NO145530B - PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF AN IMPROVED ALKENE POLYMERIZATION CATALYST - Google Patents
PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF AN IMPROVED ALKENE POLYMERIZATION CATALYST Download PDFInfo
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- NO145530B NO145530B NO751577A NO751577A NO145530B NO 145530 B NO145530 B NO 145530B NO 751577 A NO751577 A NO 751577A NO 751577 A NO751577 A NO 751577A NO 145530 B NO145530 B NO 145530B
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- catalyst
- oxide
- temperature
- polymers
- hydrocarbyl
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 22
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 10
- 239000002685 polymerization catalyst Substances 0.000 title description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 39
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 18
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 13
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 12
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 9
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- GCPCLEKQVMKXJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxy(diethyl)alumane Chemical compound CCO[Al](CC)CC GCPCLEKQVMKXJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001845 chromium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229940117975 chromium trioxide Drugs 0.000 description 3
- GAMDZJFZMJECOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(6+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Cr+6] GAMDZJFZMJECOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000071 blow moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- PHFQLYPOURZARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium trinitrate Chemical compound [Cr+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O PHFQLYPOURZARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylcyclohexane Chemical compound CC1CCCCC1 UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 propylene, ethylene Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003609 titanium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- SDTMFDGELKWGFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropan-2-olate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)[O-] SDTMFDGELKWGFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005119 alkyl cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010533 azeotropic distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- UWZMEXHSCJBWCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-methylpropoxy)-(2-methylpropyl)alumane Chemical compound CC(C)C[O-].CC(C)C[O-].CC(C)C[Al+2] UWZMEXHSCJBWCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ICEQTWAHBIDMIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-methylpropyl)alumanylium;2-methylpropan-1-olate Chemical compound CC(C)C[O-].CC(C)C[Al+]CC(C)C ICEQTWAHBIDMIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UDGQVBVWZIGNSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-olate (4-methylphenyl)aluminum(2+) Chemical compound [O-]CCCC.[O-]CCCC.C1(=CC=C(C=C1)[Al+2])C UDGQVBVWZIGNSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- WYYQVWLEPYFFLP-UHFFFAOYSA-K chromium(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Cr+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O WYYQVWLEPYFFLP-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- XEHUIDSUOAGHBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium;pentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound [Cr].CC(=O)CC(C)=O.CC(=O)CC(C)=O.CC(=O)CC(C)=O XEHUIDSUOAGHBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- UWAMTZZJXXCIOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M diethyl(phenoxy)alumane Chemical compound CC[Al+]CC.[O-]C1=CC=CC=C1 UWAMTZZJXXCIOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MSJGTVVKAYQMPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl(propoxy)alumane Chemical compound CCC[O-].CC[Al+]CC MSJGTVVKAYQMPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CQYBWJYIKCZXCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylaluminum Chemical compound CC[Al]CC CQYBWJYIKCZXCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl butane Natural products CCCC(C)C AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ORVACBDINATSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylaluminum Chemical compound C[Al]C ORVACBDINATSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HJXLFUBYELPHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-M diphenylalumanylium;phenoxide Chemical compound [O-]C1=CC=CC=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1[Al+]C1=CC=CC=C1 HJXLFUBYELPHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XOCWTYIVWYOSGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropylalumane Chemical compound C(CC)[AlH]CCC XOCWTYIVWYOSGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006353 environmental stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- BQBCXNQILNPAPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxy(dimethyl)alumane Chemical compound [O-]C.C[Al+]C BQBCXNQILNPAPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYNNXHKOJHMOHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl-cycloheptane Natural products CC1CCCCCC1 GYNNXHKOJHMOHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Octanol Natural products CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- DSQUOVKGANUBRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propoxy(dipropyl)alumane Chemical compound CCCO[Al](CCC)CCC DSQUOVKGANUBRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
Description
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse angår en fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av en forbedret alkenpolymerisasjonskatalysator ved aktivering av et båret kromoksyd ved en temperatur på The present invention relates to a method for producing an improved alkene polymerization catalyst by activating a supported chromium oxide at a temperature of
260-1093°C, hvoretter det således aktiverte, bårne kromoksyd bringes i berøring med et hydrokarbylaluminiumhydrokarbyloksyd. 260-1093°C, after which the thus activated, carried chromium oxide is brought into contact with a hydrocarbyl aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide.
Til belysning av teknikkens stand skal det hevises til To illuminate the state of the art, it must be raised to
GB patentskrift 1 241 134. GB patent document 1 241 134.
