NZ613916B2 - Artificial oil bodies - Google Patents
Artificial oil bodies Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ613916B2 NZ613916B2 NZ613916A NZ61391612A NZ613916B2 NZ 613916 B2 NZ613916 B2 NZ 613916B2 NZ 613916 A NZ613916 A NZ 613916A NZ 61391612 A NZ61391612 A NZ 61391612A NZ 613916 B2 NZ613916 B2 NZ 613916B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- oleosin
- extract
- liquid phase
- plant
- Prior art date
Links
- 101710026527 OLE Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 121
- 101700074785 OLEO Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 121
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- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004474 valine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014348 vinaigrettes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000017613 viral reproduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019154 vitamin C Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011718 vitamin C Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003700 vitamin C derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010698 whale oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021307 wheat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000029663 wound healing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013618 yogurt Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
- A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
- A23D7/005—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines characterised by ingredients other than fatty acid triglycerides
- A23D7/0053—Compositions other than spreads
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- A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
- A61K2800/41—Particular ingredients further characterized by their size
- A61K2800/412—Microsized, i.e. having sizes between 0.1 and 100 microns
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- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
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Abstract
Disclosed is a method of producing artificial oil bodies, the method comprising i) obtaining an extract of a plant comprising oleosin, wherein the extract is plant meal, ii) at least partially purifying protein from the extract, wherein the protein comprises oleosin, and iii) mixing the protein comprising oleosin with surfactant and oil comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds to produce the artificial oil bodies. Also disclosed is a method of partially purifying oleosin from a plant extract, the method comprising 1) adjusting the pH of the extract to a pH of at least about 11.5, 2) separating 1) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the liquid phase, 3) reducing the pH of the liquid phase to precipitate the proteins, 4) separating 3) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the solid phase, and 5) dispersing the solid phase in a carrier, wherein the extract is plant meal. omprising oleosin with surfactant and oil comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds to produce the artificial oil bodies. Also disclosed is a method of partially purifying oleosin from a plant extract, the method comprising 1) adjusting the pH of the extract to a pH of at least about 11.5, 2) separating 1) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the liquid phase, 3) reducing the pH of the liquid phase to precipitate the proteins, 4) separating 3) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the solid phase, and 5) dispersing the solid phase in a carrier, wherein the extract is plant meal.
Description
ARTIFICIAL OIL BODIES
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to artificial oil bodies comprising fatty acids, and
methods of preparing said artificial oil bodies. The ial oil bodies can be used in a
wide variety of products, and are particularly useful for producing oxidatively stable
oil-in-water emulsions in the absence of antioxidants.
BACKGROUND OF THE ION
Fat has a high calorific t and makes a major contribution to the human
dietary energy intake. Certain types of fat such as saturated fats and trans fats have
been implicated in a range of e conditions including cardiovascular e.
However, fat also plays a positive role in human health and nutrition, and ational
dietary guidelines allow a certain proportion of dietary energy to be derived from fat as
long as it is ‘good fat’. The ‘good fats’ are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated oils,
and there is increasing interest in replacement of saturated fats in food products with
healthier unsaturated oils. Moreover, for many years now, a ular group of
polyunsaturated oils, namely long-chain omega-3 oils, have received considerable
attention due to a ude of health benefits including protection against
cardiovascular disease which have been attributed to them. Spurred by the g list
of health benefits of omega—3 oils, the food industry worldwide is striving to produce
food products fortified with omega-3 oils.
One of the major impediments to the expansion of omega—3 fortified foods and
r healthy foods containing highly unsaturated oil is the extreme susceptibility of
these oils to oxidative deterioration during storage. ion generates products some
of which can have highly undesirable flavour characteristics thereby reducing the
palatability and shelf-life of the product. It is important therefore to adequately protect
these oils from oxidation. Whilst microencapsulation and addition of anti—oxidants
have successfully been used as strategies to control oxidation of highly unsaturated oils
in food products, these logies have several drawbacks in relation to cost,
naturalness, and general applicability.
Oil in plants and oilseeds occurs in the form of te deposits referred to as
oil bodies (OBs) which are similar in structure irrespective of the plant species they are
present in. A remarkable feature of natural CBS is their exceptional physical stability
both inside the cells and in isolated preparations. In both situations, OBs occur as
individual es, and do not aggregate or coalesce when they are d against one
another even after prolonged storage; in viva due to desiccation, and in vitro after
flotation centrifugation (Tzen and Huang, 1992). The exceptional physical stability of
OBS has been attributed to unique amphipathic proteins called oleosins occurring in the
oil body surface (Huang, 1994). It has been suggested that the entire e of the oil
body is covered by oleosin such that the compressed OBs never coalesce or ate
in the cells of a mature seed (Tzen and Huang, 1992). The content of oleosin ranges
from 1-4% of the total oil bodies; the greatest amount occurring in species in which the
CBS are the st, e. g. rape/ canola (Huang, 1992; Tzen, 1993).
In addition to good physical stability, OBs within oilseeds have l
tion against oxidation. Recent studies have shown that this ive stability is
extended to aqueous dispersions oil body isolates. Fisk and co-workers (2008) showed
intact OBs extracted from sunflower seed and dispersed in continuous aqueous phase
were more resistant to oxidation than equivalent emulsions prepared from er oil
and emulsifier. More recently, similar results have been obtained for echium oil body
isolates containing the highly unsaturated stearidonic acid (Gray et a1, 2010). Superior
ive stability of aqueous dispersions of intact canola OBs over lent canola
oil-in—water emulsions prepared using Tween40 as the emulsifier has also been reported
(Shen and Wijesundera, 2009).
Limited attempts have been made to reassemble OBs from their constituents.
Murphy and Cummins (1989) reported that incubation ofTAG extracted from rapeseed
oil or purified triolein with rapeseed oil body membrane material resulted in the
appearance of oil stable droplets of similar dimensions to native oil bodies. Later, Tzen
and Huang (1992) sfully prepared physically stable artificial (reconstituted) oil
bodies (AOBs) by combining a TAG mixture of triolein and trilinolein (1:2 molar) with
dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine and oleosin isolated from wheat, rice, ed, soybean
or jojoba. However, the oxidative stability of such artificial OBs does not seem to have
been investigated.
There is a need for means to protect fatty acids from ion which do not rely
on the use of added antioxidants.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Oils containing high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more
double bonds, such as marine oils rich in (D3 fatty acids, are chemically distinct from
oils produced in plants such as oilseeds. However, the present inventors were surprised
to find that n extracted from plant meal, such as commercial canola meal, can be
used to construct artificial oil bodies with highly polyunsaturated oils, such as CD3 fatty
acid rich marine and/or fish oils. The present inventors where also surprised to find
that the phospholipid component of oil bodies could be substituted with a wide variety
of surfactants without ely affecting oxidative stability.
Thus, in a first aspect the present ion provides an artificial oil body
comprising oleosin, tant, and oil sing polyunsaturated fatty acids with
three or more double bonds, more preferably four or more double bonds.
In an embodiment, the surfactant is phospholipid.
In an embodiment, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20% or at
least 25%, of the polyunsaturated fatty acids have four or more double bonds.
In another aspect, the present invention provides an artificial oil body
comprising oleosin, surfactant, and oil sing fatty acids, wherein at least some of
the surfactant is not phospholipid.
Whilst the oleosin can be obtained from any source, in a preferred ment
the oleosin is an oilseed oleosin.
The oil may also be obtained from any source. In a preferred ment, the
oil is marine oil and/or fish oil.
In a r embodiment, at least 50%, at least 75%, or at least 90%, of the fatty
acids are in the form of glycerides.
In an embodiment, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%, of the dry weight
of artificial oil body is oil.
The oil bodies of the invention can be used as a carrier for, and hence may
r comprise, one or more other molecules. Examples such other molecules
include, but are not limited to, a probiotic, a preservative, a therapeutic agent, a
diagnostic agent, a delivery agent or a food colouring agent.
The size ofthe oil body can be varied by manipulating the relative concentration
of oil to oleosin with lower relative amounts of oleosin promoting larger sizes. In an
embodiment, the oil body has a size of between about 0.1 and about 100 pm, or at least
between about 0.5 and about 50 um, or at least between about 0.5 and about 10 um, or
at least between about 0.5 and about 2 um.
In yet a further aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising
one or more artificial oil bodies of the invention, and a carrier. In an embodiment, the
carrier is deionized water.
In an embodiment, the composition is an oil-in-water emulsion. In particular, an
oil-in—water emulsion of the invention is more resistant to oxidation than an oil-in-
water emulsion comprising fatty acids produced using as an emulsifier such as
Tween40 in the absence of oleosin.
The present inventors have found that the artificial oil bodies of the invention
are generally resistant to oxidation Thus, in an embodiment, the artificial oil bodies
and/or composition does not comprise a synthetic antioxidant. Furthermore, in a
preferred embodiment the artificial oil bodies of the invention are oxidatively stable.
In an embodiment, the artificial oil body consists of oleosin, surfactant, and oil
sing fatty acids such as polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double
bonds.
Apart from being useful in the delivery of a therapeutic agent, artificial oil
bodies of the invention can be used to treat or t diseases due to the well known
benefits of the fatty acids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, of the oil bodies.
Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating or
preventing a condition which would benefit from fatty acids, the method comprising
stering to a subject with the condition one or more oil bodies of the invention
and/or a composition of the invention.
Also provided is the use of one or more oil bodies of the invention and/or a
ition of the invention for the manufacture of a ment for treating or
preventing a condition which would benefit from fatty acids.
Furthermore, provided is the use of one or more oil bodies of the ion
and/or a composition of the ion as a medicament for treating or ting a
condition which would benefit from fatty acids.
In an ment of the above method and uses, the condition would benefit
from polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds.
The oil bodies can be used in a wide y of products. Accordingly, in
another aspect the present invention provides a product comprising one or more
ial oil bodies, and/or a ition, of the invention. es of such products
include, but are limited to, a food or feed product, a drink product, a personal care
product, a pharmaceutical product or an industrial product.
In a preferred embodiment, the product is, or comprises, an oil-in-water
emulsion.
