NZ527756A - Livestock feed supplement comprising a tannin containing material and a flavonoid containing material - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed is a feed additive particularly suitable for livestock, comprising a tannin-containing material, and a flavonoid-containing material. In particular, the tannin- and flavonoid-containing materials are derived from plants. The tannin containing material may be derived from plants selected from the genera Aesculus, Castanea, Quercus, Juglans, Ceratonia, Quillaja, Vitis and/or Camellia. The flavonoid-containing material may be derived from plants selected from one or more of plants selected citrus fruits and grapes. The additive is designed to be added to animal feed mixture, and may also include carriers acceptable for the use in such feeds. Such additives are useful in the promotion of health in livestock.

Description

New Zealand Paient Spedficaiion for Paient Number 527756 5277 5 6 PATENTS FORM NO. 5 - COMPLETE SPECIFICATION APPLICANT: Tarac Technologies Pty Ltd ADDRESS: Barossa Valley Way, Nuriootpa, South Australia 5355, Australia APPLICANT: NOR-FEED A/S ADDRESS: Kanalhdmen 2, 2650 Hvidovre,DENMARK Hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: intellectual puorearf office of n.2.

AUG 2003 RECEIVED 2 Natural, intestinally active feed additive Technical Field The present invention relates to an intestinally active feed additive prepared from natural products or analogues of natural products, a feed mixture including the additive as well as a method of breeding farm animals.

Background Art The use of antibiotic or chemotherapeutic substances as so-called growth-promoters in connection with the breeding of farm animals is well known. Such use is not without problems. In recent years there has been a focus on the problems caused by the widespread use of "10 antibiotics or chemotherapeutics in animal feed stuffs as growth-promoters. Pathogenic microorganisms gradually develop resistance to the antibiotics in question which accordingly, become gradually less effective. These resistant microorganisms may subsequently be transferred to human beings via the slaughtered meat. As various species of microorganisms can exchange properties by a transfer of small cyclic DNA plasmids, the antibiotic resistance 15 can accordingly be transferred to microorganisms that are pathogenic to human beings.

Thus continued use of antibiotics as growth-promoters may increase the risk of an epidemic among animals and/or human beings that cannot be combated by means of antibiotics.

% Moreover, one of the hitherto used growth-promoters has been identified as a carcinogen.

A further problem arises in connection with the handling of animal feed containing antibiotic 0 based growth promoters. A continuous intake of small amounts of antibiotic growth-promoters, such as dust, can present a serious health hazard to personnel involved in such an operation.

In view of these problems, attempts have been made to develop alternative methods of breeding disease-free farm animals without the use of antibiotics. Furthermore, the use of conventional growth-promoters in pig production has already ceased in some countries, such as 25 Denmark and Sweden.

This cessation of the use of conventional growth-promoters in connection with the production of piglets in the weight ratios of 6 to 35 kg has turned out to cause problems in up to 80% of all stocks. Typical symptoms are an increased treatment for diarrhea and an increased frequency of infections, especially caused by E. coli or L intracellularis, as well as dysentery and diseases 30 similar to dysentery. In genera,! piglets have not flourished, thereby raising breeding costs. intellectual property office of n.z. 2 5 AUG 2003 RECEIVED 3 A demand thus exists for alternative treatments for the prevention and/or reduction of infections and diseases in farm animals that does not have the attached risk of developing antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. Preferably, any treatment would be based on natural products or analogues thereof. It would also be advantageous if these substances have the same or 5 preferably an improved effect on the growth and the utilization of the animal feed on the animals compared to the conventional promoters in order to ensure the acceptance of the farmer and of the animal feed industry.

Many plants include various functional and/or antibacterial substances, such as saponines, flavonoids, tannins, hydroxycymenes and terpenes, and it is also a known that such active 10 substances from plant materials may be utilized in pharmaceuticals . However, in many cases, the claimed effects of active plant components are not well substantiated, and many active ) components are only available in small quantities in the plants in question and it is thus cost-^ intensive and/or difficult to obtain for a prophylactic daily use as a feed supplement.

EP-A-1 129 627 discloses a feed additive composed of an oligosaccharide, a saponin-15 containing component obtained from a plant material of Yucca, Quillaha, Azadirachta and/or Trigonella, and an antibacterial component obtained from citrus fruits, hip, grapes, green pepper and/or plants of the labiatae family (Lamiaceae).

