MX2007009085A - A method of producing titanium. - Google Patents

Abstract

A method of producing titanium metal from a titanium-containing material includes the steps of producing a solution of M"TiF6 from the titanium-containing material, selectively precipitating M'2TiF6 from the solution by the addition of (M')aXb and using the selectively precipitated M'2TiF6 to produce titanium. M" is a cation of the type which forms a hexafluorotitanate, M' is selected from ammonium and the alkali metal cations, X is an anion selected from halide, sulphate, nitrite, acetate and nitrate and a and b are 1 or 2.

Description

METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TITANIUM The present invention relates to the production of titanium, titanium alloys and titanium compounds.

Titanium is usually produced commercially from titanium tetrachloride (TiCU) by the Hunter or Kroll processes. These processes involved a stage of sodium or magnesium reduction. Titanium has also been produced by the reduction of potassium hexafluorotitanate (K2T1F6) with sodium by the electrolytic reduction of titanium dioxide (T1O2) and by the reduction of T1O2 with magnesium or calcium. Titanium can therefore be produced from a variety of precursor materials containing titanium using a variety of reducing agents.

The density of titanium is about 45% that of steel, however titanium is as strong as steel and has superior chemical resistance. Titanium is also the ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust, but despite its abundance and superior properties, the world titanium market is only 1% of the aluminum market and only 0.1% of the stainless steel market. The reason for this is its price. Only a limited number of markets such as military, aerospace and medical can afford the use of such metal. The main reasons why titanium is so expensive are due to the fact that the precursors used in the production of titanium are expensive and due to the high losses due to oxidation during the casting, casting and forging of the metal.

The present invention provides an efficient and economical process for the production of titanium, its alloys and its compounds.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for the production of titanium from titanium content material, the method including the steps of producing an M11TiF6 solution of the titanium content material, selectively precipitating M2TiF6 from the solution by the addition of (M ') aXb, in which M "is a cation of the type forming a hexafluorotitanate, M' is selected from the group comprising ammonia and the alkali metal cations, X is an anion selected from the group comprising halide, sulfate, nitrite, acetate and nitrate, and a and b are 1 or 2, and using the selective precipitate M'2TiF6 to produce titanium.

In the case of nitrate, M "will be found in its highest degree of oxidation.

M "can be selected from the group comprising: Fe2 +, Mn2 +, Zn2 +, Mg2 +, Cu2 +, Ca2 +, Sr2 *, Ba2 +, Co2 + and Ni2 +.

The alkali metal can be selected from the group comprising lithium, sodium and potassium. Preferably M TiF6 will be FeTiF6 and (M JaXb will be NH4CI).

The titanium-containing material can be selected from the group comprising ilmenite, rutile, anatase, perovskite, brookite, pseudo.brookite, sphene, leucoxene, and titaniferous slags. Limenite is FeTi03, Rutila, anatase, brookite and leucoxene occur naturally in minerals containing ?2. Titaniferous slag is a material that contains? 2 that is produced mostly from the limenite smelting. The sphene is CaTiSiOs and the perovskite is CaT03- When other minerals other than ilmenite or perovskite are used, the TiM radius "will be adapted to 1: 1 or greater such that the molar amount of M" is at least similar to titanium or greater. This can be achieved by the addition of Ti or by the addition of M " The M11TiF6 can therefore be FeTiF6 and the FeTiF6 solution can be produced by the digestion of ilmenite with aqueous HF.

Ilmenite can be used in excess. The concentration of HF can be between 5 to 60%. Preferably, it will be between 20 to 24%.

The method may include the step of adding a reducing agent to the solution produced in the digestion step to reduce at least some Fe (III) that may be present in the solution to Fe (II). The reducing agent can be a metal reducing agent. The metal can be selected from Fe, for example in the form of iron file or iron wool, Al, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Mg.

The method may include adding the (M ') aXb in the solid state to the solution produced in the digestion step.

The method may include the additional step of purifying M TiF6 by recrystallization.

When M'2TiF6 is (NH4) 2TiF6l the method may include dissolving the (NH-t) 2TiF6 in water to produce a solution and precipitating L tife, Na2TiF6 or K2T1F6 by adding lithium, sodium or potassium salt the solution. The salt may be selected from the group comprising alkali metal chlorides and sulfates but, of course, any other suitable alkali metal salt. Preferably the salt can be sodium chloride or sodium sulfate.

The method can include the step of reducing L ^ TiFe, Na2TiF6 or K2TiF6 to produce titanium. This route is referred to below as Option A. The reduction can be carried out with a reducing agent selected from the group comprising sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium. In this case, the method may include, before the reduction step, the step of mixing the Na2TiF6 with a predetermined amount of at least one additional metal salt in such a way that the titanium produced in the reduction step is in the form of a titanium alloy containing at least one other metal. The other metal salt can be for example Na3AIF6 or Na2VF7 or a combination of both in such a way that the titanium alloy produced contains aluminum, vanadium or both.

The method may include, for example, adding enough Na3AIF6 and Na2VF7 to produce grade 5 titanium (which contains about 6% aluminum and about 4% vanadium). Naturally other metal fluoride salts such as AIF3, VF5, VF4 or VF3 can be used and the amount can be varied such that a variety of alloys can be prepared.

When the material containing titanium is TiCVtal as rutile, anatase, brookite, leucoxene or slag titaniferous in which M "is low, the method may include the steps of first forming an aqueous HF solution salt M" and then ingest material with titanium content in the acidic solution of the M 'salt to produce the M11TiF6 solution.

In the preferred route, the method may include the step of reducing (NH4) 2TiF6 in which the titanium is in oxidation state IV to produce a titanium III, decompose the titanium product III to produce TiF3 and reducing TiF3 to titanium. This route is called in the subsequent Option B.

The (NH4) 2TiF6 can be reduced by the product Ti (III) with a reducing agent selected from the group comprising aluminum, manganese, zinc, iron and magnesium. Instead the (NhU) 2TiF6 can be electrolytically reduced to produce the product T (III).

The product Ti (III) can be for example (NhUbTiFe, (NhU ^ TiFs, or NH4T1F4.) All these compounds decompose between 400 and 700 ° C to produce TiF3.

T1F3 can be reduced to titanium by reduction with a reducing agent selected from the group comprising sodium, magnesium and aluminum.

The invention further comprises TiF3 produced by the pyrolytic decomposition of NH4T1F4. The invention further comprises a TiF3 having an X-ray diffraction pattern as shown in Figure 6.

The invention further comprises a method for producing titanium from a material containing Ti02, including the steps of preparing a hydrofluoric acid solution containing M ", digesting the material with T1O2 content in the solution to produce a solution containing M T1F6, selectively precipitating M 2TÍF6 from the solution by the addition of (M ') aXb in which M' is the cation of the type forming hexafluorotitanate, M 'is selected from the group comprising ammonia and metal cations alkaline, X is an anion selected from the group comprising halide, sulfate, nitrite, acetate, and nitrate, and a and b are 1 or 2, and using the M 2TIF6 precipitated selectively to produce titanium.

The material with? 2 content can be selected from the group comprising rutile, anatase, brookite, leuoxene, and a titaniferous slag. However any other material with content of ??? 2 can be used.

The hydrofluoric acid solution containing M "can be prepared by dissolving a basic salt of M" in aqueous HF. The basic salt may for example be oxide, hydroxide or carbonate of M ".

In a preferred embodiment, M 'can be NH 4 + and the method can be prepared by dissolving a basic salt of M "in aqueous HF The basic salt can for example be oxide, hydroxide or carbonate of M".

In a preferred embodiment, M 'can be NH4 + and the method can include the reduction of (NH4) 2TiF6 optionally purified to NH4TiF4; pyrolyze the NH TiF to produce TIF3; and reduce TiF3 to titanium.

