KR20140042292A - Functional food packaging including iron-coated zeolite and method for preparing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a functional food packing material, and, more specifically, to a food packing material which is made from synthetic resin as a main raw material and contains iron-coated zeolite powder, fine powder-shaped natural mineral matters, and charcoal powder particles so that food storability can be improved by improving the harmful ingredient absorbing property and the antibacterial activity of the packing material, and, especially by improving the antioxidant activity of the packing material. The functional food packing material according to the present invention has functional powder of which the addition amount is minimized, thereby preventing effects on the moldability of the packing material, maintaining the transparency of the packing material, and maximizing the food storability. In addition, the acidification of food, especially, the acidification of meat can be prevented by the antioxidant activity. [Reference numerals] (AA) Step of preparing powder particles containing natural mineral matters and charcoal, and preparing iron-coated zeolite powder; (BB) Step of manufacturing a powder particle master batch in which the powder particles and synthetic resin are mixed; (CC) Step of manufacturing a iron-coated zeolite master batch in which the iron-coated zeolite powder and the synthetic resin are mixed; (DD) Step of manufacturing a packing material by mixing and extruding the powder particle master batch, the iron-coated zeolite master batch, and the synthetic resin

Description

Functional food packaging including iron-coated zeolite and method for preparing the same {Functional food packaging including iron-coated zeolite and method for preparing the same}

The present invention relates to a functional food packaging material, and more particularly, to a food packaging material containing a synthetic resin as a main ingredient and containing iron-coated zeolite powder, natural minerals in the form of fine powder and charcoal powder particles, And more particularly to a food packaging material which increases the shelf life of foods by enhancing antioxidative action.

As income increases and living standard improves, people are increasingly interested in food quality. Consumption of eco-friendly agricultural products and refrigerated meat is soaring that it is possible to maintain the freshness of agricultural products and prevent oxidation of food, There is a growing need for functional packages that can be avoided.

This is called "functional packaging technology" which is to prevent the decay of food. This is called "functional packaging technology", which is a barrier to oxygen that changes the quality of food, adsorption and decomposition of ethylene which is a hormone that causes corruption by promoting agricultural products and plants, Control of moisture, antimicrobial activity and addition of anti-fungal substances.

Existing domestic and foreign food packaging materials aimed at increasing the freshness retention period of the contents in the packaging materials are classified into two categories according to the manufacturing method, namely "additive method" in which the leading substance for controlling the ethylene gas is added during the manufacture of the packaging material, And a " puncture method " in which the amount of oxygen is adjusted.

Representative methods used in the study of functional packaging materials include releasing or adsorbing a specific gas to adjust the concentration thereof, or adding an antimicrobial substance, an antioxidant substance, or an anti-fogging agent. Recently, the concept of consumer convenience, quality control, and environmental protection has been introduced in addition to the functionality in the meaning of food storage, so that easy peeling of the cover is possible and a time-temperature integration indicator TTI), and oxygen indicator are developed mainly in developed countries, so that interest in packaging materials is increasing.

Domestic use of leading preservatives The development of packaging materials has been partially commercialized by using charcoal or chitosan. However, in practice, it emphasizes antimicrobial properties. In terms of lead preservation effect, it does not show much difference from existing products. State. Especially, most of the products are not developed by domestic technology, but merely imported from Japan and developed in small quantities.

Outside the country, leading-edge packaging technology is directly commercialized and sold as a product. There are American Green Bag and Japanese Aisaka in addition, and there are P-Plus of Japan and Xtend of Stepac of Israel. The US 'Green Bag and Icyka are currently imported and marketed domestically but are not well known for their high prices. Some of Japan's P-Plus is also imported, but sales are not getting much due to the limitations of puncturing and high prices. The Xtend is limited in that it will be used for general purposes because of future limitations in the future.

In order to solve such a problem, Patent Document No. 10-0949531 of the inventor of the present invention discloses a packaging material containing powder particles containing natural minerals and charcoal. This packaging material is excellent in food storage, but has a problem that the addition amount of the powder particles is 5 to 15 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the synthetic resin, which affects the formability of the packaging material and the transparency of the packaging material may be lowered.

