NO119376B - - Google Patents
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- NO119376B NO119376B NO162538A NO16253866A NO119376B NO 119376 B NO119376 B NO 119376B NO 162538 A NO162538 A NO 162538A NO 16253866 A NO16253866 A NO 16253866A NO 119376 B NO119376 B NO 119376B
- Authority
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- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- sound
- reproduction
- room
- tracks
- recording
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZYXYTGQFPZEUFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzpyrimoxan Chemical compound O1C(OCCC1)C=1C(=NC=NC=1)OCC1=CC=C(C=C1)C(F)(F)F ZYXYTGQFPZEUFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005236 sound signal Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C1/00—Reactor types
- G21C1/32—Integral reactors, i.e. reactors wherein parts functionally associated with the reactor but not essential to the reaction, e.g. heat exchangers, are disposed inside the enclosure with the core
- G21C1/326—Integral reactors, i.e. reactors wherein parts functionally associated with the reactor but not essential to the reaction, e.g. heat exchangers, are disposed inside the enclosure with the core wherein the heat exchanger is disposed next to or beside the core
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
- E04C5/12—Anchoring devices
- E04C5/122—Anchoring devices the tensile members are anchored by wedge-action
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
- E04G21/12—Mounting of reinforcing inserts; Prestressing
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H7/00—Construction or assembling of bulk storage containers employing civil engineering techniques in situ or off the site
- E04H7/02—Containers for fluids or gases; Supports therefor
- E04H7/18—Containers for fluids or gases; Supports therefor mainly of concrete, e.g. reinforced concrete, or other stone-like material
- E04H7/20—Prestressed constructions
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
- F17C1/02—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge involving reinforcing arrangements
- F17C1/04—Protecting sheathings
- F17C1/06—Protecting sheathings built-up from wound-on bands or filamentary material, e.g. wires
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C13/00—Pressure vessels; Containment vessels; Containment in general
- G21C13/08—Vessels characterised by the material; Selection of materials for pressure vessels
- G21C13/093—Concrete vessels
- G21C13/0933—Concrete vessels made of prestressed concrete
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/01—Shape
- F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
- F17C2201/0119—Shape cylindrical with flat end-piece
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/03—Orientation
- F17C2201/032—Orientation with substantially vertical main axis
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/05—Size
- F17C2201/052—Size large (>1000 m3)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/01—Reinforcing or suspension means
- F17C2203/011—Reinforcing means
- F17C2203/012—Reinforcing means on or in the wall, e.g. ribs
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
- F17C2203/0614—Single wall
- F17C2203/0617—Single wall with one layer
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
- F17C2203/0614—Single wall
- F17C2203/0619—Single wall with two layers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0636—Metals
- F17C2203/0656—Metals in form of filaments
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0678—Concrete
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
- F17C2205/01—Mounting arrangements
- F17C2205/0153—Details of mounting arrangements
- F17C2205/018—Supporting feet
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
- F17C2209/21—Shaping processes
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
- F17C2221/03—Mixtures
- F17C2221/031—Air
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0107—Single phase
- F17C2223/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
- F17C2223/036—Very high pressure (>80 bar)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
- F17C2260/01—Improving mechanical properties or manufacturing
- F17C2260/011—Improving strength
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/05—Applications for industrial use
- F17C2270/0581—Power plants
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
- Pressure Vessels And Lids Thereof (AREA)
- Breeding Of Plants And Reproduction By Means Of Culturing (AREA)
- Stereophonic System (AREA)
Description
Fremgangsmåte til opptegning av lydsvingninger i flere spor. Procedure for recording sound oscillations in several tracks.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår en The present invention relates to a
fremgangsmåte til opptegning av lydsvingninger i flere spor på et bånd for gjengivelse av den opptegnede lyd ved hj elp av et antall over gjengivelsesrommet fordelte, særlig langs dette roms vegger anordnede høyttalere. method for recording sound oscillations in several tracks on a tape for reproduction of the recorded sound by means of a number of loudspeakers distributed over the reproduction room, in particular arranged along the walls of this room.
