NO124796B - - Google Patents

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Publication number
NO124796B
NO124796B NO170364A NO17036467A NO124796B NO 124796 B NO124796 B NO 124796B NO 170364 A NO170364 A NO 170364A NO 17036467 A NO17036467 A NO 17036467A NO 124796 B NO124796 B NO 124796B
Authority
NO
Norway
Prior art keywords
sheet
color
copy
original
alcohol
Prior art date
Application number
NO170364A
Other languages
Norwegian (no)
Inventor
Virgil C Williams
Omar H Simonds
Original Assignee
Virgil C Williams
Omar H Simonds
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Virgil C Williams, Omar H Simonds filed Critical Virgil C Williams
Publication of NO124796B publication Critical patent/NO124796B/no

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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0032Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
    • F25J1/004Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by flash gas recovery
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63BSHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B25/00Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby
    • B63B25/02Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods
    • B63B25/08Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for bulk goods fluid
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17CVESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C9/00Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied or solidified gases from vessels not under pressure
    • F17C9/02Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied or solidified gases from vessels not under pressure with change of state, e.g. vaporisation
    • F17C9/04Recovery of thermal energy
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0012Primary atmospheric gases, e.g. air
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0012Primary atmospheric gases, e.g. air
    • F25J1/0015Nitrogen
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0022Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0032Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
    • F25J1/0042Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by liquid expansion with extraction of work
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0047Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0052Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/008Hydrocarbons
    • F25J1/0087Propane; Propylene
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0203Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0204Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a single flow SCR cycle
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0221Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using the cold stored in an external cryogenic component in an open refrigeration loop
    • F25J1/0223Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using the cold stored in an external cryogenic component in an open refrigeration loop in combination with the subsequent re-vaporisation of the originally liquefied gas at a second location to produce the external cryogenic component
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0221Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using the cold stored in an external cryogenic component in an open refrigeration loop
    • F25J1/0224Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using the cold stored in an external cryogenic component in an open refrigeration loop in combination with an internal quasi-closed refrigeration loop
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0292Refrigerant compression by cold or cryogenic suction of the refrigerant gas
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17CVESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2265/00Effects achieved by gas storage or gas handling
    • F17C2265/05Regasification
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2210/00Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
    • F25J2210/06Splitting of the feed stream, e.g. for treating or cooling in different ways
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2210/00Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
    • F25J2210/40Air or oxygen enriched air, i.e. generally less than 30mol% of O2
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2210/00Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
    • F25J2210/42Nitrogen
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2210/00Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
    • F25J2210/62Liquefied natural gas [LNG]; Natural gas liquids [NGL]; Liquefied petroleum gas [LPG]
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2230/00Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/08Cold compressor, i.e. suction of the gas at cryogenic temperature and generally without afterstage-cooler
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2230/00Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/20Integrated compressor and process expander; Gear box arrangement; Multiple compressors on a common shaft
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2230/00Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/30Compression of the feed stream
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2230/00Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/40Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams the fluid being air
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2230/00Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/42Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams the fluid being nitrogen
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2235/00Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams
    • F25J2235/42Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams the fluid being nitrogen
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2235/00Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams
    • F25J2235/60Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams the fluid being (a mixture of) hydrocarbons
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2240/00Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
    • F25J2240/02Expansion of a process fluid in a work-extracting turbine (i.e. isentropic expansion), e.g. of the feed stream
    • F25J2240/12Expansion of a process fluid in a work-extracting turbine (i.e. isentropic expansion), e.g. of the feed stream the fluid being nitrogen
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/14External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/14External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop
    • F25J2270/16External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop with mutliple gas expansion loops of the same refrigerant
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2290/00Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
    • F25J2290/62Details of storing a fluid in a tank

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Color Printing (AREA)

Description

Fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av kopier ved hjelp av spritdupliseringsprosessen, samt overføringsmateriale og kopierpapir til anvendelse ved fremgangsmåten. Method for making copies using the spirit duplicating process, as well as transfer material and copy paper for use in the method.

Denne oppfinnelse angår mangfoldig- I This invention concerns manifold- I

gjørelse, og særlig mangfoldiggjørelse av making, and especially multiplication of

den type som er bestemt for fremstilling the type intended for manufacture

av permanente kopier samt ikke tilsmus-sende materialer anvendt i en raskt for-løpende spritdupliseringsmetode. of permanent copies as well as non-contaminating materials used in a fast-moving alcohol duplication method.

Med spritdupliseringsmetoden menes By the alcohol duplication method is meant

en mangfoldiggjørelsesmetode ved hvilken a multiplication method by which

overføringen av materialet fra originalarket til kopiarket skjer i nærvær av en hin-ne av et raskt fordampbart oppløsnings-middel, f. eks. alkohol, som befinner seg på the transfer of the material from the original sheet to the copy sheet takes place in the presence of a film of a rapidly evaporating solvent, e.g. alcohol, which is located on

overflaten av kopiarket når dette kommer surface of the copy sheet when this arrives

i kontakt med originalarket. in contact with the original sheet.

Ved fremstilling av kopier ved hjelp When making copies using

av den kjente hektografiske spritdupliseringsprosess dannes der vanligvis tegn eller figurer på originalarket ved hjelp av of the known hectographic spirit duplicating process where characters or figures are usually formed on the original sheet by means of

et fargestoff, oftest krystallfiolett som er a dye, most often crystal violet that is

oppløselig i vann eller spritholdige væsker, soluble in water or alcoholic liquids,

og billedet reproduseres på kopiarkene ved and the image is reproduced on the copy sheets by

å bringe disse i kontakt med billedets fargestoffer i nærvær av et oppløsningsmid-del for disse, som vann og/eller alkohol, bringing these into contact with the colorants of the image in the presence of a solvent for these, such as water and/or alcohol,

slik at fibrene i kopiarkets overflate farges so that the fibers in the surface of the copy sheet are colored

lokalt av fargestoffet. De således fremstilte locally of the dye. They thus produced

kopier er noe begrenset i deres holdbarhet copies are somewhat limited in their shelf life

fordi fargestoffene av den klasse som er because the dyes of the class that are

tilfredsstillende for utførelsen av den forannevnte metode ikke er særlig stabile i satisfactory for the performance of the aforementioned method are not particularly stable i

nærvær av lys og har en tilbøyelighet til presence of light and has a tendency to

å falme og blekne med tiden. Videre ulemper skyldes bruk av fargestoffer som er to fade and fade with time. Further disadvantages are due to the use of dyes which are

lett oppløselig i vann eller olje og derfor easily soluble in water or oil and therefore

lett overføres til og kraftig farger andre easily transferred to and strongly colors others

gjenstander under behandlingen av over-førings- eller originalarkene, hva der kan objects during the processing of the transfer or original sheets, whatever that may be

medføre tilsmussing av operatørens hen-der, klær etc. Dessuten er tegnene på kopiarkene tilbøyelige til å ødelegges og/ siler fjernes når de utilsiktet bringes i kontakt med vann eller spritholdige væsker. result in soiling of the operator's hands, clothes, etc. Furthermore, the characters on the copy sheets are prone to destruction and/ filters are removed when they are accidentally brought into contact with water or alcoholic liquids.