In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for the formation of an alloy, said method including the steps of combining a predetermined amount of a reducible fluoride salt of a first metal with a predetermined amount of another metal for produce a mixture of salts, and reduce the fluoride salt mixture to produce a mixture of metals or an alloy. The method can include combining the fluoride salt of the first metal with two or more reducible salts of other metals in such a way that an alloy containing three or more metals is produced.

The reducible fluoride salt of the first metal can be a reducible salt of titanium. The reducible salt of the other metal can be a reducible titanium salt. The reducible salt of the other metal can be a reducible salt of metals selected from vanadium, aluminum, palladium, molybdenum and nickel.

The reducible salt of the first metal can in particular be in particular M2TIF6 and the reducible salt of the other metal can be selected from the group comprising M3AIF6, M2VF7 and combinations thereof in which M is an alkali metal. In particular, M can be sodium.

The method may include the additional step of melting the mixture to produce the alloy.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a mixture is provided to produce the alloy.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a salt is provided which is NH4TF4.

The invention further comprises NH4T1F4 having an X-ray diffraction pattern as shown in Figure 5.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, a method for making titanium powder is provided, the method including the step of reducing TiF3 with aluminum to produce titanium powder and AIF3.

The method may include the additional step of heating the product of the reduction to a certain temperature and for a time sufficient to sublimate most of the AIF3 but causing the retention of sufficient AIF3 on the surface to reduce the reactivity of the titanium powder.

The method may include the step of heating the product of the reduction until the AIF3 on the surface of the titanium powder comprises up to about 0.05 to 10% and preferably between 0.1 and 5.0%.

The residual AIF3 causes an inert layer which has at least the thickness of a single layer formed on the surface of the titanium powder. This substantially increases the temperature at which the spontaneous combustion of titanium dust in the air takes place from about 250 ° to over 600 ° C. Therefore the powder can be used and transported with greater safety than titanium powders. of prior art.

The invention further encompasses a method for making titanium powder, which includes the steps of reducing TiF3 With aluminum to obtain a reduction product comprising titanium powder and AIF3; and heating the reaction product to sublimate the AIF3 to produce titanium powder which essentially does not contain aluminum in the form of metal or alloy.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, in the method for preparing a titanium artifact of a titanium precursor material, which includes the steps of subjecting the titanium precursor material to a heating step to produce an intermediate material of titanium. titanium and subjecting the intermediate material to one or more stages to produce the artifact. The improvement of carrying out the heating step in an atmosphere containing a volatile fluoride salt is provided.

The intermediate titanium material produced in this way will therefore have a protective layer of fluoride salt.

The atmosphere will preferably be an inert atmosphere such as argon or helium. The titanium precursor metal can be deactivated titanium powder as described above.

The volatile fluoride salt can be selected from the group comprising AIF3, MgF2 and NaF. Naturally, any other suitable fluoride salt can be used.

The heating step can be carried out in a fire or in a furnace, for example in vacuum furnaces, furnaces with inert gases, microwave-assisted furnaces, radio frequency-assisted furnaces, induction furnaces or zone refining furnaces.

The steps of the process may comprise standard process steps such as those used for the fabrication of titanium artifacts such as uniaxial pressing, hot isostatic pressing, cold isostatic pressing, hot rolling and the like. The steps of the process may include the addition of a sacrificial binder such as waxes and polymers.

The titanium artifact may be a solid material or a porous material. It can be a titanium alloy and can be selected from the group comprising rods, rods, wires, sheets and similar products.

The titanium artifact may contain traces of fluoride. Trace means quantities that do not affect the properties of most of the titanium.

The arrangement of the furnace and the heating cycle is such that during the heating step the titanium is always surrounded by a protective atmosphere containing the fluoride salt, in such a way that it is protected by the reaction with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon or hydrogen. Similar.

In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for recovering titanium from a material with a content of 0.2, the method including the steps of digesting ilmenite in aqueous HF to produce FeTiF6 and removing insoluble material; selectively precipitating (NH4) 2TiF6 by the addition of ammonium salt; optionally purify the precipitate (NH4) 2TiF6; reducing (NH4) 2TiF6 optionally purified to NH4T1F4 with mercury activated aluminum; pyrolyzing NH4TiF4 to produce T1F3; and reduce T1F3 to titanium.

In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for recovering titanium from a material containing ?? 2, the method comprising the steps of preparing a hydrofluoric acid solution containing M ", digesting the material with content of ??? 2 in the solution to produce a solution containing M "TiF6 and remove the insoluble material; selectively precipitating (NH 4) 2 F 6 by the addition of an ammonium salt; optionally purifying the precipitate (NH4) 2TiF6, reducing the optionally purified (NH4) 2 ~ nF6 to NH4TF4 with mercury activated aluminum; pyrolyze NH4TiF4 to produce TiF3 and reduce TiF3; to metallic titanium.

The material with "2" content can be selected from the group comprising anatase, rutile, brookite, leucoxene and titanium scoria.

In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for making a titanium compound selected from the group comprising titanium nitride, titanium carbide, titanium boride, titanium hydride, titanium silicide, titanium phosphide and titanium sulfide, the method including the step of heating a deactivated powder as described above with a source of nitrogen, carbon, boron, hydrogen, hydrogen, silica, phosphorus or sulfur.

The source of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, silicon or sulfur can be the corresponding elements, for example nitrogen and hydrogen as gas, coal as powder or coke, silica as silica powder and sulfur as sulfur powder.

The boron source can be diborane. The source of phosphorus can be phosphine. The titanium nitride can have an X-ray diffraction pattern as shown in Figure 12.

DISCUSSION Prior art methods for the digestion of ilmenite have made use of both sulfuric acid or chloride and coke at high temperatures. It is also known that ilmenite can be digested in HF diluted in an exothermic reaction according to the following equation: FeTi03 + 6HF = FeTiF6 + 3H20 The dilution of the HF was controlled at 20-24% in such a way that a saturated solution of FeTiF6 was obtained, which can be filtered to remove insoluble material. It was found that the yield and purity of the FeTiFe precursor produced in the selective precipitation step can be improved if all the iron solution were in an oxidation state II (ie there was no Fe3 * present) and if there was no HF free. The above was achieved by using an excess of limenite, which could then be recycled, and by adding iron lime to the solution after digestion. The addition of iron lime reduced Fe3 + to Fe2 + in accordance with the following equation: Fe0 + 2Fe3 + = 3Fe2 + If too much iron is added, the reduction of Ti4 + to Ti3 + will occur and this has a negative influence on the yield. It was found that copper lime can be added first to a small test portion of the leachate to reduce the Fe3 + to Fe2 + without reducing the Ti4 + and in this way the correct amount of metallic iron can be calculated.

The (M ') aXb was preferably added in the form of a dry salt. For example, if a saturated solution of M "TiF6.6H20 in which M" is Fe2 * 'Mn2 +, Zn2 +, Mg2 +, Cu2 + or the like is mixed with the dry salt M1CI, in which M1 is L¡ \ Na +, K + or NH4 +, the intermediate M'2TiF6 precipitates almost quantitatively from the solution. The above is not an unexpected result in the case of K2T1F6 which has a low solubility but quantitative precipitation with respect to LÍ2TÍF6, and to (NH ^ TiFe, which are highly soluble in water, if it is particularly unexpected.

It was also found that, for the (NH4) 2TiF6 to precipitate quantitatively, it is necessary to add 4 moles of NH4CI to 1 mole of M11TiF6. The above can be explained by shaping the double salts (NH4) 2M11Cl4. The above is also expected in the case of potassium, however, due to its low solubility, K2TiF6 precipitates in preference to the formation of double salt K2M ".