Further, in order to further improve the shelf life, it is necessary to strengthen the antioxidant function of preventing the oxidation (oxidation and acidosis) of food. Rust is a phenomenon that changes in food characteristics such as taste and color of food are deteriorated due to oxidation of food by oxygen in the air, and odor is generated. Rancidity may cause degradation of food quality, destruction of nutrients, and formation of cancer inducing factors. Therefore, in order to improve food storage, it is necessary to remove oxygen in food packaging material to prevent rancidity. Conventionally, a method of separately producing an oxygen scavenger or an oxygen absorbing agent for removing oxygen in food packaging materials and putting it in a packaging box or a packaging container is widely used. However, this method is complicated and requires a complicated process, There is a problem that the deoxidizing agent may flow out to contaminate the food.

Patent No. 10-0949531

Disclosure of the Invention The present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and it is an object of the present invention to reduce the amount of natural minerals and charcoal powder particles, and to contain zeolite powder coated with iron, without affecting the formability of the packaging material, And to provide food packaging materials that maximize human health and safety.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a food packaging material which is reinforced with antioxidant function and does not require a deoxygenating agent.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a method of manufacturing the food packaging material.

In order to achieve the above object, the food packaging material according to the present invention includes synthetic resin and powder particles containing yellow earth, elvan, kaolin, feldspar, feldspar, biotite, jade, selenium and char, and iron-coated zeolite powder.

In the food packaging material, the powder particles may be contained in an amount of 1 to 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the synthetic resin, and the iron-coated zeolite powder may be included in an amount of 0.1 to 1.5 parts by weight. This is because it is possible to maintain an optimum food storage property without hindering the formability of the packaging material within the above range and to maintain transparency of the packaging material.

Further, in the iron-coated zeolite powder, iron is preferably contained in an amount of 5 to 20 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the zeolite. If the amount is less than 5 parts by weight, the effect of adsorbing oxygen to prevent rancidity is deteriorated. If the amount is more than 20 parts by weight, iron is not uniformly coated on the pores of the zeolite.

In order to accomplish the above object, the present invention provides a method for producing a food packaging material, comprising the steps of: (a) mixing a crude mineral, (B) mixing the powder particles with the synthetic resin, and mixing the mixture to a temperature of 170 to 190 ° C in the chamber to maintain the powder mixture at a temperature of 170 to 190 ° C. To prepare a powder particle master batch having an average diameter of 2.5 mm to 3 mm and a powder particle ratio of 20 to 30% by weight, (c) preparing a zeolite powder coated with iron, Mixed and placed in an extruder maintained at a temperature of 170 to 190 캜 in a chamber to form an iron-coated zeolite master having an average diameter of 2.5 mm to 3 mm and a ratio of iron-coated zeolite powder of 5 to 15% Batch manufacturing (D) mixing the powder particle masterbatch with the iron-coated zeolite master batch and the synthetic resin, and then injecting the mixture into a film molding machine and extruding the mixture.

In the above-described method for producing a food packaging material. The step of preparing the iron-coated zeolite powder comprises the steps of preparing an aqueous solution by dissolving iron chloride or iron chloride hydrate in distilled water, adding zeolite powder prepared by the dry gel conversion method to the aqueous solution, Recovering the zeolite powder followed by vacuum drying, and heat-treating the vacuum-dried zeolite powder at 450 to 550 ° C for 10 to 14 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere.

The food packaging material according to the present invention has the following effects.

First, the addition amount of the functional powder is minimized, and the storage stability of the packaging material can be maximized while maintaining the transparency of the packaging material without affecting the formability of the packaging material.

Second, the antioxidant action prevents the corruption caused by the oxidation of the food, thus maximizing the food storage stability. The iron-coated zeolite contained in the food packaging material according to the present invention has a porous structure having a very large specific surface area, and the coated iron easily bonds with oxygen, thereby preventing food in the packaging material from being corrupted by oxidation.

Third, the effect of retaining the lead is realized through the effect of ethylene gas adsorption. Ethylene gas (C ₂ H ₄ ) is a gaseous carbon compound and is an aging hormone that promotes aging of fruit. The food packaging material according to the present invention can adsorb ethylene gas through the internal porous structure to delay aging of the food and maintain freshness.

Fourth, the humidity control effect keeps the lead of food and agricultural products in the packaging. The moisture content or gas composition in the packaging material changes in the initial state due to the respiration of the fruit and vegetables. Excessive moisture content in the packaging material may adversely affect food and agricultural products particularly sensitive to moisture. On the other hand, excess moisture from food or agricultural products can lead to excessive drying of food or agricultural products. According to the present invention, the moisture absorption and release of natural moisture can be controlled on the inner surface of the packaging material according to the moisture content of the packaging material.

Fifth, the antimicrobial and antifungal effects delay the corruption of food and agricultural products in packaging materials. The inhibition of bacterial growth by the action of natural substances containing antimicrobial components and the inhibition of the growth of fungi by the action of a complex substance of a natural substance containing an antifungal component delay the corruption of foods and agricultural products in the packaging.

Sixth, it maintains the freshness of the food for a long time through the far-infrared radiation effect. Far infrared rays emitted from the natural minerals of the food packaging material according to the present invention promote the physiochemical activation ability of the cells and delay the decomposition of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which is known to prevent the oxidation of cell tissues. These actions delay food rancidity and maintain freshness for a long time.

1 is a flowchart showing a method of manufacturing a food packaging material according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a method for producing iron-coated zeolite powder.

Hereinafter, the configuration and operation of the present invention through the preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in more detail. The following embodiments are provided by way of example so that those skilled in the art can fully understand the spirit of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described below, but may be embodied in other forms.

The food packaging material according to the present invention includes synthetic resin and natural mineral and charcoal-containing powder particles such as clay, elvan, kaolinite, feldspar, feldspar, biotite, jade and selenium, and iron-coated zeolite powder.

The synthetic resin is not particularly limited, and for example, polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, or the like can be used, and preferably polyethylene, more preferably low density polyethylene, can be used.

Natural minerals include loess, elvan, kaolinite, feldspar, feldspar, biotite, jade and selenium, and may further include known natural minerals insofar as they do not impair the formability of the packaging material.

In the present invention, each component of the powder particles contained in the food packaging material is 8 to 14% by weight of loess, 5 to 9% by weight of elvan, 14 to 18% by weight of kaolin, 20 to 20% by weight of loam based on the total weight of natural minerals and charcoal powder particles And 2 to 5 wt% of feldspar, 12 to 16 wt% of biotite, 5 to 9 wt% of jade, 3 to 10 wt% of selenium, and 1 to 5 wt% of charcoal.

In the present invention, yellow loess, elvan, and jade are added for the purpose of radiating far-infrared rays, and fumes and char is added for the purpose of imparting an antibacterial activity and a porous component. In addition, kaolin and feldspar were mixed for the purpose of maintaining the elasticity and buffering property of the packaging material at the same level as the conventional product. Biotite and selenium were added for antioxidant activity. The minimum content of each of the above components is a value for exhibiting respective functions in a state of being mixed with a synthetic resin and molded into a packaging material state. If the maximum content is exceeded, it may cause problems in the formability of the packaging material.

The natural minerals and charcoals in the form of fine powders emit far infrared rays and anions, and exhibit the functions of adsorbing harmful components such as ethylene and heavy metals, dehumidifying function, antimicrobial activity and antioxidative activity, thereby enhancing the shelf stability . Especially, by effectively collecting the ethylene gas released when the foods such as fruits are oxidized and aged, the freshness of the food can be maintained for a long time.

The iron-coated zeolite powder is added to enhance the antioxidant function of the food packaging material. Zeolite is a kind of hydrated aluminum silicate minerals and has a porous structure in which tetrahedrons of (Si, Al) O ₄ are bonded in a cubic network. In the present invention, zeolite serves as a skeleton structure providing a large specific surface area. Iron is coated on the surface of the zeolite by dissolving the water-soluble iron-containing compound in water and impregnating the zeolite with water. The coated iron reacts with oxygen in the food packaging material and changes into iron oxide, thereby removing oxygen in the food packaging material, thereby preventing food spoilage.

In the present invention, the zeolite powder is preferably synthesized using a dry gel conversion method. The zeolite powder having a larger specific surface area than the hydrothermal synthesis method can be easily obtained.

The natural mineral and charcoal-containing powder particles of the present invention are contained in an amount of 1 to 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the synthetic resin and 0.1 to 1.5 parts by weight of the iron-coated zeolite powder. It is possible to maintain an optimal food storage property without inhibiting the formability of the packaging material. Also, transparency of the packaging material can be maintained.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to specific examples.

[Example 1]

In this example, synthetic resin, powder containing natural minerals and charcoal, and zeolite powder coated with iron were used to prepare a plastic pack.

As shown in FIG. 1, the manufacturing process of the packaging material includes a step of preparing zeolite powder and polyethylene coated with powder particles and iron, a master batch in which powder particles and polyethylene are mixed, a master in which zeolite powder coated with iron and polyethylene are mixed Preparing a batch, mixing the master batches with polyethylene to produce a vinyl pack wrapper. Hereinafter, each step will be described in turn.

First, the natural mineral raw materials such as loess, elvan, kaolin, feldspar, feldspar, biotite, jade, selenium and charcoal, which are added to food packaging materials, were prepared and a powdery low density polyethylene resin was prepared.

The natural minerals and charcoal were mixed with a mixture of lignite, elvanite, kaolinite, feldspar, feldspar, biotite, jade, selenium and charcoal in a weight ratio of 13: 8: 17: 23: 4: 16: 8: , And pulverized to a size of about 100 mesh.

The pulverized powder was pulverized by using a high-performance mineral crusher of self-grinding type which is a type of dry pulverization using a jet mill to pulverize the pulverized powder to an average particle size of about 3 to 4 μm Respectively.

The method of synthesizing iron-coated zeolite largely includes the steps of synthesizing zeolite and coating the synthesized zeolite with iron. First, the step of synthesizing zeolite will be described.

The zeolite synthesis method includes hydrothermal synthesis and dry gel conversion. However, it is preferable that zeolite having a large specific surface area can be easily synthesized by using a dry gel conversion method.

As shown in FIG. 2, the zeolite synthesis method by the dry gel conversion method starts with the step of making a raw material solution of alumina and silica. Aluminum sulfate was dissolved in distilled water at 80 ° C to prepare an alumina raw material solution. Silica raw material solution was prepared by adding colloidal silica, which is a raw material of silica, to a solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) and sodium hydroxide dissolved in the structure-inducing material at room temperature.

Next, the alumina raw material solution and the silica raw material solution were mixed for about 2 hours, and the mixture was stirred at 80 ° C to remove water. And the dried gel of the closely dried reactant was pulverized.

Next, the dry gel was placed in the center of the interior of the autoclave, and water was filled thereunder. Then, the autoclave was heated to supply a drying gel of high temperature steam to crystallize the dried gel to obtain a zeolite. The prepared zeolite was pulverized to have an average particle size of about 3 to 4 mu m.

Next, the step of iron coating the synthesized zeolite will be described.

After 80 g of ferric chloride (FeCl ₂ 2H ₂ O) was dissolved in 100 g of distilled water, 500 g of the zeolite prepared in this aqueous solution was added. After stirring for 6 hours at room temperature, the zeolite was recovered, dried in a 130 ° C. vacuum oven for 6 hours, and heat-treated at 500 ° C. for 12 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to synthesize iron-coated zeolite. At this time, the iron-coated amount of the zeolite was 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the zeolite. The drying and heat treatment steps were conducted in a vacuum or nitrogen atmosphere to prevent the iron from being oxidized.

Next, a step of manufacturing a master batch will be described.

The prepared powder particles were mixed with polyethylene, which is a synthetic resin, and then put into an extruder to prepare a master batch in the form of pellets.

For uniform mixing of powder particles and polyethylene, they were mixed using a power mixer, and a batch of raw material powder and polyethylene resin was fed into an extruder. The temperature inside the chamber of the extruder was maintained at about 180 ° C, and the speed of the screw was adjusted so that the master batch had a diameter of about 2.5 mm to 3 mm, thereby making it possible to manufacture a stable master batch. A polyethylene dispersant was used as a dispersing agent in order to prevent agglomeration of the powder particles and the polyethylene resin in the mixing batch. The composition of the powder particles and the polyethylene resin was such that the ratio of the powder particles was 25% by weight.