Det er foreslått å unngå de ovennevnte vanskeligheter ved å oppdele de opp-løselige basiske fargestoffer i adskilte far-jekomponenter som praktisk talt ikke har noen fargeoverførende virkning når de anbringes hver for seg henholdsvis på originalarkene eller kopiarkene, men frembringer fargede tegn etc. når de to fargekom-ponenter sammenkobles til basiske fargestoffer på kopiarket i et medium med en høy pH-verdi frembrakt av alkaliske stoffer som er tilstede i den oppløsning som brukes til å fukte kopiarket. Denne metode frembringer synlige fargede tegn etc. og eliminerer i noen grad fargeoverføring (tilsmussing) under behandlingen, men den er ikke så billig som den vanlige hektogra-feringsmetode hvor der brukes oppløselige basiske fargestoffer. Metoden krever for-uten kompliserte operasjoner for spaltning av de basiske fargestoffer i deres basiske komponenter, en endring av mangfoldig-gjørelsesmaskinen så at den motstår fuk-teoppløsningens alkaliske virkning på maskindelene. Dessuten er mange av de materialer som er tilgjengelige for anvendelse i denne metode, temmelig giftige så at det ikke er ønskelig at de benyttes i ark som må berøres av operatøren. Dertil kommer at de tegn etc. som frembringes av fargestoffet på kopipapiret forblir oppløselige så at de utilsiktet kan ødelegges og/eller fjernes ved berøring med væsker, f. eks. hva der er tilfelle med vanlige hektogra-feringskopier. It has been proposed to avoid the above-mentioned difficulties by dividing the soluble basic dyes into separate color components which have practically no color transfer effect when placed separately on the original sheets or the copy sheets respectively, but produce colored characters etc. when two color components are combined into basic dyes on the copy sheet in a medium with a high pH value produced by alkaline substances present in the solution used to moisten the copy sheet. This method produces visible colored characters etc. and to some extent eliminates color transfer (fouling) during processing, but it is not as cheap as the usual hectography method where soluble basic dyes are used. The method requires, in addition to complicated operations for splitting the basic dyes into their basic components, a modification of the multiplying machine so that it resists the alkaline action of the moisture solution on the machine parts. Moreover, many of the materials available for use in this method are quite toxic so that it is not desirable that they be used in sheets that must be touched by the operator. In addition, the characters etc. produced by the dye on the copy paper remain soluble so that they can be accidentally destroyed and/or removed by contact with liquids, e.g. what is the case with regular hectograph copies.

Det er også kjent å fremstille kopier ved å danne en original av et materiale inneholdende ekstrakt av blåtre og kopiark impregnert med kaliumkromat, eller å dan-•ne en original av et materiale innholdende <p>rnsulfat og kopiark impregnert med gal-. "Ryre. I begge tilfelle fuktes originalarket ^.piarkene med vann, presses for en tid It is also known to produce copies by forming an original from a material containing bluewood extract and copy sheets impregnated with potassium chromate, or to form an original from a material containing <p>rnsulphate and copy sheets impregnated with gal-. "Ryre. In both cases the original sheet ^.piarks are moistened with water, pressed for a time

■ Hj&-'& if} m i en presse, adskilles deretter og tørres. Dette system gir bare noen ganske ftliiKagsder ad gangen, er ytterst langsomt, og kreter hovedsakelig manuell behandling av arfeene^fDet har derfor aldri fått noen -utbudt ajavendelse og skaffer ikke noen liRSliiiig på problemet oppnåelse av rensli-{^re manipulering i moderne kontorarbeide hvor store mengder kopier må fremstilles med stor hastighet og små omkostninger for å være av noen praktisk verdi. ■ Hj&-'& if} m in a press, then separated and dried. This system only gives a few fairly few actions at a time, is extremely slow, and mainly requires manual processing of the scars^f It has therefore never received any -offered application and does not provide any liRSliiiig to the problem of achieving cleaner manipulation in modern office work where large quantities of copies must be produced at great speed and at little cost to be of any practical value.

Ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse fremstilles dupliseringskopier efter spritmeto-den under anvendelse av en ny fremgangsmåte i hvilken man kan bruke de vanlige alminnelig anvendte spritduplikatorer som er lett tilgjengelige, uten noensomhelst endring av disse, og på en slik måte at også de tidligere forekommende ulemper med hensyn til tilsmussing og kostbarhet unn-gåes. Ved hjelp av fremgangsmåten fåes i det vesentlige lysfaste og ellers permanent synlige gjengivelser på kopiarkene, idet disse ikke merkbart falmer selvom de ut-settes for vanlig lys, f. eks. dagslys, i lange tidsrom. According to the present invention, duplicating copies are produced according to the spirit method using a new method in which the usual commonly used spirit duplicators which are readily available can be used, without any modification of these, and in such a way that also the previously occurring disadvantages with regard to contamination and costliness are avoided. With the help of the method, essentially lightfast and otherwise permanently visible reproductions are obtained on the copy sheets, as these do not noticeably fade even if they are exposed to ordinary light, e.g. daylight, for long periods of time.

Fremgangsmåten ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse kan karakteriseres som en pig-mentutfellings-spritprosess i motsetning til den foran beskrevne spritprosess med anvendelse av organiske fargestoffer og nå kjent for fagfolk på området. Ved foreliggende oppfinnelse dannes de fargede tegn etc. ved et kjemisk reagens med liten fargeintensitet og overføringsverdi som befinner seg i en overflatefilm på kopipapiret eller i selve papirfibrene. Dette middel reagerer in situ med et annet kjemisk reagens med lav fargeoverføringsverdi og som av den spritholdige væske føres med fra originalen og utfeller i papiret eller i dettes overflatefilm sterkt fargede uoppløselige pigmentholdige tegn etc. The method according to the present invention can be characterized as a pigment-precipitation-alcohol process in contrast to the above-described alcohol process using organic dyes and now known to professionals in the field. In the present invention, the colored characters etc. are formed by a chemical reagent with low color intensity and transfer value which is located in a surface film on the copy paper or in the paper fibers themselves. This agent reacts in situ with another chemical reagent with a low color transfer value and which is carried by the alcohol-containing liquid from the original and precipitates in the paper or in its surface film strongly colored insoluble pigment-containing characters etc.

Det er funnet at dette kan oppnåes ved som det ene reagens å bruke kjemiske reagenser som består av visse metallholdige stoffer, og som det annet reagens å bruke organiske fargeavgivende forbindelser hvis molekyler inneholder en eller flere benzenringer og minst to hydroksylgrupper som inntar nabostillinger i ringen, f. eks. gar-vesyre, alkylgallater, pyrogallol, gallussyre, hematoksylin (enten i ren tilstand eller som en del av blåtreekstrakten), 2,2-mety-len-digallussyre, propylgallussyre, 4-cyklo-heksylkatechol, 2,3-dihydroksynaftalen og dettes derivater, og lignende, eller en blan-ding av to eller flere av slike forbindelser. Det annet reagens vil i det følgende bli betegnet «fargeavgivende forbindelse» eller «gallussyre eller dens ekvivalent». It has been found that this can be achieved by using as one reagent chemical reagents consisting of certain metal-containing substances, and as the other reagent using organic color-emitting compounds whose molecules contain one or more benzene rings and at least two hydroxyl groups occupying neighboring positions in the ring, e.g. Tannic acid, alkyl gallates, pyrogallol, gallic acid, hematoxylin (either in its pure state or as part of the bluewood extract), 2,2-methylene-digallic acid, propyl gallic acid, 4-cyclohexylcatechol, 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene and its derivatives , and the like, or a mixture of two or more of such compounds. The second reagent will hereinafter be referred to as "colour-emitting compound" or "gallic acid or its equivalent".

Disse fargeavgivende forbindelser har alle en lav fargeoverføringsverdi. Hermed menes at fuktighet, fettstoffer, oppløs-ningsmidler og lignende som kan bevirke at deler av forbindelsene overføres fra en overflate til den annen, ikke av seg selv vil fremkalle en intens fargning av forbindelsene som det er tilfelle med hektografiske fargestoffer som av den grunn er så uøn-skede fra behandlingssynspunkt. Om selve forbindelsen er mørkfarget, er i alminnelighet uten betydning, fordi overførings-skiktet som inneholder den, krever litt farge som hjelpemiddel ved korrekturlesning av originalene. These color-emitting compounds all have a low color transfer value. This means that moisture, fats, solvents and the like which can cause parts of the compounds to be transferred from one surface to the other, will not of themselves cause an intense coloring of the compounds as is the case with hectographic dyes which are therefore so undesirable from a treatment point of view. Whether the compound itself is dark-colored is generally unimportant, because the transfer layer that contains it requires some color as an aid when proofreading the originals.

Det er funnet at forbindelser av jern, vanadium og kobber er særlig effektive som komplementære utfellende metallforbindelser. Hva angår f. eks. jernsalter har man med fordel brukt ferrisulfat, ferrosul-fat, ferribenzoat og ferriglycerofosfat. Like effektive er oksyforbindelser av vanadium som i alminnelighet forekommer i form av vanadater og vanadylforbindelser, f. eks. ammonium-metavanadat, natriummetava-nadat, natrium-polyvanadat og vanadyl-sulfat. Kobbersulfat, ammoniakalsk kobbersulfat og kobberacetat er også fordelaktige i denne forbindelse, men de gir de beste resultater bare sammen med blåtre-ekstrakt eller hematoksylin som fargeavgivende forbindelse. Compounds of iron, vanadium and copper have been found to be particularly effective as complementary precipitating metal compounds. Regarding e.g. ferric salts, ferric sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric benzoate and ferric glycerophosphate have been used with advantage. Equally effective are oxy compounds of vanadium which generally occur in the form of vanadates and vanadyl compounds, e.g. ammonium metavanadate, sodium metavanadate, sodium polyvanadate and vanadyl sulfate. Copper sulphate, ammoniacal copper sulphate and copper acetate are also advantageous in this connection, but they give the best results only in combination with blue-wood extract or hematoxylin as the coloring compound.

De forannevnte utfellende metallsalter og forbindelser har alle en lav fargeintensitet, med hvilket der menes at i de mengder som kreves for å frembringe et klart tegn eller merke som resultat av reaksjonen med en forbindelse av fargeavgivelses-typen, frembringer de bare en svak fargning på kopiarkene på hvilke de avsettes, slik at de skaffer en lys bakgrunn mot hvilken de ved reaksjonen dannede merker er godt synlige. De har selvfølgelig ingen fargeoverføringsverdi. The aforementioned precipitating metal salts and compounds all have a low color intensity, by which is meant that in the amounts required to produce a clear character or mark as a result of the reaction with a color rendering type compound, they produce only a faint coloration on the copy sheets on which they are deposited, so that they provide a bright background against which the marks formed by the reaction are clearly visible. Of course, they have no color transfer value.

Det er funnet at det er mest praktisk å bruke gallussyren eller dens ekvivalent som fargemateriale for originalarkene og metallsalter for kopiarkene. Det er også funnet at når ovennevnte reaksjonsmidler brukes, kan original- og kopiarkene be- fylles, handles i duplikatormaskinen på en slik kjøpes måte at man kan anvende en prosess som konku i det vesentlige er spritprosess. Det er med papire andre ord funnet at man kan anvende tuelt mangfoldiggjørelsesutstyr og -metoder som overfli bruker en spritvæske i karet og som gir ring, c praktisk talt tørre kopiark som kan hurtig ren k mates og stables opp, så at man kan unn- vanlig gå den ytterst langvarige prosess å fukte mangl arkene med vann, føre dem inn med hån- ifølge den og tømme pressen, således som det gjø- nødve res i visse tidligere metoder. Dette skjer lagre av den grunn at gallussyren eller den ekvi- torer valente forbindelse har nøyaktig den rik- d tige grad av oppløselighet i sprit, slik at en Ved b liten mengde av materialet av karets sprit- Som d oppløsning kan oppløses fra originalbille- aile d: det og avsettes på kopiarket hvor det rea- handl gerer med det annet stoff (dvs. metallsal- holds^ tet) som befinner seg på arket. Original- ier so billedet dannes av gallussyren eller av en metod ekvivalent fargeavgivende forbindelse dis- terialf pergert i et medium eller en bærer som forbin danner en stensilerbar film på overførings- (jjge f arket, fra hvilket billeddelene ved anslag el- overdi ler trykk kan overføres og bringes til å piarke hefte til originalarket. Mediet eller bære- også 5 ren er av en slik art at den tillater at bare 0g vil en liten mengde av den fargeavgivende kopiai forbindelse oppløser seg ad gangen og at hektoi overføring av gallussyren eller dennes ek- 0gSa ^ vivalent fra originalbilledet til overflatene nge f£ av kopiarkene skjer på en slik måte at bare intens litt overføres ad gangen og man får et ut- vært ' strakt arbeidsforløp. Den ubetydelige meng- k de fuktighet som kreves for å gjøre metall- 0g fa forbindelsene ioniserbare og istand til å kan v delta i reaksjonene kan uten vanskelighet (je (j a] bæres av oppløsningen i karet som en min- $ e na dre fraksjon av denne, eller av kopiarkene, oe fa eller kan absorberes fra luften uten skade- eller lig virkning på matning og behandling av som \ arkene. opera It has been found most convenient to use the gallic acid or its equivalent as the coloring material for the original sheets and metal salts for the copy sheets. It has also been found that when the above-mentioned reagents are used, the original and copy sheets can be ordered, handled in the duplicator in such a way that one can use a process which is essentially an alcohol process. In other words, it has been found that it is possible to use dual multiplication equipment and methods that use an alcohol liquid in the vessel and that give ring, c practically dry copy sheets that can be quickly cleaned k fed and stacked up, so that one can avoid go through the extremely lengthy process of wetting the sheets of mangle with water, feeding them in with the sneeze and emptying the press, as is required in certain earlier methods. This usually happens for the reason that the gallic acid or the equi-valent compound has exactly the right degree of solubility in alcohol, so that a small amount of the material from the vessel's alcohol solution can be dissolved from the original d: it is deposited on the copy sheet where it reacts with the other substance (i.e. the metal salt content) that is on the sheet. Originals in which the image is formed by the gallic acid or by a method equivalent color-emitting compound disterial perfused in a medium or a carrier that forms a stencilable film on the transfer sheet, from which the image parts can be is transferred and brought to piarch adhere to the original sheet. The medium or carrier is also of such a nature that it allows only 0g will a small amount of the color-emitting copy compound to dissolve at a time and that hectoi transfer of the gallic acid or its ek - 0gSa ^ vivalent from the original image to the surfaces nge f£ of the copy sheets is done in such a way that only intense little is transferred at a time and one gets an extended ' extended course of work. The insignificant amount of moisture required to make metal- 0g fa the compounds ionizable and capable of participating in the reactions can without difficulty (je (j a) be carried by the solution in the vessel as a minor fraction thereof, or by the copy rkene, oe fa or can be absorbed from the air without any harmful or similar effect on the feeding and treatment of som \ sheets. opera

