MXPA98001718A - Food supplement alifatic amid for rumian - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a food and a method for increasing the content of unsaturated fatty acids in the tissue and milk of ruminants. The preferred food is composed of a food substrate which is mixed with an unsaturated aliphatic amide ingredient, such as, for example, amamide. The unsaturated aliphatic amide is resistant to biohydrogenation and passes through the rumen substantially intact. The aliphatic amide becomes a free fatty acid in the digestive tract and, subsequently, is absorbed by ruminant tissues and milk

Description

FOOD SUPPLEMENT ALIPHATIC AMID FOR RUMINANTS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Conventional livestock feeds, such as maize and alfalfa, often fail to provide sufficient energy for livestock, especially dairy cattle, during periods of heavy milk production. Food that contains a high proportion of corn also tends to reduce the fat content of the milk that this livestock produces. Fat is an excellent source of energy and it is known that if the proportion of fat in livestock feed increases, dairy cattle produce large quantities of milk without depleting the fat reserves of their bodies and without damaging the proportion of fat in milk. the milk they produce. However, it has been found that if the proportion of fat in the diet of livestock exceeds approximately 5% of the total solid food, the food has toxic effects on the microorganisms in the rumen of cattle. It seems that the fat reduces the average growth or, even more, kills certain microorganisms that digest the fiber in the rumen of the females, so it reduces the ability to digest the fibers. This negative effect on the rumen of the female is particularly true in the case of unsaturated fats.

It is also known that triglycerides and free fatty acids can, physically, coat the cellulosic or fibrous material in the rumen and inhibit the fermentation of the material by the bacteria. This has an adverse effect on the total capacity for digestion of the diet, and can result in a reduction in the production of milk and fat in the milk. There is a continuing need for new dietary supplements for livestock feed that can feed ruminant animals without interfering with the feeding metabolisms of ruminant microorganisms, and that have high levels of digestive capacity. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,642,317; 4,826,694; 4,853,233 and 4,909,138 describe the incorporation of insoluble fatty acid salts in ruminant feed as a means to increase the fat content of the feed without adversely affecting the ruminant's digestion cycle. The food additive such as, for example, calcium salt of fatty acid functions as a product of deviation from the rumen, and subsequently it is metabolized in the fourth stomach or in the small intestine of the ruminant. US Pat. No. 5,416,115 discloses the production of milk and milk fat using a non-soluble form of trans-fatty acid derivatives.

A more recent consideration has been the types of fatty acids that are nutritious elements in the animal's food chain. It is known that saturated fatty acids cause adverse health effects, such as ascoronary heart disease and high blood pressure in humans. It is also known that olefinically unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid and linoleic acid are more nutritionally favorable for the human diet. Ruminants such as cattle are an important source of red meat and dairy products for human consumption. It has been determined that unsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to biohydrogenation by microorganisms in the rumen of ruminants. The higher content of saturated fatty acids is absorbed in the digestive tract and there is an increase in the amount of saturated fatty acids in the tissue and milk of ruminants. Recent research has been conducted with methods to inhibit the biohydrogenation of saturated fatty acids in the rumen. It has been postulated that ruminal bacteria biohydrogenates unsaturated fatty acids that have a free carboxylic acid group. Based on this premise, attention has been focused on unsaturated fatty acids, analogs that do not have a free carboxylic acid group.