Bårede kromoksydkatalysatorer kan anvendes til fremstilling Supported chromium oxide catalysts can be used for production
av alkenpolymerisater i en hydrokarbonoppløsning for å gi produkter med fremragende egenskaper i mange henseender. Det er relativt enkelt å beherske molekylvekten i disse systemer rett og slett ved endring av temperaturen, idet polymerer med lav molekylvekt (høy smelteindeks) fås ved høyere temperaturer. Bårede kromoksydkatalysatorer kan også anvendes til fremstilling av alkenpolymerisater i et oppslemmingssystem hvor polymerisatet fremstilles i form av små partikler av fast materiale suspendert i et fortynningsmiddel. of alkene polymers in a hydrocarbon solution to give products with outstanding properties in many respects. It is relatively easy to control the molecular weight in these systems simply by changing the temperature, since polymers with a low molecular weight (high melt index) are obtained at higher temperatures. Supported chromium oxide catalysts can also be used for the production of alkene polymers in a slurry system where the polymer is produced in the form of small particles of solid material suspended in a diluent.
Denne fremgangsmåte, som ofte betegnes som en "partikkelformprosess", har den fordel at den er mindre kompleks, men den skaffer ikke polymerisater som helt kan sammenlignes med oppløsningspolymerisater. Der er visse anvendelser hvor det er nødvendig med egenskaper som This method, which is often referred to as a "particulate form process", has the advantage of being less complex, but it does not provide polymers that are quite comparable to solution polymers. There are certain applications where properties like
er knyttet til polymerisater fremstilt ved oppløsningsprosessen, f.eks. en høy skjærrespons (shear response). Dessuten er der en iboende begrensning ved partikkelformprosessen når det gjelder beherskelse av molekylvekten ved innstilling av temperaturen, idet økninger i temperaturen for å gi polymerisater med høyere smelteindeks bevirker at polymerisatet går i oppløsning, noe som ødelegger partikkelformprosessen. are linked to polymers produced by the dissolution process, e.g. a high shear response. Also, there is an inherent limitation of the particle forming process in terms of controlling the molecular weight by setting the temperature, as increases in temperature to give polymers with a higher melt index cause the polymer to dissolve, which destroys the particle forming process.
Det er en hensikt med den foreliggende oppfinnelse å skaffe It is an object of the present invention to provide
en katalysator som egner seg for fremstilling av polymerisater med relativt høy smelteindeks i en partikkelformprosess, fortrinnsvis ved en lavere temperatur enn tidligere kjent. a catalyst which is suitable for the production of polymers with a relatively high melt index in a particle form process, preferably at a lower temperature than previously known.
I henhold til den foreliggende oppfinnelse kan en slik katalysator fremstilles ved at berøringen med hydrokarbylaluminiumhydrokarbyloksydet utføres ved en temperatur på mellom -18 og +16°C. According to the present invention, such a catalyst can be produced by the contact with the hydrocarbyl aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide being carried out at a temperature of between -18 and +16°C.
På tegningen er fig. 1 et diagram som viser forholdet mellom skjærresponsen og smelteindeksen for kopolymerisater av eten og heksen-1 fremstilt med en katalysator fremstilt i over-ensstemmelse med oppfinnelsen, og for polymerisater fremstilt under anvendelse av en katalysator som ikke er fremstilt i henhold til oppfinnelsen. Fig. 2 er et diagram som viser forholdet mellom skjærresponsen og den temperatur hvor aluminiumhydrokarbyloksyd-behandlingen utføres. Fig. 3 er et diagram som viser forholdet mellom den reaktortemperatur som er nødvendig for å gi en bestemt smelteindeks, og den temperatur som aluminiumhydrokarbyloksyd-behandlingen utføres ved. In the drawing, fig. 1 a diagram showing the relationship between the shear response and the melt index for copolymers of ethylene and hexene-1 produced with a catalyst produced in accordance with the invention, and for polymers produced using a catalyst not produced in accordance with the invention. Fig. 2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the shear response and the temperature at which the aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide treatment is carried out. Fig. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the reactor temperature which is necessary to give a certain melting index, and the temperature at which the aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide treatment is carried out.
Fig. 4 er et diagram som viser forholdet mellom andelen Fig. 4 is a diagram showing the relationship between the proportion
av tilført komonomer i en kopolymer for å gi en bestemt smelteindeks og aluminiumhydrokarbyloksyd-behandlingstemperaturen. of added comonomer in a copolymer to give a specific melt index and the aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide processing temperature.