Dessuten er reaksjonen av en slik art sielt f at der ikke kreves noen bestemt pH i opp- farge løsningen i karet for å bevirke farvefrem- kopiai kalling på kopiarket. Oppløsningen i karet tes mi kan derfor holdes i det nøytrale område, overfl dvs. ved ca. 7, eller være vesentlig ikke- mindi ionisk, slik at maskindelene ikke påvirkes er all og at standard duplikatorer som i almin- merke nelighet brukes ved sprit- hektografisk ar- innsti beide kan anvendes uten endring. Selvom 8,5 ut det for fargebestemmelsen av og til kan F være fordelaktig å ha visse pH-verdier, kan hold disse fåes ved å innstille pH i kopiarkene, dette og oppløsningen i karet kan allikevel hol- ve på des i det vesentlige nøytral. lomlig Moreover, the reaction is of such a nature that no specific pH is required in the coloring solution in the vessel to effect color development on the copy sheet. The solution in the vessel can therefore be kept in the neutral range, i.e. at approx. 7, or be substantially non-minid ionic, so that the machine parts are not affected and that standard duplicators that are generally used in sprit-hectographic work can be used without modification. Although 8.5 for the color determination it can occasionally be advantageous to have certain pH values, these can be obtained by adjusting the pH in the copy sheets, this and the solution in the vessel can still remain essentially neutral. loosely

For at kopiarkene skal være både prak- synt tiske og tilfredsstillende må visse krav opp- overfy In order for the copy sheets to be both practical and satisfactory, certain requirements must be met

Arkene bør være så billige at de kan The sheets should be as cheap as they can be

> i store mengder til priser som kan rrere med standard duplikatorkopi- > in large quantities at prices comparable to standard duplicator copies

:r. De bør ha en meget moderat, even-ingen fargetone eller fargeverdi på aten, såvel opprinnelig som ved ald- :r. They should have a very moderate, even-no color tone or color value on the aten, both originally and when aged.

)g de bør være av en slik art at kjøpe-an bruke dem avvekslende for den e original-fargetype av hektografisk Eoldiggjørelse og for fremgangsmåt*1 ;foreliggende oppfinnelse for å un-ndigheten av å holde separate r';og å skille ut papirsortene i d hvor begge prosesser brukes, ;et er funnet at kopiarkene fre*, si et ehandling med en metallforbindelse 'etaljert beskrevet i det fø'gen de, har isse fordelaktige egenskaper, ide' bf ingsomkostningene kan holdet, i - )g they should be of such a nature that the purchaser uses them alternately for the e original color type of hectographic Eolding and for the method*1 ;the present invention in order to avoid the need to keep separate r';and to distinguish the types of paper i d where both processes are used, it has been found that the copy sheets fre*, say a process with a metal connection 'elaborately described in the appendix, have these advantageous properties, ide' bf ing costs can be kept, i -

ris lave både på grunn av de mabcrV.- rice low both because of the mabcrV.-

m trenges såvelsom på grunn av de ler som kan anvendes med disse ma- m are needed as well as because of the clay that can be used with these ma-

3r. Dessuten frembringer de anvendte Ldelser i de mengder som er nødven- 3 years. In addition, they produce the used Ldelions in the quantities that are necessary

or å oppnå gode resultater ikke noen reven fargetone på overflaten av ko- or to achieve good results no torn color on the surface of the co-

;t. Bortsett fra dette er kopiarkene skikket for normal hektografisk bruk t. Apart from this, the copy sheets are suitable for normal hectographic use

kunne brukes like godt som vanlige could be used just as well as ordinary ones

:k av den vanlige fargetype ved den grafiske prosess. I visse tilfelle vil de døre merket som dannes av den van-irgetype på originalen betydelig mere ;t og lysfast enn det normalt ville tilfelle. :k of the usual color type in the graphic process. In certain cases, the door marks formed by the van-irge type on the original will be significantly more ;t and lightfast than would normally be the case.

kombinasjonen av metallforbindelser rveavgivende stoffer som anvendes arieres betydelig. I de fleste tilfelle er nnede merker blå eller blå-sorte, men ir forskjellige nyanser og intensitet, irgedannende reagenser kan endres blandes for å frembringe et merke lar den nyanse som foretrekkes av tøren eller som foretrekkes for et spe-ormål. I visse tilfelle er den oppnådde the combination of metal compounds and nerve-emitting substances used varies considerably. In most cases, these marks are blue or blue-black, but in different shades and intensities, soil-forming reagents can be changed and mixed to produce a mark of the shade preferred by the dry or preferred for a target. In certain cases it is achieved

avhengig av pH av overflaten av rket; f. eks. når hematoksylin omset- depending on the pH of the surface of the rket; e.g. when hematoxylin trans-

ed kobbersaltene, er merket rødt hvis aten av kopiarket har en sur pH, dvs. ed the copper salts, is marked red if the part of the copy sheet has an acidic pH, i.e.

•e enn 7, og blå-sort hvis overflaten talisk. I denne forbindelse skal be- •e than 7, and blue-black if the surface talic. In this connection, be-

:s at pH i overflaten av kopiarket kan lies mellom verdier av ca. 5,5 og ca. :s that the pH on the surface of the copy sheet can be read between values of approx. 5.5 and approx.

en fare for forringelse av kopipapiret, a risk of deterioration of the copy paper,

or å fremstille originalbilledet i hen- or to produce the original image in

til foreliggende oppfinnelse dannes billede ved å skrive eller maskinskri- to the present invention, the image is formed by writing or typing

et originalark under bruk av et mel-dende overføringsark eller -del for- an original sheet while using a reporting transfer sheet or part for-

på arbeidsoverflaten med et trykk-5rbart lag som omfatter det fargeav- on the work surface with a printable layer comprising the color de-

givende kjemiske reagens. Det er funnet at gallussyren eller ekvivalente materialer lar seg dispergere i vanlige vokssorter og oljer brukt for å sette sammen trykkføl-somme overføringslag, og at de kan males med disse ingredienser ved temperaturer som normalt kreves for å smelte vokset uten å påvirke den pulveraktige form eller . den aktive tilstand av det fargeavgivende reagens. Når reagenset er fulstendig dispergert, påføres blandingen på et underlags-ark, herdes f. eks. ved avkjøling og der dannes et lag som virker ved trykkutøvelse på samme måte som karbonpapir. rewarding chemical reagent. It has been found that the gallic acid or equivalent materials can be dispersed in common waxes and oils used to assemble pressure-sensitive transfer layers, and that they can be painted with these ingredients at temperatures normally required to melt the wax without affecting the powdery form or . the active state of the color-emitting reagent. When the reagent is completely dispersed, the mixture is applied to a substrate sheet, cured, e.g. upon cooling and a layer is formed which acts when pressure is exerted in the same way as carbon paper.

Et eksempel på overføringsbelegg fremstillet som ovenfor nevnt og med tilfredsstillende virkning dannes i henhold til følgende oppskrift: An example of a transfer coating produced as mentioned above and with a satisfactory effect is formed according to the following recipe:

Selvom man ved det beskrevne over-føringsbelegg bruker det mere vanlige voksunderlag, vil det forståes at man kan bruke trykkoverførbare lag av hvilken som helst type, særlig de nylig uteksperimen-terte lag av harpiksaktig sammensetning. Although the more common wax substrate is used in the transfer coating described, it will be understood that pressure transferable layers of any type can be used, especially the recently experimented layers of resinous composition.

Når gallussyren erstattes med andre fargeavgivende materialer, kan oppskriften endres på en måte som er selvfølgelig for fagfolk, for å oppnå egnede verdier for vis-kositeten, smeltepunktet og lignende. When the gallic acid is replaced by other color-emitting materials, the recipe can be changed in a manner that is obvious to those skilled in the art, in order to obtain suitable values for the viscosity, melting point and the like.

Overføringsbelegget er således sam-mensatt at det godt kan tåle en stor mengde av det fargeavgivende reagens. Det er således mulig å danne et billede sterkt la-det med fargeavgivende materiale som ei istand til å frembringe intense kopier i ønsket antall når det brukes+som original i en spritdupliseringsprosess. I den viste form danner det fargeavgivende reagens ca. 50 vektprosent av beleggsammensetnin-gen og av det herdede overføringslag. Det er funnet at man kan arbeide med prosent-mengder som ligger mellom ca. 30 % og ca 70 % av det fargeavgivende materiale, men det er funnet at mengder på over 50 % er de mest praktiske for øyeblikket. The transfer coating is composed in such a way that it can withstand a large amount of the color-emitting reagent. It is thus possible to form an image heavily loaded with color-emitting material capable of producing intense copies in the desired number when used as an original in a spirit duplicating process. In the form shown, the color-emitting reagent forms approx. 50% by weight of the coating composition and of the hardened transfer layer. It has been found that you can work with percentage amounts that lie between approx. 30% and about 70% of the color-emitting material, but amounts above 50% have been found to be the most practical at present.

Det således dannede overføringsbelegg har en slik karakter at når billedet dannes ved anslag eller trykk mot et originalart og originalarket deretter bringes i kontakt med et med sprit fuktet kopiark, utløser oppløsningsvirkningen av den spritholdige væske bare litt av det fargeavgivende reagens ad gangen. Det utløste fargeavgivende reagens gjennomtrenger lokalt overflaten av kopiarket og reagerer med metallsaltet for å utfelle en /farget pigmentforbindelse innenfor overflaten av arket som har en slik konfigurasjon at den danner et speil-billede av originalbilledet. The transfer coating thus formed has such a character that when the image is formed by impact or pressure against an original type and the original sheet is then brought into contact with a copy sheet moistened with alcohol, the dissolving effect of the alcohol-containing liquid only releases a little of the color-emitting reagent at a time. The released color-emitting reagent locally penetrates the surface of the copy sheet and reacts with the metal salt to precipitate a /colored pigment compound within the surface of the sheet which has such a configuration as to form a mirror image of the original image.

Selvom man i det foregående eksempel bruker gallussyre som den fargeavgivende ingrediens, er det funnet at blåtreekstrakten også er meget effektiv hva angår å frembringe intense merker, og at man får et særlig mørkt og effektivt merke når det fargeavgivende stoff er en blanding av gallussyre og blåtreekstrakt i omtrent like mengder, og særlig når de brukes i forbindelse med jernsalter som kopiarkrea-gens. Although gallic acid is used as the color-giving ingredient in the preceding example, it has been found that the bluewood extract is also very effective in producing intense marks, and that a particularly dark and effective mark is obtained when the color-giving substance is a mixture of gallic acid and bluewood extract in approximately equal amounts, and especially when they are used in conjunction with iron salts as a copier reagent.

For øyeblikket mener man at de for-mer av den fargeavgivende ingrediens som generelt gir de mest effektive resultater med størst område av metallsalter og forbindelser, er de som har bare to nabohy-droksylgrupper i ringen, f. eks. blåtreekstrakten. At present it is believed that the forms of the color-emitting ingredient which generally give the most effective results with the largest range of metal salts and compounds are those which have only two adjacent hydroxyl groups in the ring, e.g. the bluewood extract.

Et trekk ved anvendelsen av blåtre-ekstrakt eller hematoksylin som fargeavgivende reagens består i at når den omset-: tes med aluminiumhydroksyd dannes der A feature of the use of bluewood extract or hematoxylin as a color-releasing reagent consists in the fact that when it is reacted with aluminum hydroxide,

et rødt merke. Meget papir hvis fabrika-sjon omfatter bruk av alun har et residuum av Al(OH)a, og papir av denne art kan i de fleste tilfelle brukes som kopiark i uten spesiell behandling eller overflatebe-. legg. a red mark. Much paper whose manufacture involves the use of alum has a residue of Al(OH)a, and paper of this type can in most cases be used as copy sheets without special treatment or surface treatment. lay.

Som ovenfor angitt er det fargeavgivende reagens som anvendes i ovennevnte As indicated above, the color-emitting reagent used in the above is

belegg og dets ekvivalenter av den angitte klasse i det vesentlige frie for, eller har bare en meget lav fargeoverføringsverdi i nærvær av fuktighet alene eller av fettstoffer. Overføringsarket kan derfor behandles av operatøren uten fare for til-i smussing av hendene. Et merke frembrin-l ges bare når det fargeavgivende materiale bringes i kontakt med den reagensholdige i overflate av kopiarket. coating and its equivalents of the specified class substantially free of, or having only a very low color transfer value in the presence of moisture alone or of fatty substances. The transfer sheet can therefore be processed by the operator without risk of soiling the hands. A mark is produced only when the color-emitting material is brought into contact with the reagent-containing surface of the copy sheet.