En fremgangsmåte av denne art er A method of this kind is
kjent fra «Cinerama»-systemet beskrevet i Journal of the S.M.P.T.E., 61, September 1953, side 387. I dette system opptegnes syv spor på et bånd og ved gjengivelse avsøkes disse spor ved hjelp av gjengivelseshoder av hvilke fem er fofbundet med fem stero-fonisk sammenhørende høyttalere anordnet på frontveggen i gjengivelsesrommet, mens det sjette hodet er forbundet med høyttalere som er fordelt på andre begrensningsvegger av rommet. known from the "Cinerama" system described in the Journal of the S.M.P.T.E., 61, September 1953, page 387. In this system seven tracks are recorded on a tape and during playback these tracks are scanned by means of playback heads of which five are linked with five stereo- phonically coherent speakers arranged on the front wall of the reproduction room, while the sixth head is connected to speakers distributed on other boundary walls of the room.
En hensikt med oppfinnelsen er å til-veiebringe en fremgangsmåte for opptegning av lydsvingninger i et antall spor på sådan måte at ved avsøkningen av disse spor beveges en virtuell lydkilde i gjengivelsesrommet som ved hjelp av elektroakustiske hjelpemidler gis egenskaper som tilsvarer egenskapene ved et rom som har gode naturlige akustiske egenskaper. De fleste gjengivelsesrom har ikke slike naturlige akustiske egenskaper og det er derfor nødvendig hvis ønskelig å forbedre de akustiske egenskaper i gjengivelsesrommet på komstig måte slik at der ikke bare opptegnes direkte lyd fra hovedkilden, men også såkalt Indirekte lyd. One purpose of the invention is to provide a method for recording sound oscillations in a number of tracks in such a way that during the scanning of these tracks a virtual sound source is moved in the reproduction room which, with the help of electroacoustic aids, is given properties that correspond to the properties of a room that has good natural acoustic properties. Most reproduction rooms do not have such natural acoustic properties and it is therefore necessary, if desired, to improve the acoustic properties in the reproduction room in a suitable way so that not only direct sound from the main source is recorded, but also so-called indirect sound.
Den direkte lyd er i seg selv tilstrekkelig for lokalisering av en virtuell lydkilde, dvs. for bestemmelse av retningen i hvilken hovedlydkilden høres. Hvis den direkte lyd gjengis av en høyttaler lokaliseres den i denne høyttalers område. Hvis to eller flere høyttalere anvendes i denne hensikt be-høver ikke lokaliseringen av lydkilden nød-vendigvis finne sted i området av en høyt-taler. The direct sound is in itself sufficient for locating a virtual sound source, i.e. for determining the direction in which the main sound source is heard. If the direct sound is reproduced by a speaker, it is localized in this speaker's area. If two or more loudspeakers are used for this purpose, the localization of the sound source does not necessarily have to take place in the area of a loudspeaker.
Den direkte lyd alene er imidlertid ikke tilstrekkelig for naturtro gjengivelse av hovedlydkilden i et gjengivelsesrom. I den hensikt er det nødvendig også å gjengi indirekte lyd, slik den er tilstede i et rom med gode akustiske egenskaper, dvs. den lyd som høres av en tilhører hvis lydkilden ikke toåre er tilstede direkte, men også etter en eller flere refleksjoner fra rommets begrensningsvegger. Denne indirekte lyd har diffus karakter og er forsinket i forhold til den direkte lyd. However, the direct sound alone is not sufficient for lifelike reproduction of the main sound source in a reproduction room. To that end, it is also necessary to reproduce indirect sound, as it is present in a room with good acoustic properties, i.e. the sound heard by an audience if the sound source is not present directly, but also after one or more reflections from the room's boundary walls. This indirect sound has a diffuse character and is delayed compared to the direct sound.
