NL9000010A - Switching system for modular lighting installations - allows on=off control locally, in groups or via central control unit - Google Patents

Switching system for modular lighting installations - allows on=off control locally, in groups or via central control unit Download PDF

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Publication number
NL9000010A
NL9000010A NL9000010A NL9000010A NL9000010A NL 9000010 A NL9000010 A NL 9000010A NL 9000010 A NL9000010 A NL 9000010A NL 9000010 A NL9000010 A NL 9000010A NL 9000010 A NL9000010 A NL 9000010A
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Netherlands
Prior art keywords
switching
modules
pushbuttons
switchgear according
groups
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NL9000010A
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Dutch (nl)
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NL193483C (en
NL193483B (en
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Verheul Elektrotechniek B V
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Priority to NL9000010A priority Critical patent/NL193483C/en
Publication of NL9000010A publication Critical patent/NL9000010A/en
Publication of NL193483B publication Critical patent/NL193483B/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00012—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using an auxiliary transmission line
    • H02J13/00014—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using an auxiliary transmission line carrying signals having the network frequency or DC signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00032—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for
    • H02J13/00036—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
    • H05B47/10—Controlling the light source

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Keying Circuit Devices (AREA)

Abstract

Each lighting installation is fed from a supply via the contacts (25) in an individual switching module. The contacts are controlled by a bistable relay (1) of the remnant magnetism type. The control modules are powered with low voltage supplies (20, 21) from a central control unit. Each module has ON (6) and OFF (7) pushbuttons which control the state of the relay via a circuit of rectifying (2, 3) and zener (4, 5) diodes. The whole system can be switched, overriding local settings, by switches (14, 15) in the central unit. Local sub-groups of modules can be linked together via switches (8) in a series connection line (16). @(11pp Dwg.No.1/1)@.

Description

Elektrische schakelinstallatie.Electric switchgear.

De uitvinding betreft een elektrische schakel¬installatie voor het in- en uitschakelen van stroom¬verbruikers, in het bijzonder van verlichtings-armaturen en dergelijke, onder toepassing vanbistabiele relais van het type remanent magnetisme, dieelk zijn voorzien van een schakelkontakt geschikt voorhet schakelen van het vermogen van bovenbedoeldestroomverbruiker welke bistabiele relais centraalkunnen worden bekrachtigd via een twee-aderigebekabeling waarover zowel in- en uitschakelkommando7sals de voeding voor de decentrale schakeling van derelais wordt geleid.The invention relates to an electrical switching installation for switching current consumers on and off, in particular of lighting fixtures and the like, using bistable relays of the remanent magnetism type, each of which is provided with a switching contact suitable for switching the power of the above-mentioned power consumer, which bistable relays can be powered via a two-core cabling over which both switch-on and switch-off commands and the power supply for the decentralized switching of the relays are conducted.

In utiliteitsgebouwen, met name kantoorgebouwen,wordt veelal een modulaire gebouwopzet gebezigd. Daarbijis het in vele gevallen gebruikelijk het patroon van deverlichtingsarmaturen met de bijbehorendelichtaansluitpunten op de modulaire opzet af te stemmenzodanig dat ruimtelijke indeling van het gebouw enlatere wijziging daarvan kan plaats vinden zonderingrijpende wijziging van de verlichtingsinstallatie.Vooral met het oogmerk van energiebesparing bestaat debehoefte de verlichting zowel individueel ter plaatseals groepsgewijs centraal te kunnen schakelen en centraal te kunnen verhinderen dat ter plaatse kanworden geschakeld.In non-residential buildings, especially office buildings, a modular building design is often used. In many cases, it is customary to match the pattern of the lighting fixtures with the corresponding light connection points to the modular design, so that the spatial layout of the building and subsequent alteration can take place without a major change in the lighting installation. to be able to switch centrally on site as a group and to centrally prevent switching on site.

Bij toepassing van drukknopschakelaars in eenstuurstroomcircuit voor lage spanning hebben dezeinstallaties het voordeel van een eenvoudige aanleg, kaneen groep verlichtingsarmaturen gemakkelijk op meerdereplaatsen worden in- en uitgeschakeld en kan deschakelinstallatie bij veranderende omstandighedenzonder grote ingrepen worden aangepast.When pushbutton switches are used in a low voltage control circuit, these installations have the advantage of simple installation, a group of light fittings can be switched on and off easily at several places and the switch installation can be adapted under changing conditions without major interventions.