Consequently, only two moles of KCL or 1 mole of K2SO4 were needed to precipitate K2TIF6 almost quantitatively. The same applies to Li + and Na + which do not form double salts with M ". Chloride was used instead of SO42" due to its higher solubility and easier recycling cycles. Other anions such as CH3COO ", NO2 and the like, can also be used to selectively precipitate, but NO3 is not suitable because it causes the oxidation of Fe2 + Or Mn2 + Selective precipitation caused the removal of most of the M "so that after filtration and washing, only small levels of M" remained in the crystalline precipitate. In this way, a relatively pure titanium precursor was obtained with a high yield (> 90%).

When the M'2TiF6 was reduced directly the level of iron in the resulting titanium corresponded to the grade 4 titanium, (although oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen levels would be very low). In order to reduce the iron content of titanium to produce a metal having an iron level corresponding to that of grade 1 titanium or better, it was necessary to increase the purity of the precursors. Due to the low solubility of K2TiF6 and Na2TiF6l the recrystallization was not practical and said purified salts had to be purified by extraction of solvent with methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and HCI. It was more practical to selectively precipitate the highly soluble LY2TIF6 or the salts (NH4) 2TiF6 because they can actually be recrystallized. Of the two salts it was more economical to use (NFU ^ TiFe.) It was also found that boiling saturated solutions of (NH4) 2TiF6 did not result in hydrolysis of the salt (which is unusual for water soluble titanium salts) and in accordance with the above, a high concentration could be obtained in such a way that a high yield of the crystalline product could be obtained upon cooling. In this way very pure titanium precursors were obtained and they were pure enough to be used as precursors in the production of ??? 2 pigments: The titanium produced from the reduction of the purified (NH4) 2T? F6 was purer than the titanium grao 1 commercial After the (NH4) 2TiF6 has been purified by recrystallization, two options can be followed for the production of titanium. The first option (Option A) involves the reduction of a2TiF6 or K2T1F6 produced from (NH4) 2 iF6.

Due to the difference in solubility between (NH4) 2TiF6 and Na2TiF6 (or the corresponding potassium salt) Na2TiF6 can be precipitated from a saturated solution of (NH4) 2TiF6 by the addition of sodium chloride. The NH4CI produced as a by-product can then be filtered out of the precipitate and crystallized for reuse in the selective precipitation step.

After drying, the Na2TiF6 (mp 700 ° C) can be reduced under an argon atmosphere. The reduction is exothermic at the melting point of the salt. Sodium or magnesium (10% stoichiometric excess) is usually used as a reducing agent, but potassium or calcium can also be used.

After reduction, the excess sodium or magnesium is boiled at 900 ° C or 1100 ° C respectively. The respective products are 6NaF (Ti) or 2NaMgF3 (Ti).

The fluoride-titanium mixture is then fed to a vertically oriented elongated tubular zirconia or a molybdenum crucible under an argon atmosphere. The upper part of the crucible is heated to 1300 ° C and the bottom to 1700 ° C. The majority of the 6NaF ( mp 990 ° C) or 2NaMgF3 (mp 1030 ° C) is removed from the crucible on molten titanium (mp 1670 ° C) to protect it from oxygen and nitrogen.

The molten titanium is then forged into ingots or other products in a molten eutectic fluoride consisting for example of 40 mol% NaF and 60 mol% LiF (mp 652 ° C) to allow the titanium to be recharged at 700 ° C. In this way the titanium is still protected against oxidation and nitrification during the annealing process.

The second option for the production of titanium (option B) involves the pre-reduction of (NH4) 2TiF6 to a Ti3 + species. Conversion of the species Ti3 * to TiF3 and the reduction of T1F3 to titanium.

For example, the (NH4) 2TiF6 produced in the selective precipitation can be reduced with Al (activated with Hg) or with Mn without the addition of an acid.

The typical products of the reduction are NH4T1F4 and (NH4) 3AIF6 or (NFUfeTiFs and MnF2) In the case of aluminum reduction the (NH4) 3AIF6 is more soluble and can be removed from the almost insoluble NH4T1F4 precipitate by acid filtration. compound can be decomposed at 700 ° C to produce NH4F (g) and T1F3 (s). diluted, it can be precipitated (NH4) sAIF6, Na3AIF6 as a byproduct with NaCl and the resulting ammonium salt can be recycled.

With the addition of acid (usually HF), other reducing agents such as Zn, Al, Mn, Fe or Mg may be used. A typical product is (NH4) 2HTiF6 which can be freely dissolved in acid (pH 1-2) while the fluoride reducing agents are much less soluble and can be separated from the (NH ^ HTiFe by filtration.) Raise the pH with NH4OH (pH 6) precipitates (NH4) 3TiF6.After filtration and drying, the product can be decomposed at 700o C to produce 3NH4F (g) and TiF3 (s).

However, an alternative option may be to reduce (NH4) 2TiF6 electrolytically. A membrane such as a canvas membrane is used to separate the anode from the cathode. Normally a lead anode and a graphite cathode are used. The anode side is filled with a 0.1 N HF solution and the cathode lao is filled with a saturated solution of (NH4) 2 ~ nF6 acidified with HF pH 1. The electrolyte reactions are as follows: Anode: H20 = 1/2 02 (g) + 2H + (aq) + 2e " Cathode: 2Ti + (aq) + 2e "= 2Ti3 + (aq) After electrolysis the pH of the violet (NH) 2HTiF6 solution is increased by the addition of NH OH at pH 6 to precipitate (NH4) 3TiF6. After filtration and drying, the product can be decomposed at 700 ° C to produce 3NH F (g) and T1F3 (s). The Ti3 + is then reduced to titanium.

TiF3 can be reduced with Na, Mg or Al to produce 3NaF (T1), 1½MgF2 (Ti) or AIF3 (Ti) respectively. The reduction of TiF3 is less exothermic than the reduction of (NaiK) 2TiF6 and occurs above 700 ° C.

As described above, NaF or MgF2 can be fused to titanium while AIF3 will sublimate at 1330 ° C.

To ensure that there is no free HF present after the digestion step, an excess of ilmenite of 30 ± 10% is maintained during digestion. Due to its roughness and high density, the excess ilmenite settles and separates from the slurry and the insoluble light precipitates after digestion. The digested suspension is pumped from the settled ilmenite and filtered. The filtered cake is converted again to a slurry and passed through a 45μ mesh. The upper fraction (ilmenite) is recycled back to the digestion tank while the bottom fraction (mostly insoluble acids) is discarded. In this way, a digestion efficiency greater than 90% is achieved.

In the process of option A that proceeds by reducing a2TiF6, the reducing agent used determines the salt used for the selective precipitation. Sodium favors a precipitate of chloride while magnesium favors a precipitate of sulphate. The recycling cycles are shown in Figures 16 and 17 which show respectively the production of high purity titanium and grade 4 titanium.

In the process of option B, which proceeds through the intermediate reduction of Ti4 + to Ti3 +, the recycling cycles will be essentially the same as those of the process of Option A. as indicated in Figure 1. If a electrolytic pre-reduction (Ti4 + to T3 +), the sublimated AIF3 can be sold as a by-product or the fluoride values can be recovered by steam hydrolysis at 400 ° C according to the following equation: 2AIF3 + 3H20 = AI2O3 + 6HF AI2O3 will then be the byproduct.

Fe2Ü3 is the largest by-product of the process of the present invention. If magnesium is used as a reducing agent and does not regenerate, g (OH) 2 or MgSO4 will also be alternative products.

The invention will now be described with reference to the following examples, the Figures and the Table, in which: Figure 1 is a general flow diagram of the present invention.

