CA1098363A - Use of malic acid as an animal feed additive - Google Patents
Use of malic acid as an animal feed additiveInfo
- Publication number
- CA1098363A CA1098363A CA303,414A CA303414A CA1098363A CA 1098363 A CA1098363 A CA 1098363A CA 303414 A CA303414 A CA 303414A CA 1098363 A CA1098363 A CA 1098363A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- malic acid
- feed
- ruminating
- animals
- diet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
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- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This invention concerns a method and feed composition for improving nutritional response in ruminating animals. The method comprises orally administering to a ruminating animal malic acid. The feed composition comprises an edible carrier for ruminating animals and malic acid.
Malic acid has been found to be useful for improving growth response, milk production, and feed efficiency in ruminating animals.
This invention concerns a method and feed composition for improving nutritional response in ruminating animals. The method comprises orally administering to a ruminating animal malic acid. The feed composition comprises an edible carrier for ruminating animals and malic acid.
Malic acid has been found to be useful for improving growth response, milk production, and feed efficiency in ruminating animals.
Description
~0~:a8;~1~i3 This in~ention is concerned with animal husbandry and, in particular, is concerned with feed - -compositions which may be used to accelerate the growth (i.e. improve the weight gain) of ruminating animals, improve the feed efficiency of said animals, and improve the milk production of female ruminating animals such as, for example, dairy cattle. ;
- DeVuyst et al., in Revue de L'agriculture, Volume 1, pp. 35-41, January-February 1974, describe a feeding experiment in which 2~ (of feed weight) malic -acid was added to the weaning feed of milk-fed veal ~ ~ ~
calves. The study concluded that the malic acid did -not in any way improve the performance of veal calves.
In fact, the growth rate of the calves fed malic acid ~ -was 7.5% les~ than the growth rate of the control group.
This invention provides a feed composition for ruminating animals which comprises an edible carrier for ruminating animals and malic acid.
Malic: acid, HOOCCH2CH(OH)COOH, a white triclinic crystalline powder, is a well known compound. It is produced synthetically by heating maleic acid with steam under pressure. The commercial synthetic product is a racemic mixture of the D- and L-isomers. Unless stated otherwise, the term "malic acid" as used in the specifi-cation and claims refers to both the DL ~racemic) and ;~
L forms.
. - ' The malic acid is effective for the purpose -delineated herein when used in conjunction with conven-tional feed compositions for ruminatin~ animals, including ! 30 standard feed supplements, liquid feeds, vitamin, mineral .~ ` - ' , ,~ :
~ 18,310-F -1-1 B :
,.,., . ~ .; , ,.,.. , . , . ~, 83~3 and/or protein concentrates and/or conventional feed - additives that are well known to art skilled persons such as, for example, trenbolone, O,O-dimethyl 0-(2,4,5- ---trichlorophenyl)phosphorothioate, or non-protein nitrogen including biuret and l,l-diuredoisobutane, dialdehyde starch, urea and urea-containing materials such as methy-lene-diurea, glucosyl-urea, isobutyl-diurea, or an expan-sion processed mixture of grain, starch, and urea.
Additional examples of non-protein nitrogen materials '~ 10 with which malic acid may be used in conjunction include, for example, ammonia, ammoniated feedstuffs such as ~, ammoniated molasses, rice hulls or ammoniated silage, and ammonium salts, including, for example, the sulfate, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate salts. Malic acid can also be used in conjunction with wormers, anticoccidials, arsenicals, or antibiotics such as monensin, bacitracines, tylosin, sarinomycin, or tetracycli~es. ;
The amount of malic acid to be employed in a given operation is dependent upon such factors as the form of preparation, the feed ration or feed additive -~
in which the malic acid is employed, the diet of the ~¦ ruminant, or the type of ruminant. For example, an ~-effective amount for cattle and sheep will generally range from 25 to 750 mg/kg animal body weight per day -of the malic acid, and preferably from 50 to 200 mg/kg body weight per day. As an added feature of this invention, improved feed efficiency in the diets of ruminants will .