Oppfinnelsen beskjeftiger sea med katalysatorer til fremstilling av polymerisater i en partikkelformprosess ved en relativt lav temperatur for et polyraerisat med en bestemt smelteindeks eller ved en bestemt temperatur for et polymeri-sat med en relativt høy smelteindeks. De polymerisater som fremstilles med den ifølge oppfinnelsen fremstilte katalysator, er fortrinnsvis normalt faste homopolymerisater eller kopolymerisater av eten med et annet 1-alken inneholdende 3-8 karbonatomer pr. . molekyl. F.eks. kan et alkenpolymerisat f rems tilles f ra minst et alifatisk mono-l-alken med 2-8 karbonatomer pr. molekyl. Eksempler på kopolymerisater omfatter kopolymerisåtene av eten og propen, eten og 1-buten, eten og 1-heksen, eten og 1-okten o. 1. De f leste slike kopolymerisater er avledet av eten og består stort sett av ca. 95-99 molprosent eten. Disse polymerisater er vel egnet til ekstrudering, blåseforming, sprøytestøping o.l. The invention deals with catalysts for the production of polymers in a particle-forming process at a relatively low temperature for a polymer with a specific melting index or at a specific temperature for a polymer with a relatively high melting index. The polymers produced with the catalyst produced according to the invention are preferably normally solid homopolymers or copolymers of ethylene with another 1-alkene containing 3-8 carbon atoms per . molecule. E.g. an alkene polymer can first be added from at least one aliphatic mono-l-alkene with 2-8 carbon atoms per molecule. Examples of copolymers include the copolymers of ethylene and propylene, ethylene and 1-butene, ethylene and 1-hexene, ethylene and 1-octene etc. 1. Most such copolymers are derived from ethylene and mostly consist of approx. 95-99 mole percent ethylene. These polymers are well suited for extrusion, blow molding, injection molding etc.
Egnede bærere for kromoksydet innbefatter silisiumoksyd, silisiumoksyd/aluminiumoksyd, silisiumoksyd/titanoksyd o.l. Bærerne er partikkelformede og kan fremstilles ved utfellings- og samutfellingsteknikker eller ved blanding av silisiumoksyd med andre ildfaste materialer. F.eks. kan natriumsilikat tilsettes en syre som f.eks. svovelsyre (eller et syresalt), den resulterende utfelling eldes i minst én time, de vannoppløselige salter fjernes og vann deretter fjernes ved azeotropdestillasjon med et materiale som f.eks. etylacetat. Blandingen av silikatet i syren (eller omvendt) utføres fortrinnsvis langsomt og under kraftig omrøring, slik at f.eks. 0,5-15 og fortrinnsvis 1-5% av silikatet tilsettes pr. minutt. Silisiumoksyd utgjør hovedandelen av bæreren, mens den eller de andre metallforbindelser når slike anvendes, utgjør fra 0,1 til ca. 20 vektprosent av den ferdige katalysator. Bæreren kan også impregneres med en forbedrende metallforbindelse (promoter metal compound), f.eks. en titanforbindelse, før aktiveringen. Alternativt kan den samutfelles med en titanforbindelse. Bæreren blandes med ca. 0,1-10 vektprosent av en kromforbindelse før aktiveringen. Suitable carriers for the chromium oxide include silicon oxide, silicon oxide/alumina, silicon oxide/titanium oxide and the like. The carriers are particulate and can be produced by precipitation and co-precipitation techniques or by mixing silicon oxide with other refractory materials. E.g. sodium silicate can be added to an acid such as sulfuric acid (or an acid salt), the resulting precipitate is aged for at least one hour, the water-soluble salts are removed and water is then removed by azeotropic distillation with a material such as ethyl acetate. The mixing of the silicate in the acid (or vice versa) is preferably carried out slowly and with vigorous stirring, so that e.g. 0.5-15 and preferably 1-5% of the silicate is added per minute. Silicon oxide makes up the main part of the carrier, while the other metal compounds, when such are used, make up from 0.1 to approx. 20% by weight of the finished catalyst. The carrier can also be impregnated with an improving metal compound (promoter metal compound), e.g. a titanium compound, before the activation. Alternatively, it can be co-precipitated with a titanium compound. The carrier is mixed with approx. 0.1-10% by weight of a chromium compound before the activation.
Kromforbindelsen kan være et vannoppløselig salt som f.eks. kromnitrat, kromacetat, kromtrioksyd o.l., eller en organisk kromforbindelse som f.eks. tertbutylkromat, kromacetylacetonat o.l. Organokromforbindelsen kan være oppløst i et ikke-vandig oppløsningsmiddel som f.eks. pentan, heksan, benzen eller lignende, og oppløsningen blir tilsatt bæreren, som fortrinnsvis er hovedsakelig tørr. Den resulterende blanding tørkes og aktiveres i tørr luft ved en forhøyet temperatur som stort sett ligger i området 260-1093°C, fortrinnsvis 399-649°C, i ca. en halv time til 50 The chromium compound can be a water-soluble salt such as e.g. chromium nitrate, chromium acetate, chromium trioxide etc., or an organic chromium compound such as tertbutyl chromate, chromium acetylacetonate, etc. The organochrome compound can be dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent such as e.g. pentane, hexane, benzene or the like, and the solution is added to the carrier, which is preferably substantially dry. The resulting mixture is dried and activated in dry air at an elevated temperature generally in the range of 260-1093°C, preferably 399-649°C, for approx. half an hour to 50
timer, fortrinnsvis 2-10.timer. I det minste en vesentlig andel av krommet i tilstander med lavere verdighet omdannes til den seksverdige form. hours, preferably 2-10 hours. At least a significant proportion of the chromium in lower valence states is converted to the hexavalent form.