Figure 2 is a flow chart of the preferred route; Figure 3 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the selective precipitate (NH4) 2TiF6; Figure 4 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of (NH4) 2TiF6 of Figure 3; Figure 5 is a X-ray diffraction pattern NH4TÍF4 produced by reduction of (NH4) 2TiF6 with AI (Hg); Figure 6 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of T1F3 produced by the decomposition of NH4TÍF4 of Figure 5.

Figure 7 shows X-ray diffraction patterns on taxes of standard samples of T1F3 and FeF3; Figure 8 is a diffraction pattern of the T1F3 reduction product with aluminum at 750 ° C; Figure 9 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of AIF3 sublimed at 1250 ° C; Figure 10 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the product of Figure 8 after sublimation of AIF3; Figure 11 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of titanium produced from the powder of Figure 10; Figure 12 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of titanium nitride formed by exposing the titanium powder of Figure 10 to nitrogen at 1350 ° C; Figure 13 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of NH4VF4 produced by reducing (NH4) 2VF6 with AI (Hg); Figure 14 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of VF3 produced by the decomposition of NH4VF4 shown in Figure 13; Figure 15 shows the titanium powder of Figure 10, after a gentle sintering at 1250 ° C; Figure 16 is a flow diagram of the sodium reduction route; Y Figure 17 is a flow diagram of the magnesium reduction path; And where Table 1 shows the chemical composition, mechanical properties and physical properties of different grades of titanium; With reference to Figure 1, the process of the present invention can be divided into five stages, These are the ilmenite digestion, the selective precipitation of the titanium precursor produced in the digestion step, the reduction of the precursor, the melting of the product of reduced titanium in an ingot and the recycling of the reagents used in the process.

EXAMPLE 1 PRODUCTION OF TITANIUM FROM ILMENITE VIA AI (Hg) REDUCTION OF (NH4) TiF6 STEP1: DIGESTION OF ILMENITA WITH HIL DILUIDO.

Start material Ilmenite concentrate was used as the starting material for the digestion step. The material contained approximately 89.5% ilmenite, 6% hematite, 2.5% quartz and 2% other metal oxides. The particle size was uniform and approximately 98% of the material had a particle size between + 45μ? and -106pm. The material typically had the following chemical composition: Al 0.35%, Ca 0.1%, Fe 37.2%, Mg 0.27%, Mn 0.95%, Si 1.18%, Ti 28.3%, V 0.5% - Stoichiometry: HF required per 500 gr of ilmenite aggregates The ilmenite used consisted of FeTiO3 (89.5%), Fe2O3 (6.0%), SiO2 (2.5%) and other materials (2%). This corresponded to FeTi03 (447.5g, 2.95 mol), Fe203 (3Og, 0.19 mol) and S0O2 (12.5g, 0.21 mol) in 500g. FeTiO3, Fe203 and SiO2 each required 6 mole of HF per mole for conversion, respectively, to FeTiF6, FeF3 and H2SiF6. The total amount of HF required was therefore (2.95 + 0.19 + 0.21) x 6 = 20.1 mole for 98% of the starting material.

However, to ensure complete digestion, an excess of 20% ilmenite was used during digestion. After digestion, approximately 94% of the excess ilmenite could be recovered due to its high density and large particle size.

Batches were prepared as follows: in a polypropylene cup 21, ilmenite (600g) was added to tap water (500 ml, 20 ° C). While stirring vigorously, HF (900m "40%) was added and a heavy plastic lid was placed loosely on top of the beaker. The reaction was highly exothermic and after 10 minutes the suspension reached the boiling point and boiled for 5 minutes.

After 2 hours Fe (12g, iron wool) was added to the solution and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour to reduce all soluble Fe (III) to Fe (II).

The suspension was then filtered and washed with tap water (2 X 50mt). Approximately 200 g of a filtered wet cake was obtained. This material was converted again to a slurry to recover the excess ilmenite and thus obtaining a 1375mt slurry containing FeTiF6.

Extraction efficiency.

The concentration of Ti in the slurry was about 100g / t involving a recovery of titanium of 137.5g. The recovery efficiency was calculated as follows: -Estechiometry: 141.5g Ti (50Og feed) = excess 97% - 20%: 169.8g Ti (600g aggregate) = 81% - Excess recovery of 94%: 144g Ti (505g aggregate) = 95.5% STEP 2: SELECTIVE PRECIPITATION OF (NH4) 2TiF6 The slurry (1, 375 «) contained Ti (137.5 g, 2.865 mol). This required NH CI (4 x 2,865 = 11, 46 mol; 613.11g).

NH4Cl (613g) was added slowly to the FeTiF6 slurry from step 1 (1375m «) while stirring vigorously. The temperature dropped to less than 10 ° C and was increased to 15 ° C using a hot bath. The suspension was then removed for 1 hour at 15 ° C, The resulting crystalline (NH4) 2TiF6 was filtered at 15-20 ° C and pressed into the filter head to remove as much excess liquid as possible. The vacuum was then broken and ice water (184ml, 5 ° C) was added to the product. The vacuum could only be restored after the water penetrated the filtered cake (approximately 2 minutes later) and the (NHUfeTiFe acquired the appearance of sugar frost) The crystalline product was sucked and pressed as dry as possible.

The crystalline (H4) 2 iF6 was then dried at 60 ° C. The yield was 522g. The XRD of this product is shown in Figure 3.

Precipitation efficiency Based on the crystalline product (NH ^ TiFe with a purity of 100% (522g = 2.631 mol Ti), the recovery efficiency of Ti was 92% The concentration of Fe in the crystalline product was typically about 0.5 ± 0.4% Other impurities such as Si and Al were also present.

However, said impurities could be removed by pretreating the initial material before digestion (for example by caustic slurry) or by precipitation of said elements after digestion. For example, after the reduction of Fe, NaCl could be added to precipitate Na2SiF6 and NaaAIFe.

Recrystallization from (NhU ^ TiFe. 400g of (NH4) 2TiF6 produced in accordance with that described above was added and dried at 60 ° C to 500 mt of water in a 2 liter vessel. It was found that (NH4) 2TiF6 anhydride has a higher solubility than that (wet NFUhTiFe.xH ^ O. A small piece of an Al tita (approximately 100mm X 25 mm) was added to the suspension.

While stirring, HF (0.5ml / 40%) was added to the suspension to prevent hydrolysis initiating the reduction of a small amount of Ti (IV) with Al. The suspension was heated to the boiling point (approximately 100 ° C) . Any foam that formed in I top of the solution, decreased with time and was added to the solution.

The color of the solution changed to pale violet, indicating the presence of Ti (III). It also indicated that all the iron present was in the Fe (ll) form. When the solution boiled, a layer of violet TiF3 poisoned the Al strip and the reduction stopped. The formation of a small amount of (NH4) 3AIF6 that arose from the addition of the aluminum strip did not present any problem since this product is produced as a by-product in the next step (Step 3). After the solution boiled for about 1 minute, it was removed from the heat source and allowed to cool. The Al strip could then be removed and reused (without cleaning) for later use.

The vessel was cooled to about 40 ° C with cold water, and ice and water were used to cool the vessel to 10 ° C while stirring the resulting crystalline (NH4) 2TiF6.

The crystalline product was filtered and pressed into the filter head to remove as much liquid as possible. The vacuum was broken and ice water (50ml, 5o C) was added to the crystalline product. The vacuum could only be restored after the water penetrated the filtered cake (approximately 2 minutes later) and the crystalline product acquired the appearance of sugar frost. The crystalline product was then sucked and pressed as dryly as possible.

The resulting crystalline (NH 4) 2 ~ nF 6 was dried at 60 ° C. The yield was typically about 70% of the initial crystalline product without the evaporation of additional water. The XRD of this product is shown in Figure 4.

