MXPA98000166A

MXPA98000166A - Method and device for continuous crossing at high speed with a reduction of the thickness of the bar during the solidification

Info

Publication number: MXPA98000166A
Application number: MXPA/A/1998/000166A
Authority: MX
Inventors: Pleschiutschnigg Fritzpeter
Original assignee: SMS Schloemannsiemag Aktiengesellschaft
Filing date: 1998-01-07
Publication date: 1999-10-14

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process and a device for continuous casting in order to produce bars whose cross section is reduced during solidification, where they melt preferably in an oscillating mold, and the cross section of the bar is reduced linearly at least along the train immediately rollers below the ingot mold, in the direct reduction of the section in line with the subsequent reduction of the cross section of the bar in the rest of the roller train, in "soft reduction" to its maximum immediately before the final solidification or the lowest point of the liquid crater, a critical deformation of the bar occurs, taking into account both the casting speed and the quality of the steel. The object of the invention is to provide the technical measures of the process and the simple characteristics of the device, and the compactness of the deformation of the reduction of the cross-section of the bar, so that it does not exceed the critical deformation of the crust of the bar, taking into account the high casting speed and the quality of the ace

Description

> *, METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS CONVEYOR AT SPEED ELEVATED WITH A REDUCTION OF THE THICKNESS OF THE BAR DURING SOLIDIFICATION 5 FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a process and a device for continuous casting installations to produce bars whose cross section is reduced during solidification.

BACKGROUND TECHNICAL It is known that bars are produced in these installations at high speed in general with a thickness of solidification between 18 and 450 millimeters and casting speeds up to a maximum of 12 meters / minute, for example in installations for casting bars, ingots and billets with a quadratic or round profile, in which a reduction of the cross section of the bar Preference in the direction of thickness upon leaving the ingot mold during solidification. This technology of direct reduction of the in-line section of thin bars or round billets was disclosed by means of the German Patents Numbers DE 44 03 048 and DE 44 03 049 or DE 41 39 242; in the case of thin bars it is also applied every day in the places of < . 2 production. Thus, for example, a thin bar with a thickness of 65 to 40 millimeters is reduced in segment 0, which is directly below the ingot mold. This reduction of 5 bar thickness around 25 millimeters or 38.5 percent may be inconvenient for certain products that tend to break inside. In this way, the internal deformation of the bar, conditioned by the reduction of thickness of the bar or also called direct reduction of the in-line section, can be in the trigger of the inner crack, because the critical deformation of the workpiece in the solidified inner crust is fluid / firm, but also in the solidified outer crust of the bar serves as base to this For example, a circular arc segment 0 of 2 meters long which does not produce any bending work or bending deformation in the crust of the bar. The rate of conformation of the solidified crust of the bar in the direct reduction of in-line section during The solidification, which has a mass for the deformation of the bar, reaches here 1.25 millimeters / second with a casting speed of 6 meters / minute. This value of the forming speed increases when the casting speed rises to, for example 10 meters / minute, up to 2.08 mm / second; with which it becomes very critical. These and i Internal deformations caused by the direct reduction of in-line section become critical not only for deep drawing materials that have relatively little tendency to deformation, but above all for 5 steels that tend to break, such as APX micro-alloys - 80. The deformation caused by the reduction of the section in line, in perpendicular bending installations in which a bent is normally obtained of the bar below the ingot mold, can be raised excessively by the bending deformation that is caused in the bar, whereby the danger of exceeding the critical deformation and thus of the crack formation is further increased. OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION Manifesting in advance the knowledge described and its connections, the objective of the invention is: to present the compactness of deformation of the reduction cross section of the bar, so that the critical deformation of the bar is not exceeded, taking into account the casting speed and steel materials. The characteristics of the invention apply to all formats cast in the bar and also to all types of casting facilities and describe the invention with the claim 1 of the process and its sub-claims, as well as with the claim of the device and its sub-claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The following solution according to the invention, not expected, to obtain the above described objective, is explained in the example of a thin bar, where it is taken into consideration, in particular, for the casting of thin bars with a thickness between 60 and 120 millimeters, after solidification; this means that the thickness of the bar in the area of the edges reaches, for example, a minimum of 70 and a maximum of 160 millimeters at the outlet of the ingot mold. The thickness reduction of the bar which normally lies between the upper side and the inner side of a roller train reaches, according to the state of the art today, under test conditions a maximum of 60 percent; here a bar 50 millimeters thick is reduced to approximately 20 millimeters on a light between cylinders of approximately 200 meters. And under maximum production conditions of 38.5 percent, the bar here is reduced from 65 to 40 millimeters on the length of segment 0 of approximately 2 meters, which is placed below the ingot mold. In both cases, a maximum casting speed of 6 meters / minute is presented.

