JP2965440B2 - Ruminant feed and breeding method using it - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a feed for ruminants and a method for raising ruminants using the same.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Various additives are added to livestock feed. For example, JP-A-58-155050 discloses that administration of oxycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and fumaric acid and polybasic carboxylic acids or salts thereof to chickens improves the egg production rate and egg quality of the chickens. Is disclosed.

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 56-112436 discloses a livestock obtained by adding a carboxylic acid having 4 to 6 carbon atoms or a salt thereof to a milk replacer in order to enhance palatability and promote the growth of calves. A formula feed is disclosed. For acidic milk substitutes for young cows, free milk feeding is possible by using an acidic milk substitute obtained by adding 0.2% of fumaric acid to the milk substitute.
It has also been reported that there are advantages such as suppression of the occurrence of diarrhea and that the growth during the childcare and upbringing period is improved [Chiba Prefectural Livestock Research Center Research Report No. 13 (1989) No. 119]
Pp. 121-121 and Chiba Prefectural Livestock Research Center Research Report No. 14 (1990) pp. 29-34].

[0004] Furthermore, it has been reported that the addition of fumaric acid to a feed can prevent and treat mastitis in cattle [Japanese Veterinary Medical Association magazine 39 (temporary extra edition) (1985)].

[0005] On the other hand, foraging ruminants such as dairy cows and fattening cows with developed rumen, roughage and concentrated feed are used. Chemical degradation of feed in the rumen of ruminants is anaerobic, not only by the animals themselves, but also by the enzymatic action of bacteria and protozoa in the rumen and is metabolized by microorganisms in the rumen. The resulting carbohydrates end up in volatile fatty acids (VFA) such as acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, carbon dioxide and methane. The VFA is mainly absorbed from the rumen. In the rumen, the feed is partially degraded, and microorganisms, microbial cell components and undegraded feed components migrate from the abomasum to the small intestine. In this small intestine, cellular components are digested by secretory enzymes and digestion products are absorbed from the intestine. Further, the pH of the rumen fluid is maintained at about 5.5 to 6.5 under normal conditions by VFA.

[0006] When the absorption of acetic acid and propionic acid in the VFA increases, fat synthesis in the body increases, and milk with a high milk fat ratio can be produced. In addition, increasing the amount of acetic acid absorbed can promote an increase in the amount of fat and improve meat quality. Therefore, in order to stably and surely improve marbling as well as to promote high milk production and weight gain, lactating cows and fattening cattle should be fed a high concentration of concentrated feed designed in consideration of nutritional requirements. Is useful. Especially,
It is useful to increase the production of acetic acid and propionic acid in VFA by feeding a concentrated feed, because cows fed high calves and cows bred under bad climatic conditions have reduced milk protein and fat content. It is.

[0007] However, when a ruminant with a developed rumen is fed a concentrated feed, the degree of foam formation in the rumen fluid increases, foamy bloat easily occurs, and the pH of the rumen fluid also increases. Easy to be unstable. In particular, when the concentrated feed is excessively supplied, the proportion of acetic acid in the composition of VFA decreases. Therefore, there is a limit in increasing the production efficiency of milk and meat and improving the quality of meat even if a large amount of concentrated feed is supplied.

[0008] Further, when a feed containing a large proportion of roughage and rich in a cellulose component is fed, an acid mixture containing a large amount of acetic acid is produced, but the digestibility of cellulose is reduced. Therefore, when a feed containing roughage and concentrated feed is used, the feed cannot be effectively used, and the productivity of milk and meat by ruminants decreases.

[0009] As an additive for feed compositions of young animals such as young cattle, Japanese Patent Publication No. 3-31422 discloses an acid having a particle size of 100 mesh or finer (for example, fumaric acid). It is disclosed that when a pulverized material is added to milk replacer to make an acidic milk replacer, aggregation and coagulation of milk protein do not occur.