A crude but reliable way to test the purity of the crystalline (NH ^ TiFe) was to add the product (approximately 5g to CP grade HCI (approximately 25 ml, 32%) in a 50 ml beaker. During 5 minutes, the HCI acquired a yellow or orange color in case iron was present.The HCI concentrate is very sensitive to iron and the intensity of the yellow or orange color was directly proportional to the concentration of iron in concentration levels between 1% and 0.01% Fe. Said test was carried out on the initial crystalline product, the recrystallized product and the standard (NH4) 2TF6.

STEP 3: REDUCTION OF (NH) 2TiF6 WITH AI (Hg) Activation of Al with Hg Aluminum buttons (ID about 10-12mm, 1-3mm thickness, 150g) were covered with a solution of 1N NaOH in a 500ml plastic beaker and Hg (approximately 50mt) was added. The buttons were mixed using a plastic stirrer and submerged in the Hg. After about 5 minutes, the buttons were completely covered with Hg.

The sodium hydroxide was removed by rinsing the buttons with a strong stream of running water into the beaker for about 1 minute.

The excess Hg was then discarded from the Hg covered buttons through a 500pm mesh and the buttons were immediately covered with acetone. After 1-2 hours in acetone, the remaining free Hg was detached from the buttons, leaving only a micro-layer of Hg in the buttons.

When the AI (Hg) buttons were ready for use they were screened (500 p.m.) of the acetone and free Hg, and immediately immersed in the (NH4) 2TiF6 solution as described below.

Reduction In a vessel 21, the recrystallized (NH4) 2TiF6 from step 2 (500g) was dissolved in running water (1.51). The temperature was raised to 30 ° C and a clear solution was obtained.

The buttons of AI (Hg) (150g) prepared as described above were added to the solution of (H ^ iFe with agitation (without the formation of a vortex) The reaction was exothermic and the temperature was raised from 30 to 70 ° C over a period of 75 minutes After 15 minutes at 70 ° C, the suspension was cooled to less than 30 ° C and filtered.

The AI (Hg) buttons were rinsed with water and stored in acetone.

The violet precipitate was filtered and sucked as dry as possible and washed with water (2 x 50ml).

The violet precipitate was dried at 60 ° C (yield of 475g). The product consisted of NH 4 TIF 4 and (NH 4) 3 AIF 6 at a weight ratio of approximately 75%: 25%. NH4TiF4 has a low solubility in dilute HF and even a lower solubility in concentrated HF. In this way, if necessary, NH4TiF (and other impurities) can be depleted of the product. The XRD of this clean product is shown in Figure 5.

It was also found that, when crude (NH4) 2TiF6 was used instead of pure, the Fe (ll) present in the solution, coated the buttons of AI (Hg) and poisoned them. However, the above only happened after all the Ti (IV) was reduced to Ti (III). The Applicant believes that this method can be used to remove Fe, to the point that recrystallization of (NH4) 2 ~ nF6 is not necessary. After reduction, the poisoned AI (Hg) buttons could be re-activated by a diluted HCl slurry to remove the Fe.

STEP 4: DECOMPOSITION OF NH4T¡ F4 AND (Nh ^ aA I F6 The product of the reduction of step 3, which consisted of a mixture of NH4Ti F4 and (NH4) 3AIF6, was decomposed at 600 ° C under a nitrogen or argon atmosphere in a rotary low speed vessel. After 2-4 hours of heating, the light brown-brown product, which consisted of T1F3 and AIF3, was completely free of NHF which evaporated. The evaporated material was condensed and collected. It was found that if traces of NH4F remained, TiN was formed during the reduction with Al at 750 ° C.

Depending on the ratio between NH4TÍF4 and (NH) 3AIF6, the yield of the decomposed product was typically between 60 and 70% of the initial material.

The XRD of the clean TiF3 produced from the clean NH4TÍF4 prepared in accordance with described above, is shown in Figure 6.

NH4TiF is a salt hitherto unknown and therefore there is no information with which to compare the XRD dust pattern of NH4TF4 as shown in Figure 5. The closest XRD to this salt is the XRD of NH4FeF4. Therefore it is not unexpected that the decomposed T1F3 product of NH4TiF4 is the one that most closely matches the XRD powder pattern of FeF3. The XRD powder standards of the standard samples of FeF3 and T1F3 are shown in Figure 7.

STEP 5: REDUCTION OF TiF5 WITH THE AND SUBLIMATION OF AIF5 After determining the ratio between TiF3 and AIF3 in the product produced in step (4), the Al-powder (> 125μp?) Was mixed with the product. A stoichiometric amount of Al to T1F3 was used (1 mol: 1 mol). The mixture was placed in a metal crucible under an argon atmosphere and heated to 750 ° C. After 2 hours of heating, the reduction was completed without any change in the mass. The XRD of this material is shown in Figure 8.

It was found that, in order for the reduction to be complete in a static unit, the harshest Al powder that could be used was < 125pm. It is expected that, in a rotating unit, the liquid Al can completely wet the TiF3 and therefore complete the reduction. Alternatively. The Al can be dissolved in Zn to increase the surface area of the Al to complete the reduction. After reduction, the Zn could be evaporated at 950 ° C, condensed for later use.

After reduction to 750 ° C, the temperature was raised to 1250 ° C, even under an argon atmosphere. At this temperature, the AIF3 was sublimated and was condensed and collected as a pure by-product. The XRD of the AIF3 is shown in Figure 9. When the production of white foams finished, the sublimation was completed. Depending on the size of the batch and the surface area, the heating of said temperature was between 2 and 10 hours. After cooling, the Ti powder product was collected. The XRD of the powder is shown in Figure 10.

The applicant found that the complete sublimation of AIF3 may be undesirable and that it is preferable to leave a small amount (0.1 - 5%) to cover the Ti powder. It was found that this fluoride cover protected the dust and increased safety during transport and handling. Commercial Ti powders of the prior art have a spontaneous combustion temperature of about 250 ° C in the air. However, this temperature increases to > 600 ° C if the layer of AIF3 is present. When the powder is melted or sintered (powder metallurgy) the layer of AIF3 will sublimate and will not contaminate the titanium product.

It was also found that the metallic crust formed on the Ti powder at 250 ° C (see Figure 15) contains metal impurities which migrated with the AIF3 gas to the surface of the powder and precipitated there as sublimated AIF3, so analogous to refining by zones.

STEP 6: FOUNDRY OF Ti DUST.

The Ti powder produced in step (5) was pressed into a crucible lined with zirconia clay and melted in an induction furnace under an argon atmosphere. It quickly melted to form a small ingot and traces of AIF3 were produced in the form of fumes. The XRD of the metal is shown in Figure 11. The Ti or metal powder produced in this manner contained very low levels ((<Ti-grade 1) of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen due to the fluoride protection described above. .

As can be seen from the XRD of the Ti ingot, the process of the present invention allows the Ti to be produced by reduction with Al without the formation of Al-Ti alloys. Although the XRDs of Titanium powder after reduction as shown in Figure 8 and after sublimation as shown in Figure 10, it seems to reveal the presence of an AITÍ3 phase and that it does not exist in fact, at present . The reason why the "TÍ3" has a crystal structure Al AIT13 is because it "was born" from Al since at the low temperature used (<1300 ° C), there is not enough energy to re-arrange the structure Crystal of Titanium. The rearrangement of the crystalline structure of Titanium only takes place when the Ti melts or reacts with something else, such as N2I to form TiN. Figure 12 shows that the XRD in which Ti powder was exposed to a limited amount of N2 at 1350 ° C. As can be observed, no Al phase or Al alloy could be detected.

The above was also confirmed by the fact that the XRD of Ti powder reduced with Al (Figure 8), showed that only phases AIF3 and AITÍ3 were present. Because a stoichiometric amount of AIF3 to AITÍ3 was used, if the Al actually binds with Ti in an alloy to form AITi3, there must be 25% unreacted TiF3, and this is not shown in the XRD.

The main reason why Ti can be reduced by Al without being bound in an alloy is because during the reduction, the Al reacts with Ti (III) and not Ti (IV). The first reaction is moderately exothermic while the last reaction is violently exothermic: TiF3 + Al = Ti + AIF3 AG = -80kJ / mol Ti, [log (K) = 4] TiF + 1 V3AI = Ti + 1 V3AIF3 AG = -300kJ / mol Ti, [log (K) = 15] Alloy bonding occurs when two metals are in contact with each other and there is enough energy to form the alloy.

In the first reaction, the energy was too low for the alloy to form. The presence of AIF3 also helped maintain the temperature at less than 1100 ° C, the temperature at which the AIF3 begins to sublimate, thus absorbing the energy.

It is evident that the first electron reduction of Ti (IV) to Ti (III) is highly exothermic. In the process of the present invention, said energy is absorbed in water during the controlled aqueous reduction of (NH4) 2TiF6 with AI (Hg). EXAMPLE 2 PREPARATION OF AN ALLOY OF TITANIUM-VANADIO STEP 1: PREPARATION OF NH4VF4 AND VF3 For the manufacture of Ti alloys, such as TÍ-6AI-4V, the elements of the alloy in the form of its metal fluorides were mixed in the correct proportion with TiF3 before the reduction with Al. In the case of Ti-6AI - 4V, VF3 was added to the TiF3 and a 6% excess of Al was used during the reduction to produce the alloy powder, after the sublimation of AIF3.

The V could not be introduced as VF5 or VF4 due to the low melting points of these compounds since they would be sublimated before the reduction could take place. It was therefore necessary to produce VF3 as the V precursor as set forth below.

NH4VO3 (58.5g) was added to water (300ml) and stirred. NH4CI (53.5g) and HF (40%; 130ml) were added to the resulting solution to produce a yellow solution.

Fe (14g, iron wool) was added to the solution to reduce the V (V) to V (IV). The reaction was exothermic and a blue solution was produced. After the reaction was completed, approximately 1 hour later, the solution was filtered to remove traces of iron debris.

NH4VO3 + 6HF + V2Fe + 2NH4CI = (NH4) 2VF6 + ½ (NH4) 2FeCI4 + H2O The temperature of the blue solution was adjusted to 20 ° C and then reduced with AI (Hg) buttons. Over a period of about 3 hours, the temperature increased to about 40 ° C. When the reduction from V (IV) to V (lll) was completed, the Fe coated the AI (Hg) buttons and the reduction was completed.

The resulting green suspension was then filtered and dried as regards the NH4T1F4 described above. The performance of the mint green suspension NH4VF4.2H2O was 67g. The XRD of this product is shown in Figure 13.

The AI (Hg) was not used to reduce V (V) to V (IV) because the reaction was extremely violent and to which it precipitated a lot (NH4) sAIF6 during the reaction.

STEP 2: PREPARATION OF THE ALLOY.

As regards NH4TiF4, NH4VF4.2H2O was also decomposed at 700 ° C to produce VF3 (+ AIF3) dark green color. The XRD of this product is shown in Figure 14. After establishing the ratio between VF3 and AIF3, this powder was mixed with TiF3 (+ AIF3) to produce an alloying powder after reduction and sublimation.

EXAMPLE 3 NH4CI REGENERATION OF A SOLUTION OF (NH4) 2FeCI4 A problem that arises if Fe (OH) 2 is precipitated with NH4OH from the solution of (NhUfeFeCU produced as a byproduct of the selective precipitation step, as described in step 2 of Example 1 described above, is its solubility in In addition, the oxidation of air from Fe (OH) 2 to FeO (OH) (low solubility in NH4CI) is low and impractical and oxidation with H2O2 works well but the Reagent is expensive.

The Applicant found that the oxidation of Fe (ll) to Fe (III) can be improved by conducting a current through the solution. The following reaction is carried out: (NH4) 2FeCI4 + stream = Fe + Cl2 + 2NH4CI Cl2 + 2 (NH4) 2FeCI4 = 2FeCI3 + 4NH4CI 2FeCI3 + 6NH4OH = 6NH4CI + 2FeO (OH) + 2H20 3 (NH4) 2FeCl4 + 6NH4OH + current = 12NH4CI + Fe + 2FeO (OH) + 2H20 Accordingly, the pH of 1 liter of the solution of (NhU ^ FeCU produced in the selective precipitation step was increased to 4-5- by the addition of NH4OH while the solution was stirred.As the solution / suspension was stirred, electrolyzed using a car battery charger at a voltage of 6V with 2 graphite electrodes (any suitable type of electrode can be used) A current of 6-9 amperes occurred which also heated the solution to 60-70 ° C, which benefited the reaction.

As the electrolysis progressed, the pH dropped and was frequently restored to 4-5 by the addition of NH4OH. During the process, no Cl2 gas was produced since it was immediately converted to chloride by the oxidation of Fe (ll) to Fe (III). After about 3 hours, the pH stopped falling, indicating that the reaction had been completed. In general, approximately 300 ml of NH4OH (25%) were used.

The filtrate was evaporated to yield NH 4 Cl (31 Og). A raw mass balance indicated that more than 80% of NH4CI was recovered without washing the filtered cake.

The plated Fe could be used in the process when the iron reduction was carried out after the digestion and to produce FeTi if it had been necessary.

EXAMPLE 4 REGENERATION AND COMPLEMENT OF HF.

The NH4F collected after decomposition of the NH4 precursors at 600 ° C, as described in step (4) of Example 1, was reacted with a solution of slaked lime to form a solution of NH4OH and precipitate CaF2. NH4OH was used in the NH4CI regeneration of (NH4) 2FeCl4. The CaF2 (fluorspar) produced can be sold as a by-product or treated with concentrated H2S04 in accordance with conventional processes to produce HF.

EXAMPLE 5 PRODUCTION OF ANATASE PULP (NH4) 2TiF6 The raw Anatase pulp (??? 2? 2?) Is a well-known product obtained by aqueous hydrolysis of a Ti solution. Essentially, all Ti base materials can be converted to raw anatase pulp. To produce a concentrated solution of M TIFF6, it was necessary to add M "to obtain a mol ratio close to 1 mol M": 1 Mol Ti'v. In this example M "was Zn2 +.

ZnO (40.7g, 0.5mol) was added to tap water (65ml) and stirred until the ZnO was wet. HF (130 ml, 40% 3 mol) was added slowly to the wet ZnO. The reaction was exothermic and not all the ZnO dissolved. TIO2.2H2O (69.6g, 0.6 mol) was then added slowly in four portions with vigorous stirring. The reaction was exothermic and the mixture began to boil. After the addition of a third portion, a clear solution was obtained. After the addition of the fourth portion, which contained an excess of pulp, a milky color was obtained. After one hour, the solution was cooled to 40 ° C and filtered. The filtered cake was washed with water (1X 20 ml). NH4CI (117g, 2 mol) was added to the slurry, approximately 200 m at 30 ° C) with vigorous stirring to produce (NH4) 2TiF6 by the following reaction: ZnTiF6 (aq) + 4NH4CI (s) = (NH4) 2TiF6 (ppt) + (NH4) 2ZnCI4 (aq) The temperature of the mixture initially decreased to less than 5 ° C and, after about 15 minutes of stirring, the temperature rose to about 10 ° C and the mixture was filtered. The resulting crystalline (NH4) 2TiF6 was dried at 60 ° C to yield 80.25g of crystalline product. The performance was > 80% Higher yields (greater than 90%) were produced when the process was carried out on a larger scale.

Unexpectedly, it was found that (NH4) 2TiF6 was not produced if the order of the reaction was reversed. If the crude anatase pulp was first digested in HF to produce aqueous H2TÍF6 and the ZnO was then dissolved in the H2TÍF6 solution, a clear solution was produced. However when the NH CI (s) was added to the solution, the Ti did not precipitate as (NH4) 2TiF6 but a hydrolysis of a white insoluble precipitate occurred.

EXAMPLE 6 PRODUCTION OF (NH4) 2TiF6 FROM RUTILE, BROOKITA. LEUCOXENO AND ESCITIA TITANIFERA Similar results were obtained when the process of Example 5 was followed by the production of (NH4) 2TiF6 using rutile, brooklta, leucoxene or titanium slag. EXAMPLE 7 PRODUCTION OF (NH4) 2TiF6 FROM ANATASE, RUTILLO, BROOKITA, LEUCOXENO AND TITANIFERA SCORING Similar results were obtained when the process of Example 5 was followed using MgO instead of ZnO for the production of (NH4) 2TiF6 from anatase, rutile, bookite, leucoxene or titanium slag.

EXAMPLE 8 PRODUCTION OF TITANIUM FROM ILMENITA VIA REDUCTION OF Na DE TiFfi Referring to Figure 16, ilmenite (800g) was digested with agitation, with 20% aqueous HF (1.51) in a 2 liter polypropylene beaker with a loose spout. The slurry began to boil (100 ° C) after about ten minutes and boiled for about 5 minutes. The reaction mixture then began to cool. After 1 hour the temperature dropped to 74 ° C. Iron wool (12g) was added to reduce all the iron (III) to iron (ll) and the reaction mixture was stirred for another hour. The resulting saturated solution of FeTiFe (1 mol Ti = 438 my slurry) was filtered to remove insoluble material and excess ilmenite (which was recycled). The resulting slurry (1.5t) contained 164g of dissolved titanium. Solid NH4CI (49.4g, 5% excess) was added to the slurry (876ml), and I low temperature to approximately 10 ° C. The resulting solution was stirred for one hour in a water bath at 20 ° C. produced (NH4) 2TiF6 (454g) as a crystalline moist product with a water content of 68g (equal to a dry weight of 368g). The theoretical yield is 395.8g for 2 moles of (NH4) 2TiF6. The selective precipitation according to the above has an efficiency of 97.5% and produces a product with a purity of approximately 98%. The filtered wet cake was then washed with a minimum amount of a saturated NH4CI solution (approximately 75 ml) to produce a crystalline product (442g). This product contained approximately 66g of water (equal to a dry weight of 376g). Indicating an efficiency of 95% and a purity of approximately 99%.

Water (332 ml) was added to the moist crystalline product (442 g) and the solution boiled at 98 ° C. All the crystalline product was dissolved and the solution was then cooled to 10 ° C. The resulting mixture was filtered and the cake filtered wet was washed with a minimum amount of ice water (approximately 60ml), to produce a recrystallized moist product (NH ^ TiFe product (242g) containing approximately 37g of water (equal to the dry weight of 205g and a purity> 99%) The mother liquor solution was recycled.

Dry NaCl (121.2 g) and water (300ml) were added to the wet (NH4ATF6 (242g) and stirred for 30 minutes, and the mixture was filtered.The filtered cake was washed with a minimum amount of NaCl solution ( approximately 50 ml) and dried at 60 ° C to produce very pure crystalline Na2TiF6 (21 Og).

The product was added to the metallic sodium (115g, 20% excess) in a steel crucible with lid under an argon atmosphere. The crucible was placed in a muffled furnace (still under an argon atmosphere) and heated to approximately 700 ° C. At this temperature, an exothermic reaction was carried out and the temperature rose spontaneously to approximately 900 ° C. The crucible was maintained at 900 ° C for an additional 30 minutes to ensure that all excess sodium was evaporated, and subsequently allowed to cool.

After the crucible was cooled to room temperature, the argon flow was interrupted and a product consisting of NaF and titanium (approximately 270g) could be removed from the crucible (theoretical yield of 300g) in the form of pieces having a size of approximately 2-15mm. Some of the product remained attached to the crucible. This granular product was placed in a 250 ml zirconia sealed crucible and heated to 1700 ° C under a closed atmosphere of argon for 10 minutes and subsequently allowed to cool to room temperature. A titanium ingot (approximately 40 g /> 99.9%) was recovered under a NaF slag.

The recycling of NaF was tested by means of a separate experiment. A solution of NaF (42g, -500um) and concentrated HCI (100 ml, 32%) was added to a beaker with a 250 ml cap and shaken at room temperature for 2 hours to produce an aqueous HF solution. Fine crystalline NaCl was filtered (57g after drying at 120 ° C;> 98%) of the solution (96ml). The HF was evaporated to a volume of 84ml to obtain a 20% HF solution (indicating an efficiency of approximately 95%).

After the selective precipitation of (NH4) 2 ~ nF6 from FeTiF6 by NH4CI, the filtrate contained double salt (NH ^ FeCU and traces of elements behaving in the same manner as Fe. NH4CI was regenerated as it was described in Example 3.

HCl and NaOH were recovered by electrolysis of a saturated NaCl solution. This is a well-known industrial process and is used for example in the Chloorkop facilities in South Africa on a kiloton scale.

Sodium silicate was recovered from sodium hydroxide and silica as is well known in, for example, the glass industry, and the sodium silicate was converted to sodium by Si (Fe) in accordance with known methods.

EXAMPLE 9 TITANIUM PRODUCTION FROM ILMENITA BY MEANS OF THE REDUCTION OF Na2TiF6 Mg Referring to Figure 17, ilmenite (800g) was digested with 20% aqueous HF to produce a slurry as described in Example 1. Sodium sulfate (149g, 5g excess) was added to the slurry (438ml). ) and the solution was stirred for 1 hour at 20 ° C. The resulting suspension was filtered to produce a moist crystalline product which was washed with a minimum amount of a saturated solution of Na 2 SO 4 (approximately 3 X 25 ml) and dried at 60 ° C to produce a crystalline product of a2TiF6 (195g, indicating an efficiency of 94% and a purity of approximately 99%).

The dry crystalline product of Na2TiF6 (195g) was added to the magnesium filings (57g, 20% excess) in a steel crucible with a lid of 750ml under an argon atmosphere. The crucible was placed in a muffled furnace (even under an argon atmosphere) and heated to approximately 700 ° C. At this temperature I carried out an exothermic reaction and the temperature increased spontaneously to approximately 900 ° C. The temperature was then raised to approximately 1 100 ° C and maintained for approximately 30 minutes to ensure that all the excess magnesium was evaporated, and subsequently I let it cool.

After the crucible was cooled to room temperature, the flow of argon was interrupted and the product consisting of a mixture of NaMgF3 and titanium was recovered from the crucible. Due to the iron content of the precursor, only grade 4 titanium could be obtained by melting the product at 1700 ° C.

The recycling cycles shown in Figure 17 are well-known business processes.

EXAMPLE 10 PREPARATION OF NITRIDE, CARBIDE, BORURO, HYDRIDE, SILICIIDE, PHOSPHURUS AND TITANIUM SULFIDE The deactivated titanium powder of Example 1 was heated in the presence of gaseous nitrogen, carbon in the form of carbon powder or coke, diborane, hydrogen gas, silica powder, phosphine and sulfur powder respectively to produce nitride, carbide, boride, hydride, silicide, phosphide and sulfur respectively.