Also provided is the use of one or more artificial oil bodies of the invention,
and/or a composition of the invention, for the preparation of a product.
In a further aspect, the t invention es a method of preparing a feed,
food or drink, the method comprising admixing one or more artificial oil bodies of the
invention, and/or a composition of the invention, with one or more other edible
ingredients.
In a r aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing
artificial oil bodies, the method comprising
i) obtaining n, surfactant, and oil comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids
with four or more double bonds, and
ii) mixing the oleosin, the surfactant and the oil to produce the artificial oil
bodies.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing
artificial oil bodies, the method comprising
i) obtaining an extract of a plant comprising n, wherein the extract is plant
meal,
ii) at least lly purifying protein from the extract, wherein the protein
comprises n, and
iii) mixing the protein comprising oleosin with surfactant and oil comprising
polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds to e the artificial oil
bodies.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing
artificial oil bodies, the method comprising
i) obtaining oleosin, surfactant, and oil comprising fatty acids, wherein at least
some of the surfactant is not phospholipid, and
ii) mixing the n, the surfactant and the oil to produce the artificial oil
bodies.
In another , the present invention provides a method of producing
artificial oil bodies, the method comprising
3O i) obtaining an extract of a plant comprising oleosin, wherein the extract is plant
meal,
ii) at least partially purifying protein from the extract, n the protein
comprises oleosin, and
iii) mixing the protein comprising oleosin with surfactant and oil to produce the
artificial oil bodies, wherein at least some of the surfactant is not phospholipid.
In an embodiment, the surfactant is mixed and dissolved in the oil before mixing
in the olesoin.
In a further embodiment, the method further comprises,
iii) selecting artificial oil bodies.
The present inventors have also identified methods of obtaining oleosin for use
in the artificial oil bodies of the invention. The present inventors were particularly
surprised to find that a protein extract comprising a highly heterogeneous population of
ns with relatively low ties of oleosin (for example about 10% of the total
protein) could be used, with the natural affinity of the oil, surfactant and oleosin
seemingly being highly efficient at forming the artificial oil bodies. This is particularly
advantageous e it avoids the need to conduct extensive purification procedures
and provides a vely cheap source of the n. Thus, in a further embodiment,
step i) comprises
a) obtaining an t of a plant comprising oleosin, and
b) at least partially purifying protein from the extract, wherein the protein
ses oleosin.
Preferably, step b) comprises
1) ing the pH of the extract to a pH of at least about 11.5,
2) separating 1) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the liquid
phase,
3) reducing the pH of the liquid phase to precipitate the proteins,
4) ting 3) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the solid
phase, and
) dispersing the solid phase in a carrier.
The present invention also provides an artificial oil body produced by a method
of the invention.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of partially
purifying oleosin from a plant extract, the method comprising
1) adjusting the pH of the extract to a pH of at least about 11.5,
2) separating l) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the liquid
phase,
3) reducing the pH of the liquid phase to precipitate the ns,
4) separating 3) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the solid
phase, and
) dispersing the solid phase in a carrier.
In an embodiment, step 3) comprises reducing the pH of the liquid phase to less
than about 7, to about pH 4 to about 7, or about pH 5.5 to about 7.
Preferably, the method of the two above s does not use an organic solvent.
The extract can be from any plant such as plant meal. However, in a preferred
embodiment the plant is an d.
In another , the present invention provides a method of partially purifying
oleosin from a plant extract, the method comprising
1) adjusting the pH of the extract to a pH of at least about 11.5,
2) separating l) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the liquid
phase,
3) reducing the pH of the liquid phase to itate the proteins,
4) separating 3) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the solid
phase, and
5) dispersing the solid phase in a carrier,
wherein the extract is plant meal.
The present inventors have also found that meal resulting from the tion of
oils from plant material, such as the seeds of oilseeds, can be used as a source for
oleosin. As an added benefit of the claimed invention, following the partial purification
of the oleosin the remaining plant extract can be used as an animal feed. Thus, in a
preferred embodiment the extract is meal produced following the extraction of oil.
The present invention also provides at least partially purified n produced
by a method of the invention.
Any embodiment herein shall be taken to apply mutatis mutandis to any other
embodiment unless specifically stated otherwise.
The present ion is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments
bed herein, which are intended for the purpose of exemplification only.
Functionally—equivalent products, compositions and methods are y within the
scope of the invention, as described herein.
Throughout this specification, unless cally stated otherwise or the t
requires otherwise, reference to a single step, composition of matter, group of steps or
group of compositions of matter shall be taken to encompass one and a ity (ie.
one or more) of those steps, compositions of matter, groups of steps or group of
compositions of matter.
The invention is hereinafter described by way of the following non—limiting
Examples and with reference to the accompanying figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
Figure 1: Procedure for the extraction of oleosin from canola meal
Figure 2: Electrophoretic anaylysis of oleosin extract from canola meal.
Figure 3: Effect of pH of the extracting medium on oleosin recoveries from canola
meal.
Figure 4: Electrophoretic is of oleosin extracted at different pH values. Lane 2
and 3 — pH 10.5; Lane 4 and 5 — pH 11.0; Lane 6 and 7 —pH 11.5; Lane 8 and 9— pH
12.0.
Figure 5: Change in particle size (um) of D[3,2} and d (0.5) for Tween 40 and olesoin
emulsions subjected to accelerated auto ion (60°C). Average data from ate
measuremnts.
Figure 6: Electrophoretic analysis of e proteins of artificial tuna oil bodies.
Lanes: M — markers, Raw pH12 —pH12 soluble crude protein extract from canola meal,
CPl - protein extracted from ial canola oil bodies made from canola oil and re-
solubilised pH 6.5-precipitated canola meal protein, s - protein extracted from
artificial canola oil bodies made from canola oil, re~solubi1ised pH 6.5-precipitated
canola meal protein, and phospholipids.
Figure 7: Development of trans,trans,2,4,heptadiena1 during accelerated oxidation of
tuna oil emulsions prepared with Tween40 and Oleosin extract, repectively. Average
data from duplicate measuremnts. 7A — Oxidation at 60 °C; 7B — Oxidation at 40 °C.
Figure 8: ion of EPA and DHA in tuna oil emulsions made with Tween40 and
Oleosin extract (respectively) during storage at 60°C. e data from duplicate
measuremnts. 8A — Oxidation at 60 °C; 8B — Oxidation at 40 °C.
Figure 9: Peroxide value (PV) of oils extracted from tuna oil artificial oil body
emulsions and equivalent Tween40 emulsions subjected to accelerated oxidation at 40
Figure 10: Development of trans, trans, 2,4—heptadienal during accelerated e
(40° C, air) of tuna oil emulsions stabilised by oleosin, x and sodium caseinate,
respectively.
Figure 11: Development of trans, trans, 2,4-heptadienal during accelerated storage
(40° C, air) of tuna oil emulsions ed using oleosin in combination with
monoacylglycerol (MAG), Tween40 (Tween), and sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL),
repectivley as the secondary surfactant.
KEY TO THE SEQUENCE LISTING
SEQ ID NO 1: Brassica napus oleosin (CAA57545.1)
SEQ ID NO 2: Brassica napus oleosin Sl—l (ACG69504. 1)
SEQ ID NO 3: Brassica napus n SZ-l (ACG69503. 1)
SEQ ID NO 4: Brassica napus oleosin S3—l (ACG69513. 1)
SEQ ID NO 5: ca napus oleosin S4~l (ACG69507.1)
SEQ ID NO 6: Brassica napus oleosin SS-l (ACG69511.1)
SEQ ID NO 7: s hypogaea oleosin l (AAZ20276.1)
SEQ ID NO 8: Arachis hypogaea oleosin 2 (AAU215001)
SEQ ID NO 9: Arachis ea oleosin 3 (AAU21501.1)
SEQ ID NO 10: Arachis hypogaea oleosin 5 (ABC96763.1)
SEQ ID NO 11: Ricinus communis n 1 (EEF40948.1)
3O SEQ ID NO 12: Ricinus communis oleosin 2 (EEF51616.1)
SEQ ID NO 13: Glycine max oleosin isoform a (P295302)
SEQ ID NO 14: Glycine max oleosin isoform b (P295311)
SEQ ID NO 15: Linum issz'mum oleosin low molecular weight isoform
(ABB01622.1)
SEQ ID NO 16: Linum usitaz‘issimum oleosin high molecular weight isoform
(ABB01624. 1)
SEQ ID NO 17: Helianthus annuus oleosin (CAA442241)
SEQ ID NO 18: Zea mays oleosin (NP_001105338.1)
SEQ ID NO 19: Brassica napus steroleosin (ABM30178. 1)
SEQ ID NO 20: ca napus steroleosin SLOl-l 522. 1)
SEQ ID NO 21: Brassica napus steroleosin SL02-1 (ACG69525.1)
SEQ ID NO 22: Sesamum indicum steroleosin (AAL13315.1)
SEQ ID NO 23: Zea mays steroleosin (NP_001152614.1)
SEQ ID NO 24: Brassica napus in CLO-1 (ACG69529.1)
SEQ ID NO 25: Brassica napus in CLO-3 (ACG69527.1)
SEQ ID NO 26: Sesamum indicum caleosin (AAF13743.1)
SEQ ID NO 27: Zea mays caleosin (NP_001151906.1)
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ION
General Techniques and ions
Unless specifically defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used
herein shall be taken to have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art (e.g., in lipid try, molecular genetics, chemistry, and
biochemistry).
Unless otherwise ted, the recombinant protein, cell e, and
logical techniques utilized in the t invention are standard procedures,
well known to those skilled in the art. Such techniques are described and explained
throughout the literature in sources such as, J. Perbal, A Practical Guide to Molecular
Cloning, John Wiley and Sons (1984), J. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A
Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press (1989), TA. Brown
(editor), Essential Molecular Biology: A Practical Approach, Volumes 1 and 2, IRL
Press (1991), D.M. Glover and ED. Hames (editors), DNA g: A Practical
Approach, Volumes 1-4, IRL Press (1995 and 1996), and FM. Ausubel et a1. (editors),
Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Pub. Associates and Wiley—
Interscience (198 8, including all updates until present).