Etter aktiveringen blir katalysatoren avkjølt og behandlet After activation, the catalyst is cooled and treated
med et hydrokarbylaluminium-hydrokarbyloksyd ved en temperatur på mellom -18 og +16°C. with a hydrocarbyl aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide at a temperature of between -18 and +16°C.
Lavtemperaturbehandlingen med aluminiumhydrokarbyloksydet The low temperature treatment with the aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide
kan utføres enten før den aktiverte katalysator fylles i reaktoren, eller katalysatoren kan behandles på stedet i reaktoren før denne bringes opp i den ønskede driftstemperatur og monomeren føres inn. can be carried out either before the activated catalyst is filled into the reactor, or the catalyst can be treated on site in the reactor before it is brought up to the desired operating temperature and the monomer is introduced.
Hydrokarbylaluminium-hydrokarbyloksydene har følgende generelle formel: The hydrocarbyl aluminum hydrocarbyl oxides have the following general formula:
AlRa(0R')b, AlRa(0R')b,
hvor R og R' er like eller forskjellige og nærmere bestemt er alkyl-, aryl- eller cykloalkylradikaler eller kombinasjoner herav, som f.eks. alkaryl, alkylcykloalkyl etc, idet hvert radikal inneholder 1-10 og fortrinnsvis 1-6 karbonatomer, a og b er 1 eller 2, og a + b = 3. Eksempler på slike forbindelser innbefatter difenylaluminiumfenoksyd, p-tolylaluminium-dibutoksyd, di-n-propylaluminium-metylcykloheksoksyd, isobutylaluminium-diisobutoksyd, where R and R' are the same or different and more specifically are alkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl radicals or combinations thereof, such as e.g. alkaryl, alkylcycloalkyl etc, each radical containing 1-10 and preferably 1-6 carbon atoms, a and b are 1 or 2, and a + b = 3. Examples of such compounds include diphenylaluminum phenoxide, p-tolylaluminum dibutoxide, di-n -propylaluminum methylcyclohexoxide, isobutylaluminum diisobutoxide,
di-metylaluminium-metoksyd, dietylaluminiumetoksyd, dietylaluminium-n-propoksyd, dietylaluminium-t-butoksyd, di-isobutylaluminium-isobutoksyd, di-n-propylaluminium-n-propoksyd, di-2-metylpentyl-aluminium-etoksyd, dimetylaluminium-dekanoksyd, dietylaluminium-fenoksyd o.l. For øyeblikket foretrekkes dialkylaluminiumalkok-sydene. Hydrokarbylaluminium-hydrokarbyloksydene kan fremstilles ved omsetning av en hydrokarbonoppløsning av et tri-hydrokarbylaluminium med en hydrokarbonoppløsning av en alkohol i et molforhold på ca. 1:1-1:2. Etter at reaksjonen er fullført, blir den nødvendige mengde av oppløsningen anvendt til behandling av den aktiverte katalysator. Oppløsningsmiddelet er fortrinnsvis det samme som det som anvendes som fortynningsmiddel ved poly-merisasjonen, dvs. isobutan, pentan eller lignende, men kan også dimethylaluminum methoxide, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diethylaluminum n-propoxide, diethylaluminum t-butoxide, diisobutylaluminum isobutoxide, di-n-propylaluminum n-propoxide, di-2-methylpentyl aluminum ethoxide, dimethylaluminum decaneoxide, diethylaluminum phenoxide, etc. Currently, the dialkylaluminum alkoxides are preferred. The hydrocarbyl aluminum hydrocarbyl oxides can be prepared by reacting a hydrocarbon solution of a tri-hydrocarbyl aluminum with a hydrocarbon solution of an alcohol in a molar ratio of approx. 1:1-1:2. After the reaction is complete, the required amount of the solution is used to treat the activated catalyst. The solvent is preferably the same as that used as a diluent in the polymerization, i.e. isobutane, pentane or the like, but can also
være et annet middel. be another remedy.
