.1% to about 35% w/w solvent, or from about 0.5% to about 35% w/w, or from about 1 % to about 35% w/w, or from about 5% to about 35% w/w, or from about 10% to about 35% w/w, or from about 15% to about 35% w/w, or from about 20% to about 35% w/w, or from about 25% to about 35% w/w, or from about 30% to about 35% w/w, or from about 0.1 % to about 30% w/w solvent, or from about 0.5% to about 30% w/w, or from about 1 % to about 30% w/w, or from about 5% to about 30% w/w, or from about 10% to about 30% w/w, or from about 15% to about 30% w/w, or from about 20% to about 30% w/w, or from about 25% to about 30% w/w, or from about 0.1% to about 25% w/w solvent, or from about 0.5% to about 25% w/w, or from about 1% to about 25% w/w, or from about 5% to about 25% w/w, or from about 10% to about 25% w/w, or from about 15% to about 25% w/w, or from about 20% to about 25% w/w, or from about 0.1 % to about 20% w/w solvent, or from about 0.5% to about 20% w/w, or from about 1 % to about 20% w/w, or from about 5% to about 20% w/w, or from about 10% to about 20% w/w, or from about 15% to about 20% w/w, or from about 0.1% to about 15% w/w solvent, or from about 0.5% to about 15% w/w, or from about 1% to about 15% w/w, or from about 5% to about 15% w/w, or from about 10% to about 15% w/w, or from about 0.1% to about 10% w/w solvent, or from about 0.5% to about 10% w/w, or from about 1 % to about 10% w/w, or from about 5% to about 10% w/w, or from about 0.1% to about 5% w/w solvent, or from about 0.5% to about 5% w/w, or from about 1% to about 5% w/w, or from about 0.1% to about 1% w/w solvent, or from about 0.5% to about 1% w/w, or from about 0.1% to about 0.5% w/w solvent.
Since the disinfectant compositions are typically prepared on site from mixtures of ingrédients in concentrated solution, tap water is used for dilution. Tap water generally has a certain amount of hardness. Since the presence of dissolved minerais (e.g. Ca++, Mg++) may adversely affect the performance and properties of the disinfectant composition, a sequestering agent is included in the composition to chelate the dissolved minerais in the form of a water soluble complex. Sequestering agents are well known in the art. Non-limiting examples include ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) sodium sait, sodium gluconate, sodium citrate, trisodium ethylenediamine disuccinate, citric acid, trisodium NTA, sodium phosphate and sodium choleate. Sequestering agents typically prevent the dissolved minerais from binding to the surfactant molécules. Moreover, sequestering agents may remove minerais from the surface to be disinfected.
In an embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise one or more phenolic compounds of natural origin. In an embodiment of the présent invention, the phenolic compounds are selected from the group consisting of thymol and carvacrol. In a further embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise carvacrol. In a further embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise thymol. In a further embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise carvacrol and thymol.
In embodiments, the composition of the présent invention comprises from about 0.01% to about 25% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 25%, or from about 0.03% to about 25%, or from about 0.04% to about 25%, or from about 0.05% to about 25%, or from about 0.06% to about 25%, or from about 0.07% to about 25%, or from about 0.08% to about 25%, or from about 0.09% to about 25%, or from about 0.10% to about 25%, or from about 0.11% to about 25%, or from about 0.12% to about 25%, or from about 0.13% to about 25%, or from about 0.14% to about 25%, or from about 0.15% to about 25%, or from about 0.16% to about 25%, or from about 0.17% to about 25%, or from about 0.18% to about 25%, or from about 0.19% to about 25%, or from about 0.20% to about 25%, or from about 0.21% to about 25%, or from about 0.22% to about 25%, or from about 0.23% to about 25%, or from about 0.24% to about 25%, or from about 0.25% to about 25%, or from about 0.26% to about 25%, or from about 0.27% to about 25%, or from about 0.28% to about 25%, or from about 0.29% to about 25%, or from about 0.30% to about 25%, or from about 0.31% to about 25%, or from about 0.32% to about 25%, or from about 0.33% to about 25%, or from about 0.34% to about 25%, or from about 0.35% to about 25%, or from about 0.36% to about 25%, or from about 0.37% to about 25%, or from about 0.38% to about 25%, or from about 0.39% to about 25%, or from about 0.40% to about 25%, or from about 0.41% to about 25%, or from about 0.42% to about 25%, or from about 0.43% to about 25%, or from about 0.44% to about 25%, or from about 0.45% to about 25%, or from about 0.46% to about 25%, or from about 0.50% to about 25%, or from about 0.55% to about 25%, or from about 0.60% to about 25%, or from about 0.65% to about 25%, or from about 0.70% to about 25%, or from about 0.75% to about 25%, or from about 0.80% to about 25%, or from about 0.85% to about 25%, or from about 0.90% to about 25%, or from about 0.95% to about 25%, or from about 1.0% to about 25%, or from about 1.05% to about 25%, or from about 1.10% to about 25%, or from about 1.15% to about 25%, or from about 1.20% to about 25%, or from about 1.25% to about 25%, or from about 1.50% to about 25%, or from about 3% to about 25%, or from about 5% to about 25%, or from about 10% to about 25%, or from about 15% to about 25%, or from about 20% to about 25%, from about 0.01% to about 20% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 20%, or from about 0.03% to about 20%, or from about 0.04% to about 20%, or from about 0.05% to about 20%, or from about 0.06% to about 20%, or from about 0.07% to about 20%, or from about 0.08% to about 20%, or from about 0.09% to about 20%, or from about 0.10% to about 20%, or from about 0.11 % to about 20%, or from about 0.12% to about 20%, or from about 0.13% to about 20%, or from about 0.14% to about 20%, or from about 0.15% to about 20%, or from about 0.16% to about 20%, or from about 0.17% to about 20%, or from about 0.18% to about 20%, or from about 0.19% to about 20%, or from about 0.20% to about 20%, or from about 0.21% to about 20%, or from about 0.22% to about 20%, or from about 0.23% to about 20%, or from about 0.24% to about 20%, or from about 0.25% to about 20%, or from about 0.26% to about 20%, or from about 0.27% to about 20%, or from about 0.28% to about 20%, or from about 0.29% to about 20%, or from about 0.30% to about 20%, or from about 0.31% to about 20%, or from about 0.32% to about 20%, or from about 0.33% to about 20%, or from about 0.34% to about 20%, or from about 0.35% to about 20%, or from about 0.36% to about 20%, or from about 0.37% to about 20%, or from about 0.38% to about 20%, or from about 0.39% to about 20%, or from about 0.40% to about 20%, or from about 0.41% to about 20%, or from about 0.42% to about 20%, or from about 0.43% to about 20%, or from about 0.44% to about 20%, or from about 0.45% to about 20%, or from about 0.46% to about 20%, or from about 0.50% to about 20%, or from about 0.55% to about 20%, or from about 0.60% to about 20%, or from about 0.65% to about 20%, or from about 0.70% to about 20%, or from about 0.75% to about 20%, or from about 0.80% to about 20%, or from about 0.85% to about 20%, or from about
0.90% to about 20%, or from about 0.95% to about 20%, or from about 1.0% to about 20%, or from about 1.05% to about 20%, or from about 1.10% to about 20%, or from about 1.15% to about 20%, or from about 1.20% to about 20%, or from about 1.25% to about 20%, or from about 1.50% to about 20%, or from about 3% to about 20%, or from about 5% to about 20%, or from about 10% to about 20%, or from about 15% to about 20%, from about 0.01% to about 15% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 15%, or from about 0.03% to about 15%, or from about 0.04% to about 15%, or from about 0.05% to about 15%, or from about 0.06% to about 15%, or from about 0.07% to about 15%, or from about 0.08% to about 15%, or from about 0.09% to about 15%, or from about 0.10% to about 15%, or from about 0.11% to about 15%, or from about 0.12% to about 15%, or from about 0.13% to about 15%, or from about 0.14% to about 15%, or from about 0.15% to about 15%, or from about 0.16% to about 15%, or from about 0.17% to about 15%, or from about 0.18% to about 15%, or from about 0.19% to about 15%, or from about 0.20% to about 15%, or from about 0.21% to about 15%, or from about 0.22% to about 15%, or from about 0.23% to about 15%, or from about 0.24% to about 15%, or from about 0.25% to about 15%, or from about 0.26% to about 15%, or from about 0.27% to about 15%, or from about 0.28% to about 15%, or from about 0.29% to about 15%, or from about 0.30% to about 15%, or from about 0.31% to about 15%, or from about 0.32% to about 15%, or from about 0.33% to about 15%, or from about 0.34% to about 15%, or from about 0.35% to about 15%, or from about 0.36% to about 15%, or from about 0.37% to about 15%, or from about 0.38% to about 15%, or from about 0.39% to about 15%, or from about 0.40% to about 15%, or from about 0.41% to about 15%, or from about 0.42% to about 15%, or from about 0.43% to about 15%, or from about 0.44% to about 15%, or from about 0.45% to about 15%, or from about 0.46% to about 15%, or from about 0.50% to about 15%, or from about 0.55% to about 15%, or from about 0.60% to about 15%, or from about 0.65% to about 15%, or from about 0.70% to about 15%, or from about 0.75% to about 15%, or from about 0.80% to about 15%, or from about 0.85% to about 15%, or from about 0.90% to about 15%, or from about 0.95% to about 15%, or from about 1.0% to about 15%, or from about 1.05% to about 15%, or from about 1.10% to about 15%, or from about 1.15% to about 15%, or from about 1.20% to about 15%, or from about 1.25% to about 15%, or from about 1.50% to about 15%, or from about 3% to about 15%, or from about 5% to about 15%, or from about 10% to about 15%, from about 0.01% to about 10% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 10%, or from about 0.03% to about 10%, or from about 0.04% to about 10%, or from about 0.05% to about 10% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 10%, or from about 0.07% to about 10%, or from about 0.08% to about 10%, or from about 0.09% to about 10%, or from about 0.10% to about 10%, or from about 0.11% to about 10%, or from about 0.12% to about 10%, or from about 0.13% to about 10%, or from about 0.14% to about 10%, or from about 0.15% to about 10%, or from about 0.16% to about 10%, or from about 0.17% to about 10%, or from about 0.18% to about 10%, or from about 0.19% to about 10%, or from about 0.20% to about 10%, or from about 0.21% to about 10%, or from about 0.22% to about 10%, or from about 0.23% to about 10%, or from about 0.24% to about 10%, or from about 0.25% to about 10%, or from about 0.26% to about 10%, or from about 0.27% to about 10%, or from about 0.28% to about 10%, or from about 0.29% to about 10%, or from about 0.30% to about 10%, or from about 0.31% to about 10%, or from about 0.32% to about 10%, or from about 0.33% to about 10%, or from about 0.34% to about 10%, or from about 0.35% to about 10%, or from about 0.36% to about 10%, or from about 0.37% to about 10%, or from about 0.38% to about 10%, or from about 0.39% to about 10%, or from about 0.40% to about 10%, or from about 0.41% to about 10%, or from about 0.42% to about 10%, or from about 0.43% to about 10%, or from about 0.44% to about 10%, or from about 0.45% to about 10%, or from about 0.46% to about 10%, or from about 0.50% to about 10%, or from about 0.55% to about 10%, or from about 0.60% to about 10%, or from about 0.65% to about 10%, or from about 0.70% to about 10%, or from about 0.75% to about 10%, or from about 0.80% to about 10%, or from about 0.85% to about 10%, or from about 0.90% to about 10%, or from about 0.95% to about 10%, or from about 1.0% to about 10%, or from about 1.05% to about 10%, or from about 1.10% to about 10%, or from about 1.15% to about 10%, or from about 1.20% to about 10%, or from about 1.25% to about 10%, or from about 1.50% to about 10%, or from about 3% to about 10%, or from about 5% to about 10%, from about 0.01% to about 5% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 5%, or from about 0.03% to about 5%, or from about 0.04% to about 5%, or from about 0.05% to about 5%, or from about 0.06% to about 5%, or from about 0.07% to about 5%, or from about 0.08% to about 5%, or from about 0.09% to about 5%, or from about 0.10% to about 5%, or from about 0.11% to about 5%, or from about 0.12% to about 5%, or from about 0.13% to about 5%, or from about 0.14% to about 5%, or from about 0.15% to about 5%, or from about 0.16% to about 5%, or from about 0.17% to about 5%, or from about 0.18% to about 5%, or from about 0.19% to about 5%, or from about 0.20% to about 5%, or from about 0.21% to about 5%, or from about 0.22% to about 5%, or from about 0.23% to about 5%, or from about 0.24% to about 5%, or from about 0.25% to about 5%, or from about 0.26% to about 5%, or from about 0.27% to about 5%, or from about 0.28% to about 5%, or from about 0.29% to about 5%, or from about 0.30% to about 5%, or from about 0.31% to about 5%, or from about 0.32% to about 5%, or from about 0.33% to about 5%, or from about 0.34% to about 5%, or from about 0.35% to about 5%, or from about 0.36% to about 5%, or from about 0.37% to about 5%, or from about 0.38% to about 5%, or from about 0.39% to about 5%, or from about 0.40% to about 5%, or from about 0.41% to about 5%, or from about 0.42% to about 5%, or from about 0.43% to about 5%, or from about 0.44% to about 5%, or from about 0.45% to about 5%, or from about 0.46% to about 5%, or from about 0.50% to about 5%, or from about 0.55% to about 5%, or from about 0.60% to about 5%, or from about 0.65% to about 5%, or from about 0.70% to about 5%, or from about 0.75% to about 5%, or from about 0.80% to about 5%, or from about 0.85% to about 5%, or from about 0.90% to about 5%, or from about 0.95% to about 5%, or from about 1.0% to about 5%, or from about 1.05% to about 5%, or from about 1.10% to about 5%, or from about 1.15% to about 5%, or from about 1.20% to about 5%, or from about 1.25% to about 5%, or from about 1.50% to about 5%, or from about 3% to about 5%, from about 0.01% to about 3% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 3%, or from about 0.03% to about 3%, or from about 0.04% to about 3%, or from about 0.05% to about 3% w/w, or from about
0.06% to about 3%, or from about 0.07% to about 3%, or from about 0.08% to about 3%, or from about 0.09% to about 3%, or from about 0.10% to about 3%, or from about 0.11% to about 3%, or from about 0.12% to about 3%, or from about 0.13% to about 3%, or from about 0.14% to about 3%, or from about 0.15% to about 3%, or from about 0.16% to about 3%, or from about 0.17% to about 3%, or from about 0.18% to about 3%, or from about 0.19% to about 3%, or from about 0.20% to about 3%, or from about 0.21% to about 3%, or from about 0.22% to about 3%, or from about 0.23% to about 3%, or from about 0.24% to about 3%, or from about 0.25% to about 3%, or from about 0.26% to about 3%, or from about 0.27% to about 3%, or from about 0.28% to about 3%, or from about 0.29% to about 3%, or from about 0.30% to about 3%, or from about 0.31% to about 3%, or from about 0.32% to about 3%, or from about 0.33% to about 3%, or from about 0.34% to about 3%, or from about 0.35% to about 3%, or from about 0.36% to about 3%, or from about 0.37% to about 3%, or from about 0.38% to about 3%, or from about 0.39% to about 3%, or from about 0.40% to about 3%, or from about 0.41% to about 3%, or from about 0.42% to about 3%, or from about 0.43% to about 3%, or from about 0.44% to about 3%, or from about 0.45% to about 3%, or from about 0.46% to about 3%, or from about 0.50% to about 3%, or from about 0.55% to about 3%, or from about 0.60% to about 3%, or from about 0.65% to about 3%, or from about 0.70% to about 3%, or from about 0.75% to about 3%, or from about 0.80% to about 3%, or from about 0.85% to about 3%, or from about 0.90% to about 3%, or from about 0.95% to about 3%, or from about 1.0% to about 3%, or from about 1.05% to about 3%, or from about 1.10% to about 3%, or from about 1.15% to about 3%, or from about 1.20% to about 3%, or from about 1.25% to about 3%, or from about 1.50% to about 3%, from about 0.01% to about 1.5% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.03% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.04% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.05% to about 1.5% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.07% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.08% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.09% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.10% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.11% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.12% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.13% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.14% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.15% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.16% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.17% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.18% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.19% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.20% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.21% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.22% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.23% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.24% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.25% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.26% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.27% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.28% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.29% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.30% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.31% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.32% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.33% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.34% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.35% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.36% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.37% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.38% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.39% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.40% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.41% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.42% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.43% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.44% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.45% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.46% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.50% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.55% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.60% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.65% to about 3%, or from about 0.70% to about 3%, or from about 0.75% to about 3%, or from about 0.80% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.85% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.90% to about 1.5%, or from about 0.95% to about 1.5%, or from about 1.0% to about 1.5%, or from about 1.05% to about 1.5%, or from about 1.10% to about 1.5%, or from about 1.15% to about 1.5%, or from about 1.20% to about 1.5%, or from about 1.25% to about 1.5%, from about 0.01% to about 1.25% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.03% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.04% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.05% to about 1.25% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.07% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.08% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.09% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.10% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.11% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.12% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.13% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.14% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.15% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.16% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.17% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.18% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.19% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.20% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.21% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.22% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.23% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.24% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.25% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.26% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.27% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.28% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.29% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.30% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.31% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.32% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.33% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.34% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.35% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.36% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.37% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.38% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.39% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.40% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.41% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.42% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.43% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.44% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.45% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.46% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.50% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.55% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.60% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.65% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.70% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.75% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.80% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.85% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.90% to about 1.25%, or from about 0.95% to about 1.25%, or from about 1.0% to about 1.25%, or from about 1.05% to about 1.25%, or from about 1.10% to about 1.25%, or from about 1.15% to about 1.25%, or from about 1.20% to about 1.25%, from about 0.01% to about 1.20% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.03% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.04% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.05% to about 1.20% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.07% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.08% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.09% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.10% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.11% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.12% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.13% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.14% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.15% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.16% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.17% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.18% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.19% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.20% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.21% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.22% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.23% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.24% to about 1.20%, or from about
0.25% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.26% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.27% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.28% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.29% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.30% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.31% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.32% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.33% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.34% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.35% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.36% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.37% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.38% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.39% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.40% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.41% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.42% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.43% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.44% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.45% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.46% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.50% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.55% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.60% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.65% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.70% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.75% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.80% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.85% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.90% to about 1.20%, or from about 0.95% to about 1.20%, or from about 1.0% to about 1.20%, or from about 1.05% to about 1.20%, or from about 1.10% to about 1.20%, or from about 1.15% to about 1.20%, from about 0.01% to about 1.15% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.03% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.04% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.05% to about 1.15% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.07% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.08% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.09% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.10% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.11% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.12% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.13% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.14% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.15% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.16% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.17% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.18% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.19% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.20% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.21% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.22% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.23% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.24% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.25% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.26% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.27% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.28% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.29% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.30% to about 1.15%, or from about