Feed additives including tannin-containing plant materials are for instance described in EP-A-0 481 396 and GB1 073 085 dealing with a tannin-containing extract from sweet chestnut 20 Castanea Sativa, and in US 6 068 862 dealing with (-)-epigallocatechingallate extract from tea leaves.

EP-A-1 132 009 discloses a feed additive including an active component obtained from plants of ^ the Citrus-genus and absorbs on a porous, mineral carrier material based on hydrated magnesium and/or aluminum silicates and being of such a nature that at least 55% by weight 25 thereof present a particle size between 50pm and 700pm.

The above feed additives revealed promising results when used as a substitute for conventional growth-promoters in connection with feeding experiments on pigs being weaned. However, these additives include relatively cost-intensive and/or rather unavailable components, which make these additives less suited for daily use in the animal feed considering the prevailing 30 competitive conditions in the field.

Literature reveals a multitude of proposals for improving the health, the growth and the utilization of the animal feed in connection with breeding of farm animals, but none of these proposals has turned out to be so effective that they can replace the conventional growth-promoters, such as tylosin phosphate and virginamycin. ntellectual property OFFICE OF N.Z. 4 - 3 OCT 2C33 Summary of the Invention RECEIVED Surprisingly, we have discovered that it is possible to produce a feed additive by using a combination of a tannin-containing plant material and a flavonoid-containing plant material.

In one form the invention relates to a natural feed additive including natural active substances 5 and/or substances identical to natural active substances, said feed additive including a) a first active component containing tannin either obtainable from a plant material or a synthetic analogue thereof; and b) a second active component containing flavonoids either obtainable from a plant material or a synthetic analogue thereof.

The feed additive according to the invention is based on natural products and/or analogues thereof in a combination which ensures flourishing and healthy farm animals in a more natural way than the one obtained by the classic growth-promoters. Thus it is possible to obtain the same daily growth as the one obtained with the classic growth-promoters while the resistance problems associated with said classic growth-promoters can simultaneously be avoided.

The use of a feed additive according to the invention results in an improved flourishing of the farm animals in form of reduced disease problems and an improved flourishing because the risk of infection had been considerably reduced.

Especially for young animals, such as piglets and chickens, the gastric and intestinal infections have a highly negative effect on the result of the production. Therefore, the use of antibiotic growth-promoters is still widespread in many countries, whereas Sweden and Denmark have ceased using such antibiotic growth-promoters. The use of the feed additive according to the invention instead of the known growth-promoters avoids the aforementioned difficulties of working with the growth-promoters and the effects of the development of a antibiotic resistance developing in bacteria.

The feed additive of the invention has the effect of stabilizing the micro flora in the alimentary tract i.e. the microorganisms that have a positive effect on the health of the animals have improved competitive conditions relative to pathogenic bacteria and other undesirable bacteria. In turn, this results in a reduced frequency of diarrhea, a reduction of the evaporation of ammonia, an improved utilization of animal feed and an increased daily growth.

The animals cannot decompose and digest approximately 80 - 90% by weight of the tannin content, which accordingly is highly efficient throughout the entire intestinal system. The tannins present a wide-spectrum antibacterial or bacteriostatic effect and reduce thus the occurrence of intestinal infections caused by for instance Escherichia coli, Salmonella ssp. or Lawsonia intracellularis.

Preferably, said first active component containing tannin can be obtained from one or more plants selected among the genera Aesculus, Castanea, Quercus, Juglans, Ceratonia, Quillaja, Vitis and/or Camellia, or being a material containing corresponding tannins identical to natural tannins and/or active derivatives and/or active analogs thereof.

Preferably, said a second active component containing flavonoids can be obtained from originating from one or more plants selected among citrus fruits and grapes, or being a material containing corresponding flavonoids identical to natural flavonoids and/or active derivatives JO and/or active analogs thereof.

In addition to flavonoids, the plant materials of citrus fruits and grapes have inter alia a high content of nondegradable polysaccharides, such as pectin. These polysaccharides are metabolized in the intestinal system by bacteria. Such a specific feeding of bacteria has the effect that the bacteria are provided with energy for a synthesis of protein on the basis of 15 ammonia. The resulting protein is incorporated in the bacteria and liberated together with the faeces. Such a protein synthesis results in a reduction of the environmentally impacting evaporation of ammonia.