I henhold til oppfinnelsen blir over-; flaten av kopiarket forsynt med et utfellende kjemisk reagens som er komplemen-. tært til det fargeavgivende stoff av origi-l nalbilledet, dvs. med et metallsalt eller en forbindelse, eller deres blanding. Me-tallforbindelsen inneholdes i et overflate-belegg på kopiarket, og det er funnet at ; for å få gode klare kopier ved spritproses-sen er det nødvendig at dette belegg holdes ; på overflaten av arket og at det ikke tillates å trenge inn i noen vesentlig grad i overflaten. I den foretrukne utførelsesform for oppfinnelsen blir kopiarket for å være tilstrekkelig billig for praktiske formål fremstillet i en enkel passering på en papirmaskin. Dette er forsåvidt mulig som de anvendte metallforbindelser i hovedsaken er fullstendig oppløselige i vann og har en slik karakter at pH-verdien av de brukte blandinger kan innstilles på ønsket verdi for papirfremstillingsapparaturen, dvs. fra ca. pH 4 til ca. pH 8,5. Gjennomtrengnings-graden av belegget i underlagsarket kan reguleres ved vanlige papirfremstillingsmeto-der, såsom ved regulering av porøsiteten av underlagsvevet, regulering av viskosi-teten av limet og ved regulering av etter-behandlingen, såsom av tørkehastigheten. Når verdiene av disse faktorer velges slik at belegget holdes på overflaten eller på overflatene av arket, får man klare, skarpe avtrykk ved mangfoldiggjørelsesprosessen, mens når belegget tillates å trenge inn i arket, får man bare svake eller i det hele-tatt ingen merker. Belegget anbragt på sidene som ovenfor nevnt vil ha en vekt av ikke mere enn ca. 10 g/m<2> og ikke min-dre enn ca 0,84 g/m-, avhengig av vekten og porøsiteten av det brukte papir. Belegg med nevnte vekt kan påføres papirmaski-nene som et av de siste trin ved papir-fremstillingsprosessen, hvorved det ikke er nødvendig å anvende omvikling og spesiell beleggbehandling som ville øke omkostningene betydelig slik at papiret ikke ville bli konkurransedyktig. Vekten og sammen-setningen av belegget velges således at i tillegg til å levere det metallforbindelses-holdige reagens, vil det holde papirover-flaten i en slik tilstand at kar- eller spritvæsken kan holdes på papiret uten at den i overdreven grad trenger inn i papiret mellom spritpåføringen og det øyeblikk papiret bringes i kontakt med originalbilledet. According to the invention, over-; surface of the copy sheet provided with a precipitating chemical reagent which is complementary. corroded to the color-emitting substance of the original image, i.e. with a metal salt or compound, or their mixture. The metal compound is contained in a surface coating on the copy sheet, and it has been found that; in order to obtain good, clear copies during the alcohol process, it is necessary that this coating be maintained; on the surface of the sheet and that it is not allowed to penetrate to any significant extent into the surface. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, in order to be sufficiently cheap for practical purposes, the copy sheet is produced in a single pass on a paper machine. This is certainly possible as the metal compounds used are mainly completely soluble in water and have such a character that the pH value of the used mixtures can be set to the desired value for the papermaking equipment, i.e. from approx. pH 4 to approx. pH 8.5. The degree of penetration of the coating in the backing sheet can be regulated by normal papermaking methods, such as by regulating the porosity of the backing tissue, regulating the viscosity of the glue and by regulating the after-treatment, such as by the drying speed. When the values of these factors are chosen so that the coating is kept on the surface or surfaces of the sheet, clear, sharp impressions are obtained by the multiplication process, while when the coating is allowed to penetrate the sheet, only faint or no marks are obtained. The coating placed on the sides as mentioned above will have a weight of no more than approx. 10 g/m<2> and not less than about 0.84 g/m-, depending on the weight and porosity of the paper used. Coatings with said weight can be applied to the paper machines as one of the last steps in the paper-making process, whereby it is not necessary to use wrapping and special coating treatment which would increase the costs significantly so that the paper would not be competitive. The weight and composition of the coating is chosen so that, in addition to delivering the metal compound-containing reagent, it will keep the paper surface in such a condition that the vessel or alcohol liquid can be kept on the paper without it excessively penetrating the paper between the alcohol application and the moment the paper is brought into contact with the original image.

Et eksempel på sammensetning for dette formål fåes ved å sette sammen be-standdelene av den følgende formel til en oppløsning eller tynn velling for anvendelse i limbøtten i en papirmaskin. An example of a composition for this purpose is obtained by combining the components of the following formula into a solution or thin slurry for use in the glue bucket of a paper machine.

Oppskrift II: Recipe II:

Trietanolaminet tjener til innstilling av pH på en verdi mellom 6 og 6,5 så at oppløsningen er egnet til bruk i en papirmaskin. Denne pH-verdi hindrer også at kopiarkets egenskaper blir dårligere ved aldring. Melkesyren danner kompleksfor-bindelser med ferrisaltet og hindrer derved utfelling av ferrihydroksyd ved økningen av pH-verdien. På denne måte forblir metallsaltet i oppløsningen innen et stort område for pH-verdien. Det er funnet at gly-cerolfosforsyre kan tilsettes istedet for kombinasjonen av melkesyre og trietano-lamin og gi en like tilfredsstillende effekt, men omkostningene blir da noe høyere. The triethanolamine serves to set the pH to a value between 6 and 6.5 so that the solution is suitable for use in a paper machine. This pH value also prevents the properties of the copy sheet from deteriorating due to ageing. The lactic acid forms complex compounds with the ferric salt and thereby prevents the precipitation of ferric hydroxide when the pH value increases. In this way, the metal salt remains in solution within a large range for the pH value. It has been found that glycerol phosphoric acid can be added instead of the combination of lactic acid and triethanolamine and give an equally satisfactory effect, but the costs will then be somewhat higher.

I det tilfelle hvor man kan tåle større utgifter i forbindelse med separat anbrag-te kopiarkbelegg, kan man f. eks. bruke følgende oppskrifter: In the case where one can bear greater expenses in connection with separately applied copy sheet coating, one can e.g. use the following recipes:

Oppskrift III: Recipe III:

I de foranstående oppskrifter II, III og IV tjener bestanddeler som glycerol, polye-tylenglykoler og propylen glykol som fukt-ningsmidler, idet de trekker til seg og holder fast fuktighet som medvirker ved dan-nelsen av den fargedannende kombinasjon av reagensene. Det foretrekkes å ha disse bestanddeler tilstede, men deres nærvær er ikke absolutt nødvendig da det normalt er tilstede tilstrekkelig fuktighet i oppløsnin-gen, i selve arket og i den omgivende at-mosfære til å bevirke at den fargedannende reaksjon foregår i tilstrekkelig grad. In the preceding recipes II, III and IV, ingredients such as glycerol, polyethylene glycols and propylene glycol serve as wetting agents, as they attract and retain moisture which contributes to the formation of the color-forming combination of the reagents. It is preferred to have these components present, but their presence is not absolutely necessary as there is normally sufficient moisture present in the solution, in the sheet itself and in the surrounding atmosphere to cause the color-forming reaction to take place to a sufficient extent.