For at en lydkilde, et orkester eller lig-nende som opprinnelig befant seg på en scene under opptegningen skal kunne lokaliseres på scenen i et gjengivelsesrom, gjengis den direkte lyd av høyttalere på frontveggen i gjengivelsesrommet, mens indirekte lyd gjengis av høyttalere som er anordnet langs andre begrensningsvegger av gjengivelsesrommet. In order for a sound source, an orchestra or the like that was originally on a stage during the recording to be able to be located on the stage in a reproduction room, direct sound is reproduced by speakers on the front wall of the reproduction room, while indirect sound is reproduced by speakers arranged along other bounding walls of the rendering space.
Lokalisering av en virtuell ved hjelp av elektroakustiske hjelpemidler og inn-føring av en diffus karakter av den indirekte lyd som gjengis kunstig synes å være avhengig av den relative forsinkelse og lydstyrke av de høyttalere som deltar i gjengivelsen, og av avstanden mellom de forskjellige høyttalere og tilhørerne på den ene side og mellom de enkelte høyttalere på den annen side, dvs. av avstanden mellom de indirekte høyttalere og de direkte høyttalere og deres refleksjoner fra gjen-givelsesrommets begrensningsvegger. Localization of a virtual by means of electroacoustic aids and introduction of a diffuse character of the indirect sound that is reproduced artificially seems to be dependent on the relative delay and loudness of the speakers participating in the reproduction, and on the distance between the different speakers and the audience on the one hand and between the individual speakers on the other, i.e. of the distance between the indirect speakers and the direct speakers and their reflections from the boundary walls of the reproduction room.
De kjente fremgangsmåter på dette området tilfredsstiller ikke fullt ut de krav som er nødvendig for akustisk naturlig gjengivelse fordi det mangler høyttalere for gjengivelse av den opprinnelige reflekterte indirekte lyd. Ved anbringelse av fem høyttalere bak et lerret i en kino for ut-stråling av direkte lyd kan man gi inntrykk av skuespillernes bevegelse på lerretet, men det er også alt. The known methods in this area do not fully satisfy the requirements necessary for acoustically natural reproduction because there are no loudspeakers for reproduction of the original reflected indirect sound. By placing five loudspeakers behind a screen in a cinema to emit direct sound, one can give the impression of the actors' movement on the screen, but that is all.
Fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen er karakterisert ved at for oppnåelse av tidsforanderlige lokalisering av en eller flere virtuelle lydkilder, opptegnes lyden avvekslende som direkte lyd eller indirekte (reflektert) lyd i hvert av de flere spor på båndet, idet opptegningene i forskjellige spor gis en sådan innbyrdes forsinkelse og styrke og eventuelt tilpasset klangfarve at ved gjengivelse av båndet ved hjelp av minst en høyttaler for hvert spor vil opptegningene gi en naturtro gjengivelse, omfattende både direkte og indirekte lyd, av en beveget lydkilde i rommet. Ved anven-delsen av den innledningsvis nevnte av-hengighet 'av lokaliseringen av lydkilden av innbyrdes forsinkelse, lydstyrke og av-stand, er det mulig ved fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen å variere styrken med tiden slik at på grunn av den variable lokalisering synes tilhørerne å høre et beveget, lydutstrålende objekt, idet høyttalerne eller høyttalergruppene sørger for bestemmelse av retningen og høyttalerne eller høyttalergruppene som gjengir den indirekte lyd fra kilden stadig endrer sin funk-sjon under bevegelsen. Dette skal beskrives nærmere under tegningsbeskrivelsen. The method according to the invention is characterized in that in order to achieve time-varying localization of one or more virtual sound sources, the sound is alternately recorded as direct sound or indirect (reflected) sound in each of the several tracks on the tape, the recordings in different tracks being given such a mutual delay and strength and possibly adapted timbre that when reproducing the tape using at least one speaker for each track, the recordings will give a lifelike reproduction, including both direct and indirect sound, of a moving sound source in the room. By using the initially mentioned dependence of the localization of the sound source on mutual delay, loudness and distance, it is possible with the method according to the invention to vary the strength with time so that due to the variable localization the listeners seem to hear a moving, sound-radiating object, as the speakers or groups of speakers ensure the determination of the direction and the speakers or groups of speakers that reproduce the indirect sound from the source constantly change their function during the movement. This must be described in more detail under the drawing description.