I usually simultaneously be achieved along with improved J growth promotion when the ruminants are fed malic acid in an amount within the ranges which are listed above as 18,310-F -2-being effective growth-promoting amounts for the individual animal, i.e. generally from 25 to 750 mg/kg body weight per day of the acid equivalent for cattle and sheep.
The milk-promoting amount of malic acid which will be administered to dairy cattle will also depend on factors such as the form of preparation and the feed in which the malic acid is employed or the diet of the animal.
Generally, an effective milk-promoting amount for dairy cattle will range from 25 to 750 mg/kg body weight per day and preferably from 50 to 500 mg/kg body weight per day of the acid in the dairy cattle feed. Additionally, ~-improved feed efficiency in the diets of dairy cattle will usually simultaneously be achieved along with improved milk promotion when the dairy cattle are fed malic acid in amounts ranging generally from 25 to 750 mg/kg body weight per day.
An improved growth response will usually be obtained with ruminant feed compositions that contain at least 0.1 weight percent of malic acid. The edible ration can comprise any conventional feed composition for ruminating animals such as, for example, those set forth above. The upper limit of malic acid contained in such feed compositions ~ -wlll be dependent upon the nature of the edible carrier. -For instance, the amount of malic acid used in combination with a standard vitamin/mineral premix concentrate can be as high as 75 weight percent.
The following examples are given solely for the purpose of illustration.
The DL, or racemic, form of malic acid was used ~-in the following examples. It is understood, however, that 18,310-F -3-....
~, .
3~
the L isomer can also be effectively utilized in the method of the present invention.
Example 1 This example utili~ed three seven-cow groups of Holstein milk cows. Each cow was housed and fed in an individual stall. Group I was fed a diet comprising crude protein concentrate, a grain mixture of ground corn and soybean meal, standard vitamin and mineral supplements, ' sorghum-sudan forage and approximately 61 mg/kg body ,j weight per day of malic acid. Group II was fed the same ~b 10 diet with approximately 127 mg/kg body weight per day of " ~ :
malic acid. Group III, the control, was fed the same diet without the malic acid. The trial lasted for 28 days.
~ Table 1 indicates -~ ~.
' .': ' . ' :~
., ~, .
~, 18,3'0-F -4-.~ . . .
33~3 .
the average daily production per cow of milk and solids -~ corrected milk (SCM) and the average daily feed intake per - cow for each of the three groups.
Average Average Y Milk SCM Concentrate Forage roducedProducedConsumed Consumed Group lbs/daylbs/daylbs/day _ lbs/day I 35.4 32.4 18.5 77.6 $ II 37.8 34.0 20.2 84.8 1~ III 33.3 30-4 17.7 84.1 't Example 2 ~; ~
' ' In this example, 30 sheep were divided into 5 . ~ .:
groups of 6 sheep each. During a 28 day trial period, the sheep were fed the diet which is listed in Table 2. The ,. . .
diets of Groups 2-5 were supplemented by varying amounts of -~
~ :: . . .
malic acid. Group 1 was a control. Table 3 lists the daily ~:-~, .
amounts of malic acid consumed for each sheep in the ~
. :. .
individual groups calculated as mg/kg body weight per day, the average daily weight gain (A.D.G.) and feed intake (F.I.) per sheep per group, the ratio of average feed intake ~
. ' , over average weight gain, and the percent change over the ~ ~-control group in the F.I./A.D.G. Ratio. A negative change indicates better eed efficiency ~
.
'.
18,310-F -5-.
1~ 3 : Sheep Diet Ingredients Percent (wt.) ' Straw (Oat) 30 Hay (Meadow) 60 . Urea 1.8 i .
Molasses (Cane dried) 5.0 Salt 1.0 :~ Dical phosphate 1.5 .~ .
