KR20170078982A

KR20170078982A - Soybean fermented beverages, and a method of manufacturing the same

Info

Publication number: KR20170078982A
Application number: KR1020150188992A
Authority: KR
Inventors: 이승제; 정이형; 한인준
Original assignee: 재단법인 전라북도생물산업진흥원
Priority date: 2015-12-29
Filing date: 2015-12-29
Publication date: 2017-07-10
Also published as: KR101793345B1

Abstract

The present invention relates to a functional fermented soybean curd fermented beverage having improved flavor and odor peculiar to cheonggukjang, which can be easily ingested by a consumer without a sense of rejection, and further having a GABA content, and a process for producing the fermented beverage, inoculating and fermenting subtillis (Bacillus subtilis) to produce chungkukjang; b) drying and pulverizing the chongkukjang obtained in the step a) to produce chungkukjang powder; c) mixing the chrysanthemum powder obtained in the step b) with distilled water to prepare a mixture of chungkukjang; d) sterilizing the mixture of Chungkukjang obtained through step c); e) fermenting the fermented soybean mixed liquor obtained in step d) by inoculating lactic acid bacteria; f) obtaining a fermented broth of Cheonggukjang by filtering the fermented Chinese cabbage mixture liquid obtained through step e); g) mixing the chrysanthemum fermentation broth obtained through the step f) with the broth concentrate, the concentrate, the flavor, the liquid fructose, the sugar, the citric acid and the water to prepare a fermented beverage of Chongkukjang.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to a soybean fermented beverage,

The present invention relates to a functional fermented soybean curd fermented beverage having improved flavor and odor unique to chonggukjang, which can be easily ingested by a consumer without a sense of rejection and further enhanced in GABA content, and a process for producing the same.

Cheonggukjang is a representative fermented food of Korea made from soybean, and it is a traditional fermented food which has been used as a good protein source from the Goguryeo period to today.

Soybeans are high in protein content and high in nutrients such as unsaturated fatty acids, which are beneficial to the human body. They are called vitamin E, which is known to be an antioxidant, lecithin as a preventive substance for dementia, saponin as a cholesterol-lowering substance, And is well known as a preventive food material for adult diseases.

Chungkookjang uses fermented soybeans to produce fermented soybeans. Therefore, it is possible to utilize the nutrients of soybeans rather than soybean milk or tofu, which is made by removing the bean jam from soybeans. In addition, amylase, which is a strong digestive enzyme, , Protease and so on, so that digestibility of boiled soy beans is 50 ~ 70%, while that of chungkukjang is 90 ~ 92%, so digestion and absorption are good and nutrients are used well and also act as a digestive agent.

In addition, Chungkukjang contains various enzymes such as trypsin and amylase, and because it contains a large amount of vitamins such as vitamin B2 and K, which are synthesized by Bacillus subtilis (Bacillus subtilis), their functionality and nutritional value are superior to those of any food.

However, Chungkukjang had difficulty in boiling and cooking frequently despite its health functionalities due to its unique flavor and bitterness such as bitter taste produced during fermentation.

To solve this problem, it has been proposed as a method for producing a concentrated liquid of Chungkookjang concentrate and a registered patent No. 10-0910584 for Chungkookjang beverage.

In the above-mentioned Patent No. 10-0910584, a method of producing a concentrated chongkukjang concentrate capable of producing a chongkukjang concentrate by dipping the chungkukjang powder in a solvent and extracting and concentrating the concentrate to provide a beverage having a new function, and a method of producing a chongkukjang beverage It is.

However, the improvement of the GABA content could not be confirmed in the Chungkookjang beverage of the above-mentioned Japanese Patent No. 10-0910584. Further, the above-mentioned Chungkookjang beverage still has a problem that the taste and taste are not sufficiently improved for the general person to easily ingest.

(0001) Patent No. 10-0910584

In order to solve such a problem, the present invention can produce a fermented broth having a maximum GABA content by inoculating a fermented broth with fermented lactic acid bacteria by inoculating the fermented broth with a fermented broth, further comprising a broth concentrate, a concentrate, a flavoring, , Fermented beverage of Chongkukjang by mixing citric acid and water to sweeten the flavor and odor peculiar to Chonggukjang, and to provide a fermented beverage of Chongkukjang fermented beverage excellent in sensuality and palatability that consumers can easily ingest without any sense of resistance The purpose.