Ved fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen hvor signaler fra en lydkilde som skal beveges virtuelt under gjengivelsen, opptegnes i minst like mange spor som antall høyttalere som deltar i gjengivelsen av den direkte lyd fra kilden, anvendes fortrinns-vis så mange ekstraspor for opptegningen som antall høyttalere som gjengir den opprinnelige reflekterte, indirekte lyd av kilden. Denne indirekte lyd har diffus karakter og er vanligvis bare tilstrekkelig til å gi tilhørerne inntrykk av gjengivelsesrom - mets dimensjoner da lyd som er reflektert mere enn en gang bare er bestemmende for graden av dempning av lyden fra gjen-givelsesrommets begrensningsvegger og så-ledes for etterklangen. Ved opptegning av lyden fra en virtuell lydkilde, opptegnet i så mange spor som antall høyttalere som deltar for oppnåelse av virkningen, oppnås en stor grad av bevegelighet av lydkilden, da hvert spor derved bestemmer lyden fra de enkelte høyttalere. In the method according to the invention, where signals from a sound source to be moved virtually during reproduction are recorded in at least as many tracks as the number of speakers participating in the reproduction of the direct sound from the source, preferably as many extra tracks are used for the recording as the number of speakers that reproduce the original reflected, indirect sound of the source. This indirect sound has a diffuse character and is usually only sufficient to give the listeners an impression of the reproduction room's dimensions, as sound that is reflected more than once is only decisive for the degree of attenuation of the sound from the reproduction room's limiting walls and thus for the reverberation . When recording the sound from a virtual sound source, recorded in as many tracks as the number of speakers participating to achieve the effect, a large degree of mobility of the sound source is achieved, as each track thereby determines the sound from the individual speakers.
En videre viktig fordel ved fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen er at gjengivelsens typiske karakter kan bestemmes på forhånd ved opptegningen i stedet for ved gjengivelsen. Denne fordel er meget viktig idet en bestemt opptegning eller kopier av denne, kan gjengis på et stort antall steder med samme karakter. A further important advantage of the method according to the invention is that the typical character of the rendering can be determined in advance during the drawing instead of during the rendering. This advantage is very important as a specific drawing or copies thereof can be reproduced in a large number of places with the same character.
Et utførelseseksempel på oppfinnelsen skal beskrives nærmere under henvisning til tegningen. An embodiment of the invention will be described in more detail with reference to the drawing.
Tegningen viser et lukket rom, f. eks. en kinosal, med høyttalergrupper 1, 2 og 3, som er anordnet på to sider av rommet. På en tredje side, forsiden av rommet, er anordnet en bildeskjema 4, hvorpå et film-bilde projiseres fra projeksjonsrommet 5. Båk skjermen er anordnet høyttalere 6 og 7. The drawing shows a closed room, e.g. a cinema hall, with speaker groups 1, 2 and 3, which are arranged on two sides of the room. On a third side, the front of the room, there is an image diagram 4, on which a film image is projected from the projection room 5. Speakers 6 and 7 are arranged behind the screen.
En regissør kan f. eks. ha til hensikt å bringe istand en lydopptegning, slik at der ved gjengivelsen oppstår et virtuelt bilde av en sanger, som beveger seg fra bakveg-gen i salen mot forsiden, og som optisk opptrer på skjermen 4. Hertil er etter fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen opptatt en primær hjelpeopptegning av en stilleståen-de sanger, ved hjelp av en mikrofon som beveger seg med sangeren når sangeren beveger seg. Denne hjelpeopptegning, som kan være fremstilt magnetisk, har ingen betingede styrkevariasjoner som stammer fra avstandsforandringer. A director can e.g. have the intention of restoring a sound recording, so that during reproduction a virtual image of a singer is created, who moves from the back wall of the hall towards the front, and who optically appears on the screen 4. For this purpose, according to the method according to the invention, a primary auxiliary recording of a stationary singer, using a microphone that moves with the singer as the singer moves. This auxiliary plot, which may be produced magnetically, has no conditional strength variations arising from distance changes.