The description of the invention is based, for example, on a thin bar with a thickness of 100 millimeters at the outlet of the ingot mold and a solidification thickness of 80 millimeters. The invention now proposes a type of division and the realization of reducing the thickness of the bar during the solidification of the thin bar in the rack of the roller train for the exemplified casting speeds of 6 and 10 meters / minute. In tables 1 and 1.1, the essential data of the process and of the device according to the invention are compared with the state of the art. Table 1 shows the data of casting speeds of 6 meters / minute. And table 1.1 for speeds of 10 meters / minute. In both tables, the thickness reduction of the 20 millimeter bar during solidification is varied in its division between segment 0 and the rest of the roller train, segments 1 to 13 maximum. The state of the art is shown in the tables, by means of a total reduction of the thickness of the bar of 20 millimeters, carried out only in segment 0, (compare figures 19 to 22 in box 1). Here it is explained that the speed of reduction of the bar rises in the segment of 3 meters long, governed by the reduction of thickness of the bar or of the direct reduction of the section in line, and with it the deformation of the solidified crust of the bar from 0.67 to 1.11 millimeters / second at a speed elevation of 6 meters / minute at 10 meters / minute. Figures 19-22 and 13-28, cells 2, 3 and 4 and figures 29-34 now represent the solution according to the invention, which effect a strong reduction of the compactness of the deformation of the solidified crust of the bar by a division of the total thickness reduction of 20 millimeters between segment 0 and segments 1 - n, which can also be called "soft reduction", measures. This division is explained with the following examples. 15 millimeters in segment 0, and 5 millimeters in segments 1 - n, figures 19 - 28, spaces 2; - 10 millimeters in segment 0, and 10 millimeters in segments 1 - n, figures 19 - 28, spaces 3; 5 millimeters in segment 0, and 15 millimeters in segments 1 - n, figures 19 - 28, spaces 4; - 20 millimeters in segments 0 to n, figures 29 -. 29- 34. In this way, the reduction speed can now be reduced and with it the functional compactness of the deformation of the solidified crust of the bar in a total thickness reduction of 20 millimeters. And speed of cast in 10 meters / minute of: 1.11 millimeters / second, 20 millimeters in segment 0, state of the art, figure 21, space 1, a - 0.114 millimeters / second, 20 millimeters in segments 0 to 13, figure 33. With the displacement of a portion of the thickness reduction of segment 0 to segments 1- to 13 or 1 to n - depending on the casting speed - the work to be performed on the bar with a solidified crust thickness of the growing bar. The invention therefore considers an optimum division of the total thickness reduction in the entire roller train between segment 0 and segment n, which reaches immediately behind the final solidification, which also includes the thickness of the solidified crust of the bar. This consideration is advantageously achieved through a square root function on the solidification time, either in the area of segments 1 to n, smooth reduction, or in the area of segments 0 to n, smooth reduction.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION WITH REFERENCE TO THE DRAWINGS Figures 1 to 7 explain the invention in detail, comparing with the state of the art.