According to an aspect of the present invention,

a) inoculating and boiling Bacillus subtillis (Bacillus subtilis) in the expanded soybeans to produce chungkukjang;

b) drying and pulverizing the chongkukjang obtained in the step a) to produce chungkukjang powder;

c) mixing the chrysanthemum powder obtained in the step b) with distilled water to prepare a mixture of chungkukjang;

d) sterilizing the mixture of Chungkukjang obtained through step c);

e) fermenting the fermented soybean mixed liquor obtained in step d) by inoculating lactic acid bacteria;

f) obtaining a fermented broth of Cheonggukjang by filtering the fermented Chinese cabbage mixture liquid obtained through step e);

g) mixing the fermented soybean fermented liquor obtained in step f) with a bellflower concentrate, a fermented milk concentrate, a flavor, a liquid fructose, sugar, citric acid and water to prepare a fermented fermented beverage of Chongkukjang. And a manufacturing method thereof.

In step g), 16 to 26 parts by weight of the bellflower concentrate, 32 to 42 parts by weight of the concentrate, 0.3 to 0.5 parts by weight of the fragrance, 103 to 118 parts by weight of the liquid fructose, 28 to 38 parts by weight of the sugar, 0.5 to 0.7 parts by weight of citric acid, and 525 to 535 parts by weight of water.

Furthermore, the fragrance of step g) is preferably a jujube flavor and a citron flavor.

It is preferable that the fragrance comprises the jujuba flavor and the citron flavor in a ratio of 1: 1.5.

In addition, it is preferable that the chrysanthemum in step b) is dried at 60 to 80 ° C for 11 to 13 hours.

It is preferable that the fermentation medium mixture in step e) is fermented at 37 ° C for 5 days.

In addition, the present invention provides a fermented beverage having a fermented soy sauce, which is produced by the above process.

The present invention has the effect of producing a functional fermented soybean fermented beverage having improved flavor and odor peculiar to Cheonggukjang, which can be easily ingested by a consumer without a sense of rejection and further enhanced in GABA content.

Hereinafter, a method for producing the fermented beverage fermented beverage of the present invention will be described in detail.

The method for producing fermented beverage of fermented beverage of the present invention includes the steps of making a chongkukjang, making a chongkukjang powder, making a chongkukjang mixture, sterilizing a mixture of chongkukjang, fermenting a fermented lactic acid bacterium, And making a fermented beverage of Chungkookjang.

First, it is the stage of making Cheonggukjang.

Bacillus subtilis (Bacillus subtilis) was inoculated and cultured in soybeans grown at 120 ° C for 10 minutes to prepare the chungkukjang. It is preferable that the strain is cultured for 72 hours at 37 DEG C using NB broth medium.

The Bacillus subtilis KCCM 11315, Bacillus subtillis KCCM 12027, Bacillus subtillis KCCM 12511, Bacillus subtillis KCCM 12512 and Bacillus subtillis KCCM 12513 can be used as the Bacillus subtilis, but more preferably the protease is most active High Bacillus subtilis KCCM 12027 may be used to further improve the fermentation status of the chrysanthemum.

Next, it is the step of making chungkukjang powder.

More specifically, it is preferable to dry the chungkukjang and crush the chungkukjang to make the chungkukjang powder in order to reduce the moisture content and water activity of the chungkukjang and improve the shelf life and preservability of the chungkukjang.

At this time, it is preferable that the chungkukjang is dried at 60 to 80 ° C for 11 to 13 hours.

If the chungkukjang is dried at a temperature lower than 60 캜, the chungkukjang may have a lot of moisture and the chungkukjang powder may not be uniformly dispersed and the storage stability and storage stability of the chungkukjang may be poor.

If the chungkukjang is dried at a temperature higher than 80 캜, the color of the dried chungkukjang may not be good enough to lower the sensibility of the beverage.

If the chungkukjang is dried for less than 11 hours, the chungkukjang may have a lot of water and the chungkukjang powder may be uneven in its condition, and the chungkukjang may not have good storability and storage stability.

If the chungkukjang is dried for more than 13 hours, the color of the dried chungkukjang may not be good enough to lower the sensibility of the beverage.