Dergelijke schakelinstallaties zijn bekend zoalsbeschreven in de Nederlandse octrooien 8004951 en8200877.Such switching installations are known as described in Dutch patents 8004951 and 8200877.

De daar beschreven schakelinstallaties hebben hetnadeel dat centraal niet kan worden verhinderd dat terplaatse individueel kan worden geschakeld, dat eenaantal aders in het stuurstroomcircuit moeten wordenopgenomen om de verschillende centrale kommando7s overte dragen en dat geen voorzieningen zijn getroffen ommeerdere armaturen of armatuurgroepen bij wijziging vande gebouwindeling gecombineerd te kunnen schakelen.The switchgear described there has the disadvantage that it cannot be prevented centrally that individual on-site switching can be prevented, that a number of wires must be included in the control circuit to transmit the various central commands, and that no provisions are made to combine several luminaires or luminaire groups when changing the building layout. can switch.

De uitvinding beoogt een elektrische schakel¬installatie als hiervoor bedoeld te verschaffen die debezwaren van de bekende schakelingen ondervangt.The object of the invention is to provide an electrical switching installation as referred to above, which obviates the objections of the known circuits.

De elektrische schakelinstallatie volgens deuitvinding is opgebouwd rond bistabiele relais van het type remanent magnetisme met een enkele spoel waarbijbekrachting plaats vindt door de spoel gedurende kortetijd op een bepaalde spanning aan te sluiten en hetuitschakelen plaats vindt door deze spoel gedurendekorte tijd aan te sluiten op een negatieve spanning vanongeveer halve grootte van de bekrachtigingsspanning.Deze relais, die in de voorhanden uitvoeringen eenwisselkontakt of een of meer maakkontakten omvatten,funktioneren niet alleen op gelijkspanning doch ook openkelzijdig gelijkgerichte wisselspanning. De uitvindingmaakt van deze mogelijkheid gebruik. Een dergelijkrelais vraagt slechts zeer weinig stroom zodat zondereen te groot spanningsverlies desgewenst een groot aan¬tal schakelrelais door middel van een dunne stuur-stroombekabeling parallel achter elkaar kunnen wordengeschakeld. Aangezien de relais reageren op kortestroompulsen zal daarbij van overbelasting van deleidingen geen sprake zijn.The electrical switchgear according to the invention is built up around bistable relays of the type of remanent magnetism with a single coil, which is energized by connecting the coil to a specific voltage for a short period of time and switching off by connecting this coil to a negative voltage for a short period of time. of about half the magnification of the excitation voltage. These relays, which in the existing versions comprise an interchangeable contact or one or more make contacts, function not only on DC voltage but also AC rectified on both sides. The invention makes use of this possibility. Such a relay requires only very little current, so that without too much voltage loss, if desired, a large number of switching relays can be connected in parallel one behind the other by means of a thin control current wiring. Since the relays respond to short current pulses, there will be no overloading of the lines.

De uitvinding wordt nader toegelicht aan dehand van een in de tekening weergegeven schema. Bij debespreking komen achtereenvolgens decentraal in- enuitschakelen, centraal uit- en inschakelen, centraalblokkeren van decentraal in- en uitschakelen en het toteen groep koppelen van schakelmodulen aan de orde.The invention is further elucidated on the basis of a diagram shown in the drawing. During the discussion, decentralized switching on and off, central switching off and switching on, central blocking of decentralized switching on and off and linking of switching modules into one group are discussed.

In de tekening zijn 2 schakelmodulen met de bijbehorende centrale bediening weergegeven.The drawing shows 2 switching modules with the corresponding central control.

De zenerdiode 17 heeft een zenerspanning enigeVolts hoger dan de halve amplitude van de voeding-spanning. Daardoor komt op de stuur/voedingleiding 21enerzijds via diode 11 en schakelaar 19 en anderzijdsvia schakelaar 18, zenerdiode 17, pulsdrukker 15 endiode 12 een wisselspanning met een volledige positievehelft van de sinus en een ongeveer gehalveerde negatie¬ve helft. In rust loopt geen stroom. De zenerdiode 4,met een zenerspanning gelijk aan de zenerspanning vanzenerdiode 17, blokkeert de stroomdoorgang tijdens denegatieve helft van de sinus, immers de zenerdiodes 4 en17 staan via de diodes 2 en 12 en de leiding 21 in serieen hebben gezamenlijk een zenerspanning die ligt bovenhet niveau van de amplitude van de voedingspanning. Dediodes 3 en 11 sperren tijdens de negatieve helft van desinus. De zenerdiode 5 heeft een zenerspanning enigeVolts hoger dan de amplitude van de voedingspanningzodat de zenerdiode spert tijdens de positieve helft vande sinus van de voedingspanning in de kring gevormd doorde diodes 11 en 3 en de zenerdiode 5. De diodes 2 en 12sperren tijdens de positieve helft van de sinus.The zener diode 17 has a zener voltage a few volts higher than half the amplitude of the supply voltage. Thereby, on the control / supply line 21 on the one hand via diode 11 and switch 19 and on the other hand via switch 18, zener diode 17, pulse push button 15 and diode 12, an alternating voltage is applied with a full positive half of the sine and an approximately halved negative half. No current flows at rest. The zener diode 4, with a zener voltage equal to the zener voltage of zener diode 17, blocks the current passage during the negative half of the sine, since the zener diodes 4 and 17 are via the diodes 2 and 12 and the line 21 in series together have a zener voltage above the level of the amplitude of the supply voltage. Dediodes 3 and 11 block during the negative half of desine. The zener diode 5 has a zener voltage a few volts higher than the amplitude of the supply voltage so that the zener diode blocks during the positive half of the sine of the supply voltage in the circuit formed by the diodes 11 and 3 and the zener diode 5. The diodes 2 and 12 block during the positive half of the sine.

Indien de decentrale pulsdrukker "IN" 7 wordtingedrukt wordt gebruik gemaakt van de positieve helftvan de sinus en loopt een stroom vanaf de spannings¬ bron via schakelaar 19, diode 11, leiding 21, diode 3,pulsdrukker 7, relaisspoel 1 en nulleider 20 terug naarde spanningsbron. De stroom loopt van 9 naar 10 door hetrelais, dit daarmee inschakelend. Het kontakt 25 sluiten schakelt de stroomverbruiker in.If the decentralized push-button "IN" 7 is pressed, the positive half of the sine is used and a current flows from the voltage source via switch 19, diode 11, line 21, diode 3, push-button 7, relay coil 1 and neutral 20 voltage source. The current flows from 9 to 10 through the relay, switching it on. Closing contact 25 turns on the power consumer.

Indien de decentrale pulsdrukker "UIT” 6 wordtingedrukt wordt gebruik gemaakt van de gereduceerdenegatieve helft van de sinus en loopt een stroom vanafde spanningsbron via nulleider 20, relaisspoel 1,pulsdrukker 6, diode 2, leiding 21, diode 12,pulsdrukker 15, zenerdiode 17, schakelaar 18 terug naarde spanningsbron. De stroom loopt nu van 10 naar 9 doorde spoel van het relais. Het relais valt af enonderbreekt door middel kontakt 25 de stroom naar destroomverbruiker.If the decentralized push-button "OFF" 6 is pressed, the reduced negative half of the sine is used and a current flows from the voltage source via neutral 20, relay coil 1, push-button 6, diode 2, line 21, diode 12, push-button 15, zener diode 17, switch 18 returns to the voltage source The current now flows from 10 to 9 through the coil of the relay The relay drops out and interrupts the current to the power consumer by means of contact 25.

Indien de pulsdrukker "CENTRAAL UIT" 15 wordtingedrukt wordt de zenerdiode 17 overbrugd waardoor denegatieve helft van de sinus van de voedingspanning nietlanger wordt gereduceerd en de volledige amplitudetussen de leidingen 20 en 21 komt te staan. Zenerdiode 4geleidt nu en overbrugt daarmee de decentralepulsdrukker "UIT" 6. Relais 1 valt af en schakelt destroomverbruiker uit.When the "CENTER OFF" push-button 15 is pressed, the zener diode 17 is bridged, whereby the negative half of the sine of the supply voltage is no longer reduced and the full amplitude is placed between the lines 20 and 21. Zener diode 4 now conducts and thereby bridges the decentral pulse switch "OFF" 6. Relay 1 drops out and switches off the power consumer.

Indien de pulsdrukker "CENTRAAL IN" 14 wordtincredrukt komt oo de leidina 21 een hoaere oositieve helft van de sinus waardoor zenerdiode 5 in geleidingkomt en daarmee de pulsdrukker "IN" 7 overbruggend. Hetrelais wordt bekrachtigd daarmee via kontakt 25 destroomverbruiker inschakelend.If the push-button "CENTRAL IN" 14 is depressed, a smaller positive half of the sine will also come through the lead 21, as a result of which zener diode 5 will conduct and thereby bridge the push-button "IN" 7. The relay is energized thereby switching on the power consumer via contact 25.

Indien de schakelaar "BLOKKEREN IN" 19 wordtgeopend wordt de positieve helft van de sinus onder¬broken en wordt daardoor voorkomen dat via pulsdrukker 7kan worden ingeschakeld.When the "LOCK IN" switch 19 is opened, the positive half of the sine is interrupted and this prevents switching on via pulse switch 7.

Indien de schakelaar "BLOKKEREN UIT» 18 wordtgeopend wordt de negatieve helft van de sinusonderbroken en wordt daardoor voorkomen dat viapulsdrukker 6 kan worden uitgeschakeld.When the "LOCK OFF» 18 switch is opened, the negative half of the sine wave is interrupted and thus prevents viapulse push button 6 from being switched off.

Indien de schakelmodulen moeten worden gekoppeldwordt koppelschakelaar 8 gesloten waardoor derelaisspoelen 1 en 22 parallel geschakeld worden via 9koppelschakelaar 8, leiding 16 en 23. Schakelen kan dannaar keuze plaats vinden decentraal met de pulsdrukkers6, 7, 26 of 27 of centraal met de pulsdrukkers 14 of 15.If the switching modules have to be coupled, coupling switch 8 is closed, so that the relay coils 1 and 22 are connected in parallel via 9 coupling switch 8, lines 16 and 23. Switching can then be carried out locally with the push-buttons 6, 7, 26 or 27 or centrally with the push-buttons 14 or 15 .

Claims (6)

1. Elektrische schakelinstallatie met eén of meerschakelmodulen voor het in- en uitschakelen vanstroomverbruikers, in het bijzonder van verlichtings-armaturen, welke schakelmodulen zijn voorzien vantenminste een in de stroomkring van de verbruikeropgenomen schakelkontakt geschikt voor het schakelen vanhet elektrisch vermogen van de stroomverbruiker en welkemodulen individueel, en centraal groepsgewijs, metpulsdrukkers kunnen worden in- en uitgeschakeld methet kenmerk dat in de schakelmodulen eenbistabiel relais van het type remanent magnetisme meteen enkele bekrachtigingsspoel wordt toegepast welke hetschakelkontakt, opgenomen in de stroomkring van destroomgebruiker, bedient, voor de voeding van hetsysteem gebruik makend van een wisselspanning metongelijke positieve en negatieve amplitude zodatindividuele bediening van de schakelmodulen kan plaatsvinden met anti-parallel geschakelde dioden enpulsdrukkers (2 en 3 resp. 6 en 7) waarbij depulsdrukkers (2 en 3) zijn overbrugd met zenerdioden metzenerspanningen boven de amplituden van de voeding-spanning zodat door verhoging van de positieve ofnegatieve amplitude van de voedingspanning de zenerdioden in geleiding komen daarmee de relais vanuithet voedingpunt schakelend.1. Electrical switchgear with one or more switching modules for switching current consumers on and off, in particular of lighting fixtures, which switching modules are provided with at least one switching contact incorporated in the circuit of the consumer, suitable for switching the electrical power of the current consumer and which modules are individually , and centrally in groups, with pushbuttons can be switched on and off with the characteristic that in the switching modules a bistable relay of the type of retentive magnetism is immediately applied with a single excitation coil which operates the switching contact, included in the circuit of the current user, for the supply of the system using an alternating voltage with unequal positive and negative amplitude so that individual operation of the switching modules can take place with anti-parallel switched diodes and pushbuttons (2 and 3 and 6 and 7 respectively), whereby the pushbuttons (2 and 3) are bridged with Zenerdio the meter voltages are above the amplitudes of the supply voltage, so that by increasing the positive or negative amplitude of the supply voltage, the zener diodes conduct, thereby switching the relays from the supply point. 2. Elektrische schakelinstallatie volgens conclusie1 met het kenmerk dat de individuelebediening van de schakelmodulen kan worden uitgebreidtot bediening van meerdere modulen door de relaisspoelenvan de betreffende modulen via koppelschakelaar 8 engeleider 16 parallel te schakelen.Electrical switchgear according to claim 1, characterized in that the individual control of the switch modules can be extended to control several modules by connecting the relay coils of the relevant modules in parallel via coupling switch 8 and conductor 16. 3. Elektrische schakelinstallatie volgens conclusie1 of 2 met het kenmerk dat individueelschakelen centraal kan worden verhinderd door depositieve en/of negatieve helft van de voedendewisselspanning met schakelaars (18,19) te onderbreken.Electric switchgear according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that individual switching can be prevented centrally by interrupting deposited and / or negative half of the supplying alternating voltage with switches (18, 19). 4. Elektrische schakelinstallatie volgens conclusie1, 2 of 3 met het kenmerk dat debekabeling van van een aantal schakelmoduulgroepen wordtgekombineerd waarbij een of meer nulleidersgemeenschappelijk worden gebruikt.Electrical switchgear according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the cabling of a number of switch module groups is combined, in which one or more neutral conductors are used in common. 5. Elektrische schakelinstallatie volgens conclusie1, 2, 3 of 4 met het kenmerk dat decentrale pulsdrukkers (14,15) en schakelaars (18,19) alsrelais zijn uitgevoerd teneinde de schakelinstallatie op afstand te bedienen.Electrical switchgear according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, characterized in that decentralized pushbuttons (14,15) and switches (18,19) are designed as relays in order to remotely control the switchgear. 6. Elektrische schakelinstallatie volgens conclusie1,2,3,4 of 5 met het kenmerk dat als voedingspanning een niet-sinusvormige wisselspanningwordt toegepast.Electrical switchgear according to claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, characterized in that a non-sinusoidal alternating voltage is used as the supply voltage.
NL9000010A 1990-01-03 1990-01-03 Electric switchgear. NL193483C (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL9000010A NL193483C (en) 1990-01-03 1990-01-03 Electric switchgear.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL9000010 1990-01-03
NL9000010A NL193483C (en) 1990-01-03 1990-01-03 Electric switchgear.

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
NL9000010A true NL9000010A (en) 1991-08-01
NL193483B NL193483B (en) 1999-07-01
NL193483C NL193483C (en) 1999-11-02

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
NL9000010A NL193483C (en) 1990-01-03 1990-01-03 Electric switchgear.

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL9500608A (en) * 1995-03-30 1996-11-01 Robert Jan Verheul Matrix network and electrical network element therefor
EP1083584A1 (en) * 1999-09-07 2001-03-14 Robert Johan Verheul Improved switching system

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL8000145A (en) * 1979-01-10 1980-07-14 Gestinvest ELECTRICAL LIGHTING SYSTEM.
NL8004951A (en) * 1980-04-02 1981-11-02 Schutzapparate Paris & Co CONTROL CHAIN FOR A LIGHTING SYSTEM.
NL8200877A (en) * 1982-03-04 1983-10-03 Bernardus De Roos Switching system for lighting installations - uses bistable relay circuits and 24 volt DC signals for remote control

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL8000145A (en) * 1979-01-10 1980-07-14 Gestinvest ELECTRICAL LIGHTING SYSTEM.
NL8004951A (en) * 1980-04-02 1981-11-02 Schutzapparate Paris & Co CONTROL CHAIN FOR A LIGHTING SYSTEM.
NL8200877A (en) * 1982-03-04 1983-10-03 Bernardus De Roos Switching system for lighting installations - uses bistable relay circuits and 24 volt DC signals for remote control

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL9500608A (en) * 1995-03-30 1996-11-01 Robert Jan Verheul Matrix network and electrical network element therefor
EP1083584A1 (en) * 1999-09-07 2001-03-14 Robert Johan Verheul Improved switching system
NL1016086C2 (en) * 1999-09-07 2001-03-23 Robert Johan Verheul Improved electrical switchgear.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL193483C (en) 1999-11-02
NL193483B (en) 1999-07-01

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