0.31% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.32% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.33% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.34% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.35% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.36% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.37% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.38% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.39% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.40% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.41% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.42% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.43% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.44% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.45% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.46% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.50% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.55% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.60% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.65% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.70% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.75% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.80% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.85% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.90% to about 1.15%, or from about 0.95% to about 1.15%, or from about 1.0% to about 1.15%, or from about 1.05% to about 1.15%, or from about 1.10% to about 1.15%, from about 0.01% to about 1.10% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.03% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.04% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.05% to about 1.10% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.07% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.08% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.09% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.10% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.11% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.12% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.13% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.14% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.15% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.16% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.17% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.18% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.19% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.20% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.21% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.22% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.23% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.24% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.25% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.26% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.27% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.28% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.29% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.30% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.31% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.32% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.33% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.34% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.35% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.36% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.37% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.38% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.39% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.40% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.41% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.42% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.43% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.44% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.45% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.46% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.50% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.55% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.60% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.65% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.70% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.75% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.80% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.85% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.90% to about 1.10%, or from about 0.95% to about 1.10%, or from about 1.0% to about 1.10%, or from about 1.05% to about 1.10%, from about 0.01% to about 1.05% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.03% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.04% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.05% to about 1.05% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.07% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.08% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.09% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.10% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.11% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.12% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.13% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.14% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.15% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.16% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.17% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.18% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.19% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.20% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.21% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.22% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.23% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.24% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.25% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.26% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.27% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.28% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.29% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.30% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.31% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.32% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.33% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.34% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.35% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.36% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.37% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.38% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.39% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.40% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.41% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.42% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.43% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.44% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.45% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.46% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.50% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.55% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.60% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.65% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.70% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.75% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.80% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.85% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.90% to about 1.05%, or from about 0.95% to about 1.05%, or from about 1.0% to about 1.05%, from about 0.01% to about 1.0% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.03% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.04% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.05% to about 1.0% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.07% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.08% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.09% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.10% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.11% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.12% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.13% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.14% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.15% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.16% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.17% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.18% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.19% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.20% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.21% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.22% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.23% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.24% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.25% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.26% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.27% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.28% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.29% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.30% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.31% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.32% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.33% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.34% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.35% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.36% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.37% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.38% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.39% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.40% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.41% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.42% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.43% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.44% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.45% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.46% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.50% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.55% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.60% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.65% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.70% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.75% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.80% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.85% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.90% to about 1.0%, or from about 0.95% to about 1.0%, from about 0.01% to about 0.95% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.95% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.26% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.27% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.28% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.29% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.30% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.31% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.32% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.33% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.34% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.35% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.36% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.37% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.38% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.39% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.40% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.41% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.42% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.43% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.44% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.45% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.46% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.50% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.55% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.60% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.65% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.70% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.75% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.80% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.85% to about 0.95%, or from about 0.90% to about 0.95%, from about 0.01% to about 0.90% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.90% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.26% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.27% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.28% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.29% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.30% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.31% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.32% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.33% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.34% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.35% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.36% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.37% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.38% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.39% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.40% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.41% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.42% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.43% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.44% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.45% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.46% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.50% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.55% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.60% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.65% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.70% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.75% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.80% to about 0.90%, or from about 0.85% to about 0.90%, from about 0.01% to about 0.85% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.85% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.26% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.27% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.28% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.29% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.30% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.31% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.32% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.33% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.34% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.35% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.36% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.37% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.38% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.39% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.40% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.41% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.42% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.43% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.44% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.45% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.46% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.50% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.55% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.60% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.65% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.70% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.75% to about 0.85%, or from about 0.80% to about 0.85%, from about 0.01% to about 0.80% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.80% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.26% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.27% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.28% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.29% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.30% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.31% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.32% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.33% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.34% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.35% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.36% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.37% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.38% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.39% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.40% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.41 % to about 0.80%, or from about 0.42% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.43% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.44% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.45% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.46% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.50% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.55% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.60% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.65% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.70% to about 0.80%, or from about 0.75% to about 0.80%, from about 0.01% to about 0.75% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.75% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.26% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.27% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.28% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.29% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.30% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.31% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.32% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.33% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.34% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.35% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.36% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.37% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.38% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.39% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.40% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.41% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.42% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.43% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.44% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.45% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.46% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.50% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.55% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.60% to about 0.75%, or from about 0.65% to about
0.75%, or from about 0.70% to about 0.75%, from about 0.01% to about 0.70% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.70% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.26% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.27% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.28% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.29% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.30% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.31% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.32% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.33% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.34% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.35% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.36% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.37% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.38% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.39% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.40% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.41% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.42% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.43% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.44% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.45% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.46% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.50% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.55% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.60% to about 0.70%, or from about 0.65% to about 0.70%, from about 0.01% to about 0.65% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.65% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.26% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.27% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.28% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.29% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.30% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.31% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.32% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.33% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.34% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.35% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.36% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.37% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.38% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.39% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.40% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.41% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.42% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.43% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.44% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.45% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.46% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.50% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.55% to about 0.65%, or from about 0.60% to about 0.65%, from about 0.01% to about 0.60% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.60% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.26% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.27% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.28% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.29% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.30% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.31% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.32% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.33% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.34% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.35% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.36% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.37% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.38% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.39% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.40% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.41% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.42% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.43% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.44% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.45% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.46% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.50% to about 0.60%, or from about 0.55% to about 0.60%, from about 0.01% to about 0.55% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.55% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.26% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.27% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.28% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.29% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.30% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.31% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.32% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.33% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.34% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.35% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.36% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.37% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.38% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.39% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.40% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.41% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.42% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.43% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.44% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.45% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.46% to about 0.55%, or from about 0.50% to about 0.55%, from about 0.01% to about 0.50% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.50%, or from about
0.03% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.50% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.26% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.27% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.28% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.29% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.30% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.31% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.32% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.33% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.34% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.35% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.36% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.37% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.38% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.39% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.40% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.41% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.42% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.43% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.44% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.45% to about 0.50%, or from about 0.46% to about 0.50%, from about 0.01% to about 0.45% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.45% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.26% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.27% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.28% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.29% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.30% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.31% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.32% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.33% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.34% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.35% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.36% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.37% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.38% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.39% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.40% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.41% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.42% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.43% to about 0.45%, or from about 0.44% to about 0.45%, from about 0.01% to about 0.40% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.40% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.26% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.27% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.28% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.29% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.30% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.31% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.32% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.33% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.34% to about 0.40%, or from about 0.35% to about 0.40%, from about 0.01% to about 0.35% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.35% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.26% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.27% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.28% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.29% to about 0.35%, or from about 0.30% to about 0.35%, from about 0.01% to about 0.30% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.30% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.21% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.22% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.23% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.24% to about 0.30%, or from about 0.25% to about 0.30%, from about 0.01% to about 0.25% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.25% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.25%, from about 0.05% to about 0.25% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.16% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.17% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.18% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.19% to about 0.25%, or from about 0.20% to about 0.25%, from about 0.01% to about 0.2% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.2%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.2%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.2%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.2% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.2%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.2%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.2%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.2%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.2%, or from about 0.11% to about 0.2%, or from about 0.12% to about 0.2%, or from about 0.13% to about 0.2%, or from about 0.14% to about 0.2%, or from about 0.15% to about 0.2%, from about 0.01% to about 0.15% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.15%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.15%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.15%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.15% w/w, or from about 0.06% to about 0.15%, or from about 0.07% to about 0.15%, or from about 0.08% to about 0.15%, or from about 0.09% to about 0.15%, or from about 0.10% to about 0.15%, from about 0.01% to about 0.10% w/w, or from about 0.02% to about 0.10%, or from about 0.03% to about 0.10%, or from about 0.04% to about 0.10%, or from about 0.05% to about 0.10% w/w of the phenolic compound, In a particular embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise 0.18% (w/w) thymol or carvacrol. In another embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise 0.23% (w/w) thymol or carvacrol. In another embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise 0.12% (w/w) thymol or carvacrol. In another embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise 0.46% (w/w) thymol or carvacrol. In another embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise 1.15% (w/w) thymol or carvacrol.
