NO150345B - CATALYST FOR OXYDATION AND AMMOXYDATION OF OLEFINES AND PROCEDURES FOR THE PREPARATION OF ACRYLONITRIL OR METHACRYLONITRIL USING THE SAME - Google Patents

CATALYST FOR OXYDATION AND AMMOXYDATION OF OLEFINES AND PROCEDURES FOR THE PREPARATION OF ACRYLONITRIL OR METHACRYLONITRIL USING THE SAME Download PDF

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Publication number
NO150345B
NO150345B NO782582A NO782582A NO150345B NO 150345 B NO150345 B NO 150345B NO 782582 A NO782582 A NO 782582A NO 782582 A NO782582 A NO 782582A NO 150345 B NO150345 B NO 150345B
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Norway
Prior art keywords
bridge
cable
bracing
towers
cables
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NO782582A
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Norwegian (no)
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NO150345C (en
NO782582L (en
Inventor
Robert Karl Grasselli
Dev Dhanaraj Suresh
Maria Strada Friedrich
David Allan Orndoff
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Standard Oil Co Ohio
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Publication of NO782582L publication Critical patent/NO782582L/en
Publication of NO150345B publication Critical patent/NO150345B/en
Publication of NO150345C publication Critical patent/NO150345C/en

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • B01J23/88—Molybdenum
    • B01J23/887—Molybdenum containing in addition other metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/8872—Alkali or alkaline earth metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • B01J23/88—Molybdenum
    • B01J23/887—Molybdenum containing in addition other metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/8875—Germanium, tin or lead
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • B01J23/88—Molybdenum
    • B01J23/887—Molybdenum containing in addition other metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/8876—Arsenic, antimony or bismuth
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
    • B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/8993—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/02—Sulfur, selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
    • B01J27/057—Selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
    • B01J27/0576—Tellurium; Compounds thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
    • B01J27/186—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C253/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles
    • C07C253/24—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by ammoxidation of hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons
    • C07C253/26—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by ammoxidation of hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds, e.g. unsaturated aldehydes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2523/00—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)

Description

Hengebro. Suspension bridge.

De kjente lineforspente broer hvor skråliner som løper utad fra brotårnene, angriper i festepunkter sorai er fordelt langsetter avstivningsdrageren, vil bare være økonomisk gjennomførbare opp til visse maksimale spennvidder. The known cable-stayed bridges, where inclined cables running outwards from the bridge towers, attack at attachment points and are distributed along the bracing girder, will only be economically feasible up to certain maximum spans.

Por de største spennvidder anvender man nå for tiden vanligvis hengebroer, hvor avstivningsdrageren er opphengt i kabler ved hjelp av vertikale opphengere. Men disse hengebroer har den ulempe at de er forholdsvis myke og derved er utsatt for all slags svingninger, slik at bruken av disse til jernbanetrafikk skaper vanskeligheter som Skyldes de store utbøyningene som man derved kan vente seg. For the largest spans, suspension bridges are now usually used, where the bracing girder is suspended from cables using vertical hangers. But these suspension bridges have the disadvantage that they are relatively soft and are thereby exposed to all kinds of fluctuations, so that their use for rail traffic creates difficulties due to the large deflections that can be expected.

Dessuten er det kjent kombinerte skrå-line- og hengebroer slik som foreslått av professor Dischinger. I disse bæres avstivningsdrageren av skråliner i de områder nærmest broitårnene, som hver strekker seg over omtrent en fjerdedel av spennvidden, hvor skrålinene er festet til brotårnene uavhengig av kabelen som løper mellom brotårnene, mens den midtre del av avstivningsdrageren er opphengt på kabelen ved hjelp av vertikale opphengere. En slik bro er vesentlig stivere og er mindre utsatt for svinginger enn en hengebro. Imidlertid til-fredsstiller den ikke alle krav med hensyn til stivheten. Moreover, there are known combined inclined-line and suspension bridges as proposed by Professor Dischinger. In these, the bracing girder is carried by inclined cables in the areas closest to the bridge towers, each of which extends over about a quarter of the span, where the inclined cables are attached to the bridge towers independently of the cable that runs between the bridge towers, while the middle part of the bracing girder is suspended from the cable by means of vertical hangers. Such a bridge is significantly stiffer and is less prone to oscillations than a suspension bridge. However, it does not satisfy all requirements with regard to stiffness.

Videre er det også kjent å plasere opp-hengerne som bærer avstivningsdragerne i en hengebro, i et diagonalforløp som er gjennomgående i hele avstivnlngsdragerens lengde. En bro ifølge denne utførelse er rik-tignok forholdsvis stiv, samtidig som avstivningsdrageren kan gjøres lett og vil ha liten utbøyning. Men her opptrer imidlertid den ulempe at ved ugunstig belastning og ved visse temperaturpåvirkninger kan en-kelte opphengere bli slakke. Furthermore, it is also known to place the hangers which carry the bracing beams in a suspension bridge, in a diagonal course which is continuous throughout the length of the bracing beams. A bridge according to this design is relatively stiff, while the bracing girder can be made light and will have little deflection. But here, however, there is the disadvantage that under unfavorable load and certain temperature influences, some hangers can become loose.