Regissøren må kopiere denne hjelpeopptegning, som kan være opptatt på et hvilket som helst egnet sted, på et bånd med flere spor. Allerede ved opptaket vet han hvor mange høyttalere deltar i gjengivelsen av opptegningen og hvordan disse er anordnet, slik at det tilsvarende antall spor bestemmes. Han vet også hvorledes hjelpeopptegningens energier skal velges for de forskjellige spor for å oppnå den ønskede virkning. The director must copy this auxiliary recording, which may be occupied at any suitable location, onto a multi-track tape. Already at the recording, he knows how many speakers participate in the reproduction of the recording and how these are arranged, so that the corresponding number of tracks is determined. He also knows how the energies of the auxiliary recording should be chosen for the different tracks in order to achieve the desired effect.
I ovenfor beskrevne tilfelle, hvor der for gjengivelsen anvendes tre høyttaler-grupper 1, 2 og 3 (og eventuelt 6 og 7) blir f. eks. opptegnet tre spor a, b og c på et bånd. Det blir på forhånd bestemt at sporet a ved gjengivelsen skal være forbundet med høyttalergruppen 1, sporet b med høyttalergruppen 2 og sporet c med høyt-talergruppen 3. Tilhøreren, som i gjengi-verrommet befinner seg på stedet A, må lokalisere lyden fra sangeren, som beveger seg bakfra og forover, først fra høyttaler-gruppen 1. Til dette bruk blir hjelpeopptegningen kopiert på en sådan måte på båndet, at denne opptegnings lydsvingninger enten bare opptegnes i sporet a eller også i sporet ib resp. sporet c og eventuelt ytterligere spor, og med nødvendig forsinkelse, slik at tilhøreren på stedet A loka-liserer sangeren til stedet for høyttaler-gruppen 1. In the case described above, where three speaker groups 1, 2 and 3 (and possibly 6 and 7) are used for the reproduction, e.g. recorded three tracks a, b and c on a tape. It is decided in advance that during the reproduction track a should be connected to speaker group 1, track b to speaker group 2 and track c to loudspeaker group 3. The listener, who is in the reproduction room at location A, must locate the sound from the singer, which moves from behind and forwards, first from speaker group 1. For this use, the auxiliary recording is copied on the tape in such a way that the sound oscillations of this recording are either only recorded in track a or also in track ib resp. the track c and possibly further tracks, and with the necessary delay, so that the listener at location A localizes the singer to the location of speaker group 1.
Deretter må høyttalergruppen 2 overta gruppens 1 oppgave. Opptegningen blir endret tilsvarende, slik at sangen likeledes opptegnes i sporene a og c og eventuelt ytterligere spor, og at forsinkelsen er tilstrekkelig til å lokalisere stedet for høyttaler-gruppen 2 uten å forstyrres av gjengivelsen fra de andre grupper. Deretter trer gruppe 3 akustisk i forgrunnen, slik at hele inn-trykket dannes av en sanger som beveger seg, idet det er innlysende at sangerens bevegelseshastighet er fastlagt ved opptegningen. Then speaker group 2 must take over group 1's task. The recording is changed accordingly, so that the song is also recorded in tracks a and c and possibly additional tracks, and that the delay is sufficient to locate the location of speaker group 2 without being disturbed by the reproduction from the other groups. Then group 3 comes acoustically to the fore, so that the entire impression is formed by a singer moving, as it is obvious that the singer's speed of movement is determined by the recording.