ADVANTAGE There are several clear advantages associated with the process of the present invention compared to prior art processes. (1) First, the process of the present invention uses inexpensive raw material, such as ilmenite, which is readily available in large quantities. (2) All by-products produced by the process of the present invention are recycled and consequently there is very little consumption of reagents in general. (3) The process of the present invention also provides a route to produce titanium including a protective fluoride layer in accordance as described above. (4) It is a further advantage of the present invention that the (NH4) 2TiF6, intermediate which was not previously commercially available, is used in place of precursors such as TiCU. The (NH4) TiF6 salt is stable in the air and water, is not corrosive and is very easy to prepare in an aqueous medium at room temperature. On the other hand, TiCU is a very toxic liquid which decomposes violently in air and water and is highly corrosive. It is very difficult to prepare, requiring temperatures in the order of 1000 ° C and is in the form of gas during the reduction stage. Titanium produced via TiCU is expensive and is susceptible to being contaminated with O, N, H and C due to the absence of a fluoride layer associated with the method of the present invention. (5) It is a further major advantage, the fact that the titanium produced in accordance with the method of the present invention has a cost comparable to that of high grade stainless steel. (6) It is a further advantage, that aluminum, which is substantially cheaper than sodium or magnesium (as it is in the prior art processes), is used in the reduction step, without the formation of any type of aluminum alloy in the final product. (7) Additionally, the method of the present invention produces titanium powder at a temperature much lower than the melting point of titanium. The above helps to obtain more economic pyrometallurgical operations. This powder can then be used in classical metallurgical techniques to produce molded articles with an almost exact amount of material. The above helps to decrease the amount of wasted material compared to prior art processes that use ingots. However, if titanium ingots are required, the powder can be easily melted by a single-stage casting method, for example in an induction furnace, because it is protected by an AIF3 layer. The AIF3 acts additionally as a fluid during the melting of the powder. (8) It is a particular advantage of the present invention, that when titanium alloys are prepared as described in Example 2, the other fluoride salt 0 salts can be easily mixed homogeneously with TiF3 in such a way that a homogeneous dispersion of the other metal or metals in the alloy is obtained. The methods of the prior art for the homogeneous production of alloys by mixing molten metals are particularly difficult. (9) It is a further advantage of the present invention that the process can be carried out using technical grade aqueous HF which is substantially cheaper than the chemically pure aqueous HF. The board 1 shows for comparison purposes the typical chemical composition, mechanical properties and physical properties of commercially available corrosion resistant titanium alloys.

TABLE 1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (% NOMINAL) TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES * Condition of Mili anneal **Minimum CONCLUSIONS In summary, the applicant has found that a very pure titanium precursor can be produced in large quantities from Imenite (which is the cheapest source of titanium) and that this precursor can be used to produce titanium with oxygen levels. which are lower than those of commercial grade 1 titanium. The low oxygen content increases the malleability of the metal. The metal is also protected from oxidation during forging by a coating based on metal fluoride. The Applicant believes that the method of the present invention will allow titanium to be produced at a cost approximately similar to that of high grade stainless steel. This would greatly increase the world market for titanium.

Claims (20)

1. A method for the production of titanium metal from a material containing titanium, said method including the steps of produce a solution of M "TiF6 from material containing titanium, selectively precipitate (NH4) 2TiF6 from the solution by adding (NH4) aXb in which: M "is a cation of the type that forms hexafluorotitanate, M" being selected from the group comprising Fe2 +, Mn2 +, Zn2 +, Mg2 +, Cu2 +, Ca2 +, Sr2 *, Ba2 +, Co2 + and Ni2 +; X is an anion selected from: halide, sulfate, nitrite, acetate and nitrate; and a and b are 1 or 2; Y using (NH4) 2TiF6 selectively precipitated to produce titanium.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the M TiF6 is FeTiFe and (NH4) aXb is selected from NH4CI and (NH4) 2S04.

3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the material with titanium content is selected from ilmenite, rutile, anatase, perovskite, brookite, pseudo-brookite, spheena, leucoxene, and titanium slags.

4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the M TiF6 is FeTiF6 and the FeTiF6 solution is produced by the digestion of titanium content material with aqueous HF.

5. A method according to claim 4, wherein the concentration of HF is between about 5 and 60%.

6. A method according to claim 5, wherein the concentration of HF is between about 20 and 24%.

7. A method according to claim 4, which includes the step of adding a reducing agent to the solution produced in the digestion step to reduce at least some of the Fe (III) present in the solution to Fe (II).

8. A method according to claim 1, which includes the additional step of purifying the M TiF6 by recrystallization.

9. A method according to claim 1, which includes the step of reducing the (NH4) 2TiF6, in which the titanium is in the oxidation state IV, to produce a titanium-III product, decompose the titanium product -lll to produce T1F3 and reduce T1F3 to titanium.

10. A method according to claim 9, wherein (NH4) 4TiF6 is reduced to the product Ti (III) with a reducing agent selected from aluminum manganese, zinc, iron and magnesium.

11. A method according to claim 9, wherein the (NH) 2TiF6 is electrolytically reduced to produce the product Ti (III).

12. A method to recover ilmenite titanium, the method including the steps of: digest ilmenite in aqueous HF to produce FeTiF6 and remove insoluble material; selectively precipitating (NH4) 2TiF6 by the addition of an ammonium salt; optionally purifying the precipitated (NH) 2TiF6; reducing the optionally purified (NH4) 2TiF6 to NH TiF4 with mercury activated aluminum; pyrolyzing NH4TiF4 to produce T1F3; reduce T1F3 to titanium metal with aluminum to produce Ti and AIF3 powder; and remove most of AIF3 by sublimation.

13. A method for recovering titanium from material containing Ti02, said method including the steps of: preparing an aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution containing M "; digest the material with contenido 2 content in the solution to produce a solution containing M "TiF6 and remove the insoluble material; selectively precipitating (NH4) 2TiF6 by the addition of an ammonium salt; optionally purify the precipitate (NH4) 2TiF6¡ reduce (NH4) 2TiF6 to NH4TiF4 with mercury activated aluminum; pyrolyzing NH4TiF4 to produce T1F3; and reduce TiF3a titanium metal.

14. A method according to claim 13, in which the material with contenido 2 content is selected from anatase, rutile, brookite, leucoxene and titanium slag.

15. A method for the production of titanium metal from a material containing titanium, said method including the steps of produce a solution of M "TiF6 from material containing titanium, selectively precipitate (NH4) 2TF6 from the solution by adding (NH4) aXb in which: M "is a cation of the type forming hexafluorotitanate, M" being selected from the group comprising Fe2 +, Mn2 +, Zn2 +, Mg2 +, Cu2 +, Ca2 +, Sr2 *, Ba2 +, Co2 + and Ni2 + and using the (NhU ^ TiFe precipitated selectively to produce titanium, wherein (NH4) aXb is selected from NH4CI and (NH4) 2S0.

16. A method according to claim 15, wherein the material with titanium content is selected from ilmenite, rutile, anatase, perovskite, brookite, pseudo-brookite, spheena, leucoxene, and titanium slags.

17. A method according to claim 16, wherein the M TIFF6 is FeTiF6 and the FeTiF6 solution is produced by the digestion of material with titanium content with aqueous HF in a range of between 5 to 60%

18. A method according to claim 17, which includes the step of adding a reducing agent to the solution produced in the digestion step to reduce at least some of the Fe (III) present in the solution to Fe (II) or the which includes the additional step of purifying the M TiFepor recrystallization.

19. A method according to claim 15, which includes the step of reducing the (NH4) 2TiF6, in which the titanium is in the oxidation state IV, to produce a titanium-III product, decompose the titanium product -lll to produce TiF3 and reduce TiF3 to titanium.

20. A method according to claim 19, wherein the (NH4) 4TiF6 is reduced to the product Ti (III) with a reducing agent selected from aluminum manganese, zinc, iron and magnesium or in which (NH4) 4TiF6 is electrolytically reduced to produce the product Ti (III).