De belegg som dannes ved hjelp av oppskriftene II, III eller IV er i vesentlig grad motstandsdyktige mot alkohol, i det minste i en slik grad at de ikke oppløses eller fjernes i den tid de er i kontakt med spritvæsken, dvs. i det tidsrom hvor spritvæsken anvendes og i det tidsrom hvor belegget bringes i kontakt med originalen i den normale spritdupliseringsprosess. Dette er et viktig trekk ved oppfinnelsen, fordi det er funnet at hvis det reagensholdige belegg på kopiarket oppløses eller mykner for meget eller for raskt, vil en del av belegget ha tendens til å overføres på originalen under kontakt med denne, med det resultat at der fåes en ufullstendig eller ingen mangfoldiggjørelse. Den egenskap hos spritvæsken at den bare i liten grad oppløser eller mykner det reagensholdige medium i belegget på kopiarkets overflate kan praktisk talt sidestilles med uoppløse-lighet i spritvæsken, og når denne omtales i det følgende betegnes den som «vesentlig uoppløselighet» med den ovenfor angitte betydning. The coatings formed using recipes II, III or IV are substantially resistant to alcohol, at least to such an extent that they are not dissolved or removed during the time they are in contact with the alcoholic liquid, i.e. during the period in which the alcohol liquid is also used during the time period when the coating is brought into contact with the original in the normal alcohol duplication process. This is an important feature of the invention, because it has been found that if the reagent-containing coating on the copy sheet dissolves or softens too much or too quickly, a portion of the coating will tend to transfer onto the original on contact with it, with the result that there an incomplete or no multiplication is obtained. The property of the alcohol liquid that it only slightly dissolves or softens the reagent-containing medium in the coating on the surface of the copy sheet can practically be equated with insolubility in the alcohol liquid, and when this is mentioned in the following it is referred to as "substantial insolubility" with the above stated importance.

Kopiark ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse er meget elastiske med hensyn til regulering av fargeintensiteten på de kopier som fåes ved hjelp av samme. Bortsett fra de vanlige reguleringer av fargestoffkon-sentrasjonen i det materiale som brukes for å kopiere originalen, og av skrivemaskin-innstillingen som bestemmer den mengde materiale fra originalen som over-føres på kopiarket, kan man regulere: (1) kopipapirets porøsitet, idet tettere overfla-ter holder spritvæsken på overflaten som den virker på, og- oppløser mere av det fargeavgivende materiale, (2) mengden av reagensene på kopipapirets overflate, (3) io-netilstanden for reagensene på kopiarket idet denne kan innstilles så at dens virk-ningsgrad ved reaksjonen med det fargeavgivende stoff reguleres, idet nærvær av en større mengde fuktighet bringer reaksjonen til å foregå raskere og fører den videre før fordampning finner sted. Copy sheets according to the present invention are very elastic with regard to regulation of the color intensity of the copies obtained by means of the same. Apart from the usual adjustments of the dye concentration in the material used to copy the original, and of the typewriter setting which determines the amount of material from the original that is transferred onto the copy sheet, one can regulate: (1) the porosity of the copy paper, the denser surfaces keeps the alcohol liquid on the surface on which it acts, and dissolves more of the color-emitting material, (2) the amount of the reagents on the surface of the copy paper, (3) the ionic state of the reagents on the copy sheet as this can be adjusted so that its effect degree of reaction in the reaction with the color-emitting substance is regulated, as the presence of a greater amount of moisture causes the reaction to take place more quickly and carries it further before evaporation takes place.

Ved anvendelse anbringes overførings-elementet med den belagte side i overflate-kontakt med den tegnopptagende overflate på originalarket og bibringes en tegndan-nende evne ved hjelp av et skriveinstru-ment som en penn eller skrivemaskin. Her-ved overføres deler av laget i billedform fra overføringselementet og hefter til originalarket. Overføringselementet og de originalark som er farget av dette kan behandles uten risiko for tilsmussing av den som utfører arbeidet, fordi det fargeavgivende materiale er lite farget eller overhodet ikke farget og ikke har noen fargeoverførings-verdi når det bare er i kontakt med fuktighet og fettmaterialer. In use, the transfer element is placed with the coated side in surface contact with the character-receiving surface of the original sheet and a character-forming ability is imparted by means of a writing instrument such as a pen or typewriter. Hereby, parts of the layer are transferred in image form from the transfer element and booklets to the original sheet. The transfer element and the original sheets colored by it can be processed without risk of soiling by the person performing the work, because the color-emitting material is little or no color and has no color transfer value when in contact only with moisture and fatty materials.

For fremstilling av kopier ved hjelp av spritdupliseringsmetoden med originalark og kopiark som er behandlet på den foran angitte måte fuktes kopiarkene med den nøytrale og lett fordampbare oppløsning som ikke reagerer med reagensene hverken på originalarket eller på kopiarkene så at de farges. Når tegnene på originalen er dannet av fargeavgivende materialer som gallussyre eller de ovenfor angitte ekvivalenter som er anbragt på originalarket, kan man bruke et oppløsningsmid-del som alkohol som hovedbestanddel i væsken. Kopiarket bringes derefter i kontakt med den med tegn etc. forsynte del av originalarket så at en liten del av det fargede reagens oppløses og hefter til kopiarket. En rask fremkalling av tegnene etc. finner deretter sted på kopiarket på grunn av utfelling av pigmentet i de områder av kopiarkets overflate som kommer i kontakt med originalen. Nærvær av fuktighet som skriver seg fra fuktningsmidlet hvis sådant er tilstede, eller fra væsken eller fra andre kilder, skaper de betingelser som er nød-vendige for ionisering av metallsaltet og dets etterfølgende reaksjon med det fargeavgivende materiale fra originalen. Når der som angitt i eksemplene, som reagens brukes et jernsalt som ferriklorid, som reagerer med en blanding av blåtre-ekstrakt og gallussyre i originalen, får man et sort, klebrig pigmentmerke som med tiden blir sortere. For the production of copies by means of the alcohol duplication method with original sheets and copy sheets which have been treated in the manner indicated above, the copy sheets are moistened with the neutral and easily evaporable solution which does not react with the reagents either on the original sheet or on the copy sheets so that they are colored. When the characters on the original are formed from color-emitting materials such as gallic acid or the above-mentioned equivalents which are placed on the original sheet, a solvent such as alcohol can be used as the main component of the liquid. The copy sheet is then brought into contact with the inscribed part of the original sheet so that a small portion of the colored reagent dissolves and adheres to the copy sheet. A rapid development of the characters etc. then takes place on the copy sheet due to precipitation of the pigment in the areas of the copy sheet's surface that come into contact with the original. The presence of moisture that condenses from the wetting agent if present, or from the liquid or from other sources, creates the conditions necessary for ionization of the metal salt and its subsequent reaction with the color-emitting material from the original. When, as indicated in the examples, an iron salt such as ferric chloride is used as a reagent, which reacts with a mixture of bluewood extract and gallic acid in the original, a black, sticky pigment mark is obtained, which becomes thinner over time.

En tilfredsstillende oppløsning har føl-gende sammensetning: A satisfactory solution has the following composition:

Oppskrift V: Recipe V:

En oppløsning med denne sammensetning forblir på kopiarkets overflate tilstrekkelig lenge til å oppløse en del av originalen ved kontakt med originalarket, men den fordamper tilstrekkelig raskt til at kopiarket ikke blir fuktig, men forblir tørt og i en tilstand i hvilken det kan behandles av matningsmekanismen i du-plikatoren. A solution of this composition remains on the surface of the copy sheet long enough to dissolve a portion of the original upon contact with the original sheet, but it evaporates quickly enough that the copy sheet does not become moist but remains dry and in a condition in which it can be processed by the feed mechanism in the du multiplier.

