NL2008581C2 - Wood-containing concrete composition. - Google Patents
Wood-containing concrete composition. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NL2008581C2 NL2008581C2 NL2008581A NL2008581A NL2008581C2 NL 2008581 C2 NL2008581 C2 NL 2008581C2 NL 2008581 A NL2008581 A NL 2008581A NL 2008581 A NL2008581 A NL 2008581A NL 2008581 C2 NL2008581 C2 NL 2008581C2
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- NL
- Netherlands
- Prior art keywords
- wood
- weight
- construction
- composition according
- water
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B18/04—Waste materials; Refuse
- C04B18/18—Waste materials; Refuse organic
- C04B18/24—Vegetable refuse, e.g. rice husks, maize-ear refuse; Cellulosic materials, e.g. paper, cork
- C04B18/26—Wood, e.g. sawdust, wood shavings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
- C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
- C04B40/0039—Premixtures of ingredients
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Description
MAS/P91348NL00
Title: Wood-containing concrete composition
The present invention relates to construction materials and especially to wood-containing concrete compositions. The invention further relates to a method to produce concrete and to a concrete material obtainable by the method of the invention. Furthermore, the invention 5 relates to the use of wood, and preferably waste wood, as aggregate material for or in the construction industry. Construction materials made therewith may find application in the preparation of prefab products. Finally, the invention is directed to articles made of said wood-containing material, including prefab materials.
10 The modern world is confronted with an ever growing mass of wood as a waste product originating mainly from construction and demolition activities and from, for example, the furniture industry, but also from other sources. Wood waste is often categorized according to the degree of its contamination, which essentially determines the possibilities of the 15 recyclability. That is, the degree of its pollution determines whether the wood can be recycled. Clean and unprocessed wood of class A in the Netherlands is suitable for, e.g., chipboard industry. Treated wood waste is generally not suitable for reuse as, for instance, an aggregate material and can only be used as secondary fuel, e.g. for energy generation in power 20 stations. Some sorts of treated wood, e.g. impregnated, or creosol/creosote treated wood, contain excessive amounts of hazardous components which are released during burning or through other related processes. Therefore, many types of treated wood are subject to hazardous waste regulations and, as a result, must often be processed against considerable costs needed for its 25 disposal etc.
An aim of the present invention is to provide an economically effective or cost effective method to use, reuse, or recycle wood, and 2 especially waste wood. Particularly, it is aimed to reuse the wood material in such a way that no hazardous substances are released confirming existing applicable norms and regulations, so that a safe solution is provided.
5 According to the present invention this is especially achieved by the use of wood and especially waste wood, in preparing a concrete composition.
This is surprising, since the use of wood in concrete compositions is prejudiced as cement normally repels organic matter or materials such as wood and normally there is generally no affinity of the constituents of wood 10 with cement. Low compatibility and low adhesion of cement to organic matter or materials results in a fragile or brittle material; or at least would result in a material which is not suitable for use in the construction industry. Moreover, wood is biodegradable and has a short life span. Hence wood is not a good candidate for achieving the required durability when 15 used in concrete. Normally, a wood matrix is not supportive for cementation systems to produce a concrete which finds application as concrete.
According to the present invention, a construction composition is provided wherein, however, cement adheres effectively to wood, resulting in a uniform or homogeneous material, which combines the structural or 20 compositional advantages of both wood and concrete, which leads to a concrete suitable for use in the construction industry. More particularly, the concrete of the invention is considerably lighter in weight than conventional concrete, while retaining advantageous mechanical characteristics making it very suitable as a construction material; it is classifiable as a light-weight 25 concrete. In addition, using waste wood in a concrete composition also saves primary raw materials (aggregates) such as sand and gravel, which primary raw materials are fastly becoming scarce with time; in addition, it also leads to a considerable cost reduction. In this way, waste wood is reused, and it need not be burnt, so that the production of contaminants and emission of 30 hazardous and green-house gasses, such as carbon dioxide, carbon 3 monoxide, oxides of sulfur and of nitrogen oxides can be avoided significantly.
In a first embodiment, the present invention relates to a construction composition comprising cement, wood and a cement additive 5 containing three different types of aluminosilicates. These types of aluminosilicates (referred to herein-below as (A), (B) and (C)) are, as the skilled person knows, essentially based on sodium, aluminium and silicon oxide.