In the concentrations used, the feed additive of the invention has a general antibacterial effect. The natural-based effect mechanism implies that the additive does not assist in preserving or 20 enriching genes for resistance to known antibiotics in pathogenic bacteria. Thus the antibacterial effect is based on a non-specified damaging of the cell surface and the DNA of the bacteria. A resistance to such an effect mechanism is of a different character than the various ' mechanisms resistant to known antibiotics directed towards a specific decomposing of the antibiotic in question.

The feed additive according to the invention reduces the possibility of pathogenic microorganisms of adhering to epithelial cells in the intestine so as to subsequently propagate and cause infection. A growth-promoting effect is obtained involving an increased growth and utilization of the animal feed, and at the same time the occurrence of diseases requiring antibiotic treatment is reduced. In addition, production losses caused by diarrhoea are reduced. 30 Furthermore, an environmental improvement is obtained by the reduction of ammonia leakages.

Tannins or tannic acids include so-called condensed tannins being derivatives of flavanols, and hydrolysable tannins being esters of a sugar, usually glucose, with one or more trihydroxybenzene carboxylic acids (gallic acid). Tannins are especially found in the cortex and the fruits of many plants and were originally obtained from gall (gallnuts) formed by the plants as 6 a reaction to parasitic attacks. Thus the gall can include 50 to 70% of tannin.

The composition optionally includes conventional adjuvants or additives.

The invention relates furthermore to a feed mixture for farm animals including the ingredients of the feed additive according to the invention together with a conventional animal feed as well as 5 a method of breeding farm animals, where said animals are fed with such a feed mixture.

The feed additive according to the invention promotes improved growth and improved utilization of animal feed. The additive of the invention maybe used with healthy and also less healthy farm animals, and serves to promote or improve health in animals.

The extent of applicability of the invention appears from the following detailed description. It #0 should, however, be understood that the detailed description and the specific examples are ^ merely included to illustrate the preferred embodiments, and that various alterations and modifications within the scope of protection will be obvious to persons skilled in the art on the basis of the detailed description.

Detailed Description of the Invention In the embodiment under consideration, a first active component in the feed additive according to the invention includes tannin-containing materials obtainable from a plant material originating from one or more plants selected among the genera Aesculus, Castanea, Quercus, Juglans, Ceratonia Vitis and/or Camellia. Alternatively, the first component is a material containing corresponding tannins identical to natural tannins and/or active derivatives or analogs thereof. ^20 Such plant materials can, according to literature, include high or low amounts of other £ substances possibly contributing to the activity. Particularly preferred plant materials are from the plants sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), especially from the cortex, horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), especially from the cortex, oak (Quercus spp.), especially from the cortex, green tea (Camellia sinensis), especially from the leaves, walnut (juglans regia), 25 especially from the leaves and/or carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua), especially from the seeds. In addition, quillaja cortex can be mentioned which is known in particular for its saponin-content, but which also presents a significant content of tannins. The Quillaja cortex is obtained from cortex and twigs of Quillaja saponaria and is expected to be usable for the first active component as well.

A low cost tannin-containing material to be used as the first active component can be obtained from a by-product resulting from the production of wine based on tannin-containing strains of Vitis vinifera. The by-product is the so-called pressing residue, viz. also called the Grape Pomace useable as it is or in form of a concentrated pressing residue remaining after the 7 preparation of a number of various products, such as alcohol, citric acid and/or natural colourants.

During the production of red wine, the grape juice ferments together with skin and seeds. After 3 to 7 days, the juice is pressed out, and the pressing residue can be used as the tannin-5 containing first active component. A preferred pressing residue product is based on red grapes. These grapes can for instance be of the types of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, Pinot Noir, Lemberger or Tempranilio.

The pressing residue product can advantageously result from red grapes used by the production of white wines because the grape residues are removed from the grape juice as 10 soon as it is at all possible after the pressing out of the grape juice. In other words, all the active ^ substances relevant for the natural additive, including a high amount of tannins, are maintained in the pressing residue product.