Figure 1 with images 1 and 2 represents in outline the orientation of a bar with a thickness in the ingot mold of 100 millimeters and a solidification thickness of 80 millimeters for a casting speed of 10 meters / minute, and a total reduction of bar thickness of 20 millimeters only in segment 0, direct reduction of the section in line, (image 1) or 10 millimeters in segment 0, direct reduction of the section in line, and 10 millimeters in segments 1 to 13, "smooth reduction", (image 2). The bar is also presented on the machine with its steel phases, such as: from the overheating phase (1), from the pure fusion phase or also from the penetration zone named with its deepest liquid point (1.1 ), In the zone of phase 2, fusion / crystal (2) with its deepest solid point, from the lowest point of the liquid crater (2.1) after the roller train of 30 meters, which is formed by an ingot mold of approximately 1.2 meters long, a segment 3 meters long, and segments 1 to 13 with a total length of 26 meters, and a solid phase or solidified crust of the bar (3). The pure fusion phase or also the penetration zone it is in the zone of segment 0, where a reduction of thickness of the bar or the direct reduction of the section in line of 2 x 10 millimeters or 20 millimeters and no more in the following segments 1 to 13 is introduced - description of the state of the technique (image 1) -, or 2 x 5 millimeters or 10 millimeters, direct reduction of the section in line, and also 10 millimeters in the following segments 1 to 13, "soft reduction", part of the invention (image 2) . The reduction of the thickness of the bar in the segment 0, which is formed for example as segment of pliers with two clamping devices, for example hydraulic cylinders (14), at the exit of the segment, is introduced along 3 linear meters; the reduction in the area of the segments 1 - 13 can follow partially by segments, but also in the whole segment, both linear and non-linear, this means that, for example, it follows a square root. In the image 2, the reduction of thickness of 10 millimeters in the bar is distributed linearly in the segments 1 - 13, "soft reduction". The speed of reduction in millimeters / second of the solidified crust of the bar, which has a measure for the deformation of the solidified crust of the bar, in the case of the invention (image 2) can be significantly reduced in comparison with the state of the technique (image 1), as shown by the following values: State of the art, image 1: Segment 0, reduction 20 millimeters, direct reduction of the section in line, reduction speed 1.11 millimeters / second .; Segments 1-13, reduction 0 millimeters, none "soft reduction", reduction speed 0; Invention, image 2: Segment 0, reduction 10 millimeters, direct reduction of the section in line, speed of reduction 0.56 millimeters / second; Segments 1-13, reduction 10 millimeters, "soft reduction", reduction speed 0.064 millimeters / second. The distribution of the reduction of thickness of the bar between the segment 0 and the following segments 1 - 13 can now be optimally selected, considering the possible deformation of the bar, avoiding the internal and surface grooves and avoiding the minimum work for the thickness reduction of the bar, which increases with the thickness of the solidified crust of the bar. This effect of distribution on the speed of reduction and thus on the stress of the crust of the bar is indicated in tables 1 and 1.1 as shown in Figures 2 and 3. Figure 2 shows the reduction in thickness of the bar in millimeters / meter in the roller train for a total thickness reduction of 20 millimeters depending on the different decreases in segment 0 and the corresponding additional thickness decreases in segments 1 - 3 for continuous casting speeds of 6 and 10 meters / minute. In a linear division of the total reduction of 20 millimeters in all segments 0 to 8 or 13, the values are adjusted in the thickness reduction (RL -6) and (R-L10) and the reduction speed (RS-6) ) and (RS-10) of: - 1,168 millimeters / meter on the roller train (RL-6) and 0.117 millimeters / second (RS-6) at a casting speed of 6 meters / minute, or 0.685 millimeters / meter on the roller train (RL-10) and 0.114 millimeters / second (RS-10) ) at a casting speed of 10 meters / minute, which have the closest compactness of deformation, first require maximum consumption at work, and result in a process of "soft reduction" throughout the roller train. The total reduction of 230 millimeters is distributed between this end in segment 0 and the uniform reduction in the roller train in segment 0 until shortly before the final solidification of the bar; this is what the invention proposes with its claims. Figure 4 compares with the Figure 1 in diagram, the situation of a bar with a thickness in the mold of 100 millimeters and a solidification thickness of 80 millimeters for casting speeds VG of 6 meters / minute, image 3, and 10 meters / minute, image 4. In the case of a VG of 6 millimeters / minute, it is introduced, according to the invention, the reduction of the thickness of the bar of for example 10 millimeters in the segment 0 and the remaining 10 millimeters in segments 1 to 8, which correspond to the shortest path for solidification. In this way, it is found that the deepest liquid point (1.2) is approximately 1.8 meters, and the lowest point of the liquid crater (2.2) is approximately 18.12 meters. Because the maximum thickness reduction of the bar is at 18.12 meters, and at the same time the final solidification must be achieved, segments 1 to 8 are used to reduce the thickness. The image 4 in Figure 4 presents, like the image 2 of Figure 1, the location of the bar at a casting speed VG of 10 meters / minute: 6 meters / minute, image 3 in Figure 4, example of the invention, segment 0, reduction of 10 millimeters, reduction speed of 0.33 millimeters / second, direct reduction of the online section; Segments 1 - 8, reduction of 10 millimeters, reduction speed of 0.071 millimeters / second, "soft reduction", 10 meters / minute, image 4 in Figure 4, example of the invention, Segment 0, reduction of 10 millimeters, reduction speed of 0.56 millimeters / second, direct reduction of the in-line section; Segments 1 - 13, reduction of 10 millimeters, reduction speed ^ of 0.064 millimeters / second, "soft reduction". This comparison explains that the distribution of the reduction of thickness is also a matter of casting speed and that it is in correspondence with the position of the lowest point of the liquid crater, that is to say: it will adapt to the casting speed, the reduction of thickness and its distribution in segments 1 to n for example 0 to n of an optimal pouring situation in relation to the safety of the laundry and the quality of the bar. Figure 5 shows the realization of a division of the thickness reduction of the bar in segment 0 and in segments 1 to 13 in the sense of the invention (figure 6) in the example of a bending machine, perpendicular , Figure 6, compared to the state of the art (image 5) in the inner deformation of the bar, caused by the bending deformations and the reduction of thickness of the bar, depending on the roller train for the maximum casting speed of, for example, 10 meters / minute. The image 5 in Figure 5, which reproduces the state of the art, presents the internal deformation of the bar depending on the roller train for the maximum casting speed (Vg-10) of 10 meters / minute, compared to the limit deformation (D-Gr). At the exit of the ingot mold, the bar undergoes deformation in segment 0 caused by the direct reduction of the in-line section (D-Gw) in segment 0, as well as a deformation that is caused by the bending process (DB ). Both deformations overlap to give a total deformation (D-Ge), which is greater than the limit deformation (D-Gr), and thus becomes critical. Exceeding the limit deformation leads to internal cracks in the bar and decreases the safety of casting. The bar experiences a further increase in the internal deformation (D) through the deformation (DR) in its backward bending in segment 4 from the inner arc of the circle to the horizontal, which can not first become critical, because the number of bending points backwards in the "design" of the installation has been chosen so that the back bending process can be solved at the maximum casting speed without critical internal deformation in the crust of the bar of steel parts that have a tendency to cracking.