Phenolic compounds typically hâve an associated pungent odor severely impeding large-scale applications. In an embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention may thus further comprise one or more agents having the dual function of further enhancing the disinfectant properties of the compositions while imparting a more pleasant odor thereto. In yet a further embodiment of the présent invention, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention may further comprise one or more agents imparting a pleasant odor thereto (fragrance agent). Non-limiting examples of agents imparting a pleasant odor and/or enhancing the disinfectant properties comprise carvacrol, cymene, cineol, eugenol, thymol, menthol, citral and limonene. Further suitable examples of such agents are within the capacity of a skilled technician.
The pesticide compositions of the présent invention may optionally include a wide range of additional ingrédients, which may be added to the supplément présent in some embodiments of the présent invention. Non-limiting examples of which include colorants, pH adjusting agents, and sequestering agents. Such additional ingrédients are within the capacity of a skilled technician.
In an embodiment, the pesticide compositions of the présent invention comprise one or more essential oils enriched in thymol and/or carvacrol. Thymol and carvacrol are naturally occumng pesticides which are readily degraded in the environment. As such, there is little or no accumulation in the environment or in living organisms, even following repeated application ofthe pesticide compositions ofthe présent invention. Compositions of the présent invention can include any number of combinations of ingrédients discussed throughout this spécification (e.g., phenolic compounds of natural origin, essential oils, surfactants, solvents, sequestering agents, water, etc.). It is also contemplated that that the concentrations of the ingrédients can vary. In non-limiting embodiments, for example, the compositions may include in their final form, for example, at least about 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.0010%, 0.0011%, 0.0012%, 0.0013%,
0.0014%, 0.0015%, 0.0016%, 0.0017%, 0.0018%, 0.0019%, 0.0020%, 0.0021%,
0.0022%, 0.0023%, 0.0024%, 0.0025%, 0.0026%, 0.0027%, 0.0028%, 0.0029%,
0.0030%, 0.0031%, 0.0032%, 0.0033%, 0.0034%, 0.0035%, 0.0036%, 0.0037%,
0.0038%, 0.0039%, 0.0040%, 0.0041%, 0.0042%, 0.0043%, 0.0044%, 0.0045%,
0.0046%, 0.0047%, 0.0048%, 0.0049%, 0.0050%, 0.0051%, 0.0052%, 0.0053%,
0.0054%, 0.0055%, 0.0056%, 0.0057%, 0.0058%, 0.0059%, 0.0060%, 0.0061%,
0.0062%, 0.0063%, 0.0064%, 0.0065%, 0.0066%, 0.0067%, 0.0068%, 0.0069%,
0.0070%, 0.0071%, 0.0072%, 0.0073%, 0.0074%, 0.0075%, 0.0076%, 0.0077%,
0.0078%, 0.0079%, 0.0080%, 0.0081%, 0.0082%, 0.0083%, 0.0084%, 0.0085%,
0.0086%, 0.0087%, 0.0088%, 0.0089%, 0.0090%, 0.0091%, 0.0092%, 0.0093%,
0.0094%, 0.0095%, 0.0096%, 0.0097%, 0.0098%, 0.0099%, 0.0100%, 0.0200%,
0.0250%, 0.0275%, 0.0300%, 0.0325%, 0.0350%, 0.0375%, 0.0400%, 0.0425%,
0.0450%, 0.0475%, 0.0500%, 0.0525%, 0.0550%, 0.0575%, 0.0600%, 0.0625%,
0.0650%, 0.0675%, 0.0700%, 0.0725%, 0.0750%, 0.0775%, 0.0800%, 0.0825%,
0.0850%, 0.0875%, 0.0900%, 0.0925%, 0.0950%, 0.0975%, 0.1000%, 0.1250%,
0.1500%, 0.1750%, 0.2000%, 0.2250%, 0.2500%, 0.2750%, 0.3000%, 0.3250%,
0.3500%, 0.3750%, 0.4000%, 0.4250%, 0.4500%, 0.4750%, 0.5000%, 0.5250%,
0.0550%, 0.5750%, 0.6000%, 0.6250%, 0.6500%, 0.6750%, 0.7000%, 0.7250%,
0.7500%, 0.7750%, 0.8000%, 0.8250%, 0.8500%, 0.8750%, 0.9000%, 0.9250%,
0.9500%, 0.9750%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%,
3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%,
4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%,
5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%,
7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%,
8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%,
9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% or more, or any range or integer derivable therein, of at least one of the ingrédients mentioned throughout the spécification and/or claims. In non-limiting aspects, the percentage can be calculated by weight or volume of the total composition. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the concentrations can vary depending on the desired effect of the composition and/or on the product into which the composition is incorporated into. The pesticide composition of the présent invention may be used alone or in combination with one or more substances that are used in agricultural settings. i.e. as part of the suppléments. Examples of substances include but are not limited to pesticides, such as disinfectants, fungicide, bactéricide, virucide, insect repellent, arthropod repellent, nematicide, insecticide, acaricide, herbicide and plant growth regulators. Substances also include fertilizers, such as inorganic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, organic fertilizer, manure, compost, rock phosphate, bone meal, alfalfa, wood chips, langbeinite, cover crops, potassium sulfate, rock powder, ash, blood meal, fish meal, fish émulsion, algae, chitosan and molasses. Substances also include defoamers such as minerai oil, vegetable oil, paraffin wax, ester wax, silica, fatty alcohol, silicone, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol copolymers and alkyl polyacrylates.
Pesticides
Most control measures are directed against inoculum of the pathogen and involve the principles of exclusion and avoidance, éradication, protection, host résistance and sélection, and therapy. Control measures include the control of vectors of pathogens (insects and nematodes for example) and chemical control (pesticides). A variety of chemicals are available that hâve been designed to control plant diseases by inhibiting the growth of or by killing the disease-causing pathogens. Chemicals used to control bacteria (bactéricides), fungi (fongicides), and nematodes (nematicides) may be applied to seeds, foliage, flowers, fruit, or soil. Soil treatments are designed to kill soil-inhabiting nematodes, fungi, and bacteria. This éradication can be accomplished using steam or chemical fumigants. Soilbome nematodes can be killed by applying granular or liquid nematicides. Most soil is treated well before planting; however, certain fongicides can be mixed with the soil at planting time. Seeds, bulbs, corms, and tubers are frequently treated with chemicals to eradicate pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and nematodes and to protect the seeds against organisms in the soil—mainly fungi—that cause decay and damping-off. Seeds are often treated with systemic fungicides, which are absorbed and provide protection for the growing seedling. Protective sprays and dusts applied to the foliage and fruit of crops and ornamentals include a wide range of organic chemicals designed to prevent infection. Protectants are not absorbed by or translocated through the plant; thus they protect only those parts of the plant treated before invasion by the pathogen. A second application is often necessary because the chemical may be removed by wind, rain, or irrigation or may be broken down by sunlight. New, untreated growth also is susceptible to infection. New chemicals are constantly being developed.
Aside from plant-diseases caused by organisms listed above, animais like rodents and birds are responsible for important pre-harvest damage. On a global scale, it was recently estimated that almost 280 million undemourished could additionally benefit if more attention were paid to reducing pre- and post-harvest losses by rodents. Rodents are hazardous, as they can amplify pathogens from the environment and form réservoirs of (zoonotic) disease. With application of proper rodent control methods, it is possible to reduce the hazards of rodent-bome diseases in areas where humans, food animais and rodents are living close to each other. These control measures include animal and birds repellents.
Any organism that damages crops or reduces the fertility of land can be defined as a pest. These include fungus, bacteria, virus, insects, nematodes, parasites, gastropods, arthropods, snails, slugs, vertebrates (mammal and birds), algae, etc. Chemical used to kill or repel pests are called pesticides. As reported by the EPA, here is a list of examples of pesticides :
Table 1. Examples of pesticides
Pesticide Targeted organism (pest)
Algicides Control algae in lakes, canals, swimming pools, water tanks, and other sites.
Antifouling agents Antimicrobiais Kill or repel organisms that attach to underwater surfaces, such as boat bottoms Kill microorganisms (such as bacteria and viruses).
Attractants
Biocides Biopesticides
Disinfectants and sanitizers Fungicides Fumigants
Herbicides
Insecticides Miticides (also called acaricides) Microbial pesticides Molluscicides Nematicides
Ovicides Pheromones
Repellents
Rodenticides Défoliants
Attract pests (for example, to lure an insect or rodent to a trap). (However, food is not considered a pesticide when used as an attractant.)
Kill microorganisms.
Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animais, plants, bacteria, and certain minerais.
Kill or inactivate disease-producing microorganisms on inanimate objects.
Kill fungi (including blights, mildews, molds, and rusts) Produce gas or vapor intended to destroy pests in buildings or soil.
Kill weeds and other plants that grow where they are not wanted.
Kill insects and other arthropods.
Kill mites that feed on plants and animais.
Microorganisms that kill, inhibit, or out compete pests, including insects or other microorganisms.
Kill snails and slugs.
Kill nematodes (microscopie, worm-like organisms that feed on plant roots).
Kill eggs of insects and mites.
Biochemicals used to disrupt the mating behavior of insects.
Repel pests, including insects (such as mosquitoes) and birds.
Control mice and other rodents.
Cause leaves or other foliage to drop from a plant, usually to facilitate harvest.
Desiccants
Promote drying of living tissues, such as unwanted plant tops.
Insect growth Disrupt the molting, maturity from pupal stage to adult, or regulators other life processes of insects.
Plant growth Substances (excluding fertilizers or other plant nutrients) regulators that alter the expected growth, flowering, or reproduction rate of plants.