An in vitro procedure has been performed to determine the ability of the methionine ester amide of N-linoleic acid to resist hydrolysis and biohydrogenation by ruminal microorganisms. It was found that linoleic acid amide derivatives have resistance to hydrolysis and biohydrogenation by ruminal bacteria. The study was reported in the Journal of Dairy Science, 75 1527 (1992). Another important factor in the preparation of feed for ruminants, with a content of a fatty acid supplement, is the level of ease for the digestion of the fatty acid ingredient. The fatty acids and the salts of fatty acids and the like differ in the proportion of fatty acids that are digested and absorbed, relative to the fatty acid that is not absorbed and leaves the digestive tract as solid waste. There is a continued interest in the development of new methods and foods to increase the content of unsaturated fatty acids in the tissue and milk of ruminants. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing meat and dairy derivatives of ruminants that are healthier for human consumption. It is another object of the invention to provide a process for the production of a food supplement for ruminants that can function as a rumen deviation composition, and allows a beneficial increase in the dietary fat content of the food. Another object of the invention is to provide a food supplement comprising unsaturated fatty acids that are protected from biohydrogenation in the rumen of ruminants. Another object of the present invention is to provide a nutritional supplement for ruminants that increases the amount of unsaturated fatty acids that are absorbed in the animal's bloodstream. It is another object of the present invention to provide a food supplement for ruminants comprising an analogous unsaturated fatty acid, which is absorbed with minimal loss as an undigested food. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a product naturally derived from cow's milk with a fat content in milk having a high content of oleic acid. Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in the description and appended examples. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION One or more objects of the present invention are achieved by the provision of a method for increasing the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in the tissues and milk of ruminants, which comprise feeding a ruminant with a feed containing an unsaturated aliphatic amide supplement ingredient that is resistant to biohydrogenation in the rumen, wherein the aliphatic amide corresponds to the formula: wherein R is an unsaturated C 11 -C 12 aliphatic substituent. The acyl moiety (RC0-) is the above formula derived from unsaturated fatty acids such as dedecylenic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, vacnic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, gadoleic acid, ketorolac acid and the like. The unsaturated aliphatic amide of the invention can be synthesized from a mixture of naturally occurring fatty esters, such as mixtures of fatty acid glycerides characteristic of palm oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, tallow and the like, or free fatty acids derived therefrom. Palm oil fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has the following percentage content by weight of fatty acids: Palm acid 38-50 Oleic acid 35-40 Linoleic acid 5-10 Stearic acid 3-6 Lauric acid 1-3 A mixture of fatty acids of beef tallow has the following percentage by weight of free fatty acids: Palm acid 22-28 Oleic acid 38-44 Linoleic acid 3-6 Stearic acid 18-24 The fatty acid triglyceride constitution of the complete oilseed oil component is different by the various sources of oilseeds. Soy has a percentage profile by weight of fatty acid that includes lauric (0.5), myristic (0.5), palmitic (12), stearic (4), oleic (25), linoleic (52) and linolenic (6). Cotton seeds have a percentage profile by weight of fatty acid that comprises miritico (0.7), phallic (24), stearic (2), palmitoleic (1), oleic (17), linoleic (55) and linolenic (0.3). Rapeseed oil has a percentage profile by weight of fatty acid comprising palmitic (5), stearic (2), oleic (63), linoleic (20), linolenic (9) and eicosenic (1). The following equations illustrate the synthesis of unsaturated aliphatic amides. (1) R-C02H + NH3 - R-CO-NH2 + H20 (2) R-glyceride + NH2CONH2 - > R-CO-NH2 + H20 + C3H3N303 Processes for the production of aliphatic amides are described in publications such as U.S. Patent Nos. 915,680; 2,109,941; 2,608,562; 3,244,734; 3,253,006: 3,932,476 and 4,655,972 incorporated by reference. A preferred type of unsaturated aliphatic amide is that synthesized by the reaction of soybean oil with ammonia. Complete soybeans can also be used to provide protein as an additional nutrient. The aliphatic amide feed supplement of the present invention can be mixed with conventional feed to facilitate ruminant ingestion. The food supplement of aliphatic amide is incorporated in a feeder in an amount that is effective to increase the absorption and deposition of unsaturated fatty acids in the tissue and milk of a ruminant. Typically, the aliphatic amide content in a basal feed for ruminants will be in a range of between about 0.5-20 percent by weight, preferably between about 3-8 percent by weight. A staple food is usually selected from maize, hay, grass, barley, oats, sorghum, wheat, bran, crushed corn and mixtures thereof. The aliphatic amine supplement may comprise a mixture of fatty acid amides saturated or not. When the food supplement for aliphatic amide ruminants is a mixture of fatty acid amides, preferably the supplement contains at least about 40 weight percent of oleic acid amide or linoleic acid amide or a mixture thereof, and more preferably it contains at least about 70 percent by weight of this type of unsaturated fatty acid amide. One or more additional ingredients may be incorporated into the food composition of the present invention, such as, for example, biologically active derivatives. An optional biologically active ingredient may be included in the feed for livestock, in an effective amount between about 0.05-20 percent by weight, based on the weight of the food. It can be selected from a wide variety of nutrients and drugs, either in a single component or as a mixture of components, which are illustrated by the following list of active molecular species: 1. C2-C22 aliphatic carboxylic acids and alkali metal, ammonium and salts of alkaline earth metals which may be different or have some correspondence with other constituents of fatty acid present in the aliphatic amide ingredient. 2. Sugars and complex carbohydrates including monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, both soluble and not soluble in water. Cane molasses is a by-product of the extraction of sucrose from sugar cane. It is commercially available in normal concentration of 79.5 ° Briz, which has a water content of approximately 21 percent by weight, and the sugar content is 50 percent by weight. Beet sugar byproducts are also available as sources of carbohydrates at a lower cost. Whey is a by-product of the dairy industry. The serum is a diluted solution of lactalbumin, lactose, fat and soluble inorganic milk. Typically, dehydrated whey solids have the following composition. Protein 12.0% Fat 0.7% Lactose 60.0% Phosphorus 0.79% Calcium 0.87% Ash 9.7% Another source of carbohydrates is derived from the pulp and paper industry which produces large quantities of by-products of lignin sulphonates from wood during the pulp process with sulfite. The carbohydrate side product is a constituent of an exhausted sulfite liquor. 3. The amino acid ingredients both simple and in combination which include arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, ethyl tyrosine HCL, alanine, aspartic acid, sodium glutamate, glycine, proline, serine, ethyl cysteine HCL and the like, and salts and analogues thereof. 4. Vitamin ingredients either singly or in combination, which include thiamine HCL, riboflamin, pyridoxine HCL, niacin, niacinamide, inositol, choline chloride, calcium pantothenate, biotin, folic acid, ascorbic acid, vitamin B12, acid p -aminobenzoic acid, vitamin A acetate, vitamin K, vitamin D, vitamin E and the like. The ingredients of microelements include compounds of cobalt, copper, manganese, iron, zinc, tin, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, iodine, chlorine, silica, vanadium, selenium, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. 5. Protein ingredients as obtained from sources such as dehydrated blood or meat meal, poultry and animal sterilized and dried manure, fish meal, liquid or powder egg, fish solubles, cell cream, flour of soybeans, cottonseed meal, cane flour and the like. Ingredients equivalent to the protein include non-protein nitrogen compounds such as urea, biuret, ammonium phosphate and the like. 6. The drug ingredients either singly or in combination which include promazine hydrochloride, chloromadionate acetate, chlorotetracyclic, sulfamethazine, monesin, polixaline and the like. The preferred antibiotic in Oxytetracycline for cattle prophylaxis. 7. Antioxidants such as those illustrated by butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tocopherol, tertiary butylhydroquinone, propyl gallate and ethoxyquin; and suitable preservatives including sodium sorbate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, propionic acid, α-hydroxybutyric acid, and the like. 8. Agents for stabilizing the suspension that are preferably selected from nonionic surfactants, hydrocolloids and cellulose ethers. These types of chemical agents are illustrated by means of condensates of polyethylene oxide of phenols, C8-C22 alcohols and amines; products of the reaction of ethylene oxide with partial fatty acid esters of hexitan; phosphate esters of glycol, alkylaryl polyoxy-ethylene; arabic gum; pea seed gum; tragacanth gum; alginates of ammonium, sodium, potassium and calcium; glycol alginates; xanthan gum; potato agar; alkylcellulose; hydroxyalkyocellulose; carboxyalkylcellulose; and similar. Ruminants are a class of mammals with pebbles of even fingers that chew the cud and has a complex of three or four stomachs, such as cattle (cattle), sheep, goats and goats. Due to the functionality of multiple stomachs, the digestive system of ruminants is substantially different from that of monogastric animals. In ruminants, the first and largest of the stomachs, which is located after the esophagus, is known as rumen. Unique to ruminants, the rumen contains microorganisms, such as bacteria and protozoa, which break down or break down the complex compounds ingested by the animal in a process known as ruminal fermentation. Among the substances and compounds that these microorganisms transform are the unsaturated fatty acids. When a ruminant ingests an unsaturated fatty acid such as oleic acid, at least a portion of the unsaturated fatty acid becomes a saturated fatty acid that is absorbed into the animal's tissue and milk. An essential aspect of the present invention is the feeding of ruminants with a food containing a dietary supplement with unsaturated aliphatic amide, that presents properties of deviation of the rumen and that is able to resist degradation in the rumen. The unsaturated aliphatic amide of the present invention deviates the substantially intact rumen, and is absorbed as a free fatty acid from the digestive tract, and subsequently transferred into the tissue and milk of ruminants. The food supplement with unsaturated aliphatic amide according to the present invention does not cause any damaging lateral effect on the ruminant. Normally, when free fatty acids are increased in the diet of a ruminant, the fatty acids have an inhibitory effect on bacterial fermentation within the rumen. However, the unsaturated aliphatic amide of the present invention has not been shown to have a similar effect.

The food supplement for ruminants, with unsaturated aliphatic amide is a convenient and economical means to increase the amount of unsaturated fatty acids that are absorbed and deposited in the tissues and milk of ruminants such as dairy cows of the Holstein and Jersey breed . It is a unique aspect of the present invention that the unsaturated aliphatic amide has no toxic effects on the microorganisms in the rumen. Furthermore, the present invention contemplates the application of an aliphatic unsaturated amide feed supplement to a herd of dairy cattle in a controlled diet, whereby the average yield naturally derived from the herd has a milk fat content varying between about 35-42 percent by weight of oleic acid, based on the weight of the milk fat. The unsaturated aliphatic amide of the present invention, which is an N-unsaturated compound, has significant advantages as a food supplement for ruminants, as compared to the unsaturated aliphatic amide compound which is N-monosubstituted or N-disubstituted as illustrated by means of the following structure: OR R-C-NR * R2 wherein, at least one of the R1 or R2 is an organic substituent as an alkyl radical. A food supplement with N-unsubstituted aliphatic amide according to the present invention is of pleasant taste and is well accepted to feed ruminants. The aliphatic amine of the present invention has a high level of resistance to biohydrogenation in the rumen and does not interfere with ruminal fermentation. In addition, the N-unsubstituted aliphatic amine is more readily absorbed in the digestive tract of a ruminant than the corresponding N-substituted aliphatic amide, so there is a minor loss as an undigested solid waste. The following examples are illustrative of the present invention. The components and specific ingredients are presented in a typical manner, and various modifications can be derived in view of the following presentation within the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE I This example illustrates the beneficial effects derived by the administration of a food supplement for ruminants with unsaturated aliphatic amide, according to the present invention. The relative resistance of ruminal biohydrogenation and capacity for the digestion of the soyamide of the present invention, in comparison with soybean oil and butylsoamide are demonstrated according to the procedure described in J. Anim. Sci., 73, 818 (1995) by T.C. Jen ins. Twelve Hampshire x Suffolk level rams, with an average weight of 34 ± 3.2 kg initial BW, are sheared and dewormed, then assigned to four diets. One diet does not contain added fat, while the other three diets contain 5% added fat (DM bases) such as soybean oil, butylsoamide or soyamide. The total of the diets consists of corn silage and concentrate (1: 1, DM base) mixed daily. The silage contains 25.5% DM, 6.4% CP and 37.3% ADF on DM basis. The DM in feed offered to each ram is restricted to the entire study up to 3% of its initial BW to eliminate the effects of intake on digestibility. The feed was provided twice a day in equal amounts at 0900 and 1900. The maize in the control concentrate was replaced with soybean oil, butylsoamide or soyamide with additional soybean meal to maintain the isonitrogenic diets. The diets were formulated to meet or exceed the minimum nutritional requirements of the rams according to NRC (1985). Ruminal and blood samples, and measures of digestive capacity and amide analysis, are handled with the methods described in the publication J. Anim., Sci., 73, 818 (1995). In relation to the control diet, soybean oil increases the concentration of linoleic acid in the plasma 22%, butylsoamide increases the linoleic acid by 58% and the amamide increases the linoleic acid by 61%. The increase of unsaturated fatty acids in plasma demonstrates, at least a partial resistance of the fatty acid amides to the ruminal biohydrogenation and its digestion and post-core absorption. For the diet with butylsoamide, the amide intake averages 47 g / d and the amide excretion averages about 29 g / d, which corresponds to a capacity coefficient for apparent digestion for butylsoamide of about 38%. For the soyamide diet, the average amide intake is 49 g / d and the average amide excretion is approximately 21 g / d, which corresponds to an apparent digestive capacity coefficient for soyamide of approximately 57%. digesting the acid grade in the control and soybean oil diets are approximately 81% and 86%, respectively. Digestion capacity coefficients indicate that butylsoamide and soyamide have a digestion capacity lower than that of soybean oil, and soyamide has a digested capacity greater than butylsoamide. Comparative data indicate that soyamide and butylsoamide are more resistant to ruminal biohydrogenation than soybean oil, and soyamide is more resistant to ruminal biohydrogenation than butylsoamide. The comparative data also indicate that soyamide is more digestible than butylsoamide.

EXAMPLE II This example illustrates the beneficial increase of oleic acid content in cattle milk when an unsaturated aliphatic amide is included in its daily feed according to the present invention. Six dairy cows (average BW of 430 kg) are tied in limited space, individual stables and fed ad libitum twice a day (0800 and 1700) with a diet of a concentrated mixture, silage corn (40% dry) and hay of crushed alfalfa in an average of 1: 1: 1. The cows are in a Latin square of 6 x 6 to compare the effects of dietary supplements with fatty acid. The fatty acid food supplement is in the form of a calcium salt of distilled palm fatty acid (Megalac, Church &Dwight Co.), or soyamide. Table 1 illustrates the composition of the basal concentrate mixture. Table 2 lists the fatty acid, unsaturated, nominal content of Megalac and Soyamide, respectively. Table 3 illustrates the effect of the fatty acid food supplement type on the unsaturated fatty acid content of the milk. Comparative data indicate that soy amide is effective in providing dairy cattle with oleic acid content ranging from about 35-42 percent by weight, based on the weight of milk fat.

TABLE 1 Mixture of basal concentrate Ingredient% by weight Crushed corn 47.74 Oat 12.17 Soy flour 22.00 Dehydrated Alfalfa 4.00 Brewer grains 4.00 Flaxseed meal 4.00 Molasses, dry 2.00 Urea -35 Phosphate dicalcium 2.21 Vitamins and minerals 1.53 % nitrogen 3.35 % of fatty acids 3.88 TABLE 2 Fatty acid content of dietary supplement% by weight Dietary supplement Oleic acid Linoleic acid Ca salt Megalac 34 8 Soyamide 25 52 TABLE 3 Effect of dietary supplement on the composition of milk fat Dietary supplement Oleic acid Linoleic acid Ca salt Megalac 26 3 Soyamide 39 28

Claims (14)

1. A method for increasing the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in the tissues and milk of ruminants, which comprises feeding a ruminant with a feed containing an unsaturated, aliphatic amide supplement ingredient, which is resistant to biohydrogenation in the rumen, where the aliphatic amide corresponds to the formula: 0 II R-C-NH2 wherein R is an unsaturated C11-C21 aliphatic substituent.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ruminants are cattle or sheep.

The method according to claim 1, wherein the forage comprises a mixture of a feeder and between about 0.5-20 percent by weight of an ingredient with aliphatic amide.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the supplement with the aliphatic amide is a mixture of fatty acid amides having a content of at least about 40 percent by weight of an unsaturated fatty acid amide.

The method according to claim 1, wherein the aliphatic amide supplement is a mixture of fatty acid amides having a content of at least about 70 percent by weight of oleic acid or linoleic acid or a mixture of these .

6. The fodder for ruminants to increase the content of fatty acid, unsaturated in the tissues or meat and milk of ruminants, comprising a feeder substrate, which contains between approximately 2-20 percent by weight of a aliphatic amide supplement comprising an ingredient corresponding to the formula: O II RC-NH2 wherein R is an unsaturated C11-C21 aliphatic substituent.

7. The forage according to claim 6, wherein the substrate of the feeder is selected from a group consisting of corn, hay, grass, barley, oats, sorghum, wheat, bran and crushed corn.

The forage according to claim 6, wherein the aliphatic amide supplement is a mixture of fatty acid amides having a content of at least about 40 weight percent of a non-saturated fatty acid amide.

The forage according to claim 6, wherein the aliphatic amide supplement is a mixture of fatty acid amides having a content of at least about 70 percent by weight of oleic acid or linoleic acid or a mixture of the same.

The forage according to claim 6, further comprising an effective amount of between about 0.05-20 percent by weight of a biologically active ingredient, based on the weight of the forage.

11. The forage according to claim 10, wherein the biologically active ingredient is a protein.

12. The forage according to claim 10 wherein the biologically active ingredient is selected from a group consisting of amino acids and analogs and salts thereof.

13. A dairy product that is produced from a herd of dairy cattle under a controlled feeding regime, in which the average fat content in the milk of the dairy product is between about 35-42 percent by weight of oleic acid, based in the weight of milk fat.

14. A milk product according to claim 13, wherein the controlled feeding regime corresponds to the method of claim 1, and wherein the aliphatic amide in the method of claim 1 is soyamide.