Next, mixing the distilled water into the chrysanthemum powder is used to make a mixture of Chungkookjang.

Here, in order to smoothly carry out complex fermentation of lactic acid bacteria in a fermentation step of lactic acid bacteria to be described later, it is preferable to add distilled water to the chungkukjang powder 10 times to extract a useful component of the cheonggukjang to prepare a cheonggukjang mixed solution.

Next, the step of sterilizing the mixed solution of Chungkukjang is performed.

In order to prevent the Bacillus subtilis (Bacillus subtilis) inoculated to make the chitinookjang from adversely affecting fermentation of the lactic acid bacteria in the lactic acid fermentation step, which will be described later, it is preferable to sterilize the mixture of Chungkukjang mixed liquor. It is recommended to sterilize at 121 ℃ for 15 minutes.

Next, lactic acid bacteria are inoculated 0.1% in the sterilized mixed solution of Chungkukjang to obtain a fermented beverage having the maximum GABA (gamma -aminobutyric acid) content, which is a memory improving ingredient, and fermented.

Here, commercially available ABY-3 or L. casei-01 may be used as the lactic acid bacteria, but it is more preferable to use ABY-3 lactic acid bacteria in order to maximize GABA production by complex fermentation of the chungkukjang and the lactic acid bacteria.

Particularly, it is most preferable that the fermented soy sauce mixture is fermented at 37 ° C for 5 days so that GABA production can be maximized.

Next, the fermented Chungkukjang mixed liquor after the inoculation of lactic acid bacteria is filtered to obtain a fermented broth of Chungkukjang.

Here, in order to prevent impurities contained in the Chungkukjang mixed liquor from being filtered out, and to prevent the color of the Chungkukjang mixed liquor from becoming turbid and deteriorating the sensory and tastes of the beverage, the fermented Chungkukjang fermented after the lactic acid bacteria inoculation is filtered to obtain a fermented liquorice .

Next, it is the step of making a fermented beverage of Chongkukjang.

More specifically, the chonggukjang fermentation broth is prepared by mixing the broth concentrate, the concentrate, the flavor, the liquid fructose, the sugar, the citric acid and the water.

It is preferable that the bellflower concentrate is mixed with the sweetener to sweeten the beverage to sweetly improve the characteristic flavor of the cheonggukjang so as to obtain a drink which can be easily ingested by consumers without a sense of resistance.

It is preferable that the bellflower concentrate is mixed with 16 to 26 parts by weight.

If the bellflower concentrate is mixed at less than 16 parts by weight, sweetness can not be supplemented to the beverage.

When the bellflower concentrate is mixed in an amount exceeding 26 parts by weight, bitterness of the bellflower concentrate is added to the beverage to lower the functionality of the beverage.

The concentrated liquid concentrates not only with the sweetness of the beverage but also with a cool taste, and is preferably mixed with the bellflower concentrate to further improve the functionality of the beverage.

It is preferable to mix 32 to 42 parts by weight of the concentrated concentrate.

When the above-mentioned concentrated concentrate is mixed in an amount of less than 32 parts by weight, the sweetness and the cool taste can not be supplemented to the beverage, thereby lowering the functionality of the beverage.

When the above-mentioned concentrated concentrate is mixed in an amount of more than 42 parts by weight, the taste of the bellflower concentrate is reduced, thereby deteriorating the functionality of the beverage.

It is preferable that the fragrance is mixed in order to sweeten the fragrance unique to the fermented broth.

The fragrance is most preferably a jujube flavor and a citron flavor, and 0.3 to 0.5 parts by weight of the jujube flavor and the citron flavor ratio is preferably 1: 1.5 weight ratio.

When the fragrance is mixed in an amount of less than 0.3 part by weight, there is a problem that the unique fragrance of the fermented broth can not be sweetened.

When the fragrance is mixed in an amount of more than 0.5 parts by weight, the flavor of the beverage becomes too strong, which makes it difficult for a general person to easily take it.

It is preferred that the liquid fructose and the sugar be mixed to further supplement the sweetness lacking in the beverage.

The liquid fructose is preferably mixed with 103 to 118 parts by weight.

If the above liquid fructose is mixed in an amount of less than 103 parts by weight, there is a problem that the sweetness lacking in the beverage can not be supplemented.