The image 6 in Figure 5 presents the characteristics of the technique of the process of the invention, in the example of a perpendicular bending installation, Figure 6, in outline. The internal deformation (D) of the crust of the bar (3) at any time of the solidification becomes critical, that is, from the exit of the ingot mold to the end of the frame. This is ensured with the distribution of the total bar thickness reduction of 20 millimeters in, for example, 10 millimeters in segment 0 (D-Gw), and 10 millimeters in the remaining 1 to 13 millimeters (D-SR) of according to the invention. In addition, the bending process and the accompanying deformation (DB) from segment 0 to segment 1 are located, so that the deformation compactness (D-Gw) is no longer increased, in fact it is diminished but not relatively high in the segment. 0, caused by the direct reduction of the section in line from, for example, 10 millimeters. The deformation that occurs in segments 1 to 13 (D-SR), caused by the "soft reduction" of a total of, for example, 10 millimeters, is relatively short and leads practically to no increase in deformation (DR ) in the backward bending of the bar in segment 4, ie: (D-Ge) is a little greater / equal (DR). Figure 6 shows a folding installation perpendicular, in which the invention can be used, for the casting of ingots of 100 millimeters at the exit of the ingot mold with a solidification thickness of 80 millimeters and maximum VGT of 10 meters / minute. This installation has the characteristics of the process technique that have been described in Figures 1 - 5. The continuous casting installation consists of a distributor (V) and an immersion dip (Ta) and in addition to: an ingot mold (K) perpendicular, approximately 1.2 meters long, which is preferably constructed concavely, in the horizontal direction, -a segment 0 of 3 meters long, which is equipped for direct reduction in the in-line section or also for the reduction of thickness of the bar, preferably as segment with pliers and with two hydraulic cylinders (14) at its outlet, segment 1 with five bending points (23), - segments 2 and 3 with inner circle arcs of approximately 4 meters radius , segment 4 for backward bending of the inner circle arc bar on five reverse bending points (24) on the - horizontal, and segments 5 to 13 in the horizontal area of the machine. This configuration of the machine with a maximum casting speed of 10 meters / minute, and a maximum capacity of approximately 3 ml / t has an extraordinarily advantageous solution for applying the invention, in which a minimum compactness of deformation of the bar during its solidification. In order that the type of reduction of the thickness of the bar in the sense of the invention can be realized with the segments described 1 to 13, in principle, the segments must be constructed as shown in Figure 7. A segment must be constructed preferably of an odd number, 3, 5, 7 or 9 pairs of rollers (15), consisting of lower rollers (16) and upper rollers (17). Each segment consists, in a variable way, of a pair of driven rollers (18) that are regulated in their position and force with a hydraulic system (19) and two pairs of non-driven rollers (21) combined with a hydraulic system (20) in the area of the upper rollers (17), which are provided with a mechanical element (22) that is created is to allow the pair of rollers of the upper line to oscillate in the direction of the casting at an angle of, for example, +/- 5 °, so that in each casting situation the expected decrease in thickness of the bar, you can take the bar in a secure position to your mold. This construction of segments 1 to 13 leads to an optimal roller train in each type of distribution of thickness reduction of the bar, in each casting situation, in each type of steel material, considering its tendency to internal cracks, is say the elevation of critical limits of deformation and the ratio of the load of a minimum and in hydraulic systems, for each pair of rollers. In this way, 0.66 hydraulic systems are used for each pair of rollers. Also, the use in pairs of driven rollers of 0.33 units per pair of rollers, presents a minimum of construction of machines in a maximum application of process technique and qualitative to the bar to be cast and its surfaces and interior quality, that means , for example, a minimum construction and a minimized accumulation of tensile stresses in the crust of the bar between the pairs of driven rollers. In the example, the invention of a thin ingot installation was described, but, taking into consideration the process and the device, it can also be applied to other continuous casting facilities such as: ingot installations, rough-cast ingots, - billet installations for square ingots and round.