A first aluminosilicate that is preferably used is designated as (A) 10 and comprises - on a dry basis - 20-30 wt.% Na20; 30-40 wt.% AI2O3; and 30-40 wt.% Si02, which aluminosilicate has a tapped density (determined after 1250 taps of at least 400 g/1 (said known method, for instance, being described by Dubrow and Rieradka in Technical Reports Nos. PA-TR-2092; AD-47231 of Picatinny Arsenal, Samuel Feltman Ammunition Labs. Dover 15 N. J. (Nov. 1, 1954; OSTI ID: 4388372)); has an average particle size (determined by sedimentation analysis using a SediGraph 5100 marketed by Micromeritics) of 1.2-2.2 pm; has a calcium-binding capacity of at least 100 mg CaO/g on a 100% basis (anhydrous aluminosilicate) (as described in EP-A-0 384 070); has a pH (in a 5% aqueous suspension at room 20 temperature using a conventional pH meter) above 6; and preferably above 9; has an ignition loss (1 hour; 800 °C) of 15-30 %; and contains <50 ppm water soluble Fe and < 500 ppm total Fe; < 1 ppm water soluble Ni; < 2 ppm water-soluble Cr; and < 7 ppm water-soluble Ti.
A second aluminosilicate that is preferably used is designated as 25 (B) is a small particle size aluminosilicate and comprises - on a dry basis - 15-35 wt% Na2Ü; 25-40 wt.% AI2O3; and 20-45 wt.% SiC>2; has a pH in the range of 7-12 and preferably in the range of 9-12; has an average particle size (determined by sedimentation analysis using a SediGraph 5100 marketed by Micromeritics) of 0.7-2.4, and preferably from 0.9-1.5 pm; has a 4 bulk density of 400-600 g/1; and contains less than 50 ppm iron and less than 5 ppm Ti.
A third aluminosilicate that is preferably used is designated as (C) and comprises 10-30 wt.% Na20; 20-40 wt.% AI2O3 and 10-50 wt.% SiC>2, 5 which aluminosilicate has a tapped density of 300-600 g/1; has an average particle size (D50) of 1-5 pm; wherein less than 0.1 wt% of the particles have a size of less than 0.1 pm; has a pH above 6, and has an ignition loss of 16-24%.
These three different preferred aluminosilicates are described in 10 detail in EP-A-2 113 494, which document is incorporated in the present specification for describing said three aluminosilicates and preferred embodiments thereof. Preferably, these three types are combined in a weight ratio of A:B:C of 1 : 0.8-1.2 : 0.8-1.2, and preferably about 1:1:1.
The cement additive is added to the construction composition of the 15 invention in such an amount so that the cement comprises 1.2-3.0 wt. %, preferably 1.6-2.5 wt.% and more preferably 2-2.3 wt.% aluminosilicates drawn to the total weight of aluminosilicates and cement. Good results are obtained when the construction composition comprises 0.05-0.5 wt.%, preferably 0.1-0.3 wt.% of the cement additive.
20 The cement to be used in the present invention can be selected
from all known cements. Preferably, the invention uses Portland cement and/or blast-furnace or high-oven cement; suitable cements are identified by the following types OEM I 32,5 R, CEM I 42,5 R, CEM I 52,5 R, CEM II/B-V
32,5 R, CEM III/A 32,5 N, CEM III/A 42,5 N, CEM III/A 52,5 N, CEM III/B 25 32,5 N and CEM III/B 42,5 N etc. Preferably ENCI CEM III 42,5 B LH/HS N
type cement, or CEM I 52.5 R is used. Also blends of different cements can be used. In the composition of the invention, the cement is used in an amount of 80-500 kg/m3, preferably 90-450 k/m3 and most preferably 100-400 kg/m3 in the final product.
5 A unique characteristic of the construction composition of the invention is that up to 70 vol.% (or even more) of wood can be incorporated (as an aggregate) therein, drawn to the volume of the final construction composition. Preferably, the composition comprises from 5 to 70 vol. % of 5 wood, more preferably 10-50 vol. %. In order to incorporate more than 50 vol. % of wood in the composition of the invention, the wood fraction used is preferably is pretreated as described herein-below.