[0010] However, unlike a young cattle or the like, even if a ruminant with a ruminant stomach is given a finely pulverized acid of 100 mesh or smaller, the acid not only dissolves rapidly in the rumen, However, the palatability also decreases. Therefore, the intake of feed is reduced, and it is difficult to increase the production efficiency of milk and meat.

[0011]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to increase the proportion of acetic acid and propionic acid in VFA, to increase the production efficiency of milk and meat, and to improve the quality of meat and ruminants. To provide a breeding method.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a feed for ruminants and a method for breeding ruminants which are useful for producing high quality meat such as high quality milk and marbled meat.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a feed for ruminants and a method for breeding ruminants that can increase the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid in VFA over a long period of time.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a feed for ruminants and a method for breeding ruminants that can effectively utilize feed and increase productivity of milk and meat.

[0015]

Means for Solving the Problems As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have found that the above object can be achieved by feeding a concentrated feed and a rough feed with a specific fumaric acid or a salt thereof added to a ruminant animal. We have found and completed the present invention.

That is, the feed for ruminants of the present invention contains a concentrated feed and a rough feed, and fumaric acid or a salt thereof. The concentrated feed often contains cereals, and may be a compound feed. The concentrate can be fed to ruminants along with the forage. As fumaric acid or its salt , powder
State, more specifically, the average particle size is 75 mesh or more.
Coarse and granular fumaric acid or a salt thereof can be used .

In the method of the present invention, when the feed is fed to a ruminant and raised, the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid in the VFA can be increased, the efficiency of milk and meat production can be increased, and meat quality can be improved. Can produce high quality meat such as marbled meat. When a feed containing powdery fumaric acid or a salt thereof is used, the residence time of fumaric acid or a salt thereof in the stomach can be lengthened, and the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid in VFA can be increased over a long period of time.

The feed of the present invention is applied to ruminants, for example, cows such as dairy cows and fattening cows, and sheep such as goats and sheep. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention is suitably applied to a ruminant for milk or meat, etc., instead of a young ruminant to which milk substitute is given.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

[0020] The feed contains at least concentrated feed. This concentrate is given to ruminants with developed rumen, such as dairy and fattening cows, and is therefore distinguished from acidic milk replacers given to young ruminants. If the ruminant is a meat ruminant such as a fattening cattle, the concentrate can be given for several months prior to shipment, for example for three months.

This concentrated feed can be composed of conventional ingredients mainly composed of cereals. As a component of the concentrated feed, for example,
Corn, milo, wheat, barley, rye, oats,
Grains such as flour, brown rice, millet, soybean, mushroom, cassava; soybean oil cake, dehulled soybean oil cake, rapeseed oil cake, peanut oil cake, linseed oil cake, sesame oil cake, coconut oil cake, sunflower oil cake, safflower oil cake, palm kernel oil cake, kapok oil cake Oil cakes such as rice bran, barley bran, bran, etc .; Grun feed, gluten meal, starch cake, honey, soy sauce cake, beer cake, beet pulp, bagasse, tofu cake, malt root, mandarin peel, tangerine Manufacturing lees such as juice lees; fish meal,
Fish meal, fish soluble, meat meal, meat-and-bone meal, blood meal, feather meal, silkworm chrysantum lees, skim milk powder, whey, animal fat (cow oil, pork oil, bone oil, etc.), brewer's yeast,
Animal feed such as torula yeast; mineral feed such as salt, calcium source (calcium carbonate, limestone powder, oyster shell, etc.), phosphorus source (dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, etc.); vitamins, amino acids, Minerals and the like.

The concentrated feed may contain other additives such as an antibiotic, an antibacterial agent, an enzyme, an antifungal agent, an antioxidant, a pigment, a sweetener, a flavor, and a binder, if necessary. .

In the concentrated feed, cereals are usually 3
0 to 80% by weight, preferably about 40 to 80% by weight. The concentrated feed may be a mixed feed, but is usually a combination feed in many cases. The form of the compound feed is not particularly limited, and may be a solid form such as a mash, a pellet, a crumble, a cube, or a flake. In addition, about the ratio of feed ingredients,
According to the type of ruminant, "Japan Standard for Feeding" Central Livestock Association (1987) can be referred to.