The term “and/or”, e. g., “X and/or Y” shall be understood to mean either “X and
Y” or “X or Y” and shall be taken to provide explicit support for both meanings or for
either meaning.
As used herein, the term about, unless stated to the contrary, refers to +/- 20%,
more preferably +/- 10%, even more preferably +/— 5%, of the designated value.
Throughout this specification the word "comprise", or variations such as
"comprises“ or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated
element, r or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of
any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.
Oils and Fatty Acids
As used , the term "fatty acid" refers to a carboxylic acid with a long
aliphatic tail of at least 8 carbon atoms in length, either saturated or unsaturated.
Typically, fatty acids have a carbon-carbon bonded chain of at least 12 s in
length. Most lly occurring fatty acids have an even number of carbon atoms
because their biosynthesis es e which has two carbon atoms. The fatty
acids may be in a free state (non-esterified) or in an esterified form such as part of a
TAG, DAG, MAG, acyl-CoA (thio-ester) bound, or other covalently bound form.
When covalently bound in an esterified form, the fatty acid is referred to herein as an
"acyl" group. ted fatty acids do not contain any double bonds or other functional
groups along the chain. The term "saturated" refers to hydrogen, in that all carbons
(apart from the carboxylic acid [-COOH] group) contain as many hydrogens as
possible. In other words, the omega (0)) end contains 3 hydrogens (CH3-) and each
carbon within the chain contains 2 ens (-CH2—). Unsaturated fatty acids are of
similar form to saturated fatty acids, except that one or more alkene functional groups
exist along the chain, with each alkene substituting a singly-bonded ”-CH2-CH2—" part
of the chain with a doubly-bonded "-CH=CH-" portion (that is, a carbon double bonded
to another carbon). The two next carbon atoms in the chain that are bound to either
side of the double bond can occur in a cis or trans configuration. Apart from double
bonds, the acyl chain of the fatty acid may have, triple bonds, acyl side chains such a
methyl or ethyl groups, hydroxyl groups or other modifications known in the art.
Artificial oil bodies of the invention may include fatty acids such as, but not limited to,
stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, ct—linolenic acid, or a combination
of two or more thereof.
As used herein, the terms "polyunsaturated fatty acid" or "PUFA" refer to a fatty
acid which comprises at least 18 carbon atoms in its carbon chain and at least three,
more preferably at least four, alkene groups (carbon-carbon double bonds). One aspect
of the invention relates to artificial oil bodies sing polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFAs) with four or more double bonds. Examples of such PUFAs include, but are
3O not limited to, stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4A6,9,12,15, (03), arachidonic acid (ARA,
:4A5,8,ll,14; CO6), eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA, 20:4A8,11,14,17, m3),
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5A5,8,11,l4,17; m3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA,
22:5A7,10,l3,16,19, (o3), hexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6A4,7,10,13,16,19, (03), as
well as mixtures of two or more thereof. The artificial oil bodies may further comprise
other fatty acids such as those described above with, for example, two or less double
bonds, triple bonds, side chains such as a methyl group, a hydroxyl group and/or an
epoxide group.
The fatty acid may be in a free state sterified) or in an esterified form such
as part of a ceride, diacylglyceride, monoacylglyceride, acyl-CoA bound or other
bound form, or mixtures of two or more thereof. The fatty acid may be esterified as a
phospholipid such as a phosphatidylcholine, atidylethanolamine,
phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol or
diphosphatidylglycerol forms.
The term "glyceride" as used herein encompasses lipids selected from the group
consisting of triglycerides, erides, monoglycerides, phosphoglycerides and
combinations thereof. More preferably, the glycerides are ed from the group
consisting of triglycerides and diglycerides. Most ably, the glyceride is
triglyceride oil.
"Triacylglycerol" or (TAG) is glyceride in which the glycerol is esterified with
three fatty acids. In the Kennedy pathway of TAG synthesis, the precursor sn-glycerol-
3-phosphate is esterified by a fatty acid coenzyme A ester in a reaction catalysed by a
glycerolphosphate acyltransferase at position sn-l to form lysophosphatidic acid
(LPA), and this is in turn acylated by an acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase in
position sn-Z to form phosphatidic acid. The phosphate group is removed by the
enzyme phosphatidic phosphohydrolase, and the resultant 1,2—diacyl-sn-glycerol is
acylated to form the triacyl—sn—glycerol.
In one embodiment, the glyceride (preferably, TAG) content of the oil
comprises essentially the all (for e at least 75%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%)
of the fatty acids.
The oil comprising fatty acids can be obtained from a wide variety of sources
including micro-organisms including yeast, crusteceans, fish, animals and plants. The
organism may or may not be genetically modified.
In an embodiment, seedoil is present in the cial oil bodies. As used herein,
the term "seedoil" refers to a composition obtained from the seed/grain of a plant which
3O comprises at least 60% (w/w) lipid, or obtainable from the seed/grain if the seedoil is
still present in the seed/grain. That is, seedoil includes seedoil which is present in the
seed/grain or portion thereof, as well as seedoil which has been extracted from the
seed/grain. The seedoil is preferably ted seedoil. Seedoil is typically a liquid at
room ature. ably, the total fatty acid (TFA) content in the seedoil
inantly (>50%) comprises fatty acids that are at least 16 carbons in length.
More preferably, at least 50% of the total fatty acids in the seedoil are C18 fatty acids
for example, oleic acid, The fatty acids are typically in an esterified form such as for
example, TAG, DAG, acyl-CoA or phospholipid. The fatty acids may be free fatty
acids and/or in an esterified form. In an embodiment, seedoil in the artificial oil bodies
is antially purified" or "purified" oil that has been separated from one or more
other lipids (with the exception of phospholipids), nucleic acids, polypeptides (with the
exception of oleosin), or other contaminating molecules with which it is associated in
the seed or in a crude extract. It is preferred that the substantially purified seedoil is at
least 60% free, more preferably at least 75% free, and more preferably, at least 90%
free from other components with which it is associated in the seed or extract. Seedoil
may further comprise tty acid molecules such as, but not limited to, sterols and
ics. In an ment, the seedoil is canola oil (Brassica napus, Brassica rapa
53p), d oil (Brassz‘ca juncea), other Brassica oil (e. g., Brassz‘ca napobrassz’ca,
Brassz‘ca camelz'na), sunflower oil (Helianthus amzus), linseed oil (Linum
usitaz‘issz‘mum), soybean oil ne max), safflower oil (Carthamus tinctorius), corn
oil (Zea mays), tobacco oil (Nicotiana tabacum), peanut oil (Arachis hypogaea), palm
oil (Elaeis guineensz’s), seed oil (Gossypium hirsutum), coconut oil (Cocos
nucifera), avocado oil (Persea amerz’cana), olive oil (01% europaea), cashew oil
(Anacardz’um occidentale), macadamia oil (Macadamia intergrt‘fiilz’a), almond oil
(Prunus amygdalus), oat seed oil (Avena sattva), rice oil (Oryza sativa or Oryza
glaberrima), or Arabidopsz’s seed oil (Arabidopsis thaliana). Seedoil may be extracted
from rain by any method known in the art. This typically involves extraction
with nonpolar solvents such as diethyl ether, petroleum ether, chloroform/methanol or
butanol mixtures, generally associated with first ng of the seeds. Lipids
associated with the starch in the grain may be extracted with water—saturated l.
The seedoil may be "de-gummed“ by methods known in the art to remove
polysaccharides or treated in other ways to remove contaminants or improve purity,
stability, or colour. The TAGS and other esters in the seedoil may be hydrolysed to
release free fatty acids, or the seedoil hydrogenated, d chemically, or
enzymatically as known in the art.
As used herein, “marine oil” is oil ed from an organism that lives in salt
water, particularly marine microalgae, fish or crusteceans. Thus, an oil for use in the
invention may be both a marine oil and a fish oil oil derived from a saltwater fish.
The oil comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds
may be obtained from any source, such as oil ted from marine micro-organisms,
crustaceans, fish or transgenic organisms, such a transgenic plants or yeast, comprising
exogenous cleotides which enable the organisms to synthesize polyunsaturated
fatty acids with four or more double bonds. Examples of marine micro-organisms from
which the PUFAs may be obtained include, but are not limited to, species of
Amphidinium, Amp/tor, Asterionella, phz‘a, Ceratz‘um, Chaefoceros, Chlorella,
Chroomonas, Cochlodz‘nium, Crisphaera, Crypthecodz‘nium, Cryptomonas, Cycloz‘ella,
Cyfindroz‘heca, Dum‘ella, Emilianz‘a, arz‘a, Glenodinium, lax, Gyrodinium,
Haematococcus pluvialz's, Heteromastix, [sochrysia z’a, Monochrysis, Monodus,
Moritella, Mortierella, Nannochloris, Nannochloropis, Navicula, Nitzschia, Odontella,
Olisthodiscus, Pavlova, Peridz'nium, Phaeodactylum, Porphyrz'dz'um, Prorocentrum,
pedz‘nella, Rhodella, Rhododomas, Schizochytrz‘um, Skelentonema, Stauroneis,
Tetraselmis, Yhalassiosz‘ra, Thrautochytrium, or Ulkem'a. Examples of fish oils useful
for the invention include, but are not limited to, tuna oil, bonito oil, sea bass oil, halibut
oil, spearfish oil, uda oil, cod oil, menhaden oil, sardine oil, pilchard oil, anchovy
oil, capelin oil, Atlantic cod oil, Atlantic herring oil, Atlantic mackerel oil, Atlantic
en oil, salmonids oil, shark oil, squid oil, octopus oil, krill oil, seal oil, whale
oil, and the like, including mixtures and combinations thereof. es of transgenic
organisms producing polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds are
described in, for example, W0 2005/103253, , W0 2010/023202,
and .
As noted above, ques that are routinely practiced in the art can be used to
extract and process oils produced by cells, plants, seeds, etc. For e, oil
extraction may comprise degumming (or acid treatment), neutralization (or alkali
treatment), water washing, bleaching, filtering, deodorising, polishing and/or cooling
(or winterization). Preferably the purifying comprises acid treatment and/or alkali
treatment (degumming and neutralisation). Alternatively, purifying methods may
comprise bleaching and/or deodorization, Preferably, however, the purifying will
e ing and/or deodorization, and optimally in addition acid and alkali
treatment.