Når belegget på kopipapiret er tilstrekkelig porøst, og fargematerialet fra originalen lett kombineres med det kjemiske When the coating on the copy paper is sufficiently porous, and the color material from the original easily combines with the chemical

reagens som er dispergert i kopipapirbe-legget, som det er tilfelle ifølge oppskrift reagent that is dispersed in the copy paper coating, as is the case according to the recipe

II, er det ikke nødvendig å føre inn i opp-løsningen en langsomt fordampende væske II, it is not necessary to introduce a slowly evaporating liquid into the solution

som «Cellosolve». as "Cellosolve".

Ved hjelp av den beskrevne metode, Using the described method,

de beskrevne overføringsark og kopiark, the described transfer sheets and copy sheets,

kan man få permanente kopier og også can one get permanent copies and also

fremstille kopier med en i det vesentlige produce copies with one essentially

like stor intensitet under hele f remstillings-operasjonen av kopiarkene inntil origin-len er utbrukt. Videre oppnår man disse equal intensity during the entire manufacturing operation of the copy sheets until the original is used up. Furthermore, these are achieved

resultater med overføringsark og originalark som er renslige å behandle og i den results with transfer sheets and original sheets that are clean to process and in it

foretrukne utførelsesform med kopiark som preferred embodiment with copy sheets as

er billige og derfor generelt lar seg anvende som kopiark i mangfoldiggjørelsesmeto-der av alle typer. Den beskrevne metode og are cheap and therefore generally can be used as copy sheets in multiplication methods of all types. The described method and

apparatur skaffer en renslig dupliserings-prosess av sprittypen ved hvilken et stort apparatus provides a clean duplication process of the alcohol type by which a large

antall kopier raskt kan fremstilles på standard spritduplikatorer uten at disse be-høver å endres. number of copies can quickly be produced on standard alcohol duplicators without these having to be changed.

Claims (7)

1. Fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av1. Method for the production of kopier ved hjelp av spritdupliseringsprosessen ved reaksjon mellom kjemikalier som bæres henholdsvis av en original og av kopiarkene, karakterisert ved at man på-fører originalarket et fargeavgivende stoff med lav oppløselighet i sprit, og bestående av organiske forbindelser med lav farge-overføringsverdi og som inneholder en (eller flere) benzenringer med to eller flere hydroksylgrupper som står i nabostilling i benzenringen, at man ved eller på ar-beidsoverflatene på kopiarkene anbringer en eller flere metallforbindelser med lav fargeintensitet som utfeller nevnte fargeavgivende reagens når de kombineres med den under slike betingelser at metallfor-bindelsen eller -forbindelsene er ionisert, at man bringer de fargede deler av originalarket i kontakt med en rekke kopiark i nærvær av en i det vesentlige nøytral og lett fordampbar spritvæske som virker som oppløsningsmiddel for det fargeavgivende reagens og overfører små mengder av sist-nevnte i form av tegn på hvert kopiark, hvorved kjemikaliene vil reagere med hver-andre og fremkalle et synlig pigment på kopiarkene. copies by means of the alcohol duplication process by reaction between chemicals carried respectively by an original and by the copy sheets, characterized by applying to the original sheet a color-emitting substance with low solubility in alcohol, and consisting of organic compounds with a low color transfer value and containing a (or more) benzene rings with two or more hydroxyl groups that are adjacent in the benzene ring, that one or more metal compounds with low color intensity are placed at or on the working surfaces of the copy sheets which precipitate said color-emitting reagent when they are combined with it under such conditions that metal for -the bond or compounds are ionized, that one brings the colored parts of the original sheet into contact with a number of copy sheets in the presence of an essentially neutral and easily evaporable alcohol liquid which acts as a solvent for the color-emitting reagent and transfers small amounts of the latter in the form of characters on each copy sheet, whereby kj the chemicals will react with each other and produce a visible pigment on the copy sheets. 2. Fremgangsmåte ifølge påstand 1, karakterisert ved at man tilsetter kjemikaliet eller kjemikaliene på kopiarkene et fukt-ningsmiddel hvorved fremkalling av tegnene på kopiarket fremskyndes av fuktighet som er absorbert av arket. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the chemical or chemicals on the copy sheets are added to a wetting agent whereby development of the characters on the copy sheet is accelerated by moisture absorbed by the sheet. 3. Kopiark til anvendelse ved fram-gangsmåten ifølge påstand 1 eller 2, karakterisert ved at kjemikaliet på kopiarket er tilstede som et belegg som inneholder et cellulosederivat, som celluloseacetat eller hydroksyetylcelluose. 3. Copy sheet for use in the method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the chemical on the copy sheet is present as a coating containing a cellulose derivative, such as cellulose acetate or hydroxyethyl cellulose. 4. Kopiark til anvendelse ved fram-gangsmåten ifølge påstand 1 eller 2, karakterisert ved at det fargedannende reagens på kopiarkene består av en eller flere forbindelser fra gruppen bestående av jernsalter, kobbersalter, aluminiumhydroksyd og oksyforbindelser av vanadium. 4. Copy sheets for use in the method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the color-forming reagent on the copy sheets consists of one or more compounds from the group consisting of iron salts, copper salts, aluminum hydroxide and oxy compounds of vanadium. 5. Kopiark ifølge påstand 3 eller 4, karakterisert ved at der ved eller på arkets arbeidsoverflater er et belegg omfattende et vannoppløselig kjemikalieholdig, film-dannende materiale som i det vesentlige er uoppløselig i alkohol, hvilket belegg er et tørret residuum av en oppløsning med praktisk talt nøytral pH-verdi. 5. Copy sheet according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that at or on the working surfaces of the sheet there is a coating comprising a water-soluble chemical-containing, film-forming material which is essentially insoluble in alcohol, which coating is a dried residue of a solution with practical spoken neutral pH value. 6. Originalark eller overføringselement til anvendelse ved fremgangsmåten ifølge påstand 1, karakterisert ved at det fargeavgivende reagens med hvilket originalarket farges, består av blåtre-ekstrakt og/ eller gallussyre. 6. Original sheet or transfer element for use in the method according to claim 1, characterized in that the color-emitting reagent with which the original sheet is colored consists of bluewood extract and/or gallic acid. 7. Originalark eller overføringselement til anvendelse ved fremgangsmåten ifølge påstand 1, karakterisert ved at det materiale som originalarket farges med, i det vesentlige har følgende sammensetning:7. Original sheet or transfer element for use in the method according to claim 1, characterized in that the material with which the original sheet is colored essentially has the following composition:
NO170364A 1966-11-02 1967-11-02 NO124796B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US59149666A 1966-11-02 1966-11-02
US65493667A 1967-07-20 1967-07-20
US654935A US3400547A (en) 1966-11-02 1967-07-20 Process for liquefaction of natural gas and transportation by marine vessel

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US3400547A (en) 1968-09-10
GB1170329A (en) 1969-11-12
BE705963A (en) 1968-04-30
IL28868A (en) 1971-06-23
NL6714932A (en) 1968-05-03
JPS535321B1 (en) 1978-02-25
OA02527A (en) 1970-05-05
ES346651A1 (en) 1969-03-16
FR1542232A (en) 1968-10-11

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