Table 1. Casting speed of 6 meters / minute.

Table 1.1 Casting speed of 10 meters / minute.

Claims

NOVELTY OF THE INVENTION Having described the above invention, it is considered as a novelty, and therefore, the content of the following is claimed as property: CLAIMS

1. Process in the continuous casting to produce bars whose cross section is reduced during solidification, characterized in that it melts in a specially oscillatory ingot mold and the cross section of the bar is linearly reduced at least along the roller train, immediately below the ingot in the direct reduction of the in-line section, further reducing the cross-section of the bar in the rest of the roller train, in the "soft reduction" until immediately before the final solidification or the lowest point of the liquid crater. -

2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the square molds of the bar, the cross section is preferably reduced by a reduction in the thickness direction.

3. Process of conformity with what is claimed in Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the thickness of the bar is reduced to a maximum of 60 percent of the thickness of the bar at the outlet of the ingot mold.

4. The process according to claim 1 of claim 1, characterized in that the thin ingots are reduced in thickness, preferably from 120 to 60 millimeters.

5. Process according to claim 1 in claim 1, characterized in that the thickness of the bar is reduced in the direct reduction process of the in-line section, distributing the total reduction in thickness in the direct reduction of the section in line immediately below the ingot mold, and the "soft reduction" in the rest of the roller train at maximum speed with a speed of less than 1.25 millimeters / second.

6. Process according to claim one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it melts with a maximum speed of 12 meters / minute.

Process according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the "soft reduction", the linear thickness is reduced while the solidification process lasts.

8. Process according to claim 1 of claim 1, characterized in that, in the "soft reduction", the thickness is reduced not linearly and preferably according to the square root function during the time of solidification.

9. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the total thickness reduction is performed in a linear and constant manner from the exit of the ingot mold to its maximum point immediately before the lowest point of the mold. liquid crater.

The process according to claim 1 of claim 1, characterized in that the bending of a bar is carried out from the perpendicular in the inner arc of a perpendicular installation of bar bending in the area of "soft reduction".

11. Process according to claim 1 of claim 1, characterized in that the direct reduction of the in-line section is carried out in the perpendicular roller train, without the deepest liquid point protruding from the undercarriage. rollers at maximum casting speed.

12. Continuous casting installation for carrying out the process according to claim 1 of claim 1, comprising the following elements: - an oscillating mold (K), a segment 0, which reduces the bar in its cross section by a length of at least 1 meter, maximum by 40 percent in the linear direction, the rest of the roller train, to reduce the bar in its cross section to a maximum immediately before the lowest point of the liquid crater (2.1) ("soft reduction"), and where the total reduction of the section of the bar where segment 0 extends and the rest of the roller train is caused.

13. Installation of continuous casting in accordance with the claim in claim 12, characterized in that segment (0) has been laid for the casting of the square molds and the following segments (1 - n) for the reduction of the cross section, reducing the thickness of the bar.

14. Continuous casting installation according to claim 12 or claim 13, characterized in that the segment 0 is equipped to reduce the thickness of the bar at its outlet, with two cylinders of clamps to position, moved by energy.

15. Continuous casting installation according to claim 1 of claim 12, characterized in that segment 0 to reduce the thickness of the bar is adjusted to a maximum of 100 millimeters.

16. Continuous casting installation according to the claim in one of claims 12 to 15, characterized in that the segments (1 to n) are driven by energy and their position to adjust the thickness of the bar.

17. Continuous casting installation according to claim 1 of claims 12 to 16, characterized in that the number of pairs of rollers (15) per segment is odd and at least comprises three pairs of rollers.

18. Continuous casting installation according to claim one of claims 12 to 17, characterized in that every third pair of rollers is driven. (18)

19. Continuous casting plant according to claim 12, characterized in that the upper rollers of the non-driven roller pairs (21) are provided with a position cylinder and with energy-regulated tongs.

20. Continuous casting installation according to claim 12 in claim 12, characterized in that the upper rollers of the non-driven roller pairs (21) and their cylinder (20) are provided with a device (22). which allows a rolling of the rollers preferably +/- 5 ° in the direction of the casting.