Oleosin
Oleosins are hydrophobic proteins present in the ne of oil bodies in the
storage tissues of seeds (see, for example, Huang, 1996; Lin et al., 2005; o et
al, 2007; Lui et a1, 2009; Shimada and Hara—Nishimura, 201 0), They are of low MW
(15-26,000), and are abundant in oilseeds. Within each seed species, there are usually
two or more oleosins of different MW. Each Oleosin molecule contains a relatively
hydrophilic N-terminal domain (for example about 48 amino acid residues), a central
totally hydrophobic domain (for example of about 70—80 amino acid residues) which is
particularly rich in aliphatic amino acids such as alanine, glycine, leucine, cine
and valine, and an amphipathic oc-helical domain (for example about of about 33 amino
acid residues) at or near the inus. Generally, the central stretch of hydrophobic
residues is inserted into the lipid core and the amphiphatic N—terminal and/or
amphiphatic C-terminal are located at the surface of the oil , with vely
charged residues embedded in a tant monolayer and the vely charged ones
exposed to the exterior.
As used , the term "oleosin" encompasses caleosins which bind calcium,
and steroleosins which bind sterols, as well as polyoleosin (Scott et al., 2010).
However, generally a large proportion, if not all, of the oleosins of artificial oil bodies
of the invention will not be caleosins and/or steroleosins. Furthermore, the term
"oleosin" as used herein refers to either a homogenous population of the same oleosin
protein, or more lly a heterogenous, population of different oleosin proteins.
A substantial number of oleosin protein sequences, and nucleotide sequences
encoding therefor, are known from a large number of different plant species. Examples
include, but are not limited to, oleosins from Arabidposis, canola, com, rice, peanut,
castor, soybean, flax, grape, cabbage, cotton, sunflower, sorghum and barley.
Examples of some of these oleosins are provided in the ce g. Thus, in one
embodiment, the oleosin comprises a sequence selected from:
a) an amino acid sequence as provided in any one of SEQ ID NOS 1 to 27,
b) an amino acid sequence which is at least 50% identical, more preferably at
least 60%, more ably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, preferably at
least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 96%, more preferably
at least 97%, more preferably at least 98%, more ably at least 99%, identical to
any one or more of SEQ ID NOS 1 to 27, and
c) a biologically active fragment of a) or b).
In a further embodiment, the oleosin comprises a sequence selected from:
a) an amino acid sequence as provided in any one of SEQ ID NOs 1 to 18,
b) an amino acid sequence which is at least 50% identical, more preferably at
least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, preferably at
least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 96%, more preferably
at least 97%, more preferably at least 98%, more preferably at least 99%, identical to
any one or more of SEQ ID NOS 1 to 18, and
c) a biologically active fragment of a) or b).
The % identity of a n is determined by GAP (Needleman and Wunsch,
1970) analysis (GCG program) with a gap creation y=5, and a gap extension
penalty=0.3. The query sequence is at least 50 amino acids in length, and the GAP
analysis aligns the two sequences over a region of at least 50 amino acids. More
ably, the query sequence is at least 100 amino acids in length and the GAP
analysis aligns the two sequences over a region of at least 100 amino acids. Even more
preferably, the query ce is at least 250 amino acids in length and the GAP
analysis aligns the two sequences over a region of at least 250 amino acids. Even more
preferably, the GAP analysis aligns the two sequences over their entire length.
As used herein, a "biologically active" fragment is a portion of an oleosin that
can be used to prepare an ial oil body of the invention. Biologically active
fragments can be any size as long as they maintain the defined activity.
In a preferred embodiment, the oleosin is obtained from an oilseed such as, but
not limited to, canola (Brassz‘ca spp.), soybean (Glycine max), sunflower (Heliamhus
animus), oil palm (Elaez‘s guineez‘s), cottonseed (Gossypz'um spp.), groundnut (Arachis
hypogaea), coconut (Cocus nucz‘fera), castor (Ricinus communis), safflower
amus tinctorius), mustard (Brassica spp. and Sinapis alba), coriander
(Coriandrum sativum), squash (Cucurbz‘ta ), linseed/flax (Linum
usitatissz‘mum), Brazil nut (Bartholletia excelsa), jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) or
maize (Zea mays).
The oleosin may be obtained from a natural, synthetic or recombinant source.
Advantageously, the oleosin can be obtained from a natural source such as a plant
t, particularly the meal of an oilseed following oil extraction. Figure 1 shows an
example of a procedure used to extract n from plant meal such as canola meal.
Approximately 50% of the canola meal protein has been reported to precipitate at pH
6.0-7.0 (Manamperi et al., 2010). Canola meal typically contains up to 40% protein
derived mainly from seed ar protein. Commercial oil extraction processes of
mechanical ing followed by solvent extraction disrupt the canola oil body
structure thereby releasing oleosin to the mix of the vely more abundant cellular
proteins. As the isoelectric point of canola n is 6.5, the protein precipitated at the
pH range 6.0-7 .0 contains oleosin in addition to cellular protein.
The oleosin may also be obtained from a recombinant source, either plants with
an exogenous ) encoding an oleosin ing in enhanced levels of oleosin
production, or a recombinant organism comprising an exogenous gene(s) but do not
naturally produce an oleosin, for example a recombinant yeast. The production of
recombinant organisms producing, and/or with enhanced levels of, oleosin is well
within the capability of those skilled in the art (see, for example, Roux et al., 2004;
Abenes et a1., 1997; Bhatla et al., 2010).
Amino acid sequence mutants of the naturally ing oleosins can be
prepared by ucing appropriate nucleotide s into a nucleic acid encoding
the oleosin, or by in vitro synthesis of the desired protein. Such mutants include, for
example, deletions, insertions or substitutions of es within the amino acid
sequence. A combination of deletion, insertion and substitution can be made to arrive
at the final uct, provided that the final protein product ses the desired
characteristics. The production and identification of functional mutants of naturally
occurring oleosins is also well within the capability of those skilled in the art.
Also included within the scope of the ion are proteins which are
differentially modified during or after synthesis, e.g., by biotinylation, benzylation,
glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known
protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to an antibody molecule or
other cellular ligand, etc.
Olesoins may be prepared using techniques known the art or using a method of
the invention. In one embodiment, Olesoins are prepared in as a crude extract by
1) adjusting the pH of the extract to apH of at least about 11.5,
2) separating l) to e a solid and liquid phase and selecting the liquid
phase,
3) reducing the pH of the liquid phase to precipitate the proteins,
4) separating 3) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the solid
phase, and
) dispersing the solid phase in a carrier.
In an alternate embodiment, filtration methods are used to at least partially purify
n from plant material.
Surfactants
Artificial oil bodies of the invention comprise one or more tants.
The surfactant may be a non-ionic or anionic surfactant or a combination of two
or more thereof. More ularly, the surfactant may be anionic, cationic,
zwitterionic or a combination of two or more thereof. For example the surfactant may
be selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, phospholipid,
monoglyceride, Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA or PFO), Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS),
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), ammonium lauryl sulfate, and other alkyl sulfate salts,
sodium laureth sulphate, also known as sodium lauryl ether sulfate , Alkyl
benzene sulfonate, Soaps, or fatty acid salts, Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide
(CTAB), cyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, and other alkyltrimethylammonium
salts, Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA),
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), Benzethonium chloride (BZT), Dodecyl e,
Cocamidopropyl betaine, Coco ampho glycinate, Alkyl poly(ethylene oxide),
Alkylphenol poly(ethylene , Copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and
ropylene oxide) (commercially called Poloxarners or Poloxamines), Alkyl
polyglucosides, including Octyl glucoside, Decyl ide, Fatty alcohols, Cetyl
alcohol CA), Poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA), Oleyl alcohol, Cocamide MBA, cocamide
DEA, Polysorbates such as Tween 20, Tweeen 40, Tween 80, and l
dimethylamine oxide.
In one embodiment, the tant is a olipid. However, when the fatty
acid is not a polyunsaturated fatty acid with at least four double bonds a preferred
embodiment is that the artificial oil body comprises no olipid or phospholipid is
present with at least one other surfactant (for example, the at least one other surfactant
comprises at least 5%, or at least 25%, or at least 50%, or at least 75%, or at least 90%,
of the total surfactant in the artificial oil body).
Phospholipids are a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell
membranes as they can form lipid bilayers. Most phospholipids contain a diglyceride,
a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as choline. One exception to
this rule is sphingomyelin, which is derived from sphingosine instead of glycerol.
Examples of phospholipids useful for the invention include, but are not limited
to, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, in, phosphatidylserine,
phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and mixtures of two or more thereof.
Phospholipids for tion of oil bodies of the invention may be from s
sources, for e, from seeds, and more typically from the oilseeds. These include
lecithin and lyso—lecithin. The lecithin may, for example, be obtained from soy (soy
in) or sunflower (sunflower lecithin). Additionally, phospholipids with a
modified fatty acid composition can be used. Such phospholipids can be, for example,
enzyme modified soy phospholipids. Enzyme modified phospholipids may be
prepared, for example, from soy phospholipids (SLP; True Lecithin, Mie, Japan) by
treatment with phospholipase A2 (Novo Industry, Bagsvaerd, Denmark). Additionally,
phospholipids with a d fatty acid composition can be obtained from plants or
plant seeds that have been genetically modified to produce phospholipids with modified
fatty acid compositions. An example of a phospholipid with a modified fatty acid
composition is lecithin with a modified fatty acid composition. Other methods that are
well known in the art may also be used to modify the fatty acid compositions of
phospholipids.
The surfactant layer surrounding the lipid core of the oil body y is a
monolayer.
Any concentration of the surfactant can be used which allows the formation of
the artificial oil bodies,
Artificial Oil Bodies
An used herein, the term icial oil body" refers to a structure, typically
between about 0.1 and about 100 pm in size, sing oil surrounded by a surfactant
layer with oleosins embedded in the surfactant layer. They are referred to as artificial
because there is no evidence that the oil bodies of the ion exist in nature.