Mengden av aluminiumhydrokarbyloksyd kan ligger på 0,5-10 vektprosent regnet på vekten av den aktiverte katalysator som behandles, og ca. 1-8 vektprosent foretrekkes. I tilfeller hvor aluminiumhydrokarbyloksydet på forhånd blandes med katalysatoren før denne bringes i berøring med monomeren, foretrekkes det at aluminiumhydrokarbyloksyd-oppløsningen tilsettes langsomt til en oppslemming av katalysatoren under kraftig blanding ved f.eks. omrøring, idet oksydet reagerer raskt med katalysatoren. Hvis aluminiumhydrokarbyloksydet rett og slett ble helt over katalysatoren eller opp i et fortynningsmiddel som inneholder katalysatoren, vil således den første andel av katalysatoren som kommer i berøring med aluminiumhydrokarbyloksydet, få innlemmet en stor andel av dette, mens resten vil oppta mindre eller intet. Blandingen bør fortsettes en kort tid etter at alt aluminiumhydrokarbyloksydet er tilsatt. The amount of aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide can be 0.5-10 percent by weight calculated on the weight of the activated catalyst being treated, and approx. 1-8 percent by weight is preferred. In cases where the aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide is pre-mixed with the catalyst before this is brought into contact with the monomer, it is preferred that the aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide solution is added slowly to a slurry of the catalyst under vigorous mixing by e.g. stirring, as the oxide reacts quickly with the catalyst. If the aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide was simply poured over the catalyst or into a diluent containing the catalyst, the first portion of the catalyst that comes into contact with the aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide will thus incorporate a large portion of this, while the rest will take up less or nothing. Mixing should be continued for a short time after all the aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide has been added.
Den partikkelformprosess som katalysatoren fremstilt ifølge den foreliggende oppfinnelse er spesielt anvendelig i, er en fremgangsmåte hvor minst ett alken polymeriseres ved en temperatur i området 66-112°C, fortrinnsvis 88-110°C. Katalysatoren holdes i suspensjon og bringes i berøring med alkenet eller en blanding av alkener i et organisk medium ved et trykk som er tilstrekkelig til å holde mediet og minst en del av alkenene i væskefase. Mediet og tempe-raturene er slike at den polymer som fremstilles, er uoppløselig i mediet og gjenvinnes i form av faste partikler. Det organiske medium (fortynningsmiddel) er generelt et alkan og/eller cykloalkan med 3-12 karbonatomer pr. molekyl. Representative eksempler omfatter propan, butan, isobutan, pentan, isopentan, cykloheksan, normalt dodekan, metylcykloheksan o.l. Trykket kan ligge pa 7,80-48,6 atm eller høyere, og katalysatorkonsentråsjonene kan ligge på ca. 0,001-1 vektprosent, regnet på vekten av reaktorinnholdet. Hvis det ønskes, kan hydrogen anvendes til modifisering av molekylvekten av de polymerer som fremstilles ved prosessen. Prosessen til fremstilling av polymerene i partikkelform er generelt beskrevet i GB-PS. 853 414, og senere variasjoner er omtalt i US-PS 3 644 323. The particle form process in which the catalyst produced according to the present invention is particularly applicable is a process where at least one alkene is polymerized at a temperature in the range 66-112°C, preferably 88-110°C. The catalyst is kept in suspension and brought into contact with the alkene or a mixture of alkenes in an organic medium at a pressure sufficient to keep the medium and at least part of the alkenes in liquid phase. The medium and the temperatures are such that the polymer produced is insoluble in the medium and is recovered in the form of solid particles. The organic medium (diluent) is generally an alkane and/or cycloalkane with 3-12 carbon atoms per molecule. Representative examples include propane, butane, isobutane, pentane, isopentane, cyclohexane, normal dodecane, methylcyclohexane and the like. The pressure can be 7.80-48.6 atm or higher, and the catalyst concentrations can be approx. 0.001-1 percent by weight, calculated on the weight of the reactor contents. If desired, hydrogen can be used to modify the molecular weight of the polymers produced by the process. The process for producing the polymers in particulate form is generally described in GB-PS. 853,414, and later variations are discussed in US-PS 3,644,323.
Polymerisater fremstilt med katalysatoren kan lett behandles Polymers prepared with the catalyst can be easily processed
på vanlig plastbearbeidingsutstyr. Et mål for bearbeidbarheten er polymerens smelteindeks, idet de polymerer som har høyere smelteindekser, er lettere å behandle enn de med lave smelteindekser. Smelteindeksene av de polymerer som fremstilles, kan ligge i om- on ordinary plastic processing equipment. A measure of processability is the polymer's melt index, as polymers with higher melt indices are easier to process than those with low melt indices. The melt indices of the polymers that are produced can lie in the
rådet 0,1-20 eller endog høyere. advised 0.1-20 or even higher.