Pesticides include a wide variety of substances usually targeting spécifie pests. Major chemical groups represented by pesticides are resumed in Table 2:
Table 2. Major Chemical Groups of pesticides
CHEMICAL GROUP TYPE OF PESTICIDE
Acetamide herbicide
Acylalanine + Carboxamide + Dithiocarbamate + fungicide / insecticide
Neonicotinoid
Acylalanine + Triazole fungicide
Acylalanines fungicide
Acylalanines + Chloronitriles fungicide
Amide herbicide
Amide/ Aniline insecticide
Anilide fungicide
Anilino Pyrimidine fungicide
Antibiotic fungicide
Aryloxphenoxy propionate herbicide
Aryloxyphenoxy Acids herbicide
Avermectin, Alcohol miticide
Benzamide herbicide
Benzamide + Dithiocarbamate fungicide
Benzenamine rodenticide
Benzimidazole fongicide
Benzimidazole + Organophosphate + Phthalic insecticide / fongicide
Acid
Benzoic acid herbicide
Benzothiadiazole herbicide
Bipyridylium herbicide
Carbamate (e.g. aldicarb, carbofuran, carbaryl, Fungicide / growth regulator /
ethienocarb, fenobucarb, oxamyl, and insecticide / miticide /
methomyl) nematicide
Carbamate + Chloronitrile fongicide
Carboxamide fongicide
Carboxamide + Dithiocarbamate + fongicide / insecticide
Neonicotinoid
Carboxylic Acid herbicide
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon plant growth regulator
Chloroacetamide herbicide
Chloro-nicotinyl insecticide
Chloronitrile fongicide
Chlorophenol fongicide
Chlorophenyl fongicide
Coumarin rodenticide
Cyanoacetamide- fongicide
Cyclohexanedione Herbicide / plant growth
regulator
Cyclohexanetrione growth regulator
Dicarboximide fongicide
Dinitroaniline herbicide
Diphenylether herbicide
Dithiocarbamate fumigant, nematicide,
fongicide, rodenticide,
Fatty Acid
Glycine
Guanidine
Halogenated Hydrocarbons Hydroxyanilide Hydroxycoumarin Imidazolinone
Indanedione
Inorganic
Microbial
Morpholine Neonicontinoid + Triazole Phenylpyrrole
Nicotine
Nitrile
Nitro dérivative nitroguanidine
Organic Acid
Organochlorine Organometallic Organophosphate + Acylalanine insecticide insecticide / herbicide herbicide fungicide fumigant fungicide rodenticide herbicide rodenticide & deer repellant Fungicide, algicide, insecticide, rodenticide
Bactéricide, insecticide, fungicide + insecticide / fungicide insecticide herbicide fungicide insecticide
Herbicide, plant growth regulator
Insecticide, miticide
Fungicide, miticide insecticide / miticide / nematicide insecticide / fungicide herbicide herbicide herbicide + fungicide / insecticide
Organophosphate + Phthalic Acid Oxadiazole
Phenoxy
Phenyl-Carbamate + Phenyl-Carbamate Phenylpyrrole + Triazole + Neonicotinoid
Acylalanine
Phthalamate
Phthalic Acid + Organophosphate Benzimidazole
Phthalimide
Piperazine
Pyrethrins
Pyrethroid Pyridazinone
Quaternary ammonium
Quinolineacid
Strobilurin
Substituted benzoylurea
Sulfonylurea
Synethetic pyrethroid
Tetrazine
Thiadiazole
Thiocarbamate
Triazapentadiene
Triazine
Triazole
Uracil
Urea dichloropropene dichloropropene + chlorpicrin metam sodium oxine benzoate formaldéhyde stoddard solvent herbicide + insecticide / fungicide fongicide fongicide insecticide insecticide insecticide / miticide Algaecide, disinfectant, herbicide herbicide fongicide insecticide herbicide insecticide miticide fungicide herbicide insecticide fungicide fongicide herbicide herbicide fumigant fumigant fumigant, nematicide fungicide fungicide, fumigant herbicide metaldehyde ancymidol ethephon gibberellic acid gibberellins + benazladenine maleic hydrazide
NAA napthalene acetamide paclobutrazol putrescent whole egg solids strychnine zinc phosphide molluscicide plant growth regulator plant growth regulator plant growth regulator plant growth regulator plant growth regulator plant growth regulator plant growth regulator plant growth regulator repellents rodenticide rodenticide
It is well within the skill of the person skilled in the art to détermine how much of any given pesticide may be added to the compositions of the présent invention in order to obtain the pesticidal effect desired.
Fertilizers and combined use of pesticides and fertilizers
Fertilizers are defined as any material of natural or synthetic origin that is added to soil to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. Fertilizers corne in various forms. The most typical form is solid fertilizer in granulated or powdered forms. The next most common form is liquid fertilizer. Fertilizers typically provide, in varying proportions: six macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphores (P), 10 potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnésium (Mg), and sulfur (S); eight micronutrients: boron (B), chlorine (Cl), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganèse (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni). Fertilizers are broadly divided into organic fertilizers (composed of organic plant or animal matter), or inorganic or commercial fertilizers. Inorganic fertilizers include: ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium 15 thiosulfate, calcium ammonium nitrate, Calcium nitrate, Diammonium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate and thermopotash. Organic fertilizers include: azomite, bioeffector, biofertilizer, compost, cottonseed meal, effluent spreading, feather meal, fish émulsion, fish hydrolysate, fish meal, manure, maxicrop, olive mill pomace, riverai, rockdust, seaweed fertiliser and slurry pit.
According to an embodiment, in agriculture, pesticides are used to limit damages caused by pests and stimulate growth, and can be used in combination with fertilizers.
It is well within the skill of the person skilled in the art to détermine how much of any given fertilizer may be added to the compositions of the présent invention in order to obtain the fertilizing effect desired.
Use and application of the composition of the présent invention
In a second embodiment, there is disclosed a method of controlling pest, comprising contacting a soil, a seed, a plant, or combinations thereof, with pesticidal amount of the composition of the présent invention. According to another embodiment, there is also disclosed a method comprising contacting a soil, a seed, a plant, or combinations thereof, with a pesticidal amount of a pesticide composition consisting of :
a) from about 0.01% to about 25% by weight of at least one antimicrobial compound selected from the group consisting of thymol and carvacrol;
b) from about 0.001% to about 15% by weight of surfactant sufficient to form a solution or dispersion of the phenolic compound in an aqueous carrier;
c) from about 0.001 % to about 40% by weight of a solvent; and
d) sufficient water to make 100 weight percent.
The compositions of the présent invention may be used for soil disinfection (fungicide, bactéricide, virucide), as well as vegetable, plant and végétal matter disinfection, which include as non-limiting examples seeds, grains, plants, trees, bushes, roots, foliage, weed, fruits, flowers, crops, graftings, and the likes. The compositions of the présent inventions may also be used as plant growth regulator, insect repellents, arthropod repellents, pesticides, insecticides, nematicides, acaricides, ovicides, larvicides and adulticides.
Crops with which the composition of the présent invention may be used include, for example, but are not limited to banana, apple, pear, potato, rice, coffee, citrus, onions, ginseng, soy, weed, tomato.
According to another embodiment, the compositions of the présent invention may be used for soil fertilization to improve crop growth and health.
Thus, according to another embodiment, there is also disclosed a method for regulating the growth of a plant, the method comprising contacting a soil, a seed, a plant, or combinations thereof, with a growth regulating amount of a composition according to the présent invention. According to yet another embodiment, there is disclosed method for regulating the growth of a plant, the method comprising contacting a soil, a seed, a plant, or combinations thereof, with a growth regulating amount of a pesticide composition consisting of:
a) from about 0.01% to about 25% by weight of at least one antimicrobial compound selected from the group consisting of thymol and carvacrol;
b) from about 0.001% to about 15% by weight of surfactant sufficient to form a solution or dispersion ofthe phenolic compound in an aqueous carrier;
c) from about 0.001 % to about 40% by weight of a solvent; and
d) sufficient water to make 100 weight percent.
Crops with which the composition of the présent invention may be used include, for example, but are not limited to banana, apple, pear, potato, rice, coffee, citrus, onions, ginseng, soy, weed, tomato.
According to an embodiment, regulating the growth comprises an increase in the number of fruit, vegetable, bulb or tuber from the plant. According to another embodiment, regulating the growth comprises an increase in the size of fruit, vegetable, bulb or tuber from the plant. According to another embodiment, regulating the growth comprises an increase in the number of healthy plants. In another embodiment, regulating the growth may be of particular importance to plants whose foliage of particular interest, such as lettuce or other varieties of plants whose leaves are edible. According to another embodiment, regulating the growth comprises a stimulation of fruit ripening. According to another embodiment, regulating the growth comprises inhibition of plant and shoot growth. According to another embodiment, regulating the growth an increase in flowering. According to another embodiment, regulating the growth comprises the régulation of leaf and fruit senescence.
According to another embodiment, the composition of the présent invention may be used in improving the production of seeds. Thus, according to another embodiment, there is also disclosed a method for regulating the growth of a seed, the method comprising contacting a seed or a soil containing the seed thereof, with a growth regulating amount of a composition according to the présent invention. According to yet another embodiment, there is disclosed method for regulating the growth of a seed, the method comprising contacting a seed or a soil containing the seed thereof, with a growth regulating amount of a pesticide composition consisting of :
a) from about 0.01% to about 25% by weight of at least one antimicrobial compound selected from the group consisting of thymol and carvacrol;
b) from about 0.001% to about 15% by weight of surfactant sufficient to form a solution or dispersion of the phenolic compound in an aqueous carrier;
c) from about 0.001 % to about 40% by weight of a solvent; and
d) sufficient water to make 100 weight percent.
Crops with which the composition of the présent invention may be used include, for example, but are not limited to banana, apple, pear, potato, rice, coffee, citrus, onions, ginseng, soy, weed, tomato. Particularly, the seed may be a potato tuber, and the growth regulating effect may be an increase in the length of a potato tuber sprout.
The compositions of the présent invention may be appiied onto a surface to be disinfected by means of a variety of techniques. In an embodiment, the compositions of the présent invention may be appiied using means to aerially disperse the composition of the présent invention, such as by spraying, volatilizing, sublimation, aérosol, fumigation, fogging. Suîtable apparatus for such purpose include but are not limited to diffusera, mist blowers, or sprayers. According to another embodiment, the compositions of the présent invention may be used for coating or soaking seeds, grains, roots, etc. According to yet another embodiment, the composition of the présent invention may be spread over the soil in liquid or solid form. Further means of applying the compositions of the présent invention are within the capacity of a skilled technician. The compositions of the présent invention can either be applied directly or can be diluted prior to application. Dilution may be from about 1:1, to about 1:10000 (liquid:composition), in a suitable liquid such as water. Due to the substantially non-corrosive nature of the compositions of the présent invention, the compositions can be readily applied without undue damage to the existing physical structure (i.e. surface).
According to other embodiments, the compositions of the présent invention may be useful in other domains of application, such as for example as deodorizer or air freshener, as preservative in cosmetics products, as pet disinfectant, in the production of surfaces coated with biocides, in food production, for the disinfection of production plants and of food containers, the control of microbial growth in food and drinks, and the decontamination of carcasses, and as a food preservative; as a feed preservative in farming, as biocide for use in fish and shellfish farming, for example decontamination of fish eggs, ponds and equipment; as a wastewater disinfection solution; for the disinfection of cooling towers, as biocide in antifouling agents and paints in building/construction materials (including but not limited to wood, masonry, steel or other metallic materials, etc.), or marine anti-fouling paints and coatings; in fuels and plastic materials, as an animal and bird repellent, as a mole control products, as a herbicides in managing invasive species, for gardening and landscaping, and removing bracken, weed control, eg on pavements, industrial complexes and alongside roads and railways, parks and golf courses. The présent invention will be more readily understood by referring to the following examples which are given to illustrate the invention rather than to limit its scope.
EXAMPLE 1 PESTICIDE SOLUTIONS
Chemical and Physical Characteristics of the Pesticide Solutions
The sequestering agent (sodium citrate) was first dissolved in a predetermined amount of water and stirred until dissolution. Glycol ether PM (solvent), thymol, origanum oil and optionally citral (fragrance) were then added and stirred until dissolution. Surfactant (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate) and additional water were then added and stirred until dissolution to provide a 100 wt. % composition. The final composition was stirred until a homogeneous solution was obtained. Composition 1, 5 obtained from Composition 2 by means of dilution with water (1:100), is considered a “ready to use” composition.
Table 3. Exemplary pesticide solutions
Thymol Crystal Origanum Oil/Citral Séquestrant Surfactant Solvent P»
A 0.18 0.04 0.01 0.12 - 6.9
B 0.18 0.04 0.01 - 0.18 6.7
C 0.18 0.04 - 0.12 0.18 6.5
1 0.18 0.04 0.01 0.12 0.18 6.5
D 18 4 1 12 - 8.1
E 18 4 1 - 18 7.9
2 18 4 1 12 18 8.8
3 0.18 0.03 0.09 0.12 0.76 8.0
4 6 1 3 4 25 8.2
Solubility In Water Stability Foaming Effect Foaming Effect In Hard Water
A NO NO YES YES
B NO NO NO YES
C YES YES YES NO
1 YES YES YES YES
D NO NO YES n/a
E NO NO NO n/a
2 YES YES YES n/a
3 YES YES YES YES
4 YES YES YES n/a
n/a: Not applicable this formula requires dilution before use
As illustrated hereinabove, the compositions are first formulated as a “concentrate” (Compositions 2 and 4), dilution of which provides for the préparation of Compositions 1 and 3. Compositions A, B, C, D, E, 1 and 2 comprise Origanum Oil / Citral (3:1). Compositions 3 and 4 do not comprise any fragrance (citral). The compositions hâve a pH ranging from about 6 to about 9. Dilution using hard water did not affect the characteristics of the composition which is indicative of the efficacy ofthe sequestering agent.
EXAMPLE 2
BIOLOGICAL EFFICACY OF SELECTED PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND
ESSENTIAL OILS
The minimum concentration at which a total antimicrobial activity (bactericidal activity) could be observed was determined for selected phenolic compounds of natural origin and selected essential oils using the AOAC method 955.15 (“Phénol Coefficient Method) with minor modifications. The results are indicative of the excellent antimicrobial activity of both thymol and carvacrol.
Table 4. Antimicrobial agent inhibitory concentration
Antimicrobial Agent Minimal Concentration (v/v%)
Thymol 0.07
Carvacrol 0.07
Eugenol 0.4
Citral >1 %
Thyme oil 0.3
Origanum oil 0.2
Eucalyptus oil >1 %
Lemon oil >1 %
Different concentrations of essential oils and phenolic compounds of natural origin were incorporated into composition F (see table herein below) and inoculated with a 0.05 % bacterial suspension of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538; concentration of about 8 logs). After a contact time of 10 minutes, 0.1 ml of the inoculated solution was transferred to a broth culture with neutralizing (Difco 268110) and incubated over a period of 72 hours at 37°C. The presence of turbidity in the broth culture is indicative of the survival of the microorganism.