Such a pretreatment may encompass one or more of the following processing treatments. Firstly, considerable advantages, especially in 10 binding, may be obtained by sieving, optionally after breaking or shredding, wood to suitable size fractions, like up to 12 mm, preferably up to 9 mm and most preferably up to 5 mm; some bigger parts can also be used, but these provide a rough surface and lead to lower strength of the final concrete material. A second treatment is a chemical treatment, whereby the ionic 15 groups of the (waste) wood become available for chemical reactions and induce chemical bonding in such a way that both cement and the cement additives therein react in such a way that desirable concrete parameters, like compressive strength and bending strength are achieved. Suitable ionic environments provide suitable pH and suitable redox potential which help 20 the cement additives to work more efficiently. In addition, suitable pretreatment also influences the homogeneity and workability of the produced concrete mixture.
More in general, the wood suitable to be used in the present invention has preferably an average particle size (wherein particle size 25 refers to the largest size of a particular piece of wood) of about 5-50 mm, preferably 10-30 mm and even more preferably 10-20 mm. To obtain wooden fractions in this range of particle sizes, the wood may for instance be subjected to shredding or other techniques to restrict the sizes of the wood to the preferred average value.
6
The wood suitable for the present invention can be any kind of wood. Preferably, waste wood is employed, offering thereby an environmental friendly process of utilisation of wood waste. Waste wood of any category may be used, including treated wood containing hazardous 5 substances. Such substances can, if needed or desired, be controlled or neutralized by additional additives or suitable preservatives, such as one or more preservatives commonly used for enhancing the durability, e.g. chromated copper arsenate (CCA), ammonia copper arsenate (ACA), ammonia copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), acid copper chromate (ACC), copper 10 naphtenate, pentachlorophenol, creosote, borates, and the like.
Another suitable waste wood source originates from trees damaged by fungi, insects or birds, or partially biodegraded wood. An example of such a source is pine trees which are infected by insects like the mountain pine beetle etc.
15 In a preferred embodiment, wood fractions originating from or present in sieve sand is used.
Besides wood, the composition may comprise other aggregates. Various aggregates typically used in cement compositions may be employed, e.g. coarse aggregates such as gravel, limestone, or granite, and fine 20 aggregates such as sand. However, it is particularly preferred to use waste materials as aggregates, e.g. soils, including contaminated soil, such as heavy metal contaminated soil, ashes, sieve sand, construction waste, furnace dust, harbour sludge, lead slag, barites sludge, railway ballast, jet grit, iron slag, glass beads, waste incineration slag, grit of different sizes, fly 25 ash, clay, stony mixture, jet dust, crushed asphalt, rubbish, silicon residue, sand, etc. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, waste incineration slag, flying ash, furnace waste derived from car batteries and/or jet grit are used.
Preferably, the composition of the invention comprises at least one 30 base. Bases are chemical compounds that, when dissolved in water, give a 7 solution with a hydrogen ion activity higher than that of pure water, i.e. a pH higher than 7.0 under standard conditions. Typical examples of bases are the oxides and hydroxides of metals, especially, of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Without wishing to be bound to any theory, it is believed that 5 the base neutralizes acidic compounds present in wood waste, and provides an ionic molecular micro-environment which is suitable for the specific cement additives used in the construction material of the invention to induce suitable bonding with wood and cement. This results in a better adhesion between the wood and the cement. Very good results are obtained 10 when using medium strong and weak bases having a pKb from 1 to 7, preferably from 1.5 to 5, such as calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, ammonia. More preferably, lime powder is used. Preferably, the composition comprises the base or bases in an amount of from 3-10 wt.% drawn to the weight of the cement used in the 15 construction material.
More specifically, it is noted that dependent on the type and chemical condition of the wood, and especially the waste wood, (for example, some sources are acidic and some are not so acidic, the pH may range from 4.5 to 7.6), the skilled person can determine suitable amounts of base. As an 20 indication, often an amount of around 4-6 wt.% of a commercial base (w/w of the cement) is used. Typically, the cement weight ranges from 180 kg/m3 to sometimes up to 350 kg/m3.