When the above liquid fructose is mixed in an amount of more than 118 parts by weight, the taste of the beverage tends to be too high to lower the functionality of the beverage.

The sugar is preferably mixed with 28 to 38 parts by weight.

If the sugar is mixed in an amount of less than 28 parts by weight, there is a problem that the sweetness that is insufficient in the beverage can not be supplemented.

If the sugar is mixed in an amount of more than 38 parts by weight, the taste of the beverage tends to be too high to lower the functionality of the beverage.

Preferably, the citric acid is mixed with the fermented chongkukjang to supplement the sour taste and further increase the functionality of the beverage.

It is preferable that 0.5 to 0.7 parts by weight of citric acid is mixed.

If the citric acid is mixed at less than 0.5 part by weight, there is a problem that the beverage can not be supplemented with a sour taste.

When the citric acid is mixed in an amount of more than 0.7 parts by weight, the sour taste of the beverage is too strong to lower the functionality of the beverage.

By mixing the above water with 525 to 535 parts by weight, the fermented beverage of the present invention can be obtained.

Hereinafter, the fermented beverage of fermented soybean curd according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

[Production of Cheonggukjang fermentation broth]

Bacillus subtillis KCCM 12027 was inoculated with Korean domestic white rice at 120 ° C for 10 minutes and fermented at 40 ° C for 72 hours.

Next, the chungkukjang was dried and pulverized at 70 DEG C for 12 hours to prepare chungkukjang powder.

Next, the chungkukjang powder was mixed with distilled water to prepare a mixture of Chungkukjang, and the chungkukjang mixture was sterilized at 121 캜 for 15 minutes.

Next, the sterilized chungkukjang mixed solution was inoculated with 0.1% of ABY-3 lactic acid bacteria, fermented at 37 DEG C for 5 days, and filtered to obtain a fermented broth of Chungkukjang.

[Selection of concentrate for fermented beverage of Cheonggukjang]

Experimental Example 1 to 7

The chrysanthemum fermentation broth obtained from the fermentation broth of Chungkukjang prepared above was mixed with the bellflower concentrate, the brewer's concentrate, the cinnamon concentrate and the gugija concentrate, respectively, as shown in Table 1 below, and these were shown in Experimental Examples 1 to 7.

Then, the sensory evaluation of taste, aroma and overall acceptability was carried out, and the results are shown in Table 2 below.

The sensory evaluation was carried out on 20 adult male and 20 adult female subjects. The taste, aroma and overall acceptability were evaluated by 5 point scoring method (5- excellent, 4- good, 3- normal, 2- poor, 1- very Poor).

concentrate Bellflower ship cinnamon Gugija Experimental Example 1

Cheonggukjang
Fermentation liquid
○ ○ - - Experimental Example 2 ○ - ○ - Experimental Example 3 ○ - - ○ Experimental Example 4 - ○ ○ - Experimental Example 5 - ○ - ○ Experimental Example 6 ○ - ○ - Experimental Example 7 - - ○ ○

flavor incense Overall likelihood Experimental Example 1 4.8 4.2 4.5 Experimental Example 2 2.1 2.4 2.2 Experimental Example 3 4.1 4.0 4.0 Experimental Example 4 2.4 2.7 2.5 Experimental Example 5 3.8 3.9 3.8 Experimental Example 6 2.7 2.9 2.8 Experimental Example 7 2.6 2.7 2.6

As shown in Table 1 and Table 2, it was confirmed that the overall preference of Experimental Example 1 obtained by mixing the broth concentrate and the concentrate into the fermentation broth of Cheonggukjang was highest in comparison with the preference of all the Experimental Examples 2 to 7 I could.

More specifically, the taste and flavor unique to the fermented broccoli fermentation broth was remarkably reduced owing to the sweetness of the broth concentrate and the sweetness and cool taste of the broth concentrate. Therefore, the overall preference in Experimental Example 1 was considered to be the highest of 4.5 .

On the other hand, in Experimental Examples 2, 4, 6 and 7 in which the cinnamon concentrate was mixed, flavor and aroma unique to cinnamon were so strong that the flavor and aroma peculiar to the fermented cucumber fermented product could not be sweetened.