Polymerisatene har en bred molekylvektfordeling. Et The polymers have a broad molecular weight distribution. One
tegn på bredde i molekylvektfordelingen er forholdet mellom smelteindeksen ved høy belastning (HLMI) bestemt i henhold til ASTM D1238-57T, betingelsene P, og smelteindeksen (MI) bestemt indicative of molecular weight distribution width is the ratio of the high load melt index (HLMI) determined according to ASTM D1238-57T, conditions P, to the melt index (MI) determined
i henhold til ASTM D1238-57T, betingelse E. På lignende måte "kan forholdet mellom flytegraden (flow rate) etter "CIL" og smelteindeksen fastlegges ved måling av flytegraden etter "CIL" i et plastometer fremstilt av Canadian Industries Limited (CIL). Ved denne fremgangsmåte blir flytegraden av polymerisatet fastlagt ved 103 atm's gassovertrykk og en temperatur på 190°C gjennom et kapillarrør som er 4,47 mm langt og har en innvendig dia- according to ASTM D1238-57T, Condition E. Similarly, "the relationship between the flow rate after "CIL" and the melt index can be determined by measuring the flow rate after "CIL" in a plastometer manufactured by Canadian Industries Limited (CIL). In this method, the flow rate of the polymer is determined at a gas overpressure of 103 atm and a temperature of 190°C through a capillary tube that is 4.47 mm long and has an internal dia-
meter på 0,489 mm. Polymerisater med en bred molekyl- meter of 0.489 mm. Polymers with a wide molecular
vektfordeling er mere skjærfølsomme og oppviser derfor høyere HLMI/MI- eller CIL/MI-forhold enn polymerisater med smal molekylvektfordeling. Polymerisater med bred molekylvekt-fordeling, spesielt slike med en smelteindeks på ca. 0,2-0,3 er meget nyttige ved blåseforming av beholdere o.l., idet de oppviser gode smelte-flyteegenskaper og de formede gjenstander har god motstand mot sprekkdannelse ved omgivelsespåkjenninger (environmental stress cracking). weight distribution are more shear sensitive and therefore exhibit higher HLMI/MI or CIL/MI ratios than polymers with a narrow molecular weight distribution. Polymers with a broad molecular weight distribution, especially those with a melt index of approx. 0.2-0.3 are very useful for blow molding of containers etc., as they exhibit good melt flow properties and the shaped objects have good resistance to cracking due to environmental stress cracking.
Lavtemperaturbehandlingen av katalysatoren med aluminiumhydrokarbyloksydet medfører overraskende en økning i skjærresponsen (slaear response) sammenlignet med polymerisater fremstilt med den samme katalysator behandlet ved temperaturer på 32-38°C. Andre uventede virkninger som skyldes den lavtemperaturbehandlede katalysator sammenlignet med katalysatorer behandlet ved 32-38°C, er at der fås en vesentlig reduksjon av den reaksjonstemperatur som kreves for fremstilling av polymerisater med bestemte smelteindekser, og en økt mengde av 1-heksen for fremstilling av en kopolymer med en gitt massetetthet ved en gitt smelteindeks. The low-temperature treatment of the catalyst with the aluminum hydrocarbyl oxide surprisingly leads to an increase in the shear response (slaear response) compared to polymers produced with the same catalyst treated at temperatures of 32-38°C. Other unexpected effects due to the low-temperature-treated catalyst compared to catalysts treated at 32-38°C are that there is a significant reduction of the reaction temperature required for the production of polymers with certain melt indices, and an increased amount of 1-hexene for the production of a copolymer with a given bulk density at a given melt index.
Eksempel 1 Example 1
nsa?j&«KbljolynC^a%^e3j3 aV-éfcé'h<:> og<;>i-héksen ble fremstilt i en partikkelformprosess under anvendelse av isobutan som' fortynningsmiddel og katalysatorer bestående av mikrosfæroidalt silisiumoksyd inneh.o.ldende 2 vektprosent kromtrioksyd (tilsatt som en vandig oppløsning før silisiumoksydet forstøvningstørkes), aktivert i fem nsa?j&«KbljolynC^a%^e3j3 aV-éfcé'h<:> and<;>i-hexene was prepared in a particulate form process using isobutane as a diluent and catalysts consisting of microspheroidal silicon oxide containing 2% by weight chromium trioxide (added as an aqueous solution before the silica is spray-dried), activated for five
. timeriived e48:2$,G!,"".i avkjølt"©g. ■behandlet ved de angitte temperaturer med en-^ hyxirbkarbonoppløshing^ av dietylaluminium-etoksyd (DEAL-E) i tilstrekkelig mengde til å tilsette 3,5 vektprosent alkoksyd. Be-handlingsbetingelsene ble innstilt slik at kopolymerisater med en nominell massetetthet på 0,9 50-0,952 g/cm 3 ble fremstilt. Produk-sjonsmengder på 3000-5000 kg/kg av katalysatoren ble oppnådd. Hydrogen ble tilsatt- for beherskelse av molekylvekten. Resultatene er gjengitt på fig. 1. Undersøkelse av dataene viser at en kopolymer fremstilt med en katalysator behandlet ved -15 - -12°C i henhold til den foreliggende oppfinnelse hadde en smelteindeks på 0,32 og et HLMI/MI-forhold på 191. I virkeligheten menes denne målte verdi å være , påvirket av, bp^tydeiige., ,fprsvøksfeil. En beregnet verdi basert på fig. J2. gir en verdi på ca. 162 som fremdeles ligger godt over den linje som angir den forventede verdi. Et kopolymerisat fremstilt med en katalysator behandlet med alkoksyd ved 32-38°C hadde en smelteindeks på 0,28, men HLMI/MI-forholdet var 144,.dvs. betydelig lavere enn-for den.første kopolymer. Et kopolymerisat fremstilt med en katalysator som ikke var behandlet.med alkoksyd, hadde en .smelteindeks ,på 0,37, og et HLMI/MI-forhold på 94. Der var visse vanskeligheter med å få homogene polymerisater med en smelteindeks på 0,4 med en katalysator behandlet ved -15 - -12°C, og med 3,5 % DEAL-E,, men andre prøver til fremstilling av polymerisater med en ^smelteindeks på 0,5 ved katalysatorbehandlingstemperaturer,på car '^15" - i'-12°C ga den samme uventede .forbedring av;HLMI/MI-forholdet.. Homogene polymerisater med en. smelteindeks på. 0 , 3 . -tkunne fremstilles med katalysatorer behandlet ved -15.- rl2°C, ved anvendelse' av én mindre mengde DEAL-E.'. timeriived e48:2$,G!,"".in cooled"©g. ■treated at the indicated temperatures with a-^ hyxirbcarbon solution^ of diethylaluminum ethoxide (DEAL-E) in sufficient quantity to add 3.5 weight percent alkoxide The treatment conditions were set so that copolymers with a nominal mass density of 0.950-0.952 g/cm 3 were produced. Production quantities of 3000-5000 kg/kg of the catalyst were obtained. Hydrogen was added to control the molecular weight The results are shown in Fig. 1. Examination of the data shows that a copolymer prepared with a catalyst treated at -15 - -12°C according to the present invention had a melt index of 0.32 and an HLMI/MI ratio of 191. In reality, this measured value is meant to be , affected by, bp^tydeiige., ,fprsvöksfäil. A calculated value based on fig. J2. gives a value of approx. 162 which is still well above the line indicating the expected value. A copolymer prepared with a catalyst treated with alkoxide at 32-38°C had a melt index of 0.28, but the HLMI/MI ratio was 144, i.e. significantly lower than for the first copolymer. A copolymer prepared with a catalyst that had not been treated with alkoxide had a melt index of 0.37 and an HLMI/MI ratio of 94. There were certain difficulties in obtaining homogeneous polymers with a melt index of 0.4 with a catalyst treated at -15 - -12°C, and with 3.5% DEAL-E,, but other samples for the production of polymers with a ^melt index of 0.5 at catalyst treatment temperatures, of car '^15" - i -12°C gave the same unexpected improvement in the HLMI/MI ratio.. Homogeneous polymers with a melt index of 0.3 could be prepared with catalysts treated at -15.- rl2°C, using of one smaller amount of DEAL-E.'
Eksempel 2 Example 2
Kopolymerisater av eten og 1-heksen ble fremstilt i en partikkelformprosess under anvendelse av isobutan som fortynningsmiddel og katalysatorer bestående av mikrosfæroidalt silisiumoksyd inneholdende 2 vektprosent kromtrioksyd som ble aktivert i 5 timer ved 482°C, avkjølt og behandlet med en hydrokarbonoppløsning av dietylaluminium-etoksyd ved temperaturer på 4-38°C. Tilstrekkelig oppløsningsmiddel ble tilsatt til å gi 3,5 vektprosent alkoksyd. Prosessbetingelsene ble innstilt slik at der i alle tilfeller ble oppnådd kopolymerisater med en nominell massetetthet på 0,950 g/cm og en smelteindeks på 0,30. Resultatene er gjengitt på fig. 2. Copolymers of ethylene and 1-hexene were prepared in a particulate form process using isobutane as diluent and catalysts consisting of microspheroidal silica containing 2% by weight chromium trioxide which was activated for 5 hours at 482°C, cooled and treated with a hydrocarbon solution of diethyl aluminum ethoxide at temperatures of 4-38°C. Sufficient solvent was added to give 3.5 weight percent alkoxide. The process conditions were set so that in all cases copolymers with a nominal bulk density of 0.950 g/cm and a melt index of 0.30 were obtained. The results are shown in fig. 2.
Kurven på fig. 2 viser at der foreligger et lineært forhold mellom alkoksydkatalysatorbehandlingen mellom 4 og 38°C og polymerens HLMI/MI-forhold for fremstilling av den bestemte polymer ved det angitte alkoksydnivå. Når alkoksydkatalysatorbehandlings-temperaturen avtar, øker polymerens HLMI/MI-forhold. The curve in fig. 2 shows that there is a linear relationship between the alkoxide catalyst treatment between 4 and 38°C and the polymer's HLMI/MI ratio for the production of the particular polymer at the specified alkoxide level. As the alkoxide catalyst treatment temperature decreases, the HLMI/MI ratio of the polymer increases.