Fordelingen av hjelpeopptegningen i de forskjellige spor er ikke enkel og må foretas av en dyktig fagmann. Som allerede nevnt er en av fordelene ved fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen en kost-nadsbesparelse som oppnås ved at dette fagmessige arbeide bare skjer en gang, nemlig ved opptegningen og dermed er på gjengiverstedet en fordeling av signalene til de forskjellige høyttalere for hånd unn-gått. The distribution of the auxiliary drawing in the different tracks is not simple and must be carried out by a skilled professional. As already mentioned, one of the advantages of the method according to the invention is a cost saving which is achieved by the fact that this professional work only takes place once, namely during the recording, and thus a distribution of the signals to the different loudspeakers by hand is avoided at the reproduction site.
Som allerede nevnt har endringen av lokaliseringen i alminnelighet ved gjengivelsen en diskontinuerlig karakter, da lydbildet går over fra en gruppe til en annen. Selv om gjengivelsens naturtrohet påvirkes mindre enn man skulle tro, kan denne ulempe minskes ved at antall høyttalér-grupper økes, hvorved trinene i det virtuelle bilde blir mindre og bevegelsen gjen-nom rommet mindre fremherskende. På den annen side kan man oppnå en jevnere bevegelse i lydbildet ved at endringer i forsinkelsestidende inngår samtidig med endringen i styrke. As already mentioned, the change in localization during reproduction generally has a discontinuous character, as the sound image passes from one group to another. Although the fidelity of the reproduction is less affected than one would think, this disadvantage can be reduced by increasing the number of loudspeaker groups, whereby the steps in the virtual image become smaller and the movement through the room less predominant. On the other hand, a smoother movement in the sound image can be achieved by incorporating changes in delay time at the same time as the change in strength.
I mange tilfelle, særlig i små rom, hvor løpetidsforskjellene i salen ikke spiller noen stor rolle, kan den samme virkning oppnås ved at bare intensiteten endres. I større rom kan dette oppnås ved at bare de spor opptegnes som tilsvarer de høyttalergrup-per i hvilke eller mellom hvilke lokalisering er ønsket. Ved tilstedeværelsen av bare ett spor, skal lydsignalet fra dette spor tilslut-tes de forskjellige høyttalere med tidsfor-sinkelse. In many cases, especially in small rooms, where the duration differences in the hall do not play a major role, the same effect can be achieved by only changing the intensity. In larger rooms, this can be achieved by recording only the tracks that correspond to the speaker groups in which or between which localization is desired. If there is only one track, the sound signal from this track must be connected to the different loudspeakers with a time delay.
Hvis f. eks. ovenfor nevnte sanger føl-ges av en trommeslager, så blir etter fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen hjelpe-svingninger fra trommen likeledes ved hjelp av hjelpeopptegningen fordelt på sporene a, b og resp. c på sdan måte, at f. eks. ved lokalisering av sangeren i gruppe 2 blir lokalisering av trommeslageren i gruppe 1. If, for example, above-mentioned songs are followed by a drummer, then, according to the method according to the invention, auxiliary oscillations from the drum are likewise distributed by means of the auxiliary recording on the tracks a, b and resp. c in such a way that, e.g. when locating the singer in group 2, locating the drummer becomes group 1.
Den virtuelle lydkilde behøver ikke alltid være anordnet parallelt med gjen-giverrommets sidevegger. En tverrbevegel-se og kombinasjon av bevegelser kan også anvendes, idet høyttalergruppene ikke er forbundet med hverandre, eller kan være forbundet med hverandre på annen måte. The virtual sound source does not always have to be arranged parallel to the side walls of the reproduction room. A transverse movement and combination of movements can also be used, as the speaker groups are not connected to each other, or can be connected to each other in another way.