The construction composition of the invention can further comprise other components and additives known in the art such as water-reducing 25 agents, retarders, extenders, curing accelerators, stabilizers, air entrants and the like. Preferably, rheology controllers (wood absorbs lots of water, which may seriously affect the workability) and additives to control the overall ionic environment are used, for instance to achieve the required workability.
8
In another aspect the present invention relates to a method for immobilizing waste wood contaminants, optionally to prepare a construction material, comprising the steps of combining a wood-containing construction composition according to the invention expected to contain contaminants, 5 with a suitable amount of water, followed by curing. This concerns a conventional method to prepare a concrete composition, yet uses wood as a part of or instead of usual or conventional aggregates.
For that, a suitable amount of water is added to the solid aggregates in order to make a mortar-like material that, after hardening, 10 results in a final, concrete-like product to be used as a construction material according to the invention. Suitable amounts of water can easily be determined by a person skilled in the art. Generally, suitable amounts vary between 4 and 22 vol.%, preferably between 5 and 20 vol.%. Concrete technologists call this the water : cement (W/C) factor which has a relation 15 to water absorption by aggregates, which depends on the water already present in the aggregate material (in the present invention including wood) and the total amount of water needed to be added from outside. This situation bears some complexity, as the skilled person knows by practical experience, in that the (internal) water present in the aggregate (wood 20 fractions) is not “free water”; in many conditions it is not available for cement hydration (and hence cement hardening) and for reaction with the cement additives used in this invention. Sometimes when the waste is oversaturated with water, there is free water and this free water is available for cement hydration and other chemical processes. Normally, 25 internal water and outside water are taken together and this is taken as total water of the system and the amount of water required to be added is determined on the basis of actual water present in the system and the estimation of the total amount of required water. In this way, the amount of outside water can be determined on the basis of these parameters, concrete 9 technologists report a W/C factor, with reference to the amount of cement used in the mixture.
Optimal results are obtained when the wood parts are first contacted with (soaked in) about 20-40% of the water with the other 5 aggregates, followed by addition of other constituents of the construction material of the invention and finally the remaining amount of the water is carefully added.
In accordance with the present invention, as mentioned hereinabove, at least a part, but even up to 100% of the aggregate material present 10 in concrete may be formed by the wood material. Particularly, any percentage between more than 0 up to 100% of the aggregate used may be wood, but to obtain the favorable properties, one should preferably use at least 15 wt.%, more preferably at least 20 wt.%, more preferably at least 50 wt.% of wood as aggregate material. Suitably, less than 80 wt.%, and 15 preferably less than 70 wt.% of the aggregate materials are formed by wood.
Preferably, the mortar-like mixture prepared is compacted, pressed, vibrated, rolled or otherwise processed into a desired form, optionally with a suitable framework.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a construction 20 material obtainable by the method of the invention. This construction material combines the advantages of both a concrete material and wood. Compared to concrete, the material of the invention is preferably at least 10% lighter, preferably, at least 20% and most preferably at least 30% lighter than conventional concrete (which is produced without wood). The 25 construction material of the invention is characterised by a density of less than 2000 kg/m3, preferably less than 1800 kg/m3, more preferably 1600 kg/m3 and even less. For comparison, the density of conventional concrete of a similar composition wherein no wood is incorporated is in the range of 2200 - 2400 kg/m3 or sometimes even higher up to 2600 kg/m3.
10
At the same time, the inventive material still may have comparable mechanical characteristics as conventional concrete such as high strength. For instance, for a construction concrete according to the present invention, which concrete contains 30-40 vol.% wood compressive strengths (CS) of 5 more than 20 N/mm2 could be obtained with a modest amount of cement. Moreover, a bending strength (BS) of more than 1 to 2 N/mm2 is achievable. Further, the material of the invention absorbs sound/noise and other radiations. This is especially advantageous in combination with the light weight, making it very attractive for this concrete to be used for these 10 absorption applications.
Compared to conventional wood materials, the composition of the invention is characterized by a great durability. Under durability it is meant the resistance of a material to decay or, more specifically, to biodegradation of the wood used therein. The material of the invention preferably does not 15 show any decay in at least 30 years, preferably at least 35 years, yet more preferably in 40 years and longer. While conventional wood under normal conditions must be treated with preservatives to provide for a comparable durability, the construction material of the invention does not need to be chemically treated for the prevention of bio-degradation.