I forhold til dette består oppfinnelsen i at en hengebros avstivningsdrager, som i områdene nærmest brotårnene bæres av skrålinene festet til brotårnene uavhengig av kabelen som er oppspent mellom brotårnene, er opphengt på kabelen i det midtre feltområde ved hjelp av sik-sak-formet anordnete dia<g>onalo<p>phenigere. In relation to this, the invention consists in that a suspension bridge's bracing beams, which in the areas closest to the bridge towers are carried by the inclined cables attached to the bridge towers independently of the cable that is suspended between the bridge towers, are suspended on the cable in the middle field area by means of zig-zag-shaped arranged dia <g>onalo<p>phenigers.

I forhold til tidligere kjente konstruksjoner oppviser konstruksjonen ifølge oppfinnelsen en særlig grad av stivhet, slik at en bro som er utført ifølge oppfinnelsen kan oppta de største trafikkbelastninger selv ved de største spennvidder. Skrålinenes an-grepssteder på avstivningsdrageren er, slik som ved Dischingers konstruksjon, trukket utad til f j erdedelspunktene av spennvidden In relation to previously known constructions, the construction according to the invention exhibits a particular degree of stiffness, so that a bridge constructed according to the invention can accommodate the greatest traffic loads even at the largest spans. As with Dischinger's construction, the points of attack of the sloping lines on the bracing girder are drawn outwards to the fourth points of the span

og eventuelt ytterligere noe utenfor disse, and possibly something further outside these,

slik at de omfatter området med den største utbøyning. De diagonale opphengere i det midtre område ifølge oppfinnelsen, ligger so that they include the area with the greatest deflection. The diagonal hangers in the middle area according to the invention are located

der hvor man vel neppe behøver å frykte where one hardly needs to fear

for at diagonatopphengerne skal bli slakke. KabeLstrekket blir forholdsvis lavt i og med at belastningen på kabelen bare angriper i det midtre område av broen, slik at kabelen for the diagonal hangers to become slack. The cable stretch is relatively low because the load on the cable only affects the middle area of the bridge, so that the cable

ikke behøver å løpe med jevn tykkelse over hele broen, men vil kunne være tynnere ved does not have to run with uniform thickness over the entire bridge, but can be thinner

midten av broen. Herved vil nedbøyningen av hele systemet under belastning utgjøre et minimum av de nedbøyninger som opptrer ved tidligere kjente konstruksjoner og kabelhylsene for fastgjøring av dia gonal-opphengerne vil kunne utformes lettere. middle of the bridge. Hereby, the deflection of the entire system under load will constitute a minimum of the deflections that occur with previously known constructions and the cable sleeves for fixing the diagonal hangers will be able to be designed more easily.

På tegningen er det vist skjematisk en hengebro som utførelseseksempel på opp-f innelsesgj enstanden. The drawing shows schematically a suspension bridge as an embodiment of the invention.

I de til brotårnene 1 tilstøtende områder av avstivningsdragerne 2, som løper omtrent over fjerdedelen av spennvidden, angriper det skråliner 4, 5, som enten — ifølge den venstre halvdel av tegningen — alle løper utad fra toppen av det tilhørende brotårn eller som — ifølge den høyre halvdel av tegningen — er ført harpeliknende parallelt med hverandre til punkter i for-skjellige høyder på brotårnet. Motsvarende skråliner løper utad fra brotårnene 1 både mot midtåpningen og mot sideåpningene i broen 2. In the areas adjacent to the bridge towers 1, the bracing girders 2, which run approximately over a quarter of the span, attack inclined lines 4, 5, which either — according to the left half of the drawing — all run outwards from the top of the associated bridge tower or which — according to the the right half of the drawing — are carried harp-like parallel to each other to points at different heights on the bridge tower. Corresponding sloping lines run outwards from the bridge towers 1 both towards the central opening and towards the side openings in the bridge 2.

Kabelen 6, som ved broendene på kj ent måte enten er forankret i grunnen eller i avstivningsdrageren, er ført hen over toppen av brotårnene. I det midtre feltområde mellom de lengst fremadtrukne festesteder 3 for skrålinene 4 henholdsvis 5, er avstivningsdrageren 2 opphengt på kabelen 6 ved hjelp av diagonaloppheingere 7, som løper sik-sak- f ormet. The cable 6, which at the bridge ends is either anchored in the ground or in the bracing girder in a known manner, is led over the top of the bridge towers. In the middle field area between the furthest forward attachment points 3 for the inclined lines 4 and 5 respectively, the bracing girder 2 is suspended on the cable 6 by means of diagonal hangers 7, which run in a zig-zag fashion.