Nonetheless, an "artificial oil body" of the invention can also be referred to as an "oil
body".
Typically, an artificial oil body of the invention comprises about 90% to about
98.5% glyceride, about 02% to about 5% surfactant, and about 0.5% to about 5%
protein. For example, a typical artificial oil body of the invention comprises an oil/
surfactant/oleosin ratio of approximately 97 5/10/15. As shown herein, reducing the
concentration of oleosin results in increased size of the oil body.
In an embodiment, at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably
at least 30%, of the fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double
bonds. For example, Hi—DHA tuna oil produced by Numega has about 37% PUFAs,
whereas algal oil DHASCO produced by Martek has about 61% PUFAs.
In another embodiment, at least 10%, more preferably at least 20% of the fatty
acids are DHA, For example, Hi~DNA tuna oil produced by Numega has about 26%
DHA, whereas algal oil DHASCO produced by Martek has about 40% DHA,
The oil bodies can be obtained by ing a pre-emulsion by mixing oil,
surfactant and oleosin with water (for example) using an tic stirrer operated at
800mm for 30 minutes. Advantageously, the oleosins can be ed as a protein
extract from plants obtained using a method of the invention. In an embodiment, the
oleosin is stored as a , for example as produced by freeze drying, before being
used in the methods of the ion.
Artificial oil bodies of the ion are oxidatively stable. For example, less
than 40%, more preferably less than 30%, more ably less than 20%, and even
more preferably less than 15%, of the fatty acids, such as total concentration of EPA
and DHA, in the artificial oil bodies are depleted when the oil bodies are stored at 40°C
for 15 days. In another example, following storage at 40°C for 15 days, the oil bodies
comprise less than 6, more preferably less than 5, and even more preferably less than 4
ug/ml trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal. In yet another example, less than 90 meq/kg oil,
more preferably less than 50 meq/kg oil, more preferably less than 25 meq/kg oil, of
hydroperoxides are produced after 5 days at 40°C.
Products Comprising Artificial Oil Bodies and Uses Thereof
The oil bodies can be used in a wide variety of ts. Examples of such
products include, but are limited to, a food or feed product, a drink product, a personal
care product, a pharmaceutical product or an industrial t. ses for the
production of these products are well known in the art.
In one preferred embodiment, the subject invention is ed to ts which
may be ingested by animals and/or humans. Since, these compositions may be ingested
they must be of food grade quality. The particular product and the particular form in
which the oil bodies are applied, however, is not of critical importance and may be as
desired. Examples of a food, feed or drink product, include, but are not limited to, a
non-dairy substitutes, a non—dairy cheese, a non—dairy yoghurt, a margarine, a
mayonnaise, a vinaigrette, an icing, cream, soup, ice creams (for example as a
sation agent), a salad ng, amustard, a candy, bechamel sauce, chewing gum,
a pudding, a baking product, a condiment, a juice (for example as a lly clouding
agent), baby formula, a flavour carrier, a texturing agent, fish food, d and
livestock feed.
Examples of a personal care t include, but are not limited to, a soap, a
cosmetic product, a skin cream, a facial cream, a tooth paste, a lipstick, a perfume,
make-up, a foundation, a blusher, a mascara, an eyeshadow, a sunscreen lotion and a
hair care product.
Examples of a pharmaceutical product include, but are not limited to, a
therapeutic agent, a diagnostic agent and a delivery agent.
The therapeutic or diagnostic agent can be molecule that one wishes to deliver to
a host. In one embodiment, the active ingredient may be a protein or peptide that has
therapeutic or diagnostic value. Such peptides include antigens (for e
formulations), antibodies or antibody-related molecules, cytokines, blood clotting
factors and growth es.
Examples of an industrial product e, but are not limited to, a paint, a
coating, a lubricant, a film, a gel, a drilling fluid, paper sizing, a latex, a building or
road uction material, an ink, a dye, a wax, a polish and an agrochemical
formulation.
Artificial oil bodies of the invention can be used to treat or prevent diseases due
to the well knovm benefits of the fatty acids in the oil bodies of the invention. Thus, in
a further aspect, the t invention provides a method of treating or preventing a
condition which would benefit from fatty acids, in particular a condition which s
from polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds, the method
comprising administering to a subject with the condition one or more oil bodies of the
invention and/or a composition of the invention. es of such conditions include,
but are not limited to, cardiac hmia’s, angioplasty, inflammation, asthma,
psoriasis, osteoporosis, kidney stones, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis,
IO Crohn’s disease, schizophrenia, cancer, foetal alcohol syndrome, attention deficient
hyperactivity disorder, cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, unipolar depression, aggressive
hostility, adrenoleukodystophy, coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity,
Alzheimer’s disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ulcerative s,
restenosis after angioplasty, eczema high blood pressure, platelet aggregation,
gastrointestinal bleeding, endometriosis, premenstrual syndrome, myalgic
encephalomyelitis, chronic fatigue after viral infections or an ocular disease.
In an embodiment, the oil bodies or composition is provided by oral
administration. Typically, the oil bodies are administered in an amount that is
sufficient to deliver at least 10 mg of fatty acid such as omega-3 PUFA per
administration event. More preferably, at least 30 mg, even more preferably at least 50
mg and most preferably at 100 mg of of fatty acid such as 3 PUFA is delivered
per stration event.
It will be understood that the present invention may suitably be employed to
treat animals, such as mammals. Most ably, the present invention is used to treat
.
In a red ment, the product is, or comprises, an oil—in—water
emulsion. Such emulsions of the invention are physically and oxidatively , and
do not coalesce on standing.
The oil bodies may be formulated into an on using techniques known in
the art. Preferably, at least one additional ingredient is added to the oil body
preparation. The additional ingredient may be added as a solution, suspension, 21 gel or
solid and ties of the additional ingredient will depend on the formulation. The
additional ingredient may upon formulation become associated with the oil bodies,
remain suspended in solution, or form a suspension in which the oil bodies are
dispersed. The ingredient may also penetrate the surfactant layer surrounding the oil
body. Ingredients which may penetrate the oil body include oils, waxes and the
colorant Nile Red. In a preferred embodiment, the additional ingredient is a liquid
phase. In a further preferred embodiment the liquid phase is water.
Water may be added either directly or through moisture associated with another
ient. The final amount of water is not critical, as long as upon mixing of the
ingredients, a stable emulsion is formed. Generally, the compositions will contain at
least 1% of water and up to 99% water. Usually mixing will be required to provide an
adequate emulsion and it may be necessary to apply heat or pressure.
In another preferred embodiment, the additional ingredient is an oil or a wax.
Oils or waxes may partition within the oil bodies and in this manner lipid soluble
ingredients, such as lipid soluble Vitamins may be red to the oil body. Where oils
or waxes comprise the added ingredient, the oil bodies may remain suspended in the
lipophilic phase or double emulsions may be formed.
The final compositions may be in solid or in liquid form or of any other desired
viscosity. The on may be thickened using gelling agents such as cellulose and
derivatives, Carbopol and derivatives, carob, carregeenans and derivatives, xanthane
gum, sclerane gum, long chain alkanolamides, and bentone and derivatives, typically
present in concentrations less than 2% by weight.
The emulsion may r comprise surfactants to wet, foam, penetrate,
emulsify, solubilize and or se a selected material. For example anionic
surfactants such as sodium t monoglyceride sulphonate, cationic surfactants,
such as lauryl hyl um chloride, cetyl pyridinium chloride and
trimethylammonium bromide, nonionic surfactants including ics, and
polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl s, and rionic surfactants such as
derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium, phosmomium and sulphonium
compounds may all be added as required.
Chelating agents, e of binding metal ions, such as tartaric acid, EDTA,
citric acid, alkali metal es, pyrophosphate salts or anionic polymeric
polycarboxylates may be also included in the emulsion formulation as desired.
Generally, the emulsion formulations will be treated such that contamination by
bacteria, fungi, mycoplasmas, Viruses and the like or undesired chemical reactions,
such as oxidative reactions are prevented. In red embodiments this is
accomplished by the addition of preservatives, for e sodium metabisulfite or
other chemical additives or by irradiation, for example by ng radiation such as
cobalt-60 or cesium-137 irradiation or by ultraviolet irradiation.
In addition, active agents may be added. For example, cosmetic compositions
may be formulated as stable suspensions using the present emulsion formulation and
vitamins and moisturizing agents may be included in skin creams. One particularly
ageous way in which an active ingredient may be included in emulsions of the
subject ion, is through construction of oleosin gene fusions as detailed in WO
96/21029. These fusion proteins are created by genetically linking the gene encoding
oleosin to a gene encoding a peptide or protein of interest. Expression of the fusion
gene, in for example an oilseed plant, results in synthesis of a fusion protein which is
then used to produce artificial oil bodies of the invention. In principle any desired
protein or peptide may be ed using this technology, including polar fish
antifreeze peptides or a therapeutic protein may be produced as an oleosin fusion.
An emulsion with film forming properties may also be formulated. Such an
emulsion when it is applied to a surface and dried forms a coating. An example of an
emulsion where a coated oil body film is applied is in fish food, where oil bodies (for
example produced from lgae oil) may be applied to the fish food to enhance the
dietary value. A film forming on is particularly useful in ments of the
present invention where lled release of an active ingredient is desirable such as in
ry of pharmaceuticals or volatiles such as fragrances. The release time of the
active agent from a film of emulsion, which occurs during drying, depends, among
other s, on the thickness of the film. When a thicker coating is applied a longer
drying time will result in a slower release of the active agent. In variant contemplated
formulations, release of the agent occurs only when the film is dry.
Other factors, such as the composition of the emulsion and the type and
concentration of the active ingredient also determine the characteristics of release. For
example, cosolvents, such as ethanol, may be included in the formulation and influence
the e time. Release of an active ingredient is also desirable in food applications,
where a nt entrapped in an emulsion is released during consumption. The
release of the flavorant, depending on the exact formulation of the emulsion, may elicit
a sudden intense sensation or a more subtle blend of flavours and essences.