Concentrated feed is often supplied together with roughage. The roughage mainly contains fibrous materials such as alfalfa meal, timothy hay, grass, wild grass, green cutting, straw, tree leaves and other foliage; and coarse fibers (for example, beet pulp of the above-mentioned manufactured cake).

The ratio between the concentrate and the roughage can be selected in a wide range, and usually, the concentrate / rough = 90 to 10/10
~ 90 (% by weight), preferably 70 ~ 20/30 ~ 80
(% By weight). In addition, foamy flatulence generally tends to occur when the ratio of the concentrated feed is high, and the digestibility of fiber tends to decrease when the ratio is low, but the addition of fumaric acid or a salt thereof causes such a problem. Will be resolved.

A feature of the present invention is that, in addition to the feed containing the concentrated feed and the rough feed , the average particle size is 75 mesh or less.
It contains coarser fumaric acid or a salt thereof. Fumaric acid may be used as it is or as a salt. As fumarate, alkali metal salts such as potassium and sodium,
Examples thereof include alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium, barium, and magnesium, and ammonium salts. It is sufficient that at least one carboxyl group of fumaric acid forms a salt. Further, fumaric acid and a salt thereof may be used as a mixture.

Addition of fumaric acid or a salt thereof has the following effects.

As the proportion of concentrated feed in the feed increases,
Although the proportions of acetic acid and propionic acid in VFA are apt to decrease, the addition of fumaric acid or a salt thereof leads to
The proportions of acetic acid and propionic acid in the solution increase, while the proportions of butyric acid and isobutyric acid decrease. Therefore, dairy ruminants can produce milk with a high protein and fat content, and meat ruminants can increase the amount of fat in muscle and produce good-quality meat, for example, marbled meat.

Since the digestion of fibers in the stomach of the ruminant, especially in the rumen, is promoted, the utilization efficiency of the feed can be increased even when a rough feed is used in combination. Therefore, in combination with the above effects, the productivity of milk and meat from ruminants can be increased.

[0030] The addition of fumaric acid or a salt thereof also increases the concentration of ammonia nitrogen produced due to the increase in microorganisms in the rumen. On the other hand, the microorganisms in the rumen gradually migrate to the abomasum and small intestine and are digested, and the proteins of the digested microorganisms are extremely high-quality proteins as raw materials for milk protein synthesis. Therefore, the production efficiency of milk and meat is increased, and the meat quality is also improved.

Foam bloat easily occurs when the concentrated feed is excessively supplied, but the addition of fumaric acid or a salt thereof can suppress the formation of foam in the rumen fluid. For this reason, the dairy ruminant in the high lactation period can be supplied with a thick feed at a high level, and even a meat ruminant that often frequently feeds the thick feed can be fed with the thick feed at ease.

When fumaric acid or a salt thereof is added, the pH in the stomach of a ruminant animal can be stabilized and a decrease in the pH can be suppressed by the promotion of salivary secretion at the time of eating due to the sourness and the buffering action of saliva. In particular, the tendency increases as the proportion of concentrated feed in the feed increases.

Fumaric acid or a salt thereof is used in the form of a powder.
Can use, production of VFA, for particularly long-lasting production of content of acetic acid and propionic acid are often VFA, particulate, are preferably used in particulate form. The average particle size of the particulate fumaric acid or salt thereof may correspond to an average particle size that does not pass through a 75 mesh or coarser mesh (ie, does not pass through a sieve of about 75 mesh) to prolong residence time in the stomach of ruminants. , About 190 μm or more), preferably 70 to 1
It is about 0 mesh, more preferably about 50 to 10 mesh. The particles of fumaric acid or a salt thereof only need to have the above-mentioned average particle diameter, and may contain fine particles and coarse particles which are inevitably mixed. The ratio of particles of fumaric acid or a salt thereof inevitably mixed is, for example, often 20% by weight or less.