J 10 Magnesium Oxide .6 Sulfur .1 ~ :
1 0 0 . 0 ,, Percent Crude Protein 10.9 ~ - :
~' The diet contained a Vitamin A premix. ~ :~
1 - .
~ 15 `;
`-';
.:
.. :.
.
. .:' '~ ' ' ~ ' . ,' . ~, , :~ :
. ~ , : :~:
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~ 18,310-F -6-.1 .
.
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ol ,~ ~ a ~ a~
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~ ~ ~ ~ + ~ ~ ~
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~c H ~-~
:~ 3 ~ 1 .rl t) ~ O 1~ ~ O O
td ~ ~ ~O ~ O O
c~ t) m ~1 ~. ~
Q
O ~
J
~ .
18, 310 F -7-:
~8363 Example 3 In this example, 24 beef cattle were divided into four groups of 6 cattle each. During a 112 day trial period, the cattle were fed the diet set forth in Table 4. In addition, various amounts of malic acid were added to feed rations for Groups 2-4. Group 1 was the control. Table 5 lists the average daily weight gain (A.D.G.) per steer for each group and the ratio of average feed intake per steer over average weight gain for each of the groups. ;~
''. ~' .
Beef Cattle Diet IngredientsPercent (wt.) Ground cobs 64.9 Ground corn 30.6 Urea 2.0 Dical Phosphate 1.2 Fat 0.9 Salt 0.4 100%
I The diet also contained trace amounts of m~nerals j and Vitamin A. -~
,; ~
. ~.,'' ' . .'. ' '. ': ,', :''' . ~ ''~''.
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- DeVuyst et al., in Revue de L'agriculture, Volume 1, pp. 35-41, January-February 1974, describe a feeding experiment in which 2~ (of feed weight) malic -acid was added to the weaning feed of milk-fed veal ~ ~ ~
calves. The study concluded that the malic acid did -not in any way improve the performance of veal calves.
In fact, the growth rate of the calves fed malic acid ~ -was 7.5% les~ than the growth rate of the control group.
This invention provides a feed composition for ruminating animals which comprises an edible carrier for ruminating animals and malic acid.
Malic: acid, HOOCCH2CH(OH)COOH, a white triclinic crystalline powder, is a well known compound. It is produced synthetically by heating maleic acid with steam under pressure. The commercial synthetic product is a racemic mixture of the D- and L-isomers. Unless stated otherwise, the term "malic acid" as used in the specifi-cation and claims refers to both the DL ~racemic) and ;~
L forms.
. - ' The malic acid is effective for the purpose -delineated herein when used in conjunction with conven-tional feed compositions for ruminatin~ animals, including ! 30 standard feed supplements, liquid feeds, vitamin, mineral .~ ` - ' , ,~ :
~ 18,310-F -1-1 B :
,.,., . ~ .; , ,.,.. , . , . ~, 83~3 and/or protein concentrates and/or conventional feed - additives that are well known to art skilled persons such as, for example, trenbolone, O,O-dimethyl 0-(2,4,5- ---trichlorophenyl)phosphorothioate, or non-protein nitrogen including biuret and l,l-diuredoisobutane, dialdehyde starch, urea and urea-containing materials such as methy-lene-diurea, glucosyl-urea, isobutyl-diurea, or an expan-sion processed mixture of grain, starch, and urea.
Additional examples of non-protein nitrogen materials '~ 10 with which malic acid may be used in conjunction include, for example, ammonia, ammoniated feedstuffs such as ~, ammoniated molasses, rice hulls or ammoniated silage, and ammonium salts, including, for example, the sulfate, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate salts. Malic acid can also be used in conjunction with wormers, anticoccidials, arsenicals, or antibiotics such as monensin, bacitracines, tylosin, sarinomycin, or tetracycli~es. ;
The amount of malic acid to be employed in a given operation is dependent upon such factors as the form of preparation, the feed ration or feed additive -~
in which the malic acid is employed, the diet of the ~¦ ruminant, or the type of ruminant. For example, an ~-effective amount for cattle and sheep will generally range from 25 to 750 mg/kg animal body weight per day -of the malic acid, and preferably from 50 to 200 mg/kg body weight per day. As an added feature of this invention, improved feed efficiency in the diets of ruminants will .
