NO117547B - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- NO117547B NO117547B NO163344A NO16334466A NO117547B NO 117547 B NO117547 B NO 117547B NO 163344 A NO163344 A NO 163344A NO 16334466 A NO16334466 A NO 16334466A NO 117547 B NO117547 B NO 117547B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- soap
- temperature
- stated
- heating
- bar
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/30—Electron-beam or ion-beam tubes for localised treatment of objects
- H01J37/305—Electron-beam or ion-beam tubes for localised treatment of objects for casting, melting, evaporating, or etching
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)
- Welding Or Cutting Using Electron Beams (AREA)
Description
Fremgangsmåte til herdning av såpe. Method of curing soap.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår herdning av såpe, særlig utpresset såpe med minst 20 % fuktighetsinnhold. The present invention relates to the hardening of soap, in particular pressed soap with at least 20% moisture content.
Det er funnet at hårdheten av stenger eller stykker (i det følgende for en-kelthets skyld kalt «stenger») av slik såpe, som fås ved utpressing av såpen ved en temperatur som ikke overstiger 35° C, økes ved at stengene oppvarmes ved hjelp av vekselstrøm til en temperatur på minst 40° C, men under den temperatur ved hvilken såpen på grunn av smeltning ikke lenger beholder sin form, og avkjøles. It has been found that the hardness of bars or pieces (hereinafter, for the sake of simplicity, called "bars") of such soap, obtained by pressing the soap at a temperature not exceeding 35° C, is increased by heating the bars using of alternating current to a temperature of at least 40° C, but below the temperature at which, due to melting, the soap no longer retains its shape, and cools.
Ved fremgangsmåten ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse herdes en stang såpe med minst 20 % fuktighetsinnhold, fremstillet ved utpressing av såpe ved en temperatur som ikke overstiger 35° C, ved opphetning av stangen med vekselstrøm til en temperatur på minst 40° C, men under den temperatur ved hvilken såpen på grunn av smeltning ikke lenger er formbestandig, hvoretter stangen avkjøles. In the method according to the present invention, a bar of soap with at least 20% moisture content, produced by pressing soap at a temperature not exceeding 35° C, is hardened by heating the bar with alternating current to a temperature of at least 40° C, but below that temperature at which, due to melting, the soap is no longer dimensionally stable, after which the bar is cooled.
Fortrinnsvis skal såpen inneholde minst 25 % fuktighet. Oppfinnelsen er funnet å være særlig anvendelig for kjernesåper med et totalt fettinnhold på 60— 65%. Oppfinnelsen kan imidlertid også finne anvendelse for såper tilsatt fyllstoffer, særlig slike som ikke inneholder mer enn 50 % fuktighet. Preferably, the soap should contain at least 25% moisture. The invention has been found to be particularly applicable for core soaps with a total fat content of 60-65%. However, the invention can also find application for soaps with added fillers, especially those that do not contain more than 50% moisture.
Det viktigste anvendelsesfelt for oppfinnelsen er såpestenger som er presset ut ved relativt lave temperaturer, under hen-syntagen til fuktighetsinnholdet, for eksempel 25—30° C i tilfelle av kjernesåper med omkring 30 % fuktighetsinnhold, og særlig såpestenger som er fremstillet ved anvendelse av et utgangsmateriale som inneholder en høy prosent talg av lav eller middels titer eller en høy prosent harpiks. The most important field of application for the invention is soap bars that have been pressed out at relatively low temperatures, under consideration of the moisture content, for example 25-30° C in the case of core soaps with around 30% moisture content, and in particular soap bars that have been produced using a starting material containing a high percentage of tallow of low or medium titre or a high percentage of resin.
I alminnelighet vil økningen av hårdhet være større, jo høyere temperaturen som såpen oppvarmes til er. Det er ofte funnet at graden av hårdhetsstigningen tiltar steilt når man nærmer seg smelte-punktet. Imidlertid vil økningen i hårdheten, når temperaturen nærmer seg smel-tepunktet under oppvarmningen, være til-bøyelig til å bli ledsaget av forminsket skumningsevne, selv om denne evne ikke påvirkes av en oppvarmning innenfor den nedre del av det angitte temperaturom-råde. In general, the increase in hardness will be greater, the higher the temperature to which the soap is heated. It is often found that the rate of increase in hardness increases steeply as one approaches the melting point. However, the increase in hardness, as the temperature approaches the melting point during heating, will tend to be accompanied by reduced foaming ability, although this ability is not affected by heating within the lower part of the specified temperature range.
En passende temperatur for en hvilken som helst bestemt såpe kan lett be-stemmes ved oppvarmning av prøver til forskjellige temperaturer, avkjøling av prø-vene og måling av deres hårdhet og skumningsevne. Som regel er en temperatur innenfor området 45—55° C funnet å være best egnet. An appropriate temperature for any particular soap can be readily determined by heating samples to various temperatures, cooling the samples, and measuring their hardness and foaming ability. As a rule, a temperature within the range 45-55° C has been found to be most suitable.
Så snart den nødvendige temperatur er nådd, kan såpen avkjøles, idet der i alminnelighet ikke oppnås større fordeler ved å opprettholde temperaturen i lengre tid. Det er vanskelig å påskynde avkjølin-gen av såpen. En såpestang av middels størrelse trenger iy2 til 2 timer til avkjøl-ing. As soon as the required temperature is reached, the soap can be cooled, as generally no major benefits are obtained by maintaining the temperature for a longer time. It is difficult to accelerate the cooling of the soap. A medium-sized bar of soap needs iy2 to 2 hours to cool.
Oppvarmningen kan være motstands-oppvarmning ved hjelp av en lavfrekvent vekselstrøm, som strøm med vanlig fre-kvens for husholdningsbruk, eller dielektrisk oppvarmning med høyfrekvent strøm, som radiofrekvensstrøm. Oppvarmningen kan skje porsjonsvis ved å plasere hver stang mellom elektroder, eller kontinuerlig ved å føre stangen mellom bevegede elektroder i form av endeløse bånd. Eventuelt kan stengene oppvarmes i pressedysene ved å anvende to motsatte vegger av dysene som elektroder. The heating can be resistance heating by means of a low-frequency alternating current, such as current with normal frequency for household use, or dielectric heating with high-frequency current, such as radio frequency current. The heating can take place in portions by placing each rod between electrodes, or continuously by passing the rod between moving electrodes in the form of endless bands. Optionally, the bars can be heated in the press nozzles by using two opposite walls of the nozzles as electrodes.
Det er som en alminnelig regel funnet at jo raskere oppvarmningen til den nødvendige temperatur er, desto større er økningen av hårdheten. As a general rule, it has been found that the faster the heating to the required temperature, the greater the increase in hardness.
Under oppvarmningen kan der finne sted et mindre tap av fuktighet, og dette kan bevirke en ytterligere økning av hårdheten, men den vesentlige del av økningen av hårdheten skyldes ikke denne grunn, hvilket kan påvises ved å utføre oppvarmningen under slike forhold at der ikke kan finne sted noe tap av fuktighet. During the heating, a minor loss of moisture may take place, and this may cause a further increase in hardness, but the essential part of the increase in hardness is not due to this reason, which can be demonstrated by carrying out the heating under such conditions that no place some loss of moisture.
I de følgende eksempler, som illustre-rer oppfinnelsen, ble der anvendt såpestenger på 45,7 x 5,7 x 3,33 cm. Disse stenger ble fremstilt ved bråkjøling av den smeltede såpe, maling og derpå følgende utpressing under redusert trykk ved 25 til 30° C og oppkutting av den utpressede stang. Oppvarmningen ble foretatt ved å klemme stangen mellom to elektroder, en ved hver ende, med en gjennomsnittlig strømstyrke på 2 amp (strømstyrken øker når ledningsevnen øker under oppvarmningen) ved 230 volt og 50 perioder. Det tok omtrent 2y2 til 3 minutter å nå den ønskede temperatur. Oppvarmningen ble avbrutt når såpen hadde nådd den ønskede temperatur, og såpen ble deretter av-kjølet. In the following examples, which illustrate the invention, soap bars of 45.7 x 5.7 x 3.33 cm were used. These bars were produced by quenching the molten soap, grinding and then pressing under reduced pressure at 25 to 30°C and cutting the extruded bar. The heating was done by clamping the rod between two electrodes, one at each end, with an average amperage of 2 amps (the amperage increases as the conductivity increases during heating) at 230 volts and 50 periods. It took about 2y2 to 3 minutes to reach the desired temperature. The heating was interrupted when the soap had reached the desired temperature, and the soap was then cooled.
Hårdheten av såpen ble bestemt 24 timer etter oppvarmningen ved å måle den kraft som trenges for å trekke en metall-tråd gjennom såpen under standardiserte betingelser. Stengene ble veiet før og etter behandlingen. Kontrollstenger, dvs. stenger som ikke ble oppvarmet, ble oppbevart i fuktighetstette innpakninger og hårdheten målt samtidig med hårdheten av de behandlede stenger. The hardness of the soap was determined 24 hours after heating by measuring the force required to pull a metal wire through the soap under standardized conditions. The rods were weighed before and after the treatment. Control bars, i.e. bars that were not heated, were stored in moisture-tight packaging and the hardness measured at the same time as the hardness of the treated bars.
Eksempel 2: Example 2:
Eksempel 3: Example 3:
Eksempel 4: Example 4:
Eksempel 5: Example 5:
Eksempel 6: Example 6:
Eksempel 7: Example 7:
Eksempel 8: Example 8:
Såpefettcharge: Soap fat charge:
Eksempel 9: I Example 9: I
Eksempel 10: Example 10:
Eksempel 11: Example 11:
Eksempel 12: Example 12:
Claims (8)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US463190A US3394217A (en) | 1965-06-11 | 1965-06-11 | Method and apparatus for controlling plural electron beams |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO117547B true NO117547B (en) | 1969-08-25 |
Family
ID=23839207
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO163344A NO117547B (en) | 1965-06-11 | 1966-06-08 |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3394217A (en) |
AT (1) | AT278187B (en) |
BE (1) | BE681839A (en) |
CH (1) | CH452731A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1565881B2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK117649B (en) |
GB (1) | GB1141594A (en) |
LU (1) | LU51261A1 (en) |
NL (1) | NL6608065A (en) |
NO (1) | NO117547B (en) |
SE (1) | SE346196B (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3475542A (en) * | 1967-09-13 | 1969-10-28 | Air Reduction | Apparatus for heating a target in an electron beam furnace |
US3535428A (en) * | 1968-07-17 | 1970-10-20 | Air Reduction | Apparatus for producing and directing an electron beam |
FR2244014B1 (en) * | 1973-09-17 | 1976-10-08 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | |
IT1037702B (en) * | 1975-04-29 | 1979-11-20 | Varian Associates | ELECTRONIC BEAM HEATING AND EVAPORATION EQUIPMENT |
US3999097A (en) * | 1975-06-30 | 1976-12-21 | International Business Machines Corporation | Ion implantation apparatus utilizing multiple aperture source plate and single aperture accel-decel system |
SU782571A1 (en) * | 1976-05-12 | 1983-09-23 | Институт ядерной физики СО АН СССР | Method for radiation treatment of round-section products |
DD204947A1 (en) * | 1982-04-20 | 1983-12-14 | Manfred Neumann | EQUIPMENT FOR ELECTRON RADIATION STEAMING BROADER |
JP3092717B2 (en) * | 1990-03-02 | 2000-09-25 | バリアン・セミコンダクター・エクイップメント・アソシエイツ・インコーポレイテッド | Charge neutralizer for ion implantation system |
US5136171A (en) * | 1990-03-02 | 1992-08-04 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Charge neutralization apparatus for ion implantation system |
JP3275166B2 (en) * | 1997-02-28 | 2002-04-15 | 住友重機械工業株式会社 | Vacuum deposition system with plasma beam bias correction mechanism |
US6476340B1 (en) | 1999-04-14 | 2002-11-05 | The Boc Group, Inc. | Electron beam gun with grounded shield to prevent arc-down and gas bleed to protect the filament |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3046936A (en) * | 1958-06-04 | 1962-07-31 | Nat Res Corp | Improvement in vacuum coating apparatus comprising an ion trap for the electron gun thereof |
US3105275A (en) * | 1960-05-27 | 1963-10-01 | Stauffer Chemical Co | Electron-beam furnace with double-coil magnetic beam guidance |
FR1374335A (en) * | 1962-12-13 | 1964-10-09 | Electronique & Physique | Device for manufacturing a blade of high purity material |
-
1965
- 1965-06-11 US US463190A patent/US3394217A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1966
- 1966-05-19 GB GB22233/66A patent/GB1141594A/en not_active Expired
- 1966-05-31 BE BE681839D patent/BE681839A/xx unknown
- 1966-06-03 AT AT527966A patent/AT278187B/en active
- 1966-06-06 LU LU51261A patent/LU51261A1/xx unknown
- 1966-06-08 NO NO163344A patent/NO117547B/no unknown
- 1966-06-09 CH CH830066A patent/CH452731A/en unknown
- 1966-06-10 NL NL6608065A patent/NL6608065A/xx unknown
- 1966-06-10 SE SE7971/66A patent/SE346196B/xx unknown
- 1966-06-10 DK DK299966AA patent/DK117649B/en unknown
- 1966-06-10 DE DE19661565881 patent/DE1565881B2/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US3394217A (en) | 1968-07-23 |
AT278187B (en) | 1970-01-26 |
DE1565881B2 (en) | 1971-01-21 |
BE681839A (en) | 1966-10-31 |
LU51261A1 (en) | 1966-08-16 |
CH452731A (en) | 1968-03-15 |
DK117649B (en) | 1970-05-19 |
SE346196B (en) | 1972-06-26 |
NL6608065A (en) | 1966-12-12 |
GB1141594A (en) | 1969-01-29 |
DE1565881A1 (en) | 1970-03-19 |
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