NO148063B - PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING PLATE PATTERNS. - Google Patents
PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING PLATE PATTERNS. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO148063B NO148063B NO760731A NO760731A NO148063B NO 148063 B NO148063 B NO 148063B NO 760731 A NO760731 A NO 760731A NO 760731 A NO760731 A NO 760731A NO 148063 B NO148063 B NO 148063B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- feo
- procedure
- weight
- electrically conductive
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 4
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 title 1
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical class [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011093 chipboard Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 16
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229940062993 ferrous oxalate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- OWZIYWAUNZMLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+);oxalate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O OWZIYWAUNZMLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052910 alkali metal silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001429 cobalt ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) Chemical compound [Co+2] XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001448 ferrous ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005368 silicate glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 titanium ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44D—PAINTING OR ARTISTIC DRAWING, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PRESERVING PAINTINGS; SURFACE TREATMENT TO OBTAIN SPECIAL ARTISTIC SURFACE EFFECTS OR FINISHES
- B44D5/00—Surface treatment to obtain special artistic surface effects or finishes
- B44D5/10—Mechanical treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
- B27N7/00—After-treatment, e.g. reducing swelling or shrinkage, surfacing; Protecting the edges of boards against access of humidity
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
- B44C1/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects
- B44C1/22—Removing surface-material, e.g. by engraving, by etching
- B44C1/222—Removing surface-material, e.g. by engraving, by etching using machine-driven mechanical means
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Dry Formation Of Fiberboard And The Like (AREA)
- Exposure Of Semiconductors, Excluding Electron Or Ion Beam Exposure (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
Abstract
Fremgangsmåte ved mønstring av sponplater.Procedure for patterning chipboard.
Description
Elektrisk ledende glasslignende material. Electrically conductive glass-like material.
Oppfinnelsen vedrører glasslignende materialer som har elektroneledningsevne, og en fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av disse materialer. The invention relates to glass-like materials that have electron conductivity, and a method for producing these materials.
Det er kjent sintrede oksydiske materialer, som har elektroneledningsevne da There are known sintered oxide materials, which have electron conductivity then
det i materialet minst er til stede et metall-ion i mer enn en verdighetsform. Denne materialtype har begrensede anvendelses-muligheter. Da disse materialer fremstilles ved sintring og følgelig i de gunstigste tilfelle bare fås et tilnærmet helt tett pro-dukt, har ingen optimale fysikalske egenskaper. Også formgivningen av sintrede le-gemer har visse begrensninger, dessuten krever sintringen vanligvis en høy temperatur. Denne legemstype er følgelig hver-ken spesiell interessant i teknologisk hen-seende eller med hensyn til de ønskede fysikalske egenskapers reproduserbarhet. Av de to nevnte grunner ville det være å foretrekke elektrisk, ledende glasslignende materialer. Imidlertid er det tidligere ikke be-skrevet noe elektrisk ledende glass med for praktisk anvendbarhet tilstrekkelig høy ledningsevne. that in the material at least one metal ion is present in more than one form of dignity. This type of material has limited application possibilities. Since these materials are produced by sintering and consequently in the most favorable cases only an almost completely dense product is obtained, none have optimal physical properties. The shaping of sintered bodies also has certain limitations, and the sintering usually requires a high temperature. This body type is consequently neither particularly interesting in technological terms nor with regard to the reproducibility of the desired physical properties. For the two reasons mentioned, electrically conductive glass-like materials would be preferable. However, no electrically conductive glass with sufficiently high conductivity for practical use has previously been described.
Det er kjent et glass som består av et titanoksydholdig alkalisilikatglass, hvor titan-ionene er tilstede i forskjellige ver-digheter, og i en samlet mengde på 14—45 vektsprosent, beregnet etter oksydet. I gunstigste tilfelle lar det seg med dette glass oppnå en spesifikk motstand, målt ved 50° C, på ikke mindre enn 20 000 ohm cm. A glass is known which consists of an alkali silicate glass containing titanium oxide, where the titanium ions are present in different amounts, and in a total amount of 14-45% by weight, calculated according to the oxide. In the most favorable case, it is possible with this glass to achieve a specific resistance, measured at 50° C, of no less than 20,000 ohm cm.