I usually simultaneously be achieved along with improved J growth promotion when the ruminants are fed malic acid in an amount within the ranges which are listed above as 18,310-F -2-being effective growth-promoting amounts for the individual animal, i.e. generally from 25 to 750 mg/kg body weight per day of the acid equivalent for cattle and sheep.
The milk-promoting amount of malic acid which will be administered to dairy cattle will also depend on factors such as the form of preparation and the feed in which the malic acid is employed or the diet of the animal.
Generally, an effective milk-promoting amount for dairy cattle will range from 25 to 750 mg/kg body weight per day and preferably from 50 to 500 mg/kg body weight per day of the acid in the dairy cattle feed. Additionally, ~-improved feed efficiency in the diets of dairy cattle will usually simultaneously be achieved along with improved milk promotion when the dairy cattle are fed malic acid in amounts ranging generally from 25 to 750 mg/kg body weight per day.
An improved growth response will usually be obtained with ruminant feed compositions that contain at least 0.1 weight percent of malic acid. The edible ration can comprise any conventional feed composition for ruminating animals such as, for example, those set forth above. The upper limit of malic acid contained in such feed compositions ~ -wlll be dependent upon the nature of the edible carrier. -For instance, the amount of malic acid used in combination with a standard vitamin/mineral premix concentrate can be as high as 75 weight percent.
The following examples are given solely for the purpose of illustration.
The DL, or racemic, form of malic acid was used ~-in the following examples. It is understood, however, that 18,310-F -3-....
~, .
3~
the L isomer can also be effectively utilized in the method of the present invention.
Example 1 This example utili~ed three seven-cow groups of Holstein milk cows. Each cow was housed and fed in an individual stall. Group I was fed a diet comprising crude protein concentrate, a grain mixture of ground corn and soybean meal, standard vitamin and mineral supplements, ' sorghum-sudan forage and approximately 61 mg/kg body ,j weight per day of malic acid. Group II was fed the same ~b 10 diet with approximately 127 mg/kg body weight per day of " ~ :
malic acid. Group III, the control, was fed the same diet without the malic acid. The trial lasted for 28 days.
~ Table 1 indicates -~ ~.
' .': ' . ' :~
., ~, .
~, 18,3'0-F -4-.~ . . .
33~3 .
the average daily production per cow of milk and solids -~ corrected milk (SCM) and the average daily feed intake per - cow for each of the three groups.
Average Average Y Milk SCM Concentrate Forage roducedProducedConsumed Consumed Group lbs/daylbs/daylbs/day _ lbs/day I 35.4 32.4 18.5 77.6 $ II 37.8 34.0 20.2 84.8 1~ III 33.3 30-4 17.7 84.1 't Example 2 ~; ~
' ' In this example, 30 sheep were divided into 5 . ~ .:
groups of 6 sheep each. During a 28 day trial period, the sheep were fed the diet which is listed in Table 2. The ,. . .
diets of Groups 2-5 were supplemented by varying amounts of -~
~ :: . . .
malic acid. Group 1 was a control. Table 3 lists the daily ~:-~, .
amounts of malic acid consumed for each sheep in the ~
. :. .
individual groups calculated as mg/kg body weight per day, the average daily weight gain (A.D.G.) and feed intake (F.I.) per sheep per group, the ratio of average feed intake ~
. ' , over average weight gain, and the percent change over the ~ ~-control group in the F.I./A.D.G. Ratio. A negative change indicates better eed efficiency ~
.
'.
18,310-F -5-.
1~ 3 : Sheep Diet Ingredients Percent (wt.) ' Straw (Oat) 30 Hay (Meadow) 60 . Urea 1.8 i .
Molasses (Cane dried) 5.0 Salt 1.0 :~ Dical phosphate 1.5 .~ .