20 Another advantage of the present invention, as also mentioned above, is that (potentially) hazardous components or contaminants present in the waste wood are stabilised and immobilized; that is, such materials will not or hardly leach out or otherwise escape from the composition. Particularly, it is possible to immobilise the pollutants in such a way that 25 the end product meets the requirements and specifications according to established governmental legislation and standard norms, so that the produced concrete can be used as a construction material.
The material of the invention is especially suitable for use as a construction material and in particular for production of prefab construction 30 products, such as poles, pre-fabricated walls which can be used as sound 11 absorbing walls for controlling noise pollution, light-weight concrete for areas which are sludgy, walls for earthquake prone zones, slabs, tiles etc.
The invention will be further described on the basis of the following, non-limiting working example. The compressive strength and 5 bending strength are determined according to the methods described in EP-A-2 305 620, which information is incorporated in the present description by reference.
Example 1 10 1311 wood waste was shredded to pieces of 10-30 mm in size. This material was pre-mixed with 132 1 Horzol (broken railway ballast), 88 1 Furaan (waste from car batteries), 45 1 waste incineration slags and 45 1 jet grit. 100 1 of water was added and the wet mixture is mixed for some 4 15 minutes. 350 kg cement (ENCI, CEM III B 42,5 LH/HS N) and 70 kg of the cement additive described in working example 1 of EP-A-2 113 494 were added, while also batch-wise adding 250 1 water, which mixture was mixed until homogenous.
The mixture was shaped into the form of poles and allowed to cure.
20 The pole has a density of about 1.4 kg/m3, a compressive strength of 22 N/mm2 and a bending strength of 1.7 N/mm2.
Claims (12)
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2008581A NL2008581C2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2012-04-02 | Wood-containing concrete composition. |
| PCT/NL2013/050230 WO2013151427A1 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2013-03-28 | Wood-containing concrete composition |
| EP13716853.0A EP2834204B1 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2013-03-28 | Wood-containing concrete composition |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2008581A NL2008581C2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2012-04-02 | Wood-containing concrete composition. |
| NL2008581 | 2012-04-02 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NL2008581C2 true NL2008581C2 (en) | 2013-10-07 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2008581A NL2008581C2 (en) | 2012-04-02 | 2012-04-02 | Wood-containing concrete composition. |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| NL (1) | NL2008581C2 (en) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH10297951A (en) * | 1997-04-25 | 1998-11-10 | Ube Ind Ltd | Cement composition and hardened cement article |
| JP2005073538A (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2005-03-24 | Muranaka Kensetsu Kk | Rooftop greening block material and method for producing the same |
| US20070261607A1 (en) * | 2006-05-11 | 2007-11-15 | Nichiha Co., Ltd. | Fiber reinforced cement composition and products and manufacturing process |
| EP2108629A1 (en) * | 2008-03-31 | 2009-10-14 | Knauf | Construction material used to reduce the concentration of volatile organic compounds in the air |
| EP2113494A1 (en) * | 2008-05-02 | 2009-11-04 | Anmoroye BvBa i.o. | Cement additive, cement composition, cement composition comprising waste material, and processes for making and using the same |
-
2012
- 2012-04-02 NL NL2008581A patent/NL2008581C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH10297951A (en) * | 1997-04-25 | 1998-11-10 | Ube Ind Ltd | Cement composition and hardened cement article |
| JP2005073538A (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2005-03-24 | Muranaka Kensetsu Kk | Rooftop greening block material and method for producing the same |
| US20070261607A1 (en) * | 2006-05-11 | 2007-11-15 | Nichiha Co., Ltd. | Fiber reinforced cement composition and products and manufacturing process |
| EP2108629A1 (en) * | 2008-03-31 | 2009-10-14 | Knauf | Construction material used to reduce the concentration of volatile organic compounds in the air |
| EP2113494A1 (en) * | 2008-05-02 | 2009-11-04 | Anmoroye BvBa i.o. | Cement additive, cement composition, cement composition comprising waste material, and processes for making and using the same |
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