If necessary, the pressing residue product can be further concentrated by a quantity of the water contained in the product being removed. This removal of water can be carried out by a 15 filtering, an extraction, a centrifuging and by other conventional methods.

The first active component is in the present description and in the claims to be construed as a tannin-containing material obtainable either from one or more of the above plants or corresponding tannin-containing plants, or it is a corresponding material identical to natural materials which is obtained by a modification of other natural substances or in another manner. 20 When the first active component has been obtained from plants, it can be obtained by way of drying and grinding of the parts of a plant containing the active substances, or the active substances can be obtained in another way, such as by extraction or pressing followed by an I isolation and/or drying. As it is a question of natural materials, the content of the active substances may vary. However, the person skilled in the art can determine the amount of a 25 specific tannin-containing material necessary for obtaining the desired effect on the health and flourishing of the farm animals by carrying out routine feeding experiments.

The tannin-containing plant material usable as the first active component can be the entire plant in question or usually the parts of the plant presenting a particularly high content of tannins.

Thus it can be a question of the fruits of the plant, such as carob seeds, or portions thereof, 30 such as grape pressing residues, or leaves, such as walnut, or cortex, such as oak, sweet chestnut and horse chestnut. When the cortex of a plant is utilized, the thin twigs of the plant, typically of the tree, can advantageously also be used in such a manner that the tannin-containing plant material is obtained by cutting the smallest twigs of the twigs in question. As a result, it is possible to avoid the rather traumatic processing of the tree involving a peeling off of 35 the cortex. 8 The plant material to be used in the feed additive according to the invention can be suitably processed, such as by the parts of the plant being dried and ground to a powder. The active substances can alternatively be extracted by means of a solvent, such as an aqueous solvent, and dried into a powder under lenient conditions.

In the powder form, the first active component is usually included in the feed additive according to the invention in an amount corresponding to 50 to 100 g/ton of animal feed, preferably 100 to 500g/ton of animal feed.

The second active component is in the present description and claims to be construed as a material which is either a flavonoid-containing material obtainable from one or more of the fruits 10 of the plants Citrus or Vitus, especially Vitis vinifera (wine), or a corresponding flavonoid ^ containing material identical to a natural material. When the second active component is obtained from plants, it is obtained by drying and grinding of the parts of a plant, here the fruit, where said parts of the plant include the active substances, or the substances are obtained in another way, such as by extraction or pressing followed by isolation and/ or drying. As it is a 15 question of natural materials, the content of the active substances may vary. However, the person skilled in the art can determine the amount of a specific Citrus or Vitis-material sufficient for obtaining the desired effect on the health and flourishing of the farm animals by carrying out routine feeding experiments.

The second active component can advantageously be produced on the basis of plant materials 20 available in large quantities and at a low cost, such as in form of residue materials resulting from the production of citrus juice or wine.

Thus it is possible to use the waste material obtained in form of solid matter-containing residues resulting from the production of citrus juice for the production of the second active component. Juice is produced by way of pressing citrus fruits from which the coloured shell inter alia 25 containing essential oils has been removed. After pressing a residue containing solid matter is obtained as a waste material. This waste material resulting from the juice production is suitable as starting material for the active component in the feed additive according to the invention.

The second active component or a portion thereof may advantageously be in form of a concentrated extract of the above residue material from the juice production, and this extract is 30 preferably used in an amount of 50 to 5000g/1000 kg of animal feed.

The production of wine also results in a pressing residue with a high content of anti-bacterially active substances, including flavonoids, and which accordingly is suitable as starting material for the second active component. Usually, the pressing residue resulting from the production of wine is used in dried form, typically in an amount of 50 to 1000 g/1000 kg of animal feed. As 9 mentioned above, some types of wine have furthermore a high content of tannins, and accordingly they can also be used as the tannin-containing first active component.

The first and the second active component are, in most cases, formed by the parts of a plant in question in dried and powdered form. However, some of the active components can 5 alternatively be used in liquid form with the active substances in a form dissolved or dispersed in a solvent or dispersant acceptable in the animal feed, such as water or a lower alcohol.