J 10 Magnesium Oxide .6 Sulfur .1 ~ :
1 0 0 . 0 ,, Percent Crude Protein 10.9 ~ - :
~' The diet contained a Vitamin A premix. ~ :~
1 - .
~ 15 `;
`-';
.:
.. :.
.
. .:' '~ ' ' ~ ' . ,' . ~, , :~ :
. ~ , : :~:
. : ~ , . .
~ .: ' . .
,~ ' ' ~".:
~ 18,310-F -6-.1 .
.
, ,, .. o.
~ o ~
~: h Q I ~ 1-- oo ~
~' ~ ~
.
., .
:~ ~
,' ~ a~ o ~, ~ ~ a~ oo o~
,, .
, . _ a~
~ I ~ ~ ~ U~ ~
ol ,~ ~ a ~ a~
~ ~ U I o~ ~r o ~
~ ~ ~ ~ + ~ ~ ~
, ~_ ~ o . ~ ~ U~
. . ~.Y ,~
~s:
~c H ~-~
:~ 3 ~ 1 .rl t) ~ O 1~ ~ O O
td ~ ~ ~O ~ O O
c~ t) m ~1 ~. ~
Q
O ~
J
~ .
18, 310 F -7-:
~8363 Example 3 In this example, 24 beef cattle were divided into four groups of 6 cattle each. During a 112 day trial period, the cattle were fed the diet set forth in Table 4. In addition, various amounts of malic acid were added to feed rations for Groups 2-4. Group 1 was the control. Table 5 lists the average daily weight gain (A.D.G.) per steer for each group and the ratio of average feed intake per steer over average weight gain for each of the groups. ;~
''. ~' .
Beef Cattle Diet IngredientsPercent (wt.) Ground cobs 64.9 Ground corn 30.6 Urea 2.0 Dical Phosphate 1.2 Fat 0.9 Salt 0.4 100%
I The diet also contained trace amounts of m~nerals j and Vitamin A. -~
,; ~
. ~.,'' ' . .'. ' '. ': ,', :''' . ~ ''~''.
18,310-F -8- ~
o ~o ~ 3363 ,. ~ . . ~
O IY;
~, . , U~
o ~ , CO o 1`
,~ ~ ~ . - .
~ ... ~
1:: H ~:
~ .
,S,' ~,~ ''' ~ ~
.~ - . " ~ , .
.,., . .' ,~ ~ .-- .
,~ . .-1 In N
.. ~ .r-l ~1 H
.' O ~ :' ~:
~-o~r1~
I. . . ..
I~~D I
S ~ ~ I
SO + + +
U~
~ a ~ ~ .
E~
a~
~ ~ O ~ ~
~ ,~ ,~ ,i ~ , ,, a~ ~ :
a~
.
H ~ O ~.
rl ~1 O 11~ 0 .- -~rl l;~ U~I~ ~ : :
~m O I , , -.
a-,l u~
In ,~ ..
ic . ,-: :
U ~ ~H
- ~.-,. .
:~
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, ~' - ' '-18, .O-F --9-- :
.~ .
Claims (2)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A feed composition for ruminating animals which comprises an edible carrier for ruminating animals and malic acid.
2. A feed composition as claimed in Claim 1 which contains the malic acid in an amount of at least 0.1 weight percent.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA303,414A CA1098363A (en) | 1978-05-16 | 1978-05-16 | Use of malic acid as an animal feed additive |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA303,414A CA1098363A (en) | 1978-05-16 | 1978-05-16 | Use of malic acid as an animal feed additive |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1098363A true CA1098363A (en) | 1981-03-31 |
Family
ID=4111479
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA303,414A Expired CA1098363A (en) | 1978-05-16 | 1978-05-16 | Use of malic acid as an animal feed additive |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1098363A (en) |
-
1978
- 1978-05-16 CA CA303,414A patent/CA1098363A/en not_active Expired
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |