NO20131604A1 - Plastic profile element, as well as impact window and window frame with at least one such profile element. - Google Patents

Abstract

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to a plastic profile element, in particular for impact windows or other glass holders or window frames, with at least one anterior chamber and at least one inner chamber, wherein the anterior chamber comprises at least one piece of the interior chamber walls and wherein the anterior chamber is filled with a flowable medium.

Description

The invention relates to a profile element made of plastic, in particular as a frame profile and casement window or other glass holders as well as for window frames or the like.

From the state of the art according to AT 410 350 B, it is known, in some chambers in a profile element for the production of window or door frames, to arrange inserts of polyurethane foam cores. With regard to the heat transfer values that can be achieved, the solution described in AT 410 350 B is not satisfactory.

With this background, it is proposed in DE 20 2011 003 572 U1 to foam out the chambers in a profile element for hinged windows or window frames with a foam material. In order to satisfy the requirements for passive houses, according to what is stated in DE 20 2011 003 572 U1, all the chambers of the profile element are at least substantially completely foamed with a polyurethane foam.

In the case of strong penetrating solar radiation, however, a significant heating of the profile parts of the sash window or window frame that form the outer facade can occur. This applies in particular if the profile elements that form the window frame in question or the casement window in question have a dark color and can therefore only reflect a small part of the solar radiation.

In the case of heating of the outer facade parts of the profile elements caused by solar radiation, the heat that is conducted into the profile element by heat radiation is conducted further by heat conduction to the insulation material. Especially in the case of longer continuous solar radiation, despite the arrangement of insulating foam in the profile element's chambers, heating of the internal facade parts of the sash window or window frame can occur, so that there can be a significant impact on the thermal insulation of the individual sash window or window frame.

With this as a background, the task of the present invention is to produce a profile element made of plastic in which the insulation properties in strong and especially sustained solar radiation are improved. Furthermore, a corresponding casement window - hereinafter also referred to as a window frame - and a window frame as well as a combination of these shall be referred to as a complete window system.

According to the invention, this task is solved with regard to the profile element with the features specified in claim 1. With regard to a casement window, a window frame and a combination of casement window and window frame, the aforementioned task is solved with the features in claims 17, 21 and 24 respectively. Preferred designs of the invention is defined in the individual subclaims and is described in what follows.

A profile element according to the invention has at least one front chamber and at least one inner chamber, which at least piecemeal form an outer facade wall for the profile element and where the inner chamber is formed by inner chamber walls.

An external facade wall is a part of the wall which, in the built-in state of the profile element, faces the external environment and can thus be exposed to corresponding solar radiation. In contrast to this, the inner chamber wall refers to those arranged between the outer facade wall of the profile element and the inner facade wall, including the inner facade wall. In this context, the inner facade wall is to be understood as a wall part of the profile element, which in the built-in state faces the individual room in the interior or the house, which with the individual window is to be separated from the external environment. Consequently, an inner chamber in the built-in state of the profile element is delimited from the outer surroundings by at least one pre-chamber.

According to the invention, the at least one antechamber is filled with a flowable medium. If a strong heating of the outer facade parts of the profile parts should occur due to solar radiation, the heat energy conducted in this way in the profile is first transferred to the flowable medium present in the antechamber. Due to the heating of the flowable medium, its movement or flow is again favored so that it becomes possible to transport the introduced heat energy away. At the same time, the flow of the flowable medium ensures convection cooling of the inner chamber which lies opposite the outer facade wall. In general, in this way the influence of the heating line in the event of strong solar radiation can be limited.

According to an advantageous design of the invention, there are many antechambers and/or many inner chambers. With a large number of chambers inside the profile, both its stability and its insulating properties can be improved. In this way, particularly good thermal insulation in the event of strong solar radiation can be ensured by all antechambers being filled with a flowable medium.

Preferably, at least one of the antechambers can be filled with ambient air, which can be achieved with only small means. At the same time, it can be advantageous that at least one of the antechambers is essentially free of insulating material so that a flow of the flowable medium can be particularly favored. Preferably, all antechambers are designed free of insulating material.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment, at least one of the antechambers has at least one ventilation opening. Such a ventilation opening can in this way enable communication between the inner volume of the relevant antechamber and the external environment, so that the heated air in the individual antechambers of the profile flows through the ventilation opening to the external environment and, in relation to this air, colder air flows from the outside into the the profile's anterior chamber. This can ensure a particularly efficient transport of heat from the profile element.

According to a further design, the profile element has at least two side-by-side antechambers which are in fluid communication with each other with at least one ventilation opening. Thus, this ventilation opening can in particular be designed in an inner chamber wall of the profile element. In this way, the number of ventilation openings which ensure an immediate fluid communication with the external environment can be limited to a minimum. In particular, there is thus the possibility of ventilating at least one of the antechambers directly via ventilation openings between the individual antechambers. Furthermore, a flow of streamable medium between the individual antechambers ensures a further improved heat dissipation.

Furthermore, it can be advantageous for the at least one antechamber to have at least two ventilation openings which are arranged on different chamber walls in the antechamber, which lie next to each other or extend at an angle. In this way, sufficient circulation of the flowable medium between the antechambers of the profile and thus also between the antechambers and the external environment can be safely achieved. This is especially the case if the individual profile element in the built-in state extends vertically due to the heated air rising and seeping out of the antechamber through a ventilation opening that is higher up in the vertical direction of the facade and cooler air from the surroundings flows through one further down in the vertical direction of the facade horizontal ventilation slot into the antechamber.

Correspondingly, there is the possibility that the at least one antechamber has at least two ventilation openings which are arranged along the longitudinal orientation of the profile element or at an angle to the longitudinal orientation of the profile element, arranged at a distance from each other. The ventilation openings can be arranged in a single chamber wall, for example the chamber wall that forms the outer facade. Depending on the profile element's horizontal or vertical installation orientation, it can be ensured that the two ventilation openings are arranged at different facade heights and that they thereby contribute to the circulation of air through the antechamber, as stated above.

Likewise, the ventilation opening can advantageously be designed as a slot. Such a ventilation opening can be produced with small means, especially arranged during an extrusion process in a chamber wall in the antechamber. At the same time, a slit shape enables a good circulation of air between the individual antechamber and the external environment or between two antechambers arranged next to each other. Here, a slot-shaped ventilation opening can extend along the longitudinal orientation of the profile element or at an angle to the longitudinal orientation of the profile element. Especially for the case that the slot-shaped ventilation opening is arranged on an outer facade part of the profile element, the first mentioned direction can be advantageous when the relevant profile element extends vertically in the built-in state. On the other hand, the latter direction of the slot-shaped ventilation opening would be preferable when the relevant profile element extends horizontally in the built-in state. This is, as already described above, conditional on the heated air rising and penetrating to an area further up in the elevation direction of the facade from the antechamber through the ventilation opening and cooler air flowing from the external environment at a point further down in the elevation direction of the facade through the ventilation slot and into the anterior chamber.

But even without ventilation openings in the antechambers, by filling the antechambers with a flowable medium, benefits can be achieved with regard to thermal insulation in the case of strong and long-lasting solar radiation. Because a circulation of medium in the individual antechambers alone makes it possible for the heated medium to flow past the individual window frame's profile parts or the individual window frame, which may have a lower temperature than the heated outer facade parts. With the help of these cooler profile parts, the supplied heat can again be emitted to the surroundings.

According to a further preferred design of the profile element, at least one of the inner chambers is foamed with a foam material. Preferably, the inner chamber is substantially completely foamed with foam material. By "substantially complete" defoaming of a chamber, it is to be understood that at least 75% of the cross-sectional area of the chamber is defoamed. With such foaming, the profile element is ensured good insulation properties both with regard to heat and with regard to cold. Preferably, all of the inner chambers are substantially completely foamed with a foam material.

Furthermore, at least one of the profile element's inner chambers can be designed as inner facade chambers which are at least partially designed with an inner facade wall in the profile element, as the inner facade chambers can also be foamed with a foam material. Preferably, the inner facade chambers are substantially completely foamed with foam material. In the case of a larger number of internal facade chambers, all facade chambers can preferably be foamed with a foam material so that the insulation properties are further improved. It is also possible to design one or more of the inner facade chambers without insulating material, for example foam material.

As a foam material for the foaming of the inner chambers and/or the inner facade chambers, polyurethane foam can be used, for example, which has good insulation properties and good workability.

To ensure high mechanical rigidity, a reinforcing element can be arranged in at least one inner chamber. The reinforcing element can thus be completely enclosed by the foam material in the inner chamber so that both good insulation properties and high mechanical rigidity are ensured. At the same time, the reinforcement element can serve as an isotherm guide element inside the profile element, which can also lead to an improvement in the insulation properties. The reinforcement element can be a profile, in particular a substantially C-shaped or box-shaped profile, which can both be produced favorably and which can easily be introduced into the relevant inner chamber. Such a profile can be made of steel, GRP or similar, to ensure the necessary mechanical rigidity.

In order to be able to use reinforcement elements with sufficient dimensions, the chamber volume of the inner chamber, in which the reinforcement element is arranged, can be greater than the chamber volume of the other chambers. In the same way, a chamber volume for the at least one pre-chamber can be greater than the chamber volume for an inner chamber without reinforcement and/or than the chamber volume of an inner facade chamber. A correspondingly spacious design of the antechamber ensures, on the one hand, a safe transport of the introduced heat energy and also prevents a strong heating of an air volume present in the individual antechamber.

For the preparation of an impact window, it is particularly advantageous that the inner chamber with the reinforcing element is arranged essentially in a vertical extension of the at least one pane of glass. In such a location, the reinforcement element can be particularly effective as an isotherm guide element.

A casement window according to the invention has a profile element as described above. In the event that the antechamber has two ventilation openings, these are preferably arranged in a vertical orientation at a distance from each other, in other words in a built-in position for the sash window at a distance from each other along the vertical direction of the facade, regardless of whether the ventilation openings are designed in an outer facade wall or in an interior chamber wall. In the event that the front chamber of the profile element has a slot-shaped ventilation opening, this can advantageously extend substantially in a vertical orientation or substantially in a horizontal orientation. The first-mentioned orientation is advantageous when the slot-shaped ventilation opening is designed on an outer facade wall and extends in a built-in position of the sash window, consequently in the vertical direction of the facade. The last-mentioned design applies to slot-shaped ventilation openings on chamber walls lying in the interior.

Preferably, an impact window according to the invention has a retaining strip for glass, made of plastic, which is foamed with a foam material, especially polyurethane foam, which contributes to a further improvement of the impact window's insulation properties.

In a similar way, a window frame has a profile element as described above. As it is also described in connection with the casement window described above, it is also advantageous in the case of a window frame with the arrangement of two ventilation openings, and the arrangement of these in the built-in position of the window frame in a vertical orientation at a distance from each other in order to increase the circulation of air, - depending on whether the ventilation openings are designed on an outer facade wall or on an interior chamber wall. Likewise, with a slot-shaped design of the ventilation openings, both in their essentially vertical orientation and also in their essentially horizontal orientation, it can be advantageous to ensure a favorable circulation of air in the antechamber or between two antechambers, that they are arranged next to each other.

According to the invention, a casement window as described above and a window frame as described above can be combined with each other to thereby produce a window system which, with regard to strong and especially prolonged solar radiation, has favorable insulation properties.

The invention is described in more detail below on the basis of design examples and associated drawings. They show in: figure 1 a casement window profile frame according to an embodiment of the invention in a cross section,

figure 2 a combination of a casement window with a window frame according to a first embodiment of the invention, in a cross-section,

figure 3 a combination of a casement window with a window frame according to a second embodiment of the invention, in a cross-section,

figure 4 a combination of a casement window with a window frame according to a third embodiment of the invention, in a cross-section,

figure 5 a combination of a casement window with a window frame according to a fourth embodiment of the invention, in a cross-section,

figure 6 a combination of a casement window with a window frame according to a fifth embodiment of the invention, in a cross section.

Figure 1 shows a profile frame P in a casement window 1 shown in figure 2. The profile frame P - a glass pane 2 and a glass holding strip 4 are not shown in figure 1 - consists of several chambers 7, with some of the chambers 7 being designed as inner chambers 7a and some as atria 7b. Furthermore, some of the inner chambers 7a are designed as inner facade chambers 7c. Preferably, in the largest of the inner chambers 7a, a reinforcement element, in particular a steel profile element 9, is inserted.

For the further description, also of the profile frame P according to Figure 1, reference is made to the subsequent description of Figure 2. In Figure 2, a cross-section of a casement window 1 is shown, with an inserted, only schematically shown laminated glass pane 2 which is held to the casement window 1 of sealing profiles 3 and a glass holding strip 4. In Figure 2, the casement window 1 is shown in connection with a window frame 5 against which the casement window 1 via a sealing profile 6 engages or is pressed to rest against.

The special feature of the profile frame P shown in Figure 1, respectively the hinged window 1 which is referred to below as window frame 1, which has many chambers 7, is that at least one of the antechambers 7b is filled with a flowable medium 16. Regarding the flowable medium 16 it can preferably be air from the surroundings. Advantageously, the antechambers 7b are exclusively filled with air 16 from the surroundings and consequently do not have insulating material.

The antechambers 7b have at least one chamber wall which, at least piecemeal, forms an outer facade wall 18 in the profile element. Such an outer facade wall 18 is heated by strong solar radiation so that the flowable medium 16 present in the individual antechamber 7b is heated and as a result is circulated inside the antechamber 7b, respectively flows through it or flows out of it. Preferably, the antechambers 7b have ventilation openings 17 through which the heated air 16 from the environment can flow out of the antechambers 7b to the external environment U and cooler air from the environment can flow from the external environment U into the antechambers 7b. Preferably, each antechamber 7b has at least two ventilation openings 17 so that the circulation is favored by the air 16 heated in the respective antechamber 7b rising. This is especially the case when the ventilation openings 17 are arranged at different facade height positions in the outer facade wall 18.

As Figure 2 further shows, all inner chambers 7a and 7c are respectively filled and foamed with a polyurethane foam 8 as foaming material, the polyurethane foam 8 immediately and directly foaming the inner chambers 7a and 7c of the window frame 1. Preferably, however, the inner chambers 7a and 7c are filled to an amount of approximately 75% with polyurethane foam. Furthermore, each of the foamed inner chambers 7a and 7c is foamed to at least 75%, preferably more and up to 100% of their cross-sectional area and thus fully foamed.

A further specialty of the window frame 1 is that in the largest of the inner chambers 7a there is an open steel profile 9 as a profile reinforcement element for the window frame 1, which is foamed and surrounded by the polyurethane foam 8 and which possibly rests against the edge projection 14 of the chamber wall in the individual inner chambers 7a.

The steel reinforcement profile 9 contributes to the static stiffening of the window frame 1, at the same time as security against burglary and also acts as an isothermal guide element into the window frame 1 in connection with the laminated glass pane 2, which measurements and simulation results have shown. In connection with the effect of the steel reinforcement profile 9 as an isothermal guide element, reference is made to the description in DE 20 2011 003 572 U1 and the associated figures.

In Figure 2, the window frame 5 is also shown in cross-section, it similarly comprises several chambers 11, some of which are designed as inner chambers 11a and some as front chambers 11b. Some of the inner chambers 11a are additionally designed as inner facade chambers 11c. Also at the window frame 5, the antechambers 11b are filled with a flowable medium 16 which can flow out through ventilation openings 19 arranged in the outer facade wall 20. At the same time, ambient air can flow from the external environment U through the ventilation openings 19 and into the antechambers 11b.

The inner chambers 11 a and 11 c are preferably all, but at least in a number of 75%, foamed with foam material, in particular polyurethane foam 8. Here, too, each of the foamed inner chambers 11a and 11c is foamed at least 75%, however preferably more and up to 100% of the cross-sectional area and thus completely. Likewise, there is also here in the largest of the inner chambers 11a, essentially in the vertical extension of the laminated glass pane 2 and also in the reinforced inner chamber 7a in the window frame 1, a reinforcing element 12, preferably a hollow profile part of steel which is likewise surrounded by foam material 8, in particular polyurethane foam. Also with regard to the window frame 5, by combining the foam material 8 with the reinforcing profile 12 of steel, a particularly advantageous thermal insulation characteristic of the window frame 5 is achieved, on the other hand, an excellent mechanical stability and protection against break-ins and the like is achieved. In the same way, the reinforcement profile 12 can serve as an isotherm guiding element. Furthermore, here too, the steel profile part 12 can optionally be supported against projections 14.

The inner chambers 7a and 7c of the window frame 1 and the inner chambers 11 a and 11 c of the window frame 5 are preferably foamed on site with polyurethane, preferably using a polyurethane foam with a density of from 30 to 40 kg/m<3>.

Such a foam with an A-value of around 0.021 to 0.031 generally satisfies the passive house standard or the requirements for low-energy houses with a heat transfer coefficient Uw < 0.8 where Uw denotes the entire window's heat transfer coefficient, including the window frame 1, the glass pane 2 and the window frame 5. Furthermore produced by the use of polyurethane foam 8 as well as the reinforcement profiles 9 and 12 a light on the one hand, on the other hand mechanically strong window and/or frame profile for window and door frames or the like, so that a less dense polyurethane foam with a particularly high heat transfer resistance.

At the same time, the design of the antechambers 7b and 11b allows a flowable medium 16 to move in them, especially currents, so that in the case of strong solar radiation and thus completed heating of the outer facade walls 18 and 20 of the antechambers 7b and 11b, a removal of heat is ensured due to the flow and the effect of heat conduction are reduced.

In this way, a window system consisting of window frame 5 and window frame 1 is produced where, by using a flowable medium 16 in the antechambers 7b and 11b of the profile elements P, a reduction in the influence of solar radiation is achieved, especially in the case of dark color on the individual profile elements P. In addition, it can by using a reinforcing element 9, 12 on the one hand and foaming the inner chambers 7a, 7b and 11a, 11c of the profile elements P with polyurethane foam 8 of relatively low density on the other hand, heat insulating properties corresponding to the requirements for passive houses are ensured.

A further advantage in this context is to use glass holding strips 4 with plastic profile strips foamed with polyurethane foam. Furthermore, profile rails made of fiber-reinforced plastics or fiber-reinforced pressing compounds can also be used as reinforcement profile elements 9,12.

In the embodiment shown in figure 2, as already described above, all inner chambers 7a, 7c and 11a, 11c are foamed with a polyurethane foam 8 and the reinforcing elements 9 and 12 are made of steel. When using a polyurethane foam with an A-value of approx. 0.028, a Uf value of 0.927 W/m<2>K is obtained, with Uf denoting the heat flow coefficient of the frame system, including window frame 1 and window frame 5.

Also in the embodiment shown in Figure 3, some of the inner chambers 7a and 11a are foamed with a polyurethane foam, while, on the other hand, in the casement window 1 and the window frame 5, the two inner facade chambers 7c and 11c are made without polyurethane foam or other insulating materials. Likewise, the reinforcement profiles 9 and 12 used are made of steel. When using a polyurethane foam 8 with an A value of 0.028 in the inner chambers 7a and 11a respectively, a Uf value of

0.949 W/m<2>K.

In the embodiment shown in Figure 4, all inner chambers 7a, 7c and 11a, 11c are again foamed with an A value of 0.028. In contrast, the reinforcement profiles 9 and 12 are made of glass fiber reinforced plastic and the window frame's reinforcement profile 5

12 is designed as a closed hollow profile. A Uf value of 0.758 W/m<2>K is thereby achieved.

Figure 5 shows an embodiment where a reinforcing profile 9 of glass fiber reinforced plastic is inserted in the casement window 1 and a reinforcing profile 12 of steel is inserted in the window frame 5. Here, too, the window frame's reinforcement profile 12 is made as a closed hollow profile. All inner chambers 7a and 11a, respectively inner facade chambers 7c and 11c, are foamed with a polyurethane foam 8 with an A-value of 0.028. This results in a Uf value of 0.815 W/m<2>K.

Figure 6 shows a fifth embodiment. In contrast to the embodiments shown in Figures 1 to 5, the ventilation openings 17 and 19 in the embodiment shown in Figure 6 are formed on the inner chamber walls, while the outer facade walls of the profile elements do not have ventilation openings. Consequently, through the ventilation openings 17 and 19, according to Figure 6, a fluid communication is achieved between adjacently arranged antechambers 7b and 11b. Thereby, at least one of the ventilation openings 17 and 19 ensures a fluid communication with the external environment.

The invention can of course also be used for door elements or other profile elements that can be inserted or are inserted in the outer walls of buildings, for example within the prefabricated house area.

Claims (16)

1. Profile element made of plastic, especially for casement windows (1) or other glass holders or window frames (5), with at least one front chamber (7b, 11 b) and with at least one inner chamber (7a, 7c, 11a, 11 c) where the front chamber ( 7b, 11b) has a chamber wall which, at least piecemeal, forms the outer facade wall (18, 20) of the profile element (P) and where the inner chamber (7a, 7c, 11a, 11c) is formed by chamber walls lying in the interior, characterized in that at least one antechamber (7b, 11b) is filled with a flowable medium (16). 2. Profile element according to claim 1, characterized in that there are several antechambers (7b, 11b) and/or several inner chambers (7a, 7c, 11a, 11c). 3. Profile element according to at least one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the at least one pre-chamber (7b, 11b) is filled with air from the environment and/or does not comprise insulating material. 4. Profile element according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the at least one antechamber (7b, 11b) has at least one ventilation opening (17, 19) and/or that at least two adjacent antechambers (7b, 11b) stand in fluid communication with each other through at least one ventilation opening (17, 19), in particular that the at least one antechamber (7b, 11b) comprises at least two ventilation openings (17, 19) which are arranged in different, next to each other or slanted continuous chamber walls in the antechambers (7b, 11b). 5. Profile element according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the at least one antechamber (7b, 11b) has at least two ventilation openings (17, 19) which are arranged at a distance from each other along the longitudinal orientation of the profile element (P) or at an angle to the longitudinal orientation of the profile element (P). 6. Profile element according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the ventilation opening (17, 19) is designed in the form of a slot and extends essentially along the longitudinal orientation of the profile element (P) or at an angle to the longitudinal orientation of the profile element (P). 7. Profile element according to at least one of the preceding claims 1 to 6, characterized in that at least one inner chamber (7a, 7c, 11a, 11c) is foamed with a foam material (8), that at least one of the inner chambers is designed as inner facade chambers (7c, 11c) which are at least partially formed by an inner facade wall in the profile element (P), and that at least one inner facade chamber (7c, 11c) is foamed with a foam material (8) where the foam material is in particular polyurethane foam (8). 8. Profile element according to at least one of the preceding claims 1 to 7, characterized in that a reinforcing element (9, 12) is arranged in the at least one inner chamber (7a, 11a), that in particular the reinforcing element (9, 12) in the inner chamber ( 7a, 11 a) is surrounded by foam material (8), that preferably the reinforcing element (9, 12) is a profile, especially an essentially C-shaped or box profile made of steel, GRP or similar. 9. Profile element according to at least one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that a chamber volume in the inner chambers (7a, 11a) in which the reinforcement element (9, 12) is arranged is larger than the chamber volume in other chambers (7a, 7b, 7c, 11a, 11b, 11c), in particular a chamber volume in the at least one pre-chamber (7b, 11b) is greater than the chamber volume in an inner chamber (7c, 11a, 11c) without reinforcement. 10. Profile element according to at least one of the preceding claims 1 to 9, characterized by the connection with at least one, preferably several panes of glass (2). 11. Profile element according to claim 10, characterized in that the inner chamber (7a, 11a) with the reinforcement element (9, 12) is essentially arranged in a vertical extension of the at least one pane of glass (2). 12. Hinged window with at least one profile element (P) according to at least one of claims 1 to 1 1 . 13. Casement window according to claim 12, characterized in that the at least one antechamber (7b, 11b) has at least two ventilation openings (17, 19) arranged in a vertical orientation at a distance from each other and/or that the at least one antechamber (7b, 11b) has a slot-shaped ventilation opening (17, 19) which extends essentially in a vertical orientation or in an essentially horizontal orientation and/or that a glass holding strip (4) of plastic material is arranged, which is foamed with foam material (8), in particular polyurethane foam. 14. Window frame with at least one profile element according to at least one of the preceding claims 1 to 11. 15. Window frame according to claim 14, characterized in that the at least one antechamber (7b, 11b) has at least two ventilation openings (17, 19) which are arranged in a vertical orientation at a distance from each other and that the at least one antechamber (7b, 11b) has a slot-shaped ventilation opening (17, 19) extending in a substantially vertical orientation or in a substantially horizontal orientation. 16. Combination of a casement window (1) according to at least one of claims 12 and 13 and a window frame (5) according to claim 14 or 15.