The active plant materials in the feed additive according to the invention may advantageously be admixed a carrier material acceptable in the animal feed. Such carrier materials are preferable mineral, porous materials optionally based on hydrated magnesium and/or aluminum 10 silicates. Examples of a carrier material include sepiolite and other clay minerals of the sepiolite-palygorskite-family as well as zeolites, such as klinoptilolite. Such carrier materials can adsorb and absorb the active substances and release said substances at a suitable speed throughout the intestine of the animals. Moreover, the carrier materials operate such that they absorb a number of toxins in the gastrointestinal tract of the animal, which in turn implies that they 15 contribute to the favourable effect of the feed additive according to the present invention.

The particle size of the carrier material is not critical, but a particle size is preferred where at least 50% by weight of the particles are smaller than 1.18mm, preferably at least 90% by weight of the particles are smaller than 1.18 mm.

The feed additive according to the invention can optionally comprise conventional adjuvants 20 and/or additives, such as dust-reducing agents and preservatives.

The invention is illustrated in greater detail below by means of some examples. However these examples are not to be considered limiting for the scope of the invention.

I Example 1 For the production of 1 kg of feed additive the following materials are mixed in the dry state: Nor-Spice® AB Powder* 125 g Tannin-containing chestnut powder** 125 g Sepiolite 100*** 680 g Propylene glycol 70 g Nor-Spice® AB Powder is a flavonoid-containing material which is concentrated and dried by-30 product resulting from the production of citrus juice; supplied by Nor-Feed A/S, Hvidovre, Denmark.

**The tannin-containing chestnut powder is obtained from cortex and twigs or sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa).

***Sepiolite 100 is a fine-grained sepiolite product, where at least 90% be weight thereof have a particle size smaller than 125 pm; available from Nor-Feed A/S, Hvidovre, Denmark.

A mixing of the dried powdered material results in 1000 g of additive. The additive can be used 5 in the animal feed for pigs, poultry and calves. Usually an amount of 0.4 to 4 kg of additive is used per 1000 kg of animal feed, especially 1 to 2 kg of additive per 1000 kg of animal feed.

Example 2 For the production of 1 kg of feed additive the following materials are mixed in the dry state: ^ Vitis vinifera powder* 150g Tannin-containing powder from Quercus* 140g Sepiolite 60/100*** 670 g Propylene glycol 70 g *Vitis vinifera powder is a dried pressing residue resulting from the production of wine **The tannin-containing powder is obtained from oak cortex ***Sepiolite 60/100 is a sepiolite product, where at least 57% by weight have a particle size between 100 and 300 pm; available from Nor-Feed A/S, Hvidovre, Denmark.

A mixing of the dried powdered materials results in 1000 g of additive. The additive can be used ! in the animal feed for pigs, poultry and calves. Usually an amount of 0.4 to 4 kg of additive is used per 1000 kg of animal feed, especially 1 to 2 kg of additive per 1000 kg of animal feed.

Examples 3 to 12 1 kg of feed additive to be use in animal feed for pigs, poultry and calves in an amount of 0.4 to 4 kg of additive per 1000 kg of animal feed, especially 1 to 2 kg of additive per 1000 kg of animal feed, is produced on the basis of a mixture of the materials indicated in the following Examples 3 to 12: Grape seed flower 175 g Carob seed flower 350 g Sepiolite 405 g Sunflower oil 70 g 11 Example 4 Red wine pressing residue 190 g Chestnut powder* 500 g Sepiolite 240 g Sunflower oil 70 g * powder obtained from cortex and twigs of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa). Example 5 Citrus pressing residue 250 g T annin-containing powder 125 g Zeolite 555 g Propylene glycol 70 g Example 6 Nor-Spice® AB Powder 500 g Powder from walnut* 125 g Bentonite 405 g Rape oil** 70 g * ground leaves of walnut (Juglans regia) ** Danish rape oil without GMO (genetically modified organisms) Example 7 i Nor-Spice® AB Powder 150g Chestnut powder 300 g Klinoptilolite 480 g Propylene glycol 70 g Example 8 White wine pressing residue 200 g Oak powder* 430 g Sepiolite 300 g Rape oil** 70 g * powder obtained from cortex and twigs of oak (Quercus spp).. 12 "Danish, GMO-free Example 9 Dried ground citrus shells 250 g Horse Chestnut powder* 470 g Zeolite 210 g Sunflower oil 70 g * powder obtained from cortex and twigs of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). Example 10 125 g 275 g 530 g 70 g 125 g 65 g 155 g 300 g 295 g 60 g * Pressing residue from the production of wine after preparation of alcohol and colorants.

Example 12 Nor-Spice® AB Powder 125 g Wine pressing residue* 200 g Sepiolite 675 g * Pressing residue from the production of wine after preparation of alcohol and colorants. Feeding experiments In order to test the feed additive according to the invention, a number of feeding experiments Nor-Spice® AB Powder 10 Camellia sinensis Sepiolite Rape oil** * ground leaves ** Danish, GMO-free Example 11 Nor-Spice® AB Powder Spray dried chestnut powder Wine pressing residue* Sepiolite 100 020 Klinoptilolite (0 to 0.3 mm) Propylene glycol 13 have been carried out. These feeding experiments were performed on healthy and sound pigs as well as on less healthy pigs. Within the agriculture it is widely held that additives contributing to an increased growth of healthy animals also have am effect on less healthy or even sick animals.

Feeding experiment 1 A feeding experiment has been carried out on pigs by means of the feed additive according to Example 1. The feeding experiment lasted 21 days.

A control group of 30 pigs were fed with a mixture not containing a growth-promoter and composed of barley, wheat, low-ash fish meal, lard and Danstart® 250 (a mixture of vitamins and minerals available from Dansk Vilomix A/S, Hormslet, Denmark) and with 1.24 FEs per kg (FEs is a Danish unit for animal feed). The test group of 30 pigs were fed with the same animal feed admixed the feed additive of Example i in an amount of 2 kg/1000 kg of animal feed. Both groups of pigs were healthy and sound at the beginning and the end of the experiment.

The results of the feeding experiments appear from Table 1 below.

Table 1 Control group Test group Difference % Number of pigs 0 Average weight at the beginning (kg) 8.16 7.96 -2.5 Average weight at the end (kg) 11.86 12.03 +1.4 Growth per pig (kg) 3.70 4.07 +9.9 Growth per day per pig (g) 176 194 +9.9 Feed consumption per pig per day FEs 0.38 0.38 0 Feed per kg growth FEs 2.14 1.96 -8.4 Feeding experiment 2 A feeding experiment has been carried out on pigs by means of the feed additive according to Example 1. The feeding experiment lasted 21 days. A control group of 23 pigs were fed with a mixture of 37% barley, 37% of wheat and 26% of supplementary feed of the brand "Soya Super" available from "0stjysk Anel".1 kg of this animal feed corresponds to 1.05 FEs. The test group 14 of 23 pigs were fed with the same animal feed admixed the feed additive of Example 1 in an amount of 2 kg/1000 kg of animal feed. Already after 3 to 4 days, a visual difference was observed between the two groups of pigs. Thus, the pigs of the test group were more healthy looking and flourishing than the control group throughout the entire test period.

The results of the feeding experiments appear from Table 2 below.

Table 2 Control group Test group Difference % Number of pigs 23 23 0 Average weight at the beginning (kg) .2 .1 -0.3 Average weight at the end (kg) 43.8 44.7 +2.1 Growth per pig (kg) 13.60 14.60 +7.4 Growth per day per pig (kg) 648 695 +7.4 Feed consumption per pig per day FEs 1.38 1.44 +4.3 Feed per kg growth FEs 2.13 2.07 -2.8 Feeding experiment 3 A feeding experiment was carried out for 21 day by feeding pigs being subject to a weaning by means of a weaning mixture of wheat, barley, a fatty by-product, fish meal, rape seeds and fat, containing 1.24 FEs per kg. The control group received the feed mixture alone, whereas the test group received the same animal feed with 2 kg of feed additive according to Example 1 per ton of animal feed. The results appear from Table 3.

Table 3 Control group Test group Difference % Number of pigs 28 28 0 Average weight at the beginning (kg) 8.50 8.36 -1.6 Number of pigs at the end 27 28 +3.7 Average weight at the end (kg) 11.81 12.64 +7.0 Total growth (kg) 88 120 +36.36 Number of pig days 578 588 +1.73 Growth per pig per day 152.2 204.1 +34.04 Total consumption of animal feed (kg) 189.1 184.1 -2.70 Total consumption of animal feed FEs 234.5 228.2 -2.70 Feed consumption per pig per day (kg) 0.33 0.31 -4.35 Feed per kg growth FEs 2.15 1.53 -28.64 Feed consumption per pig per day FEs 0.41 0.39 -4.35 Feed per kg growth FEs 2.66 1.90 -28.64 Feeding experiment 4 A comparison test was carried out for 21 days by feeding less healthy pigs that had been subjected to weaning very early. These pigs were fed with an animal feed mixed at home and including 1.288 FEs per kg. The home-mixed animal feed was composed as follows. Group A: 2 kg of feed additive according to Example 1 Aon of animal feed; Group B: 250 g/ton of tannin powder; and Group C: 250 g/ton of citrus product the results appear in Table 4.

Table 1 Group A acc. to the invention Group B tannin Group C citrus Number of pigs 70 70 70 Average weight at the beginning (kg) .61 .80 .69 Average weight at the end (kg) 8.64 8.00 7.64 Growth per pig (kg) 2.73 2.20 1.95 16 Growth per day per pig (g) 129.7 104.8 96.7 Feed consumption per pig per day FEs 0.41 0.40 0.42 Feed per kg growth FEs 3.17 3.84 4.32 The livestock suffered from serious health problems that resulted in a poor level of all the production results. Despite these problems, the results were significantly improved in Group A, and compared to Group A the Groups B and C presented a growth per day per pig of 81% and 75%, respectively.

Feeding Experiment 5 A feeding experiment was carried out for 7 days by feeding pigs being 5 weeks old at the beginning of the experiment. A feed mixture was used of barley, wheat, fishmeal, fat and DANSTART® with 1.24 FEs per kg. The control group received the feed mixture alone, whereas the test group received the same animal feed with 2 kg of feed additive according to Example 1 per ton of animal feed. The results appear from Table 5.

Table 5 Control group Test group Difference % Number of pigs 27 27 0 Average weight at the beginning (kg) .07 9.67 -4.0 Average weight at the end (kg) 11.59 11.44 +1.3 Growth per pig (kg) 1.52 1.77 +17.1 Growth per day per pig (kg) 217 254 +17.1 Feed consumption per pig per day FEs 0.61 06.2 +2.3 Feed per kg growth FEs 2.80 2.44 -14.5 17 Feeding Experiment 6 A feeding experiment was carried out at a Danish test farm with the feed additive according to Example 11 in the animal feed for prefatteners from 14 August to 24 August 2002, ie 10 days. The control group of 30 pigs received an animal feed with 1.16 of animal feed units (FEs) per kg 5 without growth-promotes. The test group of 30 pigs received the same animal feed admixed 2 kg of the additive according to Example 11 per ton of animal feed. The results appear from Table 6.

Table 6 Control group Test group Difference % Number of pigs 0 Average weight at the beginning (kg) 6.9 7.0 1.0 Average weight at the end (kg) 8.1 8.4 3.3 Growth per pig (kg) 1.2 1.4 16.2 Growth per day per pig (kg) 123 143 16.2 Feed consumption per pig per day FEs 0.20 0.22 8.7 Feed per kg growth FEs 1.61 1.50 -7.0 It is evident that the feed additive according to the invention had a strong effect on the growth of the pigs as well as a significant effect on the consumption and the utilization of the animal feed.

Feeding Experiment 7 A feeding experiment was carried out at a Danish test farm for 28 days during the period 25 September 2002 to 23 October 2002.

The experiment was carried out on 4 groups of pigs with 30 pigs in each group at the beginning of the experiment. The groups received the same type of animal feed. The four groups included: * Group 1: Negative control group; * Group 2. Received an animal feed where each ton of animal feed was admixed a wine-based tannin-containing additive including 700 g of pressing residue from the production of wine and admixed 1300 g of carrier of the type "Sepiolite 100", 18 * Group 3: Received an animal feed where each ton of animal feed was admixed 700 g of the citrus-based additive Nor-Spice® AB Powder, admixed 1300 g of carrier of the type "Sepiolite 100", * Group 4: Received an animal feed where each ton of animal feed was admixed 2 kg of the additive according to Example 12 corresponding to 400 g of the additive of the type Nor-Spice® AB Powder, viz a total of 650 g of additive, admixed 1350 g of carrier of the type "Sepiolite 100".