Eksempel 3 Example 3
Kopolymerisater av eten og 1-heksen ble fremstilt som i de foregående eksempler. I en prøveserie varierte alkoksydbehandlingstemperaturen fra 4 til 38°C. I alle tilfeller ble prosessbetingelsen' innstilt slik at kopolymerisater med en nominell massetetthet på 0,950 g/cm 3og en smelteindeks på 0,30 ble fremstilt. Resultatene er gjengitt på fig. 3 og 4. Copolymers of ethylene and 1-hexene were prepared as in the previous examples. In a series of tests, the alkoxide treatment temperature varied from 4 to 38°C. In all cases, the process conditions were set so that copolymers with a nominal bulk density of 0.950 g/cm 3 and a melt index of 0.30 were produced. The results are shown in fig. 3 and 4.
Betraktning av kurven på fig. 3 viser at alkoksydbehandlings-temperaturer på 27-38°C krever en reaktortemperatur på ca. 98°C, Considering the curve in fig. 3 shows that alkoxide treatment temperatures of 27-38°C require a reactor temperature of approx. 98°C,
for fremstilling av kopolymerisater med de foreskrevne egenskaper. Når alkoksydbehandlingstemperaturen faller under 27°C, avtar reaktortemperaturen raskt. Når f.eks. alkoksydbehandlingen finner sted ved 4°C, er den nødvendige reaktortemperatur for fremstilling av polymerisater med de fastlagte egenskaper ca. 92°C eller ca. for the production of copolymers with the prescribed properties. When the alkoxide treatment temperature drops below 27°C, the reactor temperature decreases rapidly. When e.g. the alkoxide treatment takes place at 4°C, the required reactor temperature for the production of polymers with the determined properties is approx. 92°C or approx.
6°C lavere. 6°C lower.
Betraktning av den kurve som er vist på fig. 4, viser at den mengde komonomer som er nødvendig for fremstilling av et kopolymerisat med en gitt massetetthet og smelteindeks også er avhengig av alkoksydkatalysator-behandlingstemperaturen. Etterhvert som behandlingstemperaturen avtar, øker den nødvendige mengde av komonomeren. Considering the curve shown in fig. 4, shows that the amount of comonomer required for the production of a copolymer with a given bulk density and melt index is also dependent on the alkoxide catalyst treatment temperature. As the treatment temperature decreases, the required amount of the comonomer increases.
Forskjellene i kravene til reaktortemperatur og komonomer er signifikante. En forståelse av disse forskjeller er viktige ved utførelse av partikkelformprosessen på riktig måte med den alkoksyd-behandlede kromoksyd/silisiumoksyd-katalysator, og en slik forståelse tillater mer fleksibilitet i driften, samt en bedre beherskelse av skjærresponsen av de fremstilte polymerisater. The differences in the requirements for reactor temperature and comonomers are significant. An understanding of these differences is important in performing the particle shaping process correctly with the alkoxide-treated chromium oxide/silica catalyst, and such an understanding allows more flexibility in operation, as well as a better control of the shear response of the produced polymers.
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US46669274A | 1974-05-03 | 1974-05-03 |
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BE (1) | BE828671A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1073891A (en) |
DE (1) | DE2519320C3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES436783A1 (en) |
FI (1) | FI59417C (en) |
FR (1) | FR2269537B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1501728A (en) |
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JPS55114556A (en) * | 1979-02-22 | 1980-09-03 | Nrm Corp | Belt folding machine and its belt folding method |
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WO1994013708A1 (en) * | 1992-12-17 | 1994-06-23 | Neste Oy | Process for the polymerization of ethylene by a catalyst which contains chromium and an ethylene polymer obtained by this process |
EP0905148B1 (en) * | 1997-09-27 | 2003-02-05 | ATOFINA Research | Catalysts for polyethylene production and use thereof |
US7388059B2 (en) | 2004-06-28 | 2008-06-17 | Japan Polyethylene Corporation | Ethylene polymer, catalyst for producing thereof and method for producing thereof |
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FI59417B (en) | 1981-04-30 |
FI59417C (en) | 1981-08-10 |
IT1037349B (en) | 1979-11-10 |
NO751577L (en) | 1975-11-04 |
FI750769A (en) | 1975-11-04 |
GB1501728A (en) | 1978-02-22 |
NO145530C (en) | 1982-04-14 |
FR2269537A1 (en) | 1975-11-28 |
JPS5117993A (en) | 1976-02-13 |
BE828671A (en) | 1975-11-03 |
DE2519320C3 (en) | 1980-09-11 |
CA1073891A (en) | 1980-03-18 |
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