In addition, although the overall preference of Experimental Example 3 in which the bellflower concentrate and the Gujuga's concentrate were mixed was high at 4.0, the sweet taste and cool taste of the concentrate could not be obtained. Therefore, It is considered to be evaluated.

[Selection of spices for fermented beverage of Cheonggukjang]

Experimental Example 8-14

As shown in Tables 1 and 2, the jujube flavor, citron flavor, ginger flavor flavor, and corn flavor were evaluated in Experimental Example 1 in which the selection performance of the concentrate for fermented beverage of Chungkukjang was most excellent, Were mixed to give Experimental Examples 8 to 14.

The sensory evaluation of the fragrance was carried out, and the results are shown in Table 4 below.

The sensory evaluation was performed by 20 adult men and 20 adult women by scoring 5 points (5 - very good, 4 - good, 3 - moderate, 2 - poor, 1 - very poor) Respectively.

Spices Jujube Citron scent Incense Corn flavor Experimental Example 8

Cheonggukjang fermented liquid
Bellflower concentrate
Concentrate ○ ○ - - Experimental Example 9 ○ - ○ - Experimental Example 10 ○ - - ○ Experimental Example 11 - ○ ○ - Experimental Example 12 - ○ - ○ Experimental Example 13 ○ - ○ - Experimental Example 14 - - ○ ○

incense Experimental Example 8 4.7 Experimental Example 9 3.7 Experimental Example 10 3.4 Experimental Example 11 4.0 Experimental Example 12 4.1 Experimental Example 13 3.6 Experimental Example 14 2.6

As shown in Tables 3 and 4, it was confirmed that the sensory evaluation of Experimental Example 8 was the highest evaluated in comparison with the sensory evaluation of Experimental Examples 9 to 14.

More specifically, it was confirmed that each of the Experimental Examples 8, 11 and 12 containing the citron flavor had a high score of 4 points, and in particular, the flavor of Experimental Example 8 in which the citron flavor and the jujube flavor were mixed was 4.7 It was confirmed that it was the highest evaluation.

This is considered to be the most effective improvement of the characteristic odor of the fermented broth of Chengdugangjang due to the sweet and sour flavor of citron and sweet and sour flavor of jujubes.

[Example 1]

As shown in the above Experimental Examples 1 to 14, the perfume screening sensory evaluation was the best in Experimental Example 1, in which the selection performance of the concentrate for fermented beverage of Chungkukjang was most excellent, in the case of the bellflower concentrate, Fermented beverage of Example 1 was obtained by mixing the jujuba flavor, yujeari and liquid fructose, sugar, citric acid and water of Experimental Example 8 described above.

At this time, 20.8 parts by weight of a bellflower concentrate, 37.5 parts by weight of a concentrate, 0.4 parts by weight of a flavoring agent, 108 parts by weight of liquid fructose, 33 parts by weight of sugar, 0.6 parts by weight of citric acid and 532 parts by weight of water were mixed with 100 parts by weight of fermentation broth 0.16 parts by weight of jujube fractions and 0.25 parts by weight of citron fragrances were used.

[Comparative Example 1]

The fermented beverage of Chongkukjang sold in the market was purchased to obtain the fermented beverage of Comparative Example 1.

The fermented beverage of Chungkookjang fermented beverage of 1 contained 84.2% of the fermented broth of Natto (Chongkukjang), and the mixture of the fermented broth of Natto (Chungkukjang), corn extract, corn extract, And 15.8% of additives.

[Sensory Evaluation]

The flavor, aroma, and overall acceptability of the fermented soybean fermented beverage of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 5 below.

flavor incense Overall likelihood Example 1 4.6 4.1 4.3 Comparative Example 1 3.2 2.7 2.9

As shown in Table 5, it was confirmed that the overall preference of the fermented soybean curd fermented beverage of Example 1 was significantly higher than that of the fermented soybean fermented beverage of Comparative Example 1.

In the fermented beverage of Chongkukjang fermented beverage of Example 1, the sweetness of sweetness of the bellflower concentrate, the cool taste and sweetness of the fermented concentrate were able to sweetly improve the characteristic flavor of Chonggukjang. Therefore, the sensory evaluation of taste was 4.6, The sweet and sour flavor of the citron fragrance and the sweet and sour flavor of the jujube fragrance could sweetly improve the flavor of the flavor of Chonggukjang, so that the sensory evaluation of the fragrance was 4.1.

Further, the liquid fructose and the sugar supplemented the sweet taste of the fermented beverage of Chungkukjang, and the citric acid mixture further supplemented the sour taste. Thus, the overall preference of the fermented beverage fermented beverage of Example 1 was 4.3, Of fermented beverages of Chungkookjang fermented beverages was 2.9.

[Measurement of GABA content of fermented broth of Cheonggukjang]

Amino acid analysis was performed to determine the content of GABA in the fermented broth of fermented soybean curd according to fermentation period, and the results are shown in Table 6 below.

800 占 퐇 of a solvent (methanol: chloroform: water = 12: 5: 3) was added to a sample of 200 占 10 mg and the mixture was centrifuged to recover a supernatant which was an aqueous solution. (1: 2) mixture. The supernatant was recovered by centrifugation, and the supernatant was recovered by lyophilization. The supernatant was collected by filtration and used as a sample for HPLC analysis.

For HPLC analysis (Waters, USA), the samples were derivatized with 6-aminoquioly-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbonate (AQC) and analyzed with 3.9 x 150 mm AccQ Tag ™ (Nova-Pak ™ aC18, Waters ) &Lt; / RTI > column. Amino acid content was calculated based on the results of standard amino acid HPLC analysis.

Sample
GABA (mg / 100g)

0 day 1-0 1.15 ± 0.09 2-0 9.71 + - 10369 3-0 13.32 + - 1.85 4-0 1.03 0.08 5-0 15.88 ± 1.15 6-0 16.67 ± 0.82 7-0 16.02 + - 2.44 8-0 1.58 ± 0.18 9-0 18.19 + 0.07 10-0 1.85 ± 0.00 11-0 15.97 + - 0.93 12-0 15.30 ± 1.39

Day 5 1-3 17.47 ± 0.77 2-3 5.87 ± 6.66 3-3 1.09 ± 0.13 4-3 16.74 ± 0.26 5-3 1.07 ± 0.05 6-3 0.80 + 0.26 7-3 14.56 + - 2.47 8-3 20.66 ± 1.95 9-3 7.24 ± 9.30 10-3 16.27 ± 2.35 11-3 16.34 ± 1.36 12-3 12.4 ± 12.78

As shown in Table 6, it was confirmed that the GABA content was increased on the 5th day from the 0th day.

Claims

a) inoculating and boiling Bacillus subtillis (Bacillus subtilis) in the expanded soybeans to produce chungkukjang;
b) drying and pulverizing the chongkukjang obtained in the step a) to produce chungkukjang powder;
c) mixing the chrysanthemum powder obtained in the step b) with distilled water to prepare a mixture of chungkukjang;
d) sterilizing the mixture of Chungkukjang obtained through step c);
e) fermenting the fermented soybean mixed liquor obtained in step d) by inoculating lactic acid bacteria;
f) obtaining a fermented broth of Cheonggukjang by filtering the fermented Chinese cabbage mixture liquid obtained through step e);
g) mixing the fermented soybean fermented liquor obtained in step f) with a bellflower concentrate, a poured concentrate, a flavor, a liquid fructose, sugar, citric acid and water to prepare a fermented fermented beverage of Chongkukjang. Gt;

The method according to claim 1,
In step g), 16 to 26 parts by weight of the bellflower concentrate, 32 to 42 parts by weight of the concentrate, 0.3 to 0.5 parts by weight of the fragrance, 103 to 118 parts by weight of the liquid fructose, 28 to 38 parts by weight of sugar, 0.5 to 0.7 parts by weight of citric acid, and 525 to 535 parts by weight of water are mixed.

3. The method of claim 2,
Wherein the flavor of step (g) is a jujube flavor and a citron flavor.

The method of claim 3,
Wherein the fragrance comprises the jujube fragrance and the citron flavor in a weight ratio of 1: 1.5.

5. The method of claim 4,
Wherein the fermentation kernels in step b) are dried at 60 to 80 ° C for 11 to 13 hours.

6. The method of claim 5,
Wherein the fermented milk mixture in step (e) is fermented at 37 DEG C for 5 days.

A fermented beverage of Chongkukjang prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 6.