The content of fumaric acid or a salt thereof greatly varies depending on the form of the feed and the presence or absence of the use of roughage.
Usually, in the final feed consumed by ruminants, 0.
It is about 1 to 10% by weight, preferably about 0.5 to 7.5% by weight, and more preferably about 1 to 5% by weight. If the content of fumaric acid or a salt thereof is 0.1% by weight, no significant effect is exhibited, and if it exceeds 10% by weight, palatability may be reduced.

[0035] The content of fumaric acid or a salt thereof can be selected so as to be in the above-mentioned range according to the ratio of the rough feed and the concentrated feed when the feed is a mixed feed of the rough feed and the concentrated feed. When the concentrated feed is a mixed feed or a solid compound feed, the content of fumaric acid or a salt thereof in the concentrated feed is usually 0.2 to 20% by weight, preferably 1 to 15% by weight,
More preferably, it is in the range of about 2 to 10% by weight.

The feed of the present invention can be prepared by a conventional method. That is, mixed feed and compound feed are
It can be prepared by mixing the components of the feed with fumaric acid or a salt thereof, and the solid compounded feed can be prepared by mixing the components of the feed with fumaric acid or a salt thereof to form the above-mentioned form. Further, the solid compound feed may contain fumaric acid or a salt thereof in the form of granules by a conventional granulation method or the like.

In the method of the present invention, a ruminant animal may be bred by feeding a feed containing at least a concentrated feed and fumaric acid or a salt thereof. In many cases, the concentrated feed is supplied together with the rough feed at the above ratio.

The daily dose of fumaric acid or a salt thereof can be appropriately selected in consideration of the type and weight of the ruminant animal.
It is about 1800 g / day, preferably about 60 to 1200 g / day, and more preferably about 120 to 600 g / day. Fumaric acid or a salt thereof can be administered a plurality of times a day together with the feed, and the dose per time is, for example, about 60 to 300 g in the case of feeding twice a day.

[0039]

EFFECT OF THE INVENTION When breeding ruminants using the feed of the present invention, the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid in VFA is increased,
Milk and meat production efficiency can be increased, and meat quality can be improved.

Further, when a feed containing granular fumaric acid or a salt thereof is used, the residence time of fumaric acid or a salt thereof in the stomach can be prolonged, and the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid in VFA can be increased over a long period of time. Can be.

[0041]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be described below in more detail with reference to embodiments.

Comparative Example 1, Examples 1 and 2 20% by weight of concentrated feed (180 parts by weight of ground corn)
And 80% by weight of roughage (600 parts by weight of timothy hay and 120 parts by weight of beet pulp) and 900 parts by weight of fumaric acid (48 mesh-on, manufactured by Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) were 0% (Comparative Example 1). ), 2.5% by weight (Example 1) and 5% by weight (Example 2).

These feeds were applied to three goats equipped with rumen cannula every 6 hours by automatic feeding.
25 g was fed a total of four times a day, and this operation was continued for three weeks. In the last week, the rumen contents immediately before eating were collected every 6 hours, and the ratio (molar ratio) of the VFA component, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen, and the pH of the rumen contents were measured. In addition, the degree of foam formation in the rumen contents was also observed.

Comparative Example 2, Examples 3 and 4 50% by weight of concentrated feed (450 parts by weight of ground corn)
And 0% of fumaric acid (48 mesh on, manufactured by Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) in 900 parts by weight of a feed consisting of 50% by weight of roughage (380 parts by weight of timothy hay and 70 parts by weight of beet pulp) (Comparative Example 2) ), 2.5% by weight (Example 3),
5% by weight (Example 4) was added.

These feeds were fed to three goats equipped with a rumen cannula in the same manner as in the above Comparative Example and Example, and the ratio (molar ratio) of the VFA component, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and the content of the rumen were determined. Was measured, and the degree of foam formation was observed.

The results of the comparative example and the example were as follows. In addition, about the measured value, the statistical significance test was performed statistically, and the mean ± standard deviation was shown in the table.

(1) VFA component formation ratio (molar ratio) The VFA components and their formation ratios are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0048]

[Table 1]

[0049]

[Table 2] As is clear from Tables 1 and 2, in each of Examples 1 to 4, as the amount of fumaric acid increased,
The proportions of acetic and propionic acids increase and the proportion of isobutyric acid decreases. Further, in Examples 1 and 2 using feeds having a high roughage content, the production ratios of butyric acid, valeric acid and caproic acid are also reduced.

From this fact, it was found that feeding dairy cows that easily produce low-fat milk (milk fat ratio standard of 3.5% or less) with a large feed of concentrated feed containing fumaric acid caused a decrease in acetic acid and propionic acid. It is possible to increase the absorption amount and produce milk with a high milk fat ratio. In addition, in fattening cattle to which a large amount of concentrated feed is supplied, the amount of acetic acid absorbed can be increased and meat quality can be improved.

(2) Ammonia nitrogen concentration Table 3 shows the measurement results of the ammonia nitrogen concentration.

[0052]

[Table 3] Compared with Comparative Examples 1 and 2, in Examples 1 to 4, particularly in Examples 3 and 4 in which the concentrated feed was supplied in a large amount, the ammonia nitrogen concentration significantly increased in accordance with the added amount of fumaric acid.
Since ammonia in the rumen is mainly produced by microorganisms, this increase in ammonia concentration indicates that the number of microorganisms has increased. Microbial proteins that migrate from the rumen to the abomasum and small intestine and are digested are extremely high-quality proteins as materials for milk protein synthesis, and are effectively used for milk production.

(3) pH Table 4 shows the pH of the rumen contents.

[0054]

[Table 4] As is evident from Table 4, in Examples 1 to 4 as compared with Comparative Examples 1 and 2, despite the addition of the acid, in all cases, as the added amount of fumaric acid increased, the lumen p
H rises. In particular, Example 3 in which the ratio of concentrated feed is large
In (4) and (4), the pH is statistically significantly increased. This indicates that the acidity of fumaric acid promotes salivary secretion at the time of eating, and the pH is stabilized by the buffering action of saliva,
It is considered that the decrease in the temperature is suppressed.

(4) Formation of Foam When the rate of foam formation in the rumen contents was visually judged, in Comparative Example 2 in which the ratio of concentrated feed was larger than in Comparative Example 1, the rumen fluid contained fine foam. Included. On the other hand, in the system to which the feed containing fumaric acid was given, even in Examples 3 and 4 where the ratio of the concentrated feed was large, the foam amount of the rumen fluid was reduced and the fumaric acid was reduced to 5% by weight. In Example 4 in which the amount was added, the amount of foam was extremely small.

In addition, when the content of the concentrated feed is suddenly changed from a diet having a small content of the concentrated feed to a diet having a large content of the concentrated feed, foam may be generated due to disturbance of the homeostasis in the lumen. For this reason, after feeding a feed of concentrated feed / rough feed = 20/80 (wt%), within a certain period of time, a feed of concentrated feed / rough feed = 30/70 (wt%) and a feed of concentrated feed / rough feed = 40/60 (% By weight) of feed in order
The feed was changed to a concentrated feed / rough feed = 50/50 (wt%) in a week, but when fumaric acid was not added, the results were the same as those in Comparative Examples 1 and 2.

Example 5 The feeds of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 and Examples 1 to 4 were fed in the same manner as in the above example, and 50 ml of the collected rumen fluid was added to 3 parts of the feed.
Conical beaker in a 9 ° C water bath (100m capacity)
1), carbon dioxide gas was bubbled from the bottom of the beaker, and the degree of foam formation was examined. Table 5 shows the results. The degree of foam formation was evaluated according to the following criteria.

×: The foam grows and fills the gas layer in the beaker without defoaming, and overflows from the beaker. Δ: foam is formed, but defoams in the gas layer. ○: no foam is formed.