EXAMPLE 3
MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION (MIC) OF SELECTED PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after ovemight incubation. Minimum inhibitory concentrations are important in diagnostic laboratories to monitor the activity of new antimicrobial agent. An MIC is generally regarded as the most basic laboratory measurement of the activity of an antimicrobial agent 10 against an organism. The MIC of thymol and carvacrol were determined against several organisms (including geophilic fungi Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum) and are reported in Table 5. The MIC values go from 0.0006% to 0.06% depending on the tested microorganism.
Table 5. MIC of thymol and carvacrol
Domain Specie MIC of MICof
Thymol (v/v carvacrol (v/v
%) %)
Bacteria, gram + Staphylococcus aureus ATCC433001 0.06 0.015
Bacteria, gram + Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 2 0.014 0.0175
Bacteria, gram + Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC122281 0.06 0.03
Bacteria, gram - Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC2730 2 0.0385 0.045
Bacteria, gram - Treponema phagedaenis-like 3 0.0006 n.d.
Yeast Candida albicans ATCC10231 4 0.016 0.016
Yeast Candida tropicalisATCC13803A 0.016 0.016
Fungus Epidermophyton floccosum FF9 4 0.016 0.008
Fungus Trichophyton rubrum FF5 4 0.016 0.008
Fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes FF74 0.016 0.004
Fungus Microsporum canis FF14 0.008 0.004
Fungus Microsporum gypseum FF34 0.016 0.004
Fungus Aspergillus niger ATCC164044 0.016 0.016
Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC466454 0.016 0.016
1 A. Nostro et al. FEMS Microbiology Letters 230 (2004) 191-195 2 R.J.W. Lambert et al. Journal of Applied Microbiology 91 (2001) 453-462 3 D. Dôpferet al. Proceedings ofthe 9th International Conférence on Lameness in Ruminants (2013)
228-229 4 E. pinto et al. J Med Microbiol 55 (2006) 1367-1373
EXAMPLE 4
QUANTITATIVE MICROBIAL REDUCTION ASSAY
The antimicrobial activity for selected compositions of the présent invention was 10 determined. Several compositions comprising a phenolic compound of natural origin or an essential oil (0.18%) were tested to détermine their effectiveness in reducing the load of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538). The solutions were prepared from a concentrate and diluted with water (1:100). The results are indicative of the high efficiency of Compositions 5, 6 and 7 in reducing the load of Staphylococcus aureus.
Table 6. Antimicrobial efficacy of antimicrobial agents
Antimicrobial Agent (w/w) Séquestrant (w/w) Surfactant (w/w) Solvent(wZw) Log Réduction
F - 0.01 0.12 0.18 0.60
5 Thymol 0.01 0.12 0.18 7.63
6 Carvacrol 0.01 0.12 0.18 7.63
G Eugenol 0.01 0.12 0.18 2.50
H Citral 0.01 0.12 0.18 2.04
I Thyme oil 0.01 0.12 0.18 3.06
7 Origanum oil 0.01 0.12 0.18 7.63
J Eucalyptus oil 0.01 0.12 0.18 0.71
K Lemon oil 0.01 0.12 0.18 0.64
Different compositions of the présent invention were inoculated with 0.05% of a bacterial culture of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) freshly incubated over a 5 period of 48 hours at 37°C in an optimal growth medium. After a contact time of 10 minutes, 0.1 ml of the inoculated solution was seeded at different dilutions on TSA agar (Difco 255320) with neutralizing to détermine the residual microbial load. The log réduction was determined by calculating the logarithm of the residual charge obtained with the reference composition (i.e. water) and comparing it with the 10 residual charge obtained using any of the compositions comprising either a phenolic compound or an essential oil.
EXAMPLE 5
BIOLOGICAL EFFICACY OF COMPOSITION 1 ON SELECTED MICROORGANISMS
The pesticide compositions of the présent invention exhibit a broad spectrum of activity on a variety of microorganisms. As shown herein below, the efficacy of Composition 1 against a variety of microorganisms was determined.
Table 7. Efficacy of composition 1 on selected microorganisms
Activity Standard Method Group of Microorganisms Microorganism 1
Bactericidal AOAC1 (Dilution Test) Bacteria Gram - Salmonella cholerasuis Pass
Bacteria Gram + Staphylococcus aureus Pass
Fungicide AOAC Fungicidal Activity Test Fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes Pass
Virucidal ASTMZ Efficacy of Virucidal Agents Virus Influenza A Pass
'.· Association ofAnalytical Communities, American Society for Testing and Materials
EXAMPLE 6
TOXICITY OF THE PESTICIDE COMPOSITIONS
Toxicity tests (LD50) were performed on selected ingrédients of the pesticide compositions of the présent invention. Composition 1 was determined as having a LD50 of >15 g/Kg (substantially non-toxic).
Table 8. Toxicity ingrédients
Ingrédient . LD50 Oral-rat Spécification
Thymol 980 mg/kg USP, FCC
Origanum oil 1850 mg/kg USP, FCC
Citral 4960 mg/kg Oxford University
Sodium Citrate >8g/kg USP, FCC
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate 1288 mg/kg USP, FCC
Glycol Ether PM 5 210 mg/kg WHMIS
EXAMPLE 7
DEMONSTRATION THAT ALL TYPES OF SURFACTANTS CAN BE USED IN THE
PESTICIDE COMPOSITION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
Surfactants can be grouped by the charge characteristics of their polar head groups.
The four groups are:
1. Anionic: Négative charge on the polar head group. These include surfactants like sulfates, sulfonic acids and carboxylic acids.
2. Cationic: Positive charge on the polar head group. These include surfactants like amines and Quatemized Ammonium Compounds (Quats).
3. Amphoteric: Can hâve both positive and négative charge. Primarily used as secondary surfactants. These include betaines and imidazolium compounds.
4. Non-îonic: No spécifie charge. By far the most frequently used surfactants. These include alcohols, alkanolamides, esters and amine oxides.
The antimicrobial efficacy of the compositions of the présent invention is evaluated with ail types of surfactants. The different compositions tested differ only for the surfactant. Ail compositions are based on the general formula presented in Table 9. The different surfactants tested are presented in Table 10. The surfactants were tested at a concentration of 0.12 % (w/w) and or/ 0.35% (w/w).
Table 9. General formula of compositions 1 to 68
Ingrédient % (w/w)
Thymol 0.23
Surfactant 0.12-0.35
Solvent 0.9
Séquestrant 0.09
Water Q.S.
Table 10. Surfactants tested in compositions 1 to 68
# Type Chemical group INCI Name i # C AS
1 Anionic Alpha Sulfo Methyl i Sodium Methyl 2-Sulfolaurate 149458-07-1
I Ester ! (and) Disodium 2-Sulfolaurate
2 Anionic Diphenyl Oxide Disulfonate j Sodium Dodecyl Diphenyl ! Ether Disulfonate 119345-04-9
I 3 Anionic Diphenyl Oxide Disulfonate j Sodium Decyl Diphenyl Oxide ί Disulfonate I 36445-71-3
4 Anionic L· Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid & Salts j Sodium I Dodecylbenzenesulfonate 68081-81-2
5 i Anionic Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid & Salts Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic i Acid I 68584-22-5
! i Anionic ether carboxylate i Capryleth-9 carboxylic acid/ hexeth-4 carboxylic acid 53563-70-5 and 105391-15-9
7 Anionic ether carboxylate i Glycolic Acid Ethoxylate Lauryl 27306-90-7
i ___ î Ether
; 8 I Anionic Isethionate ΐ Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 61789-32-0 |
! 9 Anionic Lauryl Ether Sulfates j Sodium lauryl ether sulfate 9004-82-4
I 10 Anionic Lauryl Sulfates i Sodium Lauryl Sulfate 151-21-3
11 Anionic Lauryl Sulfates i Triethanolamine Lauryl ! Sulfate i 90583-18-9 | I
12 Anionic Lauryl Sulfates Magnésium Lauryl Sulfate 3097-08-3
13 Anionic Phosphate Esters j Nonoxynol-10 Phosphate 51609-41-7
14 Anionic Phosphate Esters j Deceth 4 Phosphate 68921-24-4
15 Anionic Phophanates I Amino tri (methylene I phosphonic acid) 1 I pentasodium sait, Na5ATMP 20592-85-2
16 Anionic Phophanates 1 1-Hydroxyethylidene -1,1,diphosphonic acid I 2809-21-4
17 Anionic Sarcosinate Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate 137-16-6
18 Anionic Sulfosuccinates i Disodium Laureth I I Sulfosuccinate I 68815-56-5
19 Anionic Xylene Sulfonates Sodium Xylene Sulfonate I 1300-72-7
20 Cationic Amine Oxides I Lauramine Oxide ! 1643-20-5
21 Cationic Amine Oxides i Cocamidopropylamine Oxide 68155-09-9
22 Cationic i Amine Oxides j Lauryl/Myristyl amidopropyl amine oxide 61792-31-2 and 67806-10-4
23 Cationic Amine Oxides tallow amine + 2 EO 61791-46-6
24 Cationic I Amine Oxides j Myristamine Oxide 3332-27-2
25 Cationic Onium compound I Soyethyl morpholinium i ethosulfate 61791-34-2
26 i Cationic Quatemized Ammonium Compound ! Dioleyloylethyl ; hydroxyethylmonium I methosulfate I 94095-35-9
27 Cationic Quatemized Ammonium Compound Quaternium 18 (Distearyl I Dimethyl Ammonium I Chloride) 61789-80-8
28 I ; Cationic Quatemized Ammonium Compound | Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl ' Ammonium Chloride i 68424-85-1 ί
29 I Cationic Quatemized Ammonium Compound | Quaternium 12 (Didecyl ; Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride) 7173-51-5
30 I Cationic Quatemized Ammonium Compound | Dialkyl dimethyl ammonium : chloride 68424-95-3
31 Amphoteric Betaine Cocamidopropyl Betaine i 61789-40-0
32 Amphoteric Betaine 1 Cetyl Betaine I 693-33-4 and | 683-10-3
33 Amphoteric Betaine i Lauramidopropyl Betaine 4292-10-8
34 Amphoteric Imidazolium compound Disodium , Cocoamphodipropionate 68604-71-7
35 ____ 36 Amphoteric Imidazolium compound Disodium j Cocoamphodiacetate 1 68650-39-5 i |
Amphoteric Imidazolium compound Sodium Cocoamphoacetate ; 1 68608-65-1 Ί I
37 Amphoteric Sultaine l Lauryl Hydroxysultaine 13197-76-7
38 Nonionic Alcohol Ethoxylates i Linear alcohol (C11) i ethoxylate, POE-7 34398-01-1
39 Nonionic Alcohol Ethoxylates I Linear alcohol (C9-11) ! 1 1 ! ethoxylate, POE-2.5 | 68439-46-3
40 i Nonionic Alcohol Ethoxylates Lauryl alcohol ethoxylate, ' 1 9002-92-0
POE-8 f
41 Nonionic Alcohol Ethoxylates Secondary Alcohol 84133-50-7
j Ethoxylates
42 Nonionic Alkanolamides Trideceth-2 Carboxamide 107628-04-6
MEA
43 i Nonionic I Àlkanoiamides ... - PÉG-4 Rapeseedamide 85536-23-8
44 | Nonionic I Alkanolamides PEG 5 Cocamide 68425-44-5
ί 45 L Nonionic Alkanolamides Cocamide DEA 68603-42-9
i 46 Nonionic Alkanolamides Lauramide MEA 142-78-9
47 Nonionic Alkanolamides Cocamide MEA 68140-00-1
48 Nonionic Alkanolamides Lauramide DEA 120-40-1
49 Nonionic Alkanolamides Oleamide DEA 93-83-4
50 Nonionic Alkyl polyglycosides Caprylyl/ Myristyl Glucosid 68515-73-1 and
i 110615-47-9
51 Nonionic Alkyl polyglycosides Lauryl/ Myristyl Glucosid 110615-47-9
52 Nonionic Alkyl polyglycosides Caprylyl/ Decyl Glucoside 68515-73-1
! 53 Nonionic Amide N, N- Dimethyldecanamide 14433-76-2
54 Nonionic Biosurfactant i Sophorolipid -
! 55 j Nonionic Esters i ............. .. ............... Isopropyl Myristate 110-27-0
Nonionic Esters Isopropyl Palmitate 142-91-6
! 57 i Nonionic Fatty acid, natural ; Glycereth-17 Cocoate 68201-46-7
I I origin
I 58 i Nonionic i Fatty acid, natural ί I Glycereth -6 Cocoate 68201-46-7 i
ί origin i i I I I ί
59 Nonionic Fatty acid, natural ί PEG/PPG-6/2 Glyceryl 72245-11-5 I
origin ί cocoate I
60 I Nonionic Fatty Alcohol I I Cetostearyl Alcohol i 67762-27-0
61 Nonionic Fatty Ethoxylate Amine ; I I ί PEG 2 Cocamine ! I I i 61791-14-8
62 Nonionic Fatty Ethoxylate Amine ; I I I PEG 2 Tallow Amine I ί 61791-26-2
63 Nonionic Glycerol ester ~T ! i Glycereth-7 ! Caprylate/Caprate j 36145938-3
64 Nonionic Glycerol ester caprylic/capric triglycéride I 73398-61-5
65 Nonionic Glycerol ester Glyceryl oleate 37220-82-9
66 Nonionic Glycerol ester Glyceryl stéarate | 123-94-4
67 Nonionic Lactate Lauryl Lactyl Lactate 910661-93-7 I
68 Nonionic Sorbitan Ester Polysorbate 80 9005-65-6
Antimicrobial efficacy test
0.1 mL of bacterial culture containing Staphylococcus aureus is inoculated in a tube containing 10 mL of a given composition. The content of the tube is then mixed and left to stand for 2 minutes (the “contact time”). After 2 minutes, 0.01 mL of tube content is transferred to a tube containing 9 mL of a neutralizing bacterial culture media (Letheen Broth) that stops the antimicrobial action of the composition and allows microbial growth. Tubes are then checked for presence of microbial growth after 72h. For each antimicrobial efficacy test, the plating of positive controls followed by colony counting was done to establish the log réduction of S. aureus as a resuit of 2 minutes contact with compositions 1 - 68. If no growth is observed in the tested tube, the composition is considered to kill at least the bacterial load of the positive control.
Table 11 présents the results of the efficacy tests for compositions 1 - 68. The Log réduction of S. aureus is indicated for each composition. Each composition is formulated with the different surfactants at a concentration of 0.12 and/or 0.35% weight.
Table 11. Antimicrobial efficacy results against Staphylococcus aureus.
Composition Surfactant at 0.35% (w/w) Log réduction Surfactant at 0.12% (w/w) Log réduction
1 > 7.98 >5.84
<1 2 >5.04 >5.84
3 I > 5.04 I N/A
4 i > 7.98 I N/A
5 I > 5.51 >5.64
6 ! > 5.76 >5.64
7 i > 5.76 . I >5.64
8 | > 5.76 >5.64
9 > 7.98 >5.84
10 j > 7.98 >5.84
. . .................
11 > 5.04 i ................ . . . ; . .. . _ >5.64
12 ! > 5.04 I >5.64
13 I > 5.04 >5.64
14 > 5.04 ; >5.64
15 > 7.98 N/A
16 | > 7.98 >5.84
17 I > 7.98 N/A
18 > 5.04 I ' >5.64
19 ; > 5.04 >5.64
20 j > 4.43 N/A
21 i > 4.43 >5.64
22 : > 5.72 i >5.64
23 I > 4.43 >5.64
Cationic 24 j N/A N/A
25 > 7.98 > N/A
26 1 > 5.76 >5.64
27 j N/A >5.64
28 ! > 5.04 >5.64
29 ΐ > 5.04 ! >5.64
30 > 7·98 >5.84
31 > 5.72 >5.64
32 ! > 4.43 >5.64
*ΣΞ 33 j > 5.04 1 >5.64
Ο £ CL 34 | > 5.04 1 ’ >5.84
E < 35 1 > 5.04 >5.64
36 > 5.04 >5.64
37 1 > 5.76 1 >5.64
38 | >4.43 ; > 5.64
39 >5.76 N/A
40 j N/A > 5.64
41 | N/A > 5.64
42 I N/A > 5.64
43 >4.43 > 5.84
44 i >4.43 N/A
45 I >7.98 >5.84
46 >5.04 > 5.64
47 >4.43 > 5.64
48 i N/A > 5.64
49 ; >4.43 > 5.64
50 I I >7.98 > 5.84
51 ! I >7.98 >5.84
O c 52 i >7.98 N/A
.2 c 53 ! I N/A > 5.64
o Z 54 | >6.43 >5.64
55 > I N/A >5.64
56 i N/A >5.84
57 ί >4.43 N/A
58 : >5.76 >5.64
59 ; >4.43 > 5.64
60 ! >4.43 > 5.64
61 ί i >5.51 > 5.64
62 [ N/A >5.64
63 ! >5.76 >5.64
r ......>4.43 ’ Γ >5.64
65 | >7.98 > 5.84
66 ) N/A >5.64
67 i >5.76 > 5.64
68 | >4.43 >5.64
Conclusions [62] Each type of surfactants (anionic, cationic, amphoteric and non-ionic) was tested in the pesticide composition of the présent invention. Compositions 1-68 covered the different types of surfactants, but also the most common chemical groups of surfactants available on the market. The composition of the présent invention therefore can be formulated with any surfactant, while maintaining the antimicrobial efficacy.
[63] From the results found in Table 11, it is clear that compositions 1-68 of the présent invention maintain antimicrobial efficacy with a contact time of 2 minutes.
EXAMPLE 8
EFFICACY AGAINST MAJOR PESTS: WEED [64] Weed control remains a major concern in agriculture. The presence of weeds can resuit in a significant crop yield réduction, quality loss and harvesting difficulties. The herbicidal efficacy of compositions of the présent invention was tested 1 ) on seed germination of two weed species and 2) the phytotoxicity effect of compositions of the présent invention on seedlings of two weed species.
[65] Compositions [66] The compositions are prepared with the % (w/w) of ingrédients found in Table 12.
Table 12 - Compositions tested
Composition 8 9 10 11 12
Thymol % 0.23 0.46 1.15 2.30 23.00
Surfactant % 0.12 0.24 0.60 1.20 12.00
Solvent % 0.36 0.72 1.80 3.60 36.00
Water % Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.
[67] Experiment 1: Composition 8, 9 and 12 efficacy was evaluated in comparison with the control treatment receiving water only. Each experimental unit consisted of a Pétri dish containing a filter paper and 25 seeds per weed species. The two weed species tested were a dicotyledonous, common ragweed, and a monocotyledonous, bamyard grass. Five milliliters of each compositions were poured into the Petri-plate containing seeds, which was subsequently sealed. There were four replicates per concentration. The Pétri dishes were placed in a growth chamber at 27°C with a photoperiod of 16: 8 (day: night). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design. Germination was evaluated every two or three days for 21 days of incubation. At each observation date, the number of germinated seeds (with visible radicle) was counted and removed from the Pétri. At the end of the test, non-germinated seeds were submitted to the tétrazolium test (Peters 2000) to assess their viability. Seed coat was incised with a scalpel and soaked in a 1% triphenyl tétrazolium chloride solution for 12 hours. Seeds were then dissected under binocular in order to reveal the embryo structure. The living tissues turned red and dead tissues did not stain. Each embryo was examined and différence in staining color on seed tissue was interpreted to détermine the seed viability. Cumulative mortality was adjusted to take into account the natural mortality in the control.
[68] Results: The total germination in the control treatment was 64 and 87% for common ragweed (AMBAR) and barnyard grass (ECHCR) respectively. Seed germination was delayed when compositions 8, 9 and 12 were applied (Fig. 1). There was no germination of ragweed seeds with composition 12 while 9% of the seeds of barnyard grass were able to germinate. Mortality increased as concentration of thymol in the compositions increased to reach a maximum of 100% for ragweed and 90% for barnyard grass (Fig. 2).
[69] Experiment 2: Seedlings of two weed species (common ragweed and barnyard grass) were transplanted into 50-multi-cell trays filled with potting soil. In total, 480 seedlings were transplanted: compositions 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 x 10 plants/concentration x 2 weed species x 4 réplications. After 3 days, when transplanted seedlings were well established into multi-cell trays, they were sprayed with the different compositions by using a hand pump sprayer, at a volume application rate of 225 I ha‘1. The growing stages of weeds at spraying time ranged from 2 to 4 leaves and 3 to 5 leaves, respectively for common ragweed and barnyard grass. The trays were placed in a growth chamber at 25° C with a photoperiod of 16:8 (day: night) throughout the test. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design. Assessments of phytotoxicity were performed one week after spraying in each replicate for incidence (percentage of affected plants) and severity (affected leaf and stem area). “Weighed severity” was expressed by using a scale with five classes: (1: slight; 2: moderate; 3: high; 4: very high; 5: dead plant).
[70] Results: Visual symptoms of injury were readily apparent. Phytotoxicity severity on leaves and stems increased as concentration of thymol in the 5 compositions increased (Fig. 3, Table 13).
Table 13. Compositions phytoxicity incidence and severity on common ragweed and bamyard grass seedlings1.
Species Composition Incidence (%) Weighed severity
AMBAR2 Water 0.0 c 0.00 e
8 35.0 b 1.00 d
9 92.5 a 2.25 c
10 100.0 a 3.85 b
11 100.0 a 4.78 a
12 100.0 a 5.00 a
ECHCR3 Water 0.0 c 0.00 d
8 40.0 b 1.14 c
9 100.0 a 1.30 c
10 100.0 a 3.58 b
11 100.0 a 4.72 a
12 100.0 a 5.00 a
1 Means with the same letter are not significa ntly different according to
Fisher's Protected LSD at P=0.05.
2 AMBAR: common ragweed.
3 ECHCR: barnyard grass.
[71] Conclusions: As demonstrated above, compositions of the présent 10 invention hâve herbicidal activity on common ragweed and barnyard grass. Weed seed germination was reduced and the aerial parts of plants were injured significantly by compositions 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 meaning the compositions are acting as contact herbicides when applied pre and post-emergence of weed seedlings.
EXAMPLE 9
EFFICACY AGAINST MAJOR PESTS: INSECTS AND MITES [72] Bioassays on two biological models, major pests in fruit and vegetable production, the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch were conducted. The insecticidal effect (ovicidal) of compositions of the présent invention on eggs of codling moth (CM) and the acaricidal effect of compositions of the présent invention on two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) were evaluated.
[73] Compositions [74] The compositions are prepared with the % (w/w) of ingrédients found in Table 14.
Table 14 - Compositions tested
Composition 8 10
Thymol % 0.23 1.15
Surfactant % 0.12 0.60
Solvent % 0.36 1.80
Water % Q.S. Q.S.
[75] Part I. Evaluate the insecticidal effect (ovicidal) of compositions of the présent invention on eggs of the codling moth. Codling moth (CM) eggs and adults were obtained from OKSIR (Kelowna, BC) and hâve been used for laboratory rearing in a growth chamber. Adults were placed in plastic bags to allow egg laying. Compositions 8 and 10 were evaluated and compared to a control composed of water. Topical application was used to evaluate insecticidal effect on CM eggs. Eggs laid less than 24 h were collected. Groups of 15 eggs were placed in Pétri dishes and considered as a replicate. Ten replicates were sprayed for each composition. Pétri dishes were placed under rearing condition. The effect of treatments on egg hatching was assessed 7 d after spraying (after completion of egg development). Data were analysed by a one-way analysis of variance followed by the HSD Tukey-Kramer test to compare the treatments. The critical point (a) was determined at 0.05.
[76] Results: Treatments were significantly different with higher mortality rates for compositions 8 and 10 compared to the control (Fig. 4). The highest mortality rate was observed for composition 10. Control eggs showed a normal development (Fig. 5a). Treated eggs with composition 8 seemed to hâve started embryogenesis but most of them did not complété it. These eggs had liquid vitellus (Fig. 5b). Most of the eggs treated composition 10 were dried and mortality reached 100% seven days after spraying (Fig. 5c).
[77] Part II. Evaluate the acaricidal effect of compositions of the présent invention on the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM). The TSSM were obtained from Anatis Bioprotection (St-Jacques-le-Mineur, QC) and hâve been used for laboratory rearing on young bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) cv. Gold rush). Only motile forms were used for bioassay. Compositions 8 and 10 were evaluated and compared to a control composed of water. Topical application was used to evaluate acaricidal effect on motile forms of TSSM. Fifteen TSSM were deposited on a young Lima bean leaf, underside up, resting on a 1.5 % agar in Pétri dishes and considered as a replicate. Ten replicates were sprayed. Pétri dishes were placed under rearing condition. Mortality was evaluated 24h after spraying. Data were analysed at each sampling date by a one-way analysis of variance followed by the HSD Tukey-Kramer test to compare the treatments. The critical point (a) was determined at 0.05.
[78] Results: Treatments were significantly different 24h after spraying (Fig. 6). The highest mortality rate was observed for composition 10.
[79] Conclusions: The insecticidal and acaricidal effects of compositions of the présent invention were very high especially for the eggs of the codling moth and the motile forms of the TSSM. An ovicidal effect of the compositions was observed. Since the eggs of the codling moth are exposed on apples or on apple leaves during oviposition in the orchards, these results suggest that no larvae would emerge from eggs and that no damage would be caused to apple by this pest. Moreover, the high toxicity of the compositions observed 24 hours after application on motile forms of TSSM is also an important criterion for controlling promptly this pest in the presence of high population density.
EXAMPLE 10
EFFICACY AGAINST MAJOR PESTS: BACTERIA [80] Fire blight, which causative agent is Erwinia amylovora is an important disease of apple, pear and some ornamental plants causing important économie losses for growers. Strategies for fire bight control include many integrated pest management practices including cultivar choice, infected parts removing, and copper sulfate or streptomycin applications. However, those treatments raise many concems regarding toxicity (copper sulfate) and antimicrobial résistance development (streptomycin). An alternative treatment is needed and compositions of the présent invention would be perfect candidates. The sensitivity of three strains of Erwinla amylovora to compositions of the présent invention under laboratory conditions was determined and compared to the gold standard streptomycin, commonly used to control fire blight.
[81] Composition [82] Composition 12 is prepared and is used to make the tested dilutions of
1,2.5 and 5%.
Table 15 - Composition tested
Composition 12 1 % dilution 2.5% dilution 5% dilution
Thymol % 23.00 0.23 0.58 1.15
Surfactant % 12.00 0.12 0.30 0.60
Solvent % 36.00 0.36 0.90 1.80
Water % Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.
[83] Two streptomycin-sensitive (Sms) strains of E. amylovora originated from Quebec, Canada (strains 433 and 435) and one streptomycin-resistant (SmR) strain originated from Oregon, USA (strain 153sm5). A streptomycin-sensitive E. coli strain, used as control, was obtained from ATCC® (ATCC 25922TM). A sufficient quantity of composition 12 was dispensed into bottles containing King B agar medium, in order to obtain 1, 2.5 and 5% (v/v) solutions (corresponding to compositions containing thymol ranging from 0.23 to 1.15%). The 0% (v/v) concentration was obtained by adding 25 ml of ultra-pure stérile water to 475 ml of cooled medium. A volume of 20 ml of media was then distributed in 100x15 mm stérile Pétri dishes. E. amylovora and E. coli strains were cultivated on King B agar medium for 72 h at 26°C and on Trypticase Soy Agar medium ovemight at 37°C, respectively. Individual colonies from plates were suspended in 5 ml of stérile saline solution (0.85% w/v) and adjusted to a cell density of approximately 15 x 108 colonyforming units (cfu) per milliliter. Aliquots (100 μΙ) of a dilution sériés of each bacterial suspension were spread on surfaces of King B agar medium and incubated for 72 h at 26° C. Bacterial strains were tested for streptomycin sensitivity at the following concentrations: 0, 100, 250 and 500 ppm. Bacterial strains were tested for composition 12 sensitivity at the following concentrations: 0%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5%. Briefly, the four strains by plate were tested for each concentration. An aliquot of 100 μΙ of each bacterial suspension was dropped on one of the four quadrants agar surface as follows: Q1) E. amylovora 433; Q2) E. amylovora 435; Q3) E. amylovora 153sm5; and Q4) E. coli ATCC 25922. Bacterial growth at the inoculation point was evaluated using a Quebec dark field colony counter after 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation at 26°C. Sensitivity was determined from triplicate plates for each concentration.
[84] Results: The two Sms strains of E. amylovora and the E. coli strain were sensitive to streptomycin and did not grow on King B agar media containing streptomycin concentrations of 100, 250 and 500 ppm. In contrast, the SmR strain of E. amylovora was not inhibited by streptomycin at any concentration tested (Fig. 7). Ail strains of E. amylovora and E. coli strain showed growth on King B agar media with no streptomycin.
[85] The two Sms strains of E. amylovora, the SmR strain of E. amylovora and the E. coli strain were sensitive to compositions of the présent invention and did not grow on King B agar media containing composition 12 at concentrations of 1,2.5 and 5% (Fig. 8). Ail strains of E. amylovora and E. coli strain showed growth on King B agar media with no composition 12.
[86] Conclusions: Results showed the bactericidal effect of compositions of the présent invention on Erwinia amylovora, a major bacterial pest in orchards. Moreover, compositions of the présent invention had an efficacy against an antibiotic résistant strain. Antibiotic (streptomycin) is currently the most widely used substance to fight fire blight in orchards and antibiotic résistance is rising. Compositions of the présent invention are not only effective against this plant disease but also présent an alternative treatment.
EXAMPLE 11
AGRONOMIC IMPACT ON POTATO CULTURE [87] Seed potato growers commonly use minerai oil-fungicide mix in their crop management practices to fight fungal diseases and against propagation of many viruses transmitted by aphids. Growers must combine or altemate the active molécules of the fungicides to reduce the risk that pathogenic fungi develop fungicide résistance. An effective fungicide treatment must hâve no impact, or positive impact on agronomie variables, in other words the fungicide dosage should allow mimimal phytotoxic effect for maximum phytoprotection and productivity. In this example, impact on productivity (agronomie impact) was evaluated.
[88] Compositions of the présent invention were evaluated for different agronomie variables, on potato plants. The potato cultivars Dark Red Chieftain (midseason, round, red), Superior (mid-season, round, white) and Russet Burbank (late season, long, white) hâve been used in the trials. These varieties are représentatives of the major markets of ware, peeled or seed potatoes. The following agronomie variables were studied: 1) phytotoxicity; 2) number and weight of tubers; 3) green plant percentage; 4) percentage of plants bearing dry leaflets; 5) percentage of plants with potato early blight.
[89] Compositions of the présent invention were applied A) alone, or B) in combination with a mix of minerai oil Superior 70 (10L/ha) and one of the following fungicides: Ridomil (208mL/ha, comprising MEFENOXAM™ (Metaiaxl-M) as active ingrédient), Bravo 500 (2.4L/ha, containing chlorothalonil as active ingrédient) or Manzate-Pro (2.24Kg/ha, a coordination product of zinc ion and manganèse ethylenebisdithiocarbamate, as an activeingredient), used in alternance. The compositions were applied five times on potato plants with seven to ten days intervals. The study has been realized in a potato field in Quebec, Canada. The experimental design comprised a group of 4 blocks of 5 plots for A) and 4 blocks of 4 plots for B). These trials hâve been realized from July to October. The first application was done 40 days after the plantation. Tubers were harvested after 80 days of growth. The control treatment was for A) water, and for B) water, and a mix of oil and fungicide.
Table 16- Composition tested
A: composition tested alone Control: water B: Composition tested in combination with a minerai oilfungicide mix (Ridomil, Bravo or Manzate-Pro, in alternance) Controls: water and minerai oilfungicide
Composition 9 8 13 14 15 16
Thymol % 0.46 0.23 0.12 0.02 0.46 0.12
Surfactant % 0.24 0.12 0.06 0.01 0.24 0.06
Solvent % 0.72 0.36 0.18 0.04 0.72 0.18
Applied in field with oil and fungicide no no no no yes yes
Water % Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.
1) Phytotoxic effect of composition ofthe présent invention:
[90] Phytotoxicity symptoms hâve been assessed after the spray applications of the compositions alone or combined with minerai oil and a fungicide.
The results obtained after ail 5 spray applications are summarized in Table 17.
[91] In summary, It was demonstrated that compositions of the présent invention can be applied with no or low phytotoxic effects on potato plants. Phytotoxic effects are generally observed when the compositions of the présent invention hâve higher concentrations of thymol (> 0.23% thymol), surfactant and solvent. The phytotoxicity is thus dose-dependent. Higher dosage of thymol, surfactant and solvent can be tolerated by other plant species.
Table 17- Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of the spray application of compositions of the présent invention on potato plants
Composition applied Observations of the sprayed leaves and plants, after 5 sprayed applications with seven to ten days intervals
Water Good turgescence, green midrib and foliage, leaves without spots and chlorosis
9 Embossment, dark green midrib and foliage, many necrotic spots localized at the puddles
A 8 Light wilting, dark green midrib and foliage, few necrotic spots localized at the puddles
13 Good turgescence, green midrib and foliage, few necrotic spots localized at the puddles
14 Good turgescence, green midrib and foliage, leaves without spots and chlorosis
Water Good turgescence, green midrib and foliage, leaves without spots and chlorosis
Oil + Fungicide Good turgescence, green midrib and foliage, several leaves with spots and chlorosis
B Dark green midrib and foliage, many leaves
15 embossments and necrotic spots localized at the puddles, several dry stems or leaves
16 Light embossment, dark green midrib and foliage, few necrotic spots localized at the puddles
2) Potato yield (number and weight):
[92] Figures 9A and B présent the average number (A) and weight (B) of tubers harvested at the end of the trial. It has been calculated for the total number of tubers harvested by plant, by plot and by treatment. The average number and weight of tubers per plant was determined in order to evaluate the impact of compositions of the présent invention, alone or in a minerai oil-fungicide mix, on the plant physiology and the plant capacity to grow tubers initiated after the flowering period.
[93] In summary, and in concordance with phytotoxicity évaluation, there is a tendency for the average number and weight of tubers per plant to decrease progressively as the concentration in thymol, surfactant and solvent increases in the compositions applied alone on the foliage of the potato plants. Composition 13 was determined as having the best impact on potato yield, when compared to the water control. In the second part of the assay, the compositions were applied in combination with minerai oil and a secondary fungicide. It was observed that for composition 16, embodiment of the présent invention, the average weight of tubers was comparable to the controls, but that the number of tubers recovered / plants was unexpectedly greater than the controls. A synergistic effect between the composition of the présent invention, oil and fungicide results in a positive impact on this agronomie variable.
3) Green plants.
[94] Figure 10 shows the percentage of green plants in accordance with the applied compositions. A plot with a high percentage of green plants shows plants displaying a turgid green canopy with almost no spots or necrosis and the plants are occupying ali the space on the row. A plot with plants displaying spotted or dry leafs and stems has an uneven canopy. These plots will hâve a smaller percentage of green plants.
[95] In summary, for part A of the assay, the highest average percentage of green plants was found in the plots where composition 13 was applied alone, compared to the water treatment. For part B of the assay, more green plants resulted from the application of composition 16 in combination with oil and fungicide, compared to water or oil + fungicide alone. From these results, and with a composition containing specifically 0.12% of thymol, we unexpectedly observe that a) composition of the présent invention has positive agronomie impact on the foliage of the potato plant and b) there is a synergistic effect between the composition, oil and another fungicide on this variable.
4) Plants with dry leaflets.
[96] Figure 11 shows the percentage of plants with dry leaflets. In summary, results are in accordance with the percentage of green plants. For part A of the assay, the smallest average percentage of plants displaying dry leaflets was found in the plots where composition 13 was applied alone, compared to the water treatment. For part B of the assay, less dry leaflets resulted from the application of composition 16 in combination with oil and fungicide, compared to water or oil + fungicide alone. From these results, and with a composition containing specifically 0.12% of thymol, we observe that a) composition of the présent invention has positive agronomie impact on the foliage of the potato plant and b) there is a synergistic effect between the composition, oil and another fungicide on this variable.
5) Plants with potato early blight.
[97] Plants affected by the early blight caused by the fungi Alternaria alternata (Fr :Fr) Keissl hâve leaves displaying well defined concentric brown spots. Spots from the early blight dry up progressively and when there are too many, the foliage dries up completely. Figures 12A and B shows the average percentage of plants displaying spotted leaflets per plot (A), and the average number of spot per leaflets (B), for the compositions applied in combination with oil and fungicide, compared to the controls water, and oil + fungicide.
[98] In summary, the percentage of plants presenting symptoms of the fungal infection early blight was lower in plots treated with oil + fungicide, compared to water. When compositions of the présent invention were applied with oil and fungicide, there was a greater decrease in symptoms, suggesting a synergistic phytoprotective effect between compositions of the présent invention and oil+ fungicide.
[99] In conclusion, some compositions of the présent invention can présent phytotoxic effect on potato plants, but these effects may not be observed on other plants / crops. For this reason, the compositions should not be limited to the ones presenting no phytotoxic effect in this trial. It was also found that compositions of this invention presenting low phytoxicity on potato plants were having a positive impact on different agronomie variables, particularly when the compositions were appiied in combination with minerai oil and another fungicide. The synergistic effect between these components was observed on potato yield (quantity and weight of potatoes harvested, appearance of foliage) suggesting composition of the présent invention can act as plant growth regulators, an unexpected resuit. This observation may be of particular importance to plants whose foliage of particular interest, such as lettuce or other varieties of plants whose leaves are edible. The synergistic effect was also observed on phytoprotection (protection against early blight), so the compositions of the présent invention also hâve a fungicidal effect.
EXAMPLE 12
USAGE FOR POTATO SEED GROWING [100] Potato seed growers use pesticides to disinfect warehouses, tubers storage bins and machinery in order to produce pathogen-free tubers for the industry. Clavibacter michiganensis is a pathogen that causes the bacterial ring rot of potato, and causes major concerns for the seed potato industry ail around the world. In this trial, it was examined if compositions of the présent invention hâve a bactericidal effect on the pathogen on 1) agar plates and 2) wooden surface while 3) the phytotoxic effect ofthe compositions was evaluated on potato tubers with sprouts.