21. Continuous casting installation in accordance with the claim in one of claims 12 to 20, characterized in that the segment 0 is placed perpendicular and has a length of 5 meters. 22. Continuous casting installation according to claim 21, characterized in that it has at least one bending point (23) to bend the bar from the perpendicular in an arc of a circle. 23. Continuous casting installation according to claim 12, characterized in that at least one of the segments (2 to n) is provided with a backward bending point (24) to straighten the bar to from the circle arc in the horizontal direction. 24. Continuous casting installation according to claim 1 of claims 12 to 23, characterized in that the horizontal part of the roller train has at least a length of 4 meters. 25. Continuous casting installation according to claim one of claims 12 to 24, characterized in that the walls of the ingot mold are concave. 26. Continuous casting installation according to claim 1 of claim 12 to 25, characterized in that an immersion dip is installed (Ta) and powder flux for the laundry. 27. Continuous casting installation according to claim 13, characterized in that the sides of the ingot mold width, in the horizontal direction, are concave and decrease in their concavity towards the outlet of the ingot mold. 28. Continuous casting installation according to claim 1 in claim 12, characterized in that the short sides of the ingot mold are concave in the horizontal direction. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In a process and a device for continuous casting in order to produce bars whose cross section is reduced during solidification, where they melt preferably in an oscillating mold, and the cross section of the bar is linearly reduced at least along of the roller train immediately below the ingot mold, in the direct reduction of the section in line with the subsequent reduction of the cross-section of the bar in the rest of the roller train, in "soft reduction" to its maximum immediately before solidification At the end or the lowest point of the liquid crater, there is a critical deformation of the bar, taking into account both the casting speed and the quality of the steel. The object of the invention is to provide the technical measures of the process and the simple characteristics of the device, and the compactness of the deformation of the reduction of the cross-section of the bar, so that it does not exceed the critical deformation of the crust of the bar, taking into account the high casting speed and the quality of the steel. Reference list: 1. Overheating phase, pure fusion phase or penetration zone. 1.1 Liquid point deeper at a speed of 10 meters / minute. 1.2 Liquid point deeper at a speed of 6 meters / minute. 2. Phase 2 melting / crystal zone, 2.1 Deepest solid point, lowest point of the liquid crater at a velocity of 10 meters / minute. 2.2 Deepest solid point, lowest point of the liquid crater at a speed of 6 meters / minute. 3. Scale of the bar. (D-Gr) Limiting deformation. (Vg-10) Casting speed of 10 meters / minute. (K) Ingot. (0) Segment 0. (1) Segment 1. (2) .. Segment 2, etc. (13) Segment 13. (D) Interior deformation of the crust of the bar. (D-Gw) Interior deformation. in the direct reduction of the online section. (D-B) Inside deformation when bending the bar (D-Ge) Total interior deformation, (d-Gw) + (D-B), (D-B) + (D-SR) or (D-R) + (D-SR) (D-R) Internal deformation when bending backwards from the bar. (D-SR) Interior deformation in the "soft reduction". (RL-6) Linear reduction in segments 0 - 13 from 1168 millimeters / meter to 10 meters / minute. (RL-10) Linear reduction in segments 0 - 13 from 0.685 millimeters / meter to 10 meters / minute. (RS-6) Reduction speed in linear reduction in segments 0 - 13 of 0.117 millimeters / second at a speed of 6 meters / minute. (RS-10) Reduction speed in linear reduction in segments 0 - 13 of 0.114 millimeters / second at a speed of 10 meters / minute. (V) Divider. (Ta) Buza immersion. 4 Hydraulic cylinder at the outlet of segment 0, position and force regulated. 5 Pairs of rollers, consisting of upper rollers and lower rollers. 6 Lower rollers, fixed. 17 Upper rollers, regulated in terms of their movement in position and strength. 18 Pair of driven rollers. 19 Hydraulic system, regulated in its position and force for the pairs of driven rollers. 20 Hydraulic system, regulated in its position and 5 force for non-driven roller pairs. 21 2 pairs of non-driven rollers.

22 Mechanical element for the oscillating movement of adjacent upper rollers, built in the hydraulic system (20) of the pair 10 of non-driven rollers (21).

23 Bending points.

24 Reverse bend points or reference points.