[0059]

[Table 5] As shown in Table 5, the formation of foam was not observed in the feed having a large proportion of roughage (Comparative Example 1, Examples 1 and 2), but the feed having a large proportion of concentrated feed had no fumaric acid added. In the feed of Comparative Example 2 (Comparative Example 2), the foam overflowed from the beaker, whereas in the feed to which 2.5% by weight of fumaric acid was added (Example 3), although some foam was observed, Foam was defoamed in the layer, and no foam was observed in the feed (Example 4) to which 5% by weight of fumaric acid was added.

Therefore, by adding fumaric acid to the feed, the formation of foam can be suppressed or prevented without administering a defoaming agent symptomatically. In addition, dairy ruminants such as dairy cows in high lactation can be supplied with concentrated feed without any problem, and there is no concern about bloat in beef ruminant animals such as fattening cattle, which often supply concentrated feed. Can be fed.

Example 6 and Reference Example The feed of Example 1 was fed in the same manner as in the above example, and 200 ml of the collected rumen solution before meal was anaerobically cultured in vitro. 232 mg (2 mmol) of fumaric acid (Reference Example) having a particle size smaller than 100 mesh and fumaric acid (Example 6) having a particle size of 50 to 10 mesh in 100 ml of each culture solution (total VFA concentration 5 mmol / dl). It was charged, and the amount of VFA produced thereafter was examined. The results shown in FIG. 1 were obtained.

As is apparent from FIG. 1, fumaric acid finer than 100 mesh dissolves in a short time, and VFA is produced at an early stage. When 10-mesh fumaric acid is added, fumaric acid is gradually dissolved in the rumen, and VFA is gradually produced, whereby fumaric acid metabolism is reduced to about 2%.
Lasts more than 40 minutes.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the metabolic time and the change in total VFA concentration in Example 6.

──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continued on the front page (58) Field surveyed (Int.Cl. ⁶ , DB name) A23K 1/16 301 A23K 1/18

Claims (13)

(57) [Claims] 1. The concentrate , forage, and average particle size
A ruminant feed comprising 75 mesh or coarser fumaric acid or a salt thereof . 2. The feed for ruminants according to claim 1, wherein the concentrate comprises 30 to 80% by weight of cereals. 3. The feed for ruminants according to claim 1, wherein the concentrated feed is a compound feed. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentrated feed and the roughage are mixed at 90 to 10/10.
90 (wt%) ruminant feed according to claim 1, wherein a proportion of. 5. Fumaric acid or a salt thereof in an amount of 0.1 to 10% by weight.
The feed for ruminants according to claim 1, comprising: 6. A concentrate 9 containing 30 to 80% by weight of cereals.
0-10% by weight, and with respect to feed 100 parts by weight made up of roughage 10-90 wt%, full circles acid or ruminant feed according to claim 1 comprising a salt thereof from 0.1 to 10 parts by weight. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said concentrated feed comprises 0.1 wt.
2-20% by weight of fumaric acid or ruminant feed according to claim 1, wherein the salts thereof. 8. 70 to 10 ruminant feed according to claim 1 comprising a full circle acid mesh. 9. The concentrate , forage, and average particle size.
A method of breeding ruminants that provides a feed containing fumaric acid or a salt thereof that is 75 mesh or coarser . Respect 10. concentrated feed 90-10 wt% and feed 100 parts by weight made up of roughage 10-90 wt%, wherein providing a feed containing 0.1 to 10 parts by weight full circle acid or a salt thereof Item 9. The method for rearing ruminants according to Item 9 . 11. Fumaric acid or a salt thereof is treated with a body weight of 600.
The method for breeding ruminant animals according to claim 9 , wherein the administration is 12 to 1800 g / day in terms of kg of cow per day. 12. Fumaric acid or a salt thereof together with feed,
The method for breeding ruminant animals according to claim 9, wherein 60 to 300 g is administered at a time. 13. The method wherein the feed is given to a dairy cow or a fattening cow.
9. The method for breeding ruminant animals according to 9 .