The results of the rest appear from Table 7.

Table 7 Group 1 Control Group 2 wine pressing residue Group 3 citrus Group 4 wine pressing residue + citrus according to the invention Average weight at the beginning (kg) 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.7 Average weight at the end 11.2 .9 11.5 11.9 Growth, kg average 3.5 3.2 .0 .2 Growth per day per pig (g) 135 126 146 153 Consumption of animal feed, kg total 255 236 280 259 Feed/kg growth 1.89 1.87 1.92 1.69 It is evident from the experiment that * addition of 700 g of wine pressing residue per se has a distinctly negative effect on the growth and consumption of animal feed of the pigs, whereas the effect of the utlization of the animal feed of the pigs is slightly negative, but by and large neutral., * addition of 700 g of citrus-based additive (Nor-Spice® AB Powder) per se has a positive effect on the growth and consumption of animal feed of the pigs, but nevertheless a slightly negative 15 effect on the utilization of the animal feed of the pigs,

Claims (1)

19 * addition of 400 g of wine pressing residue and 250 g of citrus-based additive (Nor-Spice® AB Powder), i.e. a total of only 650 g of active substances, demonstrated a distinctly higher growth of the test group than the control group and a consumption of animal feed by and large corresponding to the consumption of animal feed of said control group and consequently a 5 clearly more efficient utilization of the animal feed in said test group.;The experiment reveals a distinct, surprising and synergistic effect between the tannin-containing wine pressing residue and the flavonoid-containing component from citrus.;The above description of the invention reveals that it is obvious that it can be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be considered a deviation from the scope of the invention, and 10 all such modifications, which are obvious to persons skilled in the art, are also to be considered I as falling within the scope of the invention.;Dated this 26th Day of June 2003;15 Tarac Technologies Pty Ltd NOR-FEED A/S By their Patent Attorneys LESICAR PERRIN;27/02 04 FRI 16:36 FAX 61 8 82119433;Leslcar Perrln;@002;20;Claims;1 A feed additive oortsisting of a combination of a tannin-containing material and a flavonoid-containing material.;2. A feed additive according to claim 1, wherein said tannin-containing material includes tannin containing plant material.;3. A feed additive according to claim 1, wherein said flavonoid-containing material includes flavonoid containing plant material.;4. A feed additive according to claim 1, wherein said tannin-containing material is obtained from one or more plants selected among the genera Aesculus, Castanea, Quercus, Juglans, Ceratonia, Quillaja, Vitis and/or Camellia.;5. A feed additive according to claim 1, wherein said flavonoid-containing material is obtained from one or more plants selected among citrus fruits and grapes.;6. A feed additive according to any of the preceding claims, in the form of a feed mixture for farm animals or livestock adapted for incorporation into conventional animal feed.;7. A feed additive according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the amount of feed additive to be used for 1000 kg of animal feed includes;50 - 5000 g of the tannin-containing material and 100 - 5000 g of the flavonoid-containing material.;8. A feed additive according to claims 1-6, characterized in that the amount of feed additive to be used for 1000 kg of animal feed includes;100 - 500 g of the tannin-containing material and 100 - 500 g of the flavonoid-containing material.;9. A feed additive according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it includes a carrier material acceptable for animal feed.;10. A feed additive according to claim 9, characterized In that the carrier material is a clay mineral, preferably of the type sepiolite, or zeolite, preferably of the type klinoptilolite.;intellectual property office of n.z.;2 7 FEB 200* RECEIVED 27/02 04 FRI 16:37 FAX 61 8 82119433 Leslcar Perrin @003 21 11. The use of a feed additive according to any of the preceding claims, for the promotion of animal in non-human animals health 12. Feed mixture for farm animals or livestock comprising the ingredients of the feed additive according to any of the preceding claims together with a conventional animal feed. 13. Feed mixture according to claim 12 comprising 0.4 to 4 kg of a feed additive pre 1000 kg of feed mixture. 14. A feed additive according to claim 1, substantially as herein before described. % intellectual property office of n.z. 2 7 FEB 2004 RECEIVED