Oppfinnelsen vedrører et elektrisk le- The invention relates to an electric le-
dende glass med en spesifikk motstand (o), dend glass with a specific resistance (o),
målt ved 50° C på bare 10—1000 ohm cm. measured at 50° C of only 10—1000 ohm cm.
Oppfinnelsen vedrører altså et elektrisk ledende glasslignende material og krystalliserte produkter som på kjent måte er dannet av dette material, og materialet er karakterisert ved at det til minst 90 vektsprosent består av SiO„ og/eller B.,0, AL>0.,, Na,0, Fe20., og FeO, i følgende mengder i vektsprosent hvor den samlede mengde av Fe.,0., og FeO er beregnet som Fe..O,: idet det molekylære forhold mellom Fe„0;! og FeO ligger mellom 1:2 og 4:1, mens resten av materialet på maksimalt 10 vekt-prosent kan bestå av: The invention therefore relates to an electrically conductive glass-like material and crystallized products which are formed in a known manner from this material, and the material is characterized in that it consists of at least 90% by weight of SiO„ and/or B.,0, AL>0.,, Na,0, Fe20., and FeO, in the following amounts in percentage by weight where the total amount of Fe.,0., and FeO is calculated as Fe..O,: the molecular ratio between Fe„0;! and FeO is between 1:2 and 4:1, while the rest of the material at a maximum of 10 percent by weight can consist of:
For å oppnå glass av denne sammensetning smeltes de angjeldende oksyder eller forbindelser som ved oppvarmning omdannes i disse oksyder i en svakt reduserende til svakt oksyderende atmosfære på den i glassteknikken vanlige måte, ved en temperatur mellom 1000° og 1650° C. In order to obtain glass of this composition, the relevant oxides or compounds which, when heated, are converted into these oxides are melted in a weakly reducing to weakly oxidizing atmosphere in the usual way in glass technology, at a temperature between 1000° and 1650°C.
En svakt" reduserende atmosfære oppnås ved at utgangsstoffene smeltes i en flamme som mates med en blanding av hy-drogen og oksygen med et overskudd på 10 volumprosent hydrogen med hensyn til den støkiometriske volummengde knallgass. En svakt oksyderende atmosfære oppnås med en flamme som drives med lysgass og et lite overskudd av oksygen, f. eks. i en mengde på 10 volumprosent. A weak "reducing atmosphere" is obtained by melting the starting materials in a flame which is fed with a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen with an excess of 10 percent by volume of hydrogen with respect to the stoichiometric volume amount of explosive gas. A weakly oxidizing atmosphere is obtained with a flame which is fueled with light gas and a small excess of oxygen, for example in an amount of 10 percent by volume.