Som vist på høyre side av tegningen, kan broen ha to eller flere spenn som er As shown on the right side of the drawing, the bridge can have two or more spans which are

utstyrt med midtre områder med diagonalopphengere. equipped with central areas with diagonal hangers.

Oppfinnelsen kan også benyttes når broen, istedenfor slik som den vanlige ut-førelse hvor den har to kabler som er pla-sert i en viss avstand parallelt ved siden av hverandre, har bare en kabel eller to tett ved siden av hverandre forløpende kabler, hvorfra det løper skrått utad diagonalopphengere 7 mot begge sider av avstivningsdrageren 2. The invention can also be used when the bridge, instead of the usual design where it has two cables placed at a certain distance parallel to each other, has only one cable or two cables running closely next to each other, from which diagonal hangers 7 run diagonally outwards towards both sides of the bracing girder 2.

Claims (1)

Hengebro, hvor broens avstivningsdrager i de områder som ligger i nærheten av brotårnene og som for eksempel hver ut-gjør omtrent en fjerdedel av spennvidden, bæres av skråliner som er festet til brotårnene uavhengig av de kabler som er utspentSuspension bridge, where the bridge's bracing girders in the areas near the bridge towers and which, for example, each make up about a quarter of the span, are carried by inclined cables that are attached to the bridge towers independently of the cables that are stretched mellom brotårnene, mens avstivningsdrageren i broens midtre område er opphengt i kabelen, karakterisert ved at avstivningsdrageren (2) i det midtre feltområde, hvor den i det vesentlige bare har samme høyde som 1 områdene som ligger i nærheten av brotårnene, er opphengt i kabelen eller kablene (6) ved hjelp av sikk-sakkformig anordnete, bare med strekk på-kjente diagonalopphengere (7).between the bridge towers, while the bracing girder in the middle area of the bridge is suspended from the cable, characterized in that the bracing girder (2) in the middle field area, where it essentially only has the same height as 1 the areas located near the bridge towers, is suspended from the cable or the cables (6) by means of diagonal hangers (7) which are arranged in a zig-zag manner and can only be tensioned.
NO782582A 1977-07-28 1978-07-27 CATALYST FOR OXYDATION AND AMMOXYDATION OF OLEFINES AND PROCEDURES FOR THE PREPARATION OF ACRYLONITRIL OR METHACRYLONITRIL USING THE SAME NO150345C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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US81973277A 1977-07-28 1977-07-28

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NO782582L NO782582L (en) 1979-01-30
NO150345B true NO150345B (en) 1984-06-25
NO150345C NO150345C (en) 1984-10-03

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EP (1) EP0000564B1 (en)
AT (1) AT363911B (en)
AU (1) AU525163B2 (en)
BR (1) BR7804847A (en)
CA (1) CA1132124A (en)
DD (1) DD137532A5 (en)
DE (1) DE2861849D1 (en)
DK (1) DK333778A (en)
EG (1) EG13970A (en)
ES (1) ES471682A1 (en)
FI (1) FI66129C (en)
GR (1) GR66444B (en)
IE (1) IE47301B1 (en)
IL (1) IL55073A (en)
IN (1) IN148019B (en)
IT (1) IT1196394B (en)
NO (1) NO150345C (en)
PT (1) PT68312A (en)
RO (1) RO77761A (en)
ZA (1) ZA783914B (en)

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ES471682A1 (en) 1979-10-01
DK333778A (en) 1979-01-29
ZA783914B (en) 1979-08-29
IE781523L (en) 1979-01-28
IL55073A (en) 1982-01-31
EP0000564A1 (en) 1979-02-07
EP0000564B1 (en) 1982-05-19
AU3793078A (en) 1980-01-17
RO77761A (en) 1981-11-24
FI782285A (en) 1979-01-29
FI66129C (en) 1984-09-10
BR7804847A (en) 1979-04-10
NO150345C (en) 1984-10-03
IN148019B (en) 1980-09-27
AT363911B (en) 1981-09-10
NO782582L (en) 1979-01-30
DE2861849D1 (en) 1982-07-08
GR66444B (en) 1981-03-23
IT1196394B (en) 1988-11-16
EG13970A (en) 1983-03-31
DD137532A5 (en) 1979-09-12
FI66129B (en) 1984-05-31
CA1132124A (en) 1982-09-21
IT7826142A0 (en) 1978-07-26
AU525163B2 (en) 1982-10-21
ATA547778A (en) 1981-02-15
IE47301B1 (en) 1984-02-22
PT68312A (en) 1978-08-01

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