1) Bactericidal effect on agar plates [101] The bacterial strain used for this test was Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus (Cms, Potato bacterial ring rot). Fresh suspension of 109 cells/mL was prepared in stérile NaCI 0.85% using loops of an actively growing purified culture of Cms kept on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA). An aliquot of 100 pL of a fresh suspension was evenly spread on a TSA plate and four replicates per pathogens assay were prepared. The plates were left to dry for 2 hours in a biological hood. Then four stérile Whatmann no1 filter disks of 1.2 cm diameter were placed at squared angles from each other to form a cross onto the surface of the inoculated TSA plate.
[102] A volume of 50 pL of water or one of the tested composition (Table 18) was deposited on a stérile filter disk. The four plates per Cms assay were incubated at 22°C for four days. After each 24 hours of a three day period, a volume of 50 pL of each composition was applied on the corresponding filter disk. The radial zone of bacterial growth inhibition was evaluated for each filter disk after the 3rd and the 4^ day of incubation. Results are presented in Table 19.
[103] In summary, Compositions 8 and 13 showed bactericidal effect on Cms.
The cumulative effects of three applications of these compositions hâve increased, over a 24 hours period, the radial zone of Cms growth inhibition from each filter disk.
Table 18- Composition tested
Composition 8 13 14
Thymol % 0.23 0.12 0.02
Surfactant % 0.12 0.06 0.01
Solvent % 0.36 0.18 0.04
Water % Q.S. Q.S. Q.S.
Table 19- Bactericidal effect of three applications of compositions 8, 13 and 14 on
Clavibacter michïganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Cms)
Composition 3 days mean (mm) 4 days mean (mm)
Water 0.0 + 0.0 0.0 + 0.0
8 2.8 + 0.5 9.0 + 2.4
13 2.0 ± 0.0 4.1 + 1.2
14 0.0 + 0.0 0.0 + 0.0
2) Bactericidal effect on wood [104] In order to mimic warehouse conditions, composition 8 of the présent invention was tested on bacterial contamination of wood surface. A fresh suspension of 109 cells/mL (1.0 OD 600 nm) was prepared in stérile NaCI 0.85% using loops of an actively growing purified culture of Cms kept on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA). An aliquot of 100 pl_ of a fresh suspension was evenly spread on a 3 cm2 surface of a wood stick and twelve replicates per pathogens assay were prepared. The sticks were left to dry for 2 hours in a biological hood. A volume of 4 mL of Composition 8 or 4 mL of stérile NaCI 0.85% was deposited in a tube to cover a little more than the surface of a wood stick. Four replicates of each solution were prepared. The eight wood sticks per Cms assay were incubated at 22°C for 10 min. Then, each wood stick was left to dry for at least 20 min on a stérile filter paper in a biological hood. Then each wood stick was immersed in stérile NaCI 0.85% for 5 min under constant agitation to wash out the bacterial cells from the wood surface. As a control, four contaminated wood surface that were not immersed in Composition 8 or NaCI 0.85% were also washed in NaCI 0.85% for 5 min under constant agitation. For each resuspension, a volume of 100 pL was spread evenly on a TSA plate. Also, a volume of 100 pL of a 100 fold dilution was spread evenly on a TSA plate. For each Cms assay, the 24 inoculated TSA plates were incubated at 22°C for 4 days. The total number of bacterial colonies was determined on each TSA to assess the bactericidal effect of Composition 8 when applied to disinfect a highly contaminated wood surface.
[105] Between 3.4 x 107cells and 5.7 x 107 cells of Cms cells were washed out from wood surfaces that were not treated or treated with the négative control solution NaCI 0.85%. No viable bacterial cells of Cms were washed out from the wood sticks that were treated with Composition 8. The wood surfaces contaminated with Cms cells were efficiently disinfected with Composition 8.
3) Phytotoxic effect on potato tubers with sprouts.
[106] The phytotoxic effect of Compositions 8, 13 and 14 on potato tubers and sprouts was evaluated using Dark Red Chieftain tubers. The storage température was gradually increased from 8°C to 18°C to break their dormancy. The sprout length was monitored to confirm that 50 tubers showed sprout length varying between 0.5 cm and 1.5 cm (Group A), while 50 tubers showed sprout length varying between 2.0 cm and 4.5 cm (Group B). The length of each sprout of each tuber was record ed.
[107] Compositions 8, 13 and 14 were prepared, along with the water control. Ten tubers of each group (A, B) were put in a meshed basket to be immersed 5 seconds into one of the 4 solutions. The tubers were left to dry before being put in a potting mix used to grow potato plants. 4 containers suitable to sustain the growth of 20 tubers (10 tubers per group) were used, one for each of the 4 treatments. Ail the tubers were covered with no more than 2 cm of potting mix. The containers were kept in a growth chamber under a 16 hours photoperiod at 22°C (day) and 18°C (night). Water was added to each container just enough to keep the soil humid.
[108] After 12 days, the tubers were carefully taken out of the potting media. For each tuber, the length of each sprout was determined. To evaluate the effect of each treatment, the increase in the total sprouts length per tuber was calculated for each tuber groups. The results are presented in Table 20.
[109] In summary, when compositions 8 and 13 were applied, an increase in the average length of sprouts was observed, compared to the water treatment. This 5 was not observed with composition 14 that had the lowest concentration of each ingrédient (thymol, surfactant and solvent). Also, very few phytotoxic effects were observed during the experiment, as only three tubers showed sprout necrosis in group A. Thus, it was herein shown that compositions of the présent invention can unexpected stimulate the growth of sprouts on potato tubers. Not only some 10 compositions of the présent invention harbor low phytotoxicity on germinated potato tubers, but it is also a plant growth regulator with positive impact on the growth of sprouts of potato tubers.
Table 20- Impact of compositions 8, 13 and 14 on the average increase of sprouts length per tuber for two groups (A and B) of tubers treated.
Group Composition Mean increase of sprouts length/tuber (mm)
A Water 9.1 ± 2.1
A 8 15.1 + 6.4
A 13 11.2 + 3.3
A 14 4.0 ± 0.7
B Water 15.5 ± 2.9
B 8 27.6 ± 7.0
B 13 24.9 ± 6.2
B 14 10.4 + 2.8
[110] In conclusion, compositions of the présent invention showed again their potential as a pesticide product for crop protection. Here, the compositions were effective in killing bacteria responsible for tubers infection in seed grower’s installations, thus demonstrating its potential in preventing seed bacterial disease. Finally, spécifie compositions of the présent invention presented very low phytotoxic effects on potato tubers, and they were at the same time stimulating the growth of 10 sprouts on tubers, which is a désirable and unexpected effect for seed growers. The dual effect (bactericidal and growth stimulator) of compositions of the présent invention was also unexpected.
[111] While preferred embodiments hâve been described above and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it will be évident to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made without departing from this disclosure. Such modifications are considered as possible variants comprised in the scope of the disclosure.

Claims (14)

1. A method for the control of pests, the method comprising contacting a soil, a seed, a plant, or combinations thereof, with a pesticidal amount of a pesticide composition consisting of :
a) from about 0.01% to about 25% by weight of at least one antimicrobial compound selected from the group consisting of thymol and carvacrol;
b) from about 0.001 % to about 15% by weight of surfactant sufficient to form a solution or dispersion of said at least one antimicrobial compound in an aqueous carrier;
c) from about 0.001 % to about 40% by weight of a solvent; and
d) sufficient water to make 100 weight percent.
2. A method for the control of pests, the method comprising contacting a soil, a seed, a plant, or combinations thereof, with a pesticidal amount of a composition comprising:
a pesticide composition consisting of :
a) from about 0.01% to about 25% by weight of at least one antimicrobial compound selected from the group consisting of thymol and carvacrol;
b) from about 0.001 % to about 15% by weight of surfactant sufficient to form a solution or dispersion of said at least one antimicrobial compound in an aqueous carrier;
c) from about 0.001 % to about 40% by weight of a solvent; and '
d) sufficient water to make 100 weight percent;
and a supplément comprising:
at least one of a pesticide, a fertilizer, a defoamer, a plant growth regulator, or combinations thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein antimicrobial compound is of natural or synthetic origin.
4. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant, and combinations thereof.
5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said at least one antimicrobial compound is from about 0.12% to about 1.15% w/w of said composition.
6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said at least one antimicrobial compound is from about 0.12% w/w, or about 0.23% w/w, or about 0.46% w/w, or about 1.15% w/w of said composition.
7. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said surfactant is from about 0.1% to about 15% (w/w) of said composition.
8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein said solvent is from about 0.1% to about 40% (w/w) of said composition.
9. The method of any one of claims 2 to 8, wherein said pesticide in said supplément is chosen from an algicide, an antifouling agent, a disinfectant, a fungicide, a fumigant, an herbicide, a molluscicide, an ovicide, a rodenticide, an insect growth regulator, a bactéricide, a virucide, an insect repellent, an arthropod repellent, a nematicide, an insecticide, an acaricide, an herbicide, and a plant growth regulator.
10. The method of any one of claims 2 to 9, wherein said fertilizer is chosen from an inorganic fertilizer, a nitrogen fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, an organic fertilizer, a manure, a compost, a rock phosphate, a bone meal, an alfalfa, a wood chip, a langbeinite, a cover crop, potassium sulfate, a rock powder, ash, a blood meal, a fish meal, a fish émulsion, an algae, a chitosan and a molasse.
11. The method of any one of claims 2 to 10, wherein said defoamer is chosen from a minerai oil, a vegetable oil, a paraffin wax, an ester wax, a silica, a fatty alcohol, a silicone, a polyethylene glycol, a polypropylene glycol, copolymer, and an alkyl polyacrylate.
12. The method of any one of claims 2 to 11, wherein said plant growth regulator is chosen from a carbamate, a chlorinated hydrocarbon, cyclohexadione, an organic acid, ancymidol, ethephon, gibberelic acid, gibberellins and benzyladenine, maleic hydrazide, NAA, napthalene acetamide, paclobutrazol, and N-acetylaspartic acid.
13. The method of any one of claims 2 to 12, wherein said supplément further comprises a colorant, a pH adjusting agent, a sequestering agent, and combinations thereof.
14. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein said pest is chosen from an insect, a nematode, a fungus, a bacterium, a larva, a plant, an animal, a virus, a parasite, a gastropod, an arthropod, a snail, a slug, an alga, or combinations thereof.
OA1201700315 2015-02-16 2016-02-16 Aqueous compositions for controlling pests or regulating plant growth, said compositions comprising thymol or carvacrol, a surfactant, and a solvent. OA18387A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US62/116630 2015-02-16

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
OA18387A true OA18387A (en) 2018-11-02

Family

ID=

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US10912294B2 (en) Composition for use as pesticide, fertilizer, or both, and uses thereof
CA3108585C (en) Antimicrobial nano-emulsion
US20110229589A1 (en) Insect and plant disease control compositions and methods of use thereof
CN111050561B (en) Composition made of polyols and sterols for use in agricultural field
WO2015062353A1 (en) Fungicidal composition and the use thereof
JP2023533554A (en) Bactericidal and fungicidal mixture
CN109640661A (en) A method of control weeds
BE1026779A9 (en) COMPOSITION CONTAINING A CHOLINE SALT OF A FATTY ACID AND ITS USE AS A FUNGICIDE
WO2015135422A1 (en) Method for protecting plant against plant disease
JPWO2020198853A5 (en)
WO2011151766A2 (en) Insect and plant disease control compositions and methods of use thereof
Sathish et al. Incremental cost-benefit ratio of certain chemical and bio-pesticides against tomato fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) in tomato crop
AU2015101421A4 (en) A synergistic insecticidal composition
Unsworth et al. The battle for a sustainable food supply
OA18387A (en) Aqueous compositions for controlling pests or regulating plant growth, said compositions comprising thymol or carvacrol, a surfactant, and a solvent.
Birah et al. Evaluation of Pest management modules against Earias villella (Fabricius) in Okra
KR101817513B1 (en) Composition for preventing or controlling plant fungal diseases
Abdel-Kader et al. Evaluating the Efficiency of Some Different Chemical Compounds Against Monacha Cartusiana under Field Conditions at Sharkia Governorate.
Pawar et al. Evaluation of insecticides for management of Leucinodes orbonalis in Brinjal
Sharanappa et al. Evaluation of biorationals against thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis (thripidae: thysanoptera) infesting capsicum
JPH05194129A (en) Bactericidal agent for agriculturaland gardening purposes
Stanikzi et al. Comparative efficacy of insecticides and botanical extracts against Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)
Nikolova Imaginal and ovicidal effect of some insecticides against Bruchus pisorum L.(Coleoptera: Chrisomelidae)
WO2016138537A1 (en) Novel compositions and methods for controlling soil borne pathogens of agricultural crops
JP4858858B2 (en) Herbicide