Vesentlig for den høye elektriske ledningsevne av glasstypen ifølge oppfinnelsen er nærvær av ferri- ved siden av ferro-ioner i et forhold som i avhengighet av den ovenfor nevnte atmosfære type, hvori glasset smeltes, ligger mellom 1 : 1 og 8 : 1. For fremstilling av glasset kan jern oksydet settes til blandingen i form av magnetitt (Fe.,04), hvis ønskes sammen med en fer-roforbindelse, f. eks. ferro-oksalat. Ved til-setning som adskilte ferri- og ferroforbin-delser, f. eks. i form av Fe2Os og ferro-oksalat, finnes en avvikelse som ligger in-nenfor feilgrensen. Anvendes FeaO,, som ut-gangsstoff så foregår det en reaksjon av Fe30., med de øvrige glassblandingsbe-standdeler. Ved sammenligning av de to fremgangsmåter av jernoksydtilsetningen ved hjelp av en grafisk fremstilling av log q, f. eks. målt ved 150° C, av et antall sammensetninger hvor jernoksyd er tilsatt til blandingen i form av Fe30„ og en slik av log q' av samme sammensetning hvori dette oksyd er tilsatt i form av en blanding av Fe^O,, og ferrooksalat, fremkommer det et antall punkter som ved korrektur av log o-verdiene gir et rettlinjet forhold log q' = 0,958 log q —0,005, ved korrektur av log o' finnes da et rettlinjet forhold log q' = 0,45 log p +1,41. Herav fremgår altså den kjemiske reaksjon mellom jernoksyd og de øvrige bestanddeler av blandingen, og det viser seg dessuten at tilsetningen av jernoksyd i form av adskilte ferri- og ferro-forbindelser er å foretrekke. Essential for the high electrical conductivity of the glass type according to the invention is the presence of ferric next to ferrous ions in a ratio which, depending on the type of atmosphere mentioned above, in which the glass is melted, is between 1 : 1 and 8 : 1. For production of the glass, the iron oxide can be added to the mixture in the form of magnetite (Fe.,04), if desired together with a ferro compound, e.g. ferrous oxalate. By adding separate ferric and ferrous compounds, e.g. in the form of Fe2Os and ferrous oxalate, there is a deviation that lies within the margin of error. If FeaO,, is used as a starting material, a reaction of Fe30,, with the other glass mixture constituents takes place. When comparing the two methods of the iron oxide addition using a graphical representation of log q, e.g. measured at 150° C, of a number of compositions where iron oxide is added to the mixture in the form of Fe30„ and one of log q' of the same composition in which this oxide is added in the form of a mixture of Fe^O,, and ferrous oxalate, a number of points appear which, when correcting the log o values, gives a straight-line relationship log q' = 0.958 log q -0.005, when correcting log o' there is then a straight-line relationship log q' = 0.45 log p +1, 41. This shows the chemical reaction between iron oxide and the other components of the mixture, and it also turns out that the addition of iron oxide in the form of separate ferric and ferrous compounds is preferable.
Det skal dessuten bemerkes at smelte-atmosfæren med hensyn til de oppnådde verdier av spesifikk motstand er mindre kritisk ved glasstyper som ikke inneholder tre- eller toverdig koboltoksyd. Forøvrig vil det ved smelter i en svakt reduserende atmosfære finnes log g-verdier som er om-trent en enhet lavere enn ved smeiten i en svakt oksyderende atmosfære. Ved tilsetningen av kobolt-ioner kan glasstypens ledningsevne påvirkes. It should also be noted that the melting atmosphere with regard to the obtained values of specific resistance is less critical for glass types that do not contain trivalent or divalent cobalt oxide. Incidentally, when smelting in a weakly reducing atmosphere, there will be log g values that are approximately one unit lower than when smelting in a weakly oxidizing atmosphere. The conductivity of the glass type can be affected by the addition of cobalt ions.
Glasstypene ifølge oppfinnelsen lar seg anvende som ledende sammensmeltninger, glasselektroder, som varmeelementer, f. eks. brødristere, som kolber for geigerteller osv. De er ugjennomsiktige og har en dyp sort farve. The types of glass according to the invention can be used as conductive fusions, glass electrodes, as heating elements, e.g. toasters, like flasks for Geiger counters, etc. They are opaque and have a deep black color.
De kan på kjent måte ved oppvarm - ning bringes til krystallisering, idet en for-anderlig del av glasset avhengig av den termiske behandling utskiller små krystal-ler i findispergert form. Dette utøver knapt noen innvirkning på glassets ledningsevne, men de mekaniske egenskaper, spesielt hårdhet og bruddstyrke forbedres derved i betraktelig grad. They can be brought to crystallization in a known manner by heating, as a variable part of the glass, depending on the thermal treatment, secretes small crystals in finely dispersed form. This has hardly any effect on the glass's conductivity, but the mechanical properties, especially hardness and breaking strength, are thereby improved to a considerable extent.