Ved gjengivelse av en båndopptegning, som er fremstilt etter fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen, må man ikke bare spørre hvilken høyttaleranordning som båndopptegningens fremstiller har fore-stilt seg ved opptaket, men man må også sørge for en passende tilkopling av høyt-talergruppene til de riktige spor. Når gjen-giverrommets dimensjoner skiller seg fra de regissøren har tenkt seg ved opptaket, kan man foreta en korreksjon ved endring av gjengivelseshodenes innbyrdes stilling. When reproducing a tape recording, which has been produced according to the method according to the invention, one must not only ask which speaker device the tape recording's producer has imagined at the time of recording, but one must also ensure a suitable connection of the loudspeaker groups to the correct tracks. When the dimensions of the reproduction room differ from those intended by the director at the time of recording, a correction can be made by changing the relative position of the reproduction heads.
Claims (1)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB16096/65A GB1066387A (en) | 1965-04-14 | 1965-04-14 | Improved high-pressure vessel constructed of pre-stressed concrete |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO119376B true NO119376B (en) | 1970-05-11 |
Family
ID=10071124
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| NO162538A NO119376B (en) | 1965-04-14 | 1966-04-12 |
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| AT (1) | AT275811B (en) |
| BE (1) | BE679492A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE1684827C3 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK114420B (en) |
| ES (1) | ES325493A2 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI46007C (en) |
| GB (2) | GB936198A (en) |
| NL (2) | NL6603541A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO119376B (en) |
| SE (1) | SE310251B (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1185362B (en) * | 1963-09-19 | 1965-01-14 | Beteiligungs & Patentverw Gmbh | Container for high internal pressure, especially pressure vessel of a nuclear reactor |
| US3349524A (en) * | 1965-01-11 | 1967-10-31 | Stanley H Fistedis | Reactor containment vessel |
| GB1098282A (en) * | 1965-01-12 | 1968-01-10 | Atomic Energy Authority Uk | Improvements in or relating to nuclear reactors |
| NL128708C (en) * | 1965-05-07 | |||
| GB1146327A (en) * | 1965-06-18 | 1969-03-26 | English Electric Co Ltd | Nuclear reactors |
| US3461034A (en) * | 1966-09-06 | 1969-08-12 | Gulf General Atomic Inc | Gas-cooled nuclear reactor |
| US3501881A (en) * | 1967-05-18 | 1970-03-24 | Bayshore Concrete Prod Corp | Reinforcement of concrete structures |
| US5204054A (en) * | 1990-07-06 | 1993-04-20 | General Electric Company | Nuclear reactor pressure vessel |
| US11092285B2 (en) * | 2019-09-17 | 2021-08-17 | Genesis Io, Llc | Pressurized gas container and process |
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0
- NL NL279976D patent/NL279976A/xx unknown
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1961
- 1961-06-26 GB GB23044/61A patent/GB936198A/en not_active Expired
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1965
- 1965-04-14 GB GB16096/65A patent/GB1066387A/en not_active Expired
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- 1966-03-31 FI FI660827A patent/FI46007C/en active
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- 1966-04-12 NO NO162538A patent/NO119376B/no unknown
- 1966-04-13 ES ES325493A patent/ES325493A2/en not_active Expired
- 1966-04-13 DE DE1684827A patent/DE1684827C3/en not_active Expired
- 1966-04-14 AT AT353966A patent/AT275811B/en active
- 1966-04-14 DK DK191966AA patent/DK114420B/en unknown
- 1966-04-14 BE BE679492D patent/BE679492A/xx unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE1684827A1 (en) | 1971-08-19 |
| FI46007C (en) | 1972-11-10 |
| DK114420B (en) | 1969-06-30 |
| GB936198A (en) | 1963-09-04 |
| GB1066387A (en) | 1967-04-26 |
| NL279976A (en) | |
| ES325493A2 (en) | 1968-03-16 |
| NL6603541A (en) | 1966-10-17 |
| DE1684827B2 (en) | 1973-12-13 |
| SE310251B (en) | 1969-04-21 |
| FI46007B (en) | 1972-07-31 |
| BE679492A (en) | 1966-09-16 |
| DE1684827C3 (en) | 1974-07-11 |
| AT275811B (en) | 1969-11-10 |
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