The emulsion formulation may also be used in sprays and aerosols. Volatiles,
such as l and fragrances may be included in these sprays. Emulsions of this type
may also be sprayed onto the surface of dried food preparations such as potato chips
and dried soup. The on might include a flavorant and add preservative value or
assist in maintaining the appropriate moisture levels of the food.
The stability of the present on formulation may be exploited in
formulations of acid emulsions. For example, the emulsion ation may be used in
the preparation of a mayonnaise-like food product, which besides the oil body
preparation comprises a vegetable oil, mustard, vinegar and egg yolk, if desired.
Pourable emulsions, such as salad dressings may be prepared by increasing the relative
amount of vinegar and/or by the addition of water.
An example of an application where heat may be d without nt
deleterious effects, is in the preparation of a savory sauce such as a bechamel sauce or
in sweet sauces such as chocolate sauces. In these ations, the oil body
preparation is employed as a frying substitute. To prepare a el sauce, to 1 part
of the heated oil body preparation, 1 part (w/w) of flour is added and stirred until a
thick suspension is formed. At moderate heat milk is gradually added until a sauce
with a desired viscosity is obtained.
The emulsion formulation may also be used as a butter substitute. In this
application, small amounts of water are added to the oil body preparation, for example,
less than 10% until a desired viscosity is obtained. Natural butter flavours and
thickeners may be added as desired. The butter substitute may be used on sweet corn,
bread, in cake mixes or bread making. Salt, which contributes flavour and acts as a
preservative may be added typically to a level of about 2.5% (wt/vol). Colour agents,
for example, extracts of annatto seed or carotene may be added to deepen the colour as
desired. An age of this application is that the oil body based butter does not
se enated fatty acids, which are used in the formulations of ines
and the like to achieve a desirable consistency, but are also with associated with
cardiovascular diseases.
Shortenings may be prepared to various degrees of stiffness, from a foam to a
pourable shortening. In this ation, air is beaten into the emulsion ation and
the emulsion formulation can be considered to be dispersed into the continuous phase,
air. Shortenings may be applied to mixes where creaming and flufflng are desired.
These mixes include icings, synthetic creams, ice creams and cake batter.
An imitation fruit juice may be prepared from artificial or natural flavours and
nutrients. Such imitation juices do not have the correct appearance and due to
transparency appear to be weak or diluted. By adding a small amount, for example 0.1
to 1% (v/v) of the oil body preparation or an emulsion thereof clouding may occur to
3O give the juice a rich ance. Thus the present oil body preparation may be used as
a clouding agent. In another application involving juices, the oil body preparation or an
emulsion thereof may be added to juices with settleable solids, such as tomato juice.
Adding a small amount of the oil body ation, for e 0.1 to 1% (v/v),
may decrease the rate of settling of the solids in the juice and assist in maintaining the
rich appearance.
Topical applications of the oil body preparation of the present invention are also
envisaged. In this embodiment the on is formulated as a dermatologically
acceptable emulsion, which may for example be employed to rize facial and/or
body skin, including nails and lips or may have properties to combat ageing of the skin,
acne, pigmentation, hair loss, or promote hair removal or facilitate wound healing
and/or restructuring of the skin tissue. The oil body ation represents preferably
l—99% by weight of the final composition.
The ic compositions of the present invention may comprise additional
hydrocarbon compounds such as plant, animal, mineral or tic oils or waxes or
mixes thereof. They comprise paraffin, petrolatum, perhydrosqualene, arara oil,
almond oil, calphyllum oil, avocado oil, sesame oil, castor oil, jojoba oil, olive oil, or
cereal germ oil.
Esters may be included such as esters of lanolic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid,
stearic acid, myristic acid. It is also le to include alcohols for example, oleoyl
alcohol, linoleyl alcohol or linolenyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol or octyl dodecanol,
alcohol or polyalcohol.
Further hydrocarbons which may be included are octanoates, decanoates,
ricinoleates, caprylic/capric triglycerides or C10 to C22 fatty acid triglycerides.
Addition of these agents may result in the formation of double emulsions.
Hydrogenated oils, which are solid at 25°C, such as hydrogenated castor oil,
palm oil or coconut oil, or hydrogenated tallow; mono- di- tri- or sucroglycerides;
lanolins; and fatty acids which are solid at 25°C may also be included in the cosmetic
formulations of the present ion. Among the waxes which may be included are
animal waxes such as beeswax; plant waxes such as carnauba wax, candelilla wax,
rry wax, Japan wax or waxes from cork fibres or sugar cane; mineral waxes, for
e paraffin wax, lignite wax, microcrystalline waxes or ozokerites and synthetic
waxes.
Pigments may be included and may be White or coloured, inorganic or organic
and/or paerlescent. These pigments se titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, ziriconium
3O dioxide, black, , red and brown iron , cerium dioxide, chromium oxide,
ferric blue, carbon black, barium, strontium, calcium and aluminum lakes and mica
coated with titanium oxide or with bismuth oxide.
Active ingredients commonly employed in skin creams, such as vitamins, for
example as n A or C and alpha hydroxy acids, such as citric, glycolic, lactic and
tartaric, into cosmetic and/or dermatological compositions may be included. For
example, US 183 teaches that vitamin C or ascorbic acid promotes growth of
connective tissue, particularly in the skin strengthens the skin against external
aggressions such as from smoke and UV ion. Moisturizing agents which may be
included in skin creams and cosmetics are for example mineral oil and urea.
Antioxidants such as the naturally occurring tocopherols and polyphenols, or butylated
hydroxytoluene and hydroxyanisole may also be also added. Sunscreens such as octyl
methoxycinnamate (Parsol MCX), 3- benzophenone (Uvinul M40) and
butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane (Parsol 1789) may be employed to prepare a sun
tanning lotion. Pharmaceutically active ients which may be used to formulate
cosmetic compositions include for example antibiotics, fungicides and ant-
atory agents.
The final cosmetic product may be in the form of a free, poured or compacted
powder (foundation, blusher or eyeshadow), a relatively greasy product such as
lipstick, mascara, or an oil or lotion for the body or face.
The oil body preparation may also be used to serve as an orally acceptable
carrier in toothpaste which may further comprise silicas, surfactants, chelating agents, a
fluoride, thickeners, sweeteners, nts, for e as oil of mint, enzymes
and biocides.
An example of an industrial t which may be formulated is paint wherein
the main resin, such as those based on silicone type nds, acrylic compounds,
polyester, akyd, fluorine, epoxy, polyurethane may be partly or entirely replaced by the
oil body preparation of the present invention. Further additives such as pigments, dyes,
glass flakes, and aluminum flakes, pigment dispersants, ners, levelling agents,
hardening sts, hardening agents such as dioisocyanates, hardening catalysts,
gelling inhibitors, ultraviolet absorbing agents, free radical quenching agents. etc. may
be ated in paint compositions as required.
The oil body preparation may also be to formulate lubricants. For example, the
oil body preparation may be used to partially or entirely e the lubricating oils
such as animal oils, ble oils, petroleum lubricating oils, synthetic ating oils,
or the lubricating grease such as lithium grease, urea grease and calcium grease. Other
compositions employed in a lubricant formulation comprise antioxidants, detergent
dispersants, oilness agents, on modifiers, viscosity index improvers, pour point
depressants, solid ant material, rust inhibitors and antifoamers.
Waxes may also be prepared using the oil body preparation of the present
invention. These comprise rinse-wax types, such as those providing a stable
hydrophobic film-finish onto automobiles and other protective coatings. Other
compositions used in the preparation of a wax comprise surfactants, mineral oils, such
as mixed inic and aromatic/naphtenic oils, perfumes, biocides, colouring agents
which may be added in compatible amounts as desired.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 ~ Materials and Methods
Canola (Brassica napus) seed, oil, and meal were gifts by l Australia The
meal was the residue after canola oil tion by the usual industrial process of
mechanical ing followed by solvent tion. On arrival, the seeds were sieved
to remove straw and other non—seed material and stored at 4°C until required. The
seeds contained 38.0 % oil (information provided by Cargill, Ltd) and 25.2% proteins
as determined by LECO® FP—ZOOO analysis. Canola oil was of refined, bleached and
deodorized grade, and had TBHQ (200 ppm) antioxidant added. Winterized tuna oil
(HT303-4) was obtained from LYSI HF (Reykjavik, Iceland).
Extraction of oil canola bodies
Natural oil bodies were extracted from canola seeds according to the method
described of Tzen (1993) with the exception that the final hexane washing step was
omitted. In brief, the seeds were soaked in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) overnight
and homogenized with the grinding medium (10 g dry seeds per 50 ml) for 40 seconds
using a kitchen blender (Sunbeam lender, 650W). The grinding medium
contained 0.6 M sucrose and 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). The
homogenate was filtered through three layers of cheesecloth. The e was placed in
centrifuge tubes, an equivalent amount of flotation medium (grinding medium
containing 0.4 M instead of 0.6 M sucrose) was layered on top, and the tubes were
centrifuged at 5,000 g for 60 min at 10°C in a swinging-bucket rotor (Beckman J6-
HC).
The oil bodies collected at the top were resuspended in twice their volume of
detergent washing solution containing een—20, 0.2 M sucrose, and 5 mM
sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.5. The pension was placed at the bottom of
centrifuge tubes and 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.5 was layered on top in the
ratio 1:1, and the tubes were centrifuged. The oil bodies on top were collected and
resuspended in twice their volume of ionic elution buffer (grinding medium
additionally containing 2 M NaCl). The suspension was placed at the bottom of
centrifuge tubes, floating medium (grinding medium containing 2 M NaCl and 025 M
instead of 0.6 M sucrose) was layered on top (ratio 1:1), and the tubes were
centrifuged. The oil bodies on top were collected and resuspended in their volume of 9
M urea. The re-suspension was vigorously shaken at room temperature for 10 min,
then placed at the bottom of centrifuge tubes, 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.5
was d on top (ratio 1:1); and the tubes were centrifuged. The oil bodies on top
were collected and resuspended in their volume of grinding medium. The resuspension
was placed at the bottom of centrifuge tubes, flotation medium was layered on top
(ratio 1:1), and the tubes were centrifuged. The oil bodies on top were collected and
ended with grinding medium to give a concentration of about 100 mg/ml.
Isolation of n from canola oil bodies
Oleosin was extracted from the purified canola OBs dried to 14% (w/w)
moisture content. The oil body preparation was redispersed in a solution of deionised
water and ethanol (60% ethanol) and stirred for lit and the ethanol was removed using
a rotary evaporator (BUCHI Rotavapor R-124). The emulsion was then centrifuged at
5,000 g for 30 min in a swinging-bucket rotor at 20°C (Beckman Jé-HC). The top
layer ning water and traces of ethanol was removed and the proteins redispersed
in deionised water at a concentration of 100 g/L. This aqueous n dispersion was
stored at -18 °C until required,
Protein characterisation
The proteins isolated from canola oil bodies (COBs) were characterised
according to their molecular weight by electrophoresis. The electrophoresis was
performed using NuPAGE® gel 4-12% BT 1.0 gel (NuPAGE® invitrogen) according
to supplier’s recommendations. In brief, the concentration of protein samples was
adjusted to 1 mg/ml and 25 pl placed in eppendorf tubes. Then, 10p] of ®
LDS sample buffer (4X) and Sul ofNuPAGE® reducing agent (10x) were respectively
added and the tubes centrifuged for 3 seconds at 14,000 rpm at room temperature
(Eppendorf Centrifuge 5415C) before being heated to 70°C for 10 s. Markers
(Mark 12TM Unstained Standards) were ed the same way except that their
concentrations were not adjusted. Finally, 10 ul amounts of both markers and samples
were added to the gel already placed in an electrophoresis cell (Novex Mini-Cell,
Invitrogen) containing NuPAGE® Running Buffer and anti-oxidant. The cell was
connected to a generator (BIORAD Power Pac 300) set at 200 Volts and 400
milliampers for 35 min.
Once the electrophoresis was complete, the gel was washed 3 times in deionised
water and placed in a plastic container with BlueTM SafeStain (Invitrogen) for 2
h under slow agitation, 42 rpm (RATEK Platform Mixer model 0M6). Afterwards, the
gel was washed twice more with deionised water and placed in deionised water for 2
hours in order to remove non-protein bound stain, and photographed with a G:BOX
(SYNGENE) and the GeneSnap 7.07 software (SYNGENE).
Extraction of oleosin from canola meal
Oleosin was extracted from canola meal according to a modification of the
procedure of Ghodsvali et a1. . In brief, canola meal (1.0 kg) was soaked in
deionised water (100 L) and the pH ed to 12.0 with aqueous sodium hydroxide
(5%, w/w) and mixed for 10 minutes using an Ultraturax mixer. After standing for 10
minutes, the contents were mixed for a further 10 minutes. The resulting slurry was
centrifuged at 4,000 g in a swinging-bucket rotor for 30 min at 20°C (Beckman J6-
HC). The pH of the atant containing crude protein adjusted to pH 6.5
(isoelectric point of oleosin) when protein precipitation occurred. The stirring was
continued for a further 30 min before centrifuging at 4,000 g when the supernatant and
the precipitate were recovered. The precipitate was washed with pH 6.5 water using
Ultraturax and centrifuged again for 30 min at 4,000 g. The washed precipitate was
recovered as a paste and stored in the wet form at -18 °C until required.
Construction of artificial oil bodies
In intial experiements ial oil body dispersions containing canola oil and
tuna oil, respectively, were prepared using oleosin extracts variously obtained from
canola meal, both in the presence and absence of phospholipid. First, a pre—emulsion
was prepared by mixing oil and water containing the proteins using an automatic stirrer
(RZR 2051 Control from Heidolph) operated at 800rpm for 30 s. When
phospholipids were included, they were dissolved in the oil prior to emulsification.
The weight ratios of the ingredients used resembled their ratios in natural canola OBS.
Thus, the preemulsions contained 1.5% of ns, 1% of phospholipids if required,
and 10% of oil in order to achieve a particle size between 0.5 and 2am and oil droplets
3O well covered by proteins and phospholipids. The pre-emulsion was homogenized
(RATEK Pilot Lab Homogenizer) three times at 500 bars.
In later experiments artificial oil body sions ning canola oil and tuna
oil, respectively, were prepared using surfactants and oleosin extracts sly
obtained from canola meal. When phospholipids or other surfactants were ed,
they were mixed with the oil prior to emulsification. First, the pH of the oleosin extract
was adjusted to approximately 8.0 by dropwise addition of 40% aqueous sodium
hydroxide while being subject to urax mixing. Oil (10 g), oleosin extract (1.5 g),
tant (various) and deionized water (87.5 g) were placed in a glass beaker and
warmed in a water bath (60 °C) before being mixed for 2 min using a Silverson mixer
under a t of nitrogen to minimize oxidation. The mixture was homogenized
(EmulsiFlex C5) twice at 1000 bar under nitrogen. The weight ratios of the ients
used resembled their ratios in natural canola OBs. Thus, the preemulsions contained
1.5% of proteins, 1% of surfactant if required, and 10% of oil.
The oleosin extract from canola meal was “worked up” prior to emulsion
preparation as follows. The stored extract was allowed to thaw and mixed using an
Ultraturax mixer 40% (w/W) while adding sodium hydroxide dropwise until the pH
reached 8.0.
Preparation of control emulsions using Tween40 emulsifier
% (w/w) o/w emulsions were prepared with canola and tuna oils using
Tween40 (6%, w/w) as the emulsifier. Emulsification was med as above.
al characterisation of artificial oil bodies
The physical stability of the AOBs was studied over 12 days at 4°C, ambient
temperature (approx. 20°C), 45°C and 60°C respectively, respectively. Particle size of
the emulsions was measured with a MASTERSIZER 2000 (Malvern) using a Malvern
Small Volume Sample Presentation Unit combined with a Hydro 2000g module.
(particle R1 : 1,456 / absorption : 0,001 / sant R1 : 1,330 water) Light
microscopy photos were obtained with a light microscope Olympus BH-2 linked to a
Color View IIIu camera and sed using AnalySIS getIT 5.0 software.
Aggregation of particles was ed by treatment with sodium l sulfate
(SDS). This was performed by mixing three volumes of the emulsion with one volume
of a 10% (w/w) solution of SDS for 10 min using a magnetic stirrer at room
temperature followed by reanalysis.
Oxidative stability of oil in water emulsions prepared from oil bodies
The oxidative stability of the AOB dispersions were evaluated from the
depletion of EPA/DHA, as well as the amount of trans, trans-2,4-heptadienal produced
during storage under accelerated oxidation conditions. For the latter purpose samples
(2 g) of the emulsions were placed headspace vials (10 ml) and sealed with silicone-
lined aluminium caps: and heated at 40 °C or 60 °C inside a dark oven over 15 days.
Samples were withdrawn daily and immediately analyzed for 2,4-heptadiena1 by solid
phase micro extraction and gas tography-mass spectrometry as below.
ive volatile compounds generated during the accelerated oxidation of
AOB emulsions were determined by headspace solid phase micro extraction (SPME)
using a DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber, (50/30 um, Supelco, Sydney, Australia). The fiber
was inserted into the sample headspace and the vials were incubated at 60 °C for 15
min and then withdrawn and transferred to the GC injector (operated in the splitless
mode) and held for 7 min to desorb the extracted volatile compounds into the GC
column. The entire series of events was performed using a Combi PAL Auto Injector
(CTC Analytics, Zwingen, Switzerland). GC-MS was med using an Agilent
Model 6890 GC and Model 5973 MSD (Palo Alto, CA) fitted with a VOC fused silica
capillary column (60 mm, 0.32mm id, 0.18 mm film thickness, t, rne,
VIC, Australia). The GC oven was programmed from 40 °C increasing to 220 °C at the
rate of 22 ° C.min -l and held at that temperature for further 14 minutes. Helium was
used as the carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1. The or was
initially operated in the ess mode and then switched to the split mode (1 :20) 2 min
after sample injection. The temperature of the injector and the MS or were both
held at 230°C. The MS was operated in scan mode (29-350 amu). Data analyses were
performed using Chemstation re and nds were identified by standards as
well as reference to a library of spectra (Wiley 275). Volatile compounds in the
emulsions were quantified by using ation curves established from their
corresponding fresh emulsions added with different levels of volatile compound 2,4-
heptadienal (trans, trans) standards.
Depletion of ALA a) EPA and DHA (tuna) during storage was measured
by fatty acid analysis using capillary gas chromatography. For this purpose lipids were
extracted from the stored emulsions using iso-propanol/hexane and converted to methyl
esters by potassium hydroxide catalysed transesterifcation prior. The esters were
analysed on a BPX-70 capillary column and detected by flame ionisation detection.
3O Example 2 — Extraction of oleosin from canola meal
Figure 2 shows electrophoresis results for the protein isolated from canola meal
by alkaline extraction (pH 12) followed by precipitation at pH 6.5 and water washing.
The molecular weight of oleosin has been reported to in the range 18-20 kDa, and the
above isolate contained significant amounts of protein in this molecular range
confirming the presence of oleosin. Precipitation of protein at different pH values in
the range 3.0 — 12.0, and subsequent electrophoresis showed that the maximum oleosin
recovery was obtained at pH 6.5. Previous studies by other workers have focussed on
isolation of oleosin from pre-extracted oil bodies after they have been destabilised by
treatment of ethanol or mixtures of chloroform and ol. To the best of our
knowledge, no attempts have been made previously to isolate oleosin from oilseed or
meal by aqueous extraction. This could be because oleosins are considered insoluble in
water regardless of the pH (Beisson et al., 2001). The apparent water bility could
be the result of the tendency of oleosin to agglomerate on drying; and once this happens
it is hard to dissolve or disperse oleosin in water.
Following the intial ments, optimisation of extraction of oleosin from
canola meal was conducetd. The highest oleosin yield was obtained at pH 12.0 with
significantly lower recoveries obtained as the pH was reduced (Figure 3). pH 12.0 also
furnished the purest oleosin extracts as shown by SDS-PAGE (Figure 4), Lower pH
values tended to extract increasing amounts of two lower molecular weight components
of approximately 12 and 5 kDa,
Example 3 — Particle size of artificial oil bodies
To eliminate any effects of particle size on the rate of oxidation, the le size
of the two emulsions (Tween40 and oleosin) were matched as far as possible (Figure
). It was also important to ensure that no separation occurred and the particle size
remained relatively constant during storage for the accelerated oxidation study. The
droplet size of AOBS made with oleosin as well as that of the 0 on
remained unchanged during e over 12 days at 60°C. The uniformity of t
size during storage at elevated atures enabled accelerated oxidation studies
based on ace analysis.
Clearly, the pH 12-soluble extract was primarily composed of cellular protein.
The fraction precipitated also would have contained relatively large amounts of non-
oleosin protein. Interestingly, r, when AOBs were prepared using either the pH
12-soluble extract or the pH 6.5-precipitated protein re-solubilised at pH 12, there
appeared to be a l selection of oleosin to form the oil body surface (Figure 6).
This will have the advantage of not requiring further purification of the precipitated
protein to enhance the oleosin t prior to preparation of AOBs.
Example 4 —— Oxidative stabilifl
The oxidative ities of aqueous dispersions of canola and tuna oil AOBs
prepared with re-solubilised pH 6.5 precipitated protein both in the absence and
presence of PL were compared with a equivalent emulsions prepared with the
corresponding oil and Tween40 emulsifier. For this purpose, the ons were stored
at an elevated temperature (60°C) and the ion levels were measured by three
different methods, i.e. primary oxidation products (hydroperoxides), secondary
oxidation products (trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal), and depletion of unsaturated fatty
acids (linolenic acid for canola and DHA for tuna oil). The hydroperoxide levels of the
ACE emulsions were significantly lower than that of the corresponding Tween40
on throughout the storage period tested, showing the greater oxidative stability
of the ACE emulsions (data not shown).
The concentration of 2,4-heptadienal in the tuna oil emulsion made with the
n extract was significantly lower than that made with Tween40, showing the
greater oxidative ity of the oleosin emulsion (Figure 7). This showed that
antioxidant effect of canola oleosin is not limited to canola oil but is extended to fish
oil such as tuna oil. Additional evidence in support of this was provided by fatty acid
data. The EPA and DHA contents of the tuna oil on made with n extracted
from canola meal depleted more slowly than those of the Tween40 emulsion (Figure 8),
with greater than 90% of DHA remaining after 5 days at 60 °C ed to less than
70% for the Tween40 on.
Figure 9 shows the rate of development of eroxides (as represented by
PV) during accelerated oxidation (40 °C, exposed to air) of the oleosin- and Tween 40-
stabilised emulsions. When subjected to accelerated oxidation, the PV of the Tween
40-stabilised emulsion rose sharply without an apparent induction period reaching a
value of 120 meq/kg oil after 10 days; the PV gradually declined beyond this point
which can be explained as been due to the rate of formation of hydroperoxides falling
below the rate of their degradation in to ary oxidation products such as
aldehydes and ketones. The PV value of the oleosin-stabilised emulsion did not
approach the PV maximum of the Tween 40-stabilised emulsion (120 meq/kg) even
after 30 days accelerated at which point the experiment was terminated. The result
demonstrates the superior oxidative stability of the oleosin-stabilized emulsion over the
Tween 40-stabilized emulsion.
3O The ial oil bodies (AOBs) produced from tuna oil and n dispersed
easily in water to form tuna -water emulsions. The emulsions did not separate
when stored for 1 week at 4°C irrespective of the secondary surfactant used
(phospholipid, monoglyceride or sodium stearoyl lactylate, SSL). In contrast, the
emulsions produced from tuna oil and Isolexx (canola protein isolate) with and without
phospholipid were unstable and separated within hours of preparation. At 40 °C, the
sodium caseinate emulsion was the most stable showing no separation after 1 week.
The n-stabilsed emulsions containing phospholipid or SSL were practically
unseparated after 1 week at 40 °C.
Example 5 — Emulsification and antioxidant efficacy of oleosin relative to other
protein ingredients
Comparisons were made with sodium ate, which is widely used as an
emulsifier as well as “Isolexx”, which is a canola protein e produced in Canada
and being promoted as a food-grade emulsifier. The following formulations were tested
for physical stability and oxidative stability.
1. Tuna oil + oleosin + phospholipid
2. Tuna oil + Isolexx (canola—based protein emulsifier marketed by BioExx, Canada)
3. Tuna oil + lsolexx + phospholipid
4. Tuna oil + sodium ate
Accelerated oxidation conditions (storage at 40 °C, d to air) were used to
compare oxidative stability using trans,trans, ptadienal as a marker of oxidative
degradation of tuna oil omega-3 fatty acids. Figure 10 shows the pment of
trans,trans, ptadienal within emulsions during e. All emulsions with the
exception of n (plus phospholipid) emulsion reached maximum oxidation within
18 days. The sodium caseinate and lsolexx emulsions reached heptadienal
concentration of 3.0 ppm within 9-10 days, whereas the olesosin emulsion did not reach
same level of oxidation until after 24 days demonstrating the superior antioxidant
properties of oleosin compared with sodium caseinate and Isolexx.
Example 6 - Role of secondary surfactants on artificial oil body stability
Based on previous work the presence of phospholipid in addition to oleosin was
necessary to produce emulsions that did not coalesce on storage. The t inventors
investigated the essentiality of phospholipid for stability of artificial emulsions by
3O preparing emulsions where phospholipid was replaced by Tween40, monoglyceride and
SSL as below Phospholipid, Tween 40, MAG and SSL were used at the same level
(1% w/w by weight of oil).
a. Tuna oil + n and phospholipid
b. Tuna oil + oleosin and Tween 40
0. Tuna oil + oleosin and monoglyceride
d. Tuna oil + oleosin and sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL)
Accelerated oxidation conditions ge at 40 °C, d to air) were used to
compare oxidative stability using trans,trans, 2,4-heptadienal as a marker of oxidative
degradation of tuna oil omega—3 fatty acids. Figure 11 shows the development of
trans,trans, 2,4—heptadienal within emulsions during storage. There was no cant
difference in the rate of development of heptadienal between the different emulsions
showing that replacement of phospholipid with Tween 40, monoglyceride or SSL did
not adversely affect the oxidative stability of oleosin-based artificial oil bodies.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations
and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific
embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as y
described. The t embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as
illustrative and not restrictive.
The present application claims priority from AU 2011900383 filed 7 February
2011, the entire contents of which are orated herein by reference.
All publications discussed and/or referenced herein are incorporated herein in
their entirety.
Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, s, es or the like which
has been included in the present specification is solely for the purpose of providing a
context for the present invention. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of
these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the
field relevant to the t invention as it existed before the priority date of each claim
of this application.
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Beisson et al (2001) Plant Physiol. Biochem. 39: 623-630.
Bhatla et al (2010) Biotechnol. Adv. 28: 293-300.
Capuano et a1 (2007) Biotechnol. Adv. 25: 203-206.
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Ghodsvali et al. (2005) Food Res. Int. 38:223-231.
Gray et a1 (2010) Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 112:741-749.
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Huang (1996) Plant Physiol. 110: 1055-1061.
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Claims (19)
1. A method of producing artificial oil , the method comprising i) obtaining an extract of a plant comprising n, n the extract is plant meal, ii) at least partially purifying protein from the extract, wherein the protein comprises oleosin, and iii) mixing the protein comprising oleosin with surfactant and oil comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids with four or more double bonds to produce the artificial oil 10 bodies.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the surfactant is phospholipid.
3. A method of producing artificial oil bodies, the method comprising 15 i) obtaining an extract of a plant comprising oleosin, wherein the extract is plant meal, ii) at least partially purifying protein from the extract, wherein the protein comprises oleosin, and iii) mixing the protein comprising n with tant and oil to produce the 20 artificial oil bodies, wherein at least some of the surfactant is not phospholipid.
4. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein step ii) comprises 1) adjusting the pH of the extract to a pH of at least about 11.5, 2) ting l) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the liquid 25 phase, 3) reducing the pH of the liquid phase to precipitate the proteins, 4) ting 3) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the solid phase, and 5) dispersing the solid phase in a carrier.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein step 3) ses reducing the pH of the liquid phase to less than about 7.
6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5 which further comprises, 35 iv) selecting artificial oil bodies.
7. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 4 to 6, wherein at least 5% of the polyunsaturated fatty acids have four or more double bonds.
8. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 4 to 7, wherein at least 50% of the fatty acids are in the form of glycerides.
9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, n the oleosin is an oilseed oleosin.
10 10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the oil is marine oil and/or fish oil.
11. The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the artificial oil bodies have a size of between 0.1 and 100 6m.
12. The method of any one of claims 1 to 11 which does not use an organic solvent.
13. The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the plant is an oilseed. 2O
14. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the extract is plant meal produced following the extraction of oil.
15. A method of lly purifying oleosin from a plant extract, the method comprising 25 1) adjusting the pH of the extract to a pH of at least about 11.5, 2) separating l) to produce a solid and liquid phase and selecting the liquid phase, 3) reducing the pH of the liquid phase to precipitate the proteins, 4) separating 3) to e a solid and liquid phase and selecting the solid 3O phase, and 5) dispersing the solid phase in a carrier, wherein the extract is plant meal.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein step 3) comprises reducing the pH of the 35 liquid phase to less than about 7.
17. The method of claim 15 or claim 16 which does not use an organic t.
18. The method of any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the plant is an oilseed. 5
19. The method of any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein the extract is plant meal produced following the extraction of oil.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2011900383 | 2011-02-07 | ||
AU2011900383A AU2011900383A0 (en) | 2011-02-07 | Artificial oil bodies | |
PCT/AU2012/000103 WO2012106751A1 (en) | 2011-02-07 | 2012-02-07 | Artificial oil bodies |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ613916A NZ613916A (en) | 2015-07-31 |
NZ613916B2 true NZ613916B2 (en) | 2015-11-03 |
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