For nærmere å forklare oppfinnelsen skal det i det følgende angis noen spesifike eksempler. Tabell I inneholder et stort antall sammensetninger ifølge oppfinnelsen, såvel som den Briggske logaritime av den med disse sammensetninger oppnådde verdier for spesifikk motstand g i Ohm cm, målt ved 100° C og 50° C. Angivelsen «ox» og «red» betegner den anvendte smelte-atmosfære, nemlig oksyderende resp. reduserende slik det er angitt ovenfor. Endelig er aktiviseringsenergien E a angitt i eV, beregnet fra verdien av B fra ligningen log q A + ^ idet verdien av B igjen er fremkommet ved spesifike motstandsmå-linger ved 50° C, 100° C, 150° C, 200° C 300° C og 500° C. Verdien av E |A i eV fremkommer fra multiplikasjon av B med faktor 0,198 x 10-3. In order to explain the invention in more detail, some specific examples will be given in the following. Table I contains a large number of compositions according to the invention, as well as the Briggs logarithm of the values for specific resistance g in Ohm cm obtained with these compositions, measured at 100° C and 50° C. The indications "ox" and "red" denote the used melting atmosphere, namely oxidizing or reducing as indicated above. Finally, the activation energy E a is stated in eV, calculated from the value of B from the equation log q A + ^, the value of B having again been obtained by specific resistance measurements at 50° C, 100° C, 150° C, 200° C 300 ° C and 500° C. The value of E |A in eV results from multiplying B by the factor 0.198 x 10-3.
Tabell II gir endelig noen sammensetninger som riktignok inneholder bestand-delene ifølge oppfinnelsen, imidlertid i mengder som ligger utenfor de angitte grenser. Den spesifike motstand av legemene med disse sammensetninger er betraktelig høyere enn ved legemene frem-stillet ifølge oppfinnelsen. Table II finally gives some compositions which do indeed contain the constituent parts according to the invention, however in quantities that lie outside the specified limits. The specific resistance of the bodies with these compositions is considerably higher than with the bodies produced according to the invention.
Claims (2)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE7502569A SE400509B (en) | 1975-03-07 | 1975-03-07 | WAY TO PLACE A RELIEF SAMPLE SURFACE AT PLAN-PRESSED SPANISH DISCS |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO760731L NO760731L (en) | 1976-09-08 |
| NO148063B true NO148063B (en) | 1983-04-25 |
| NO148063C NO148063C (en) | 1983-08-03 |
Family
ID=20323887
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO760731A NO148063C (en) | 1975-03-07 | 1976-03-03 | PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLING PLATE PATTERNS. |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE2609233A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK143740C (en) |
| FI (1) | FI59052C (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1492911A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO148063C (en) |
| SE (1) | SE400509B (en) |
-
1975
- 1975-03-07 SE SE7502569A patent/SE400509B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1976
- 1976-03-03 NO NO760731A patent/NO148063C/en unknown
- 1976-03-05 GB GB8915/76A patent/GB1492911A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-03-05 DE DE19762609233 patent/DE2609233A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1976-03-05 FI FI760564A patent/FI59052C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-03-05 DK DK95176A patent/DK143740C/en active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2609233A1 (en) | 1976-09-16 |
| DK95176A (en) | 1976-09-08 |
| FI59052B (en) | 1981-02-27 |
| SE7502569L (en) | 1976-09-08 |
| NO148063C (en) | 1983-08-03 |
| GB1492911A (en) | 1977-11-23 |
| NO760731L (en) | 1976-09-08 |
| SE400509B (en) | 1978-04-03 |
| FI59052C (en) | 1981-06-10 |
| DK143740C (en) | 1982-03-22 |
| FI760564A (en) | 1976-09-08 |
| DK143740B (en) | 1981-10-05 |
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