The iron-coated zeolite master batch was also prepared in the same manner as in the master batch preparation of the powder particles described above. However, the composition of the iron-coated zeolite powder and the polyethylene resin was such that the ratio of the iron-coated zeolite powder was 10% by weight.

Finally, the prepared powder particle master batch, the iron-coated zeolite master batch and the polyethylene resin were mixed so as to be 97 wt% of polyethylene, 2.5 wt% of powder particles and 0.5 wt% of iron-coated zeolite, A packaging material was prepared. At the same time as the film was extruded, a zipper was attached to the film to prepare a packaging material in the form of a zipper bag.

[Example 2]

The powder particle masterbatch of Example 1, the iron-coated zeolite masterbatch and the polyethylene resin were mixed so as to be 97.5% by weight of polyethylene, 1.25% by weight of powder particles and 1.25% by weight of iron-coated zeolite, Respectively.

[Example 3]

In the step of coating the zeolite of Example 1 with iron, 160 g of iron chloride hydrate (FeCl ₂ 2H ₂ O) was dissolved in 100 g of distilled water, and then 500 g of the zeolite prepared in this aqueous solution was added. That is, the iron ion concentration of the aqueous solution of iron chloride was made higher than that of Example 1. The amount of iron coating of the iron-coated zeolite used in Example 3 was 20 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of zeolite. A packaging material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except for this.

[Comparative Example 1]

A polyethylene resin not containing powder particles or zeolite powder coated with iron was put into a film forming machine and extruded to prepare a packaging material.

[Comparative Example 2]

The iron-coated zeolite masterbatch of Example 1 and the polyethylene resin were mixed so as to have a polyethylene content of 97.5% by weight and iron-coated zeolite content of 2.5% by weight, and were then introduced into a film molding machine and extruded to produce a packaging material.

[Experimental Example 1]

In order to evaluate the leading holding function of the zipper-bag type packaging material prepared in each of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2, the porridge rate was measured according to the storage period after packaging the refrigerated pork (kokes) with each packing material. The pork used in the experiment was purchased on the day of the experiment.

200 g of pork was packed with each zipper bag and stored at a temperature of 5 ± 1 ° C and a humidity of 40 ± 3%, and the decay rate according to the storage time of the pork was measured.

The measurement results are shown in Table 1 below.

Sample state After 7 days After 14 days After 21 days Example 1 Good sample condition Good sample condition Loss rate 25% Example 2 Good sample condition Loss rate 5% Loss rate 35% Example 3 Good sample condition Good sample condition Loss rate 15% Comparative Example 1 Good sample condition Loss rate 25% Loss rate 80%
Green discoloration Comparative Example 2 Good sample condition Loss rate 15% Loss ratio 70%
Green discoloration

The zipper bags manufactured in Examples 1 and 3 showed good sample condition even after more than two weeks passed, and the zipper bag manufactured in Example 2 showed a loss rate of 5% due to some deterioration on the 14th day. In the case of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, a relatively good state was shown on the 7th day, but a loss rate of 15 to 25% was shown on the 14th day. On the 21st day of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, the pork surface changed to green due to myoglobin breakdown during the long-term storage of pork, and the loss rate was 70 ~ 80%. Therefore, when the packaging materials of Examples 1 to 3 including the natural minerals and the charcoal powder particles of the present invention and the iron-coated zeolite powder are applied, the refrigerated storage property of the pork is remarkably excellent.

[Experimental Example 2]

In order to evaluate the leading holding function of the zipper-bag type packaging materials produced in Examples 1, 2, 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2, the decay rate according to the storage period was measured after packing the lettuce with each packing material. The lettuce used in the experiment was purchased on the day of the experiment.

Lettuce was packed with each zipper bag and stored at a temperature of 18 ± 2 ℃ and a humidity of 43 ± 3%.

The measurement results are shown in Table 2 below.

Sample state After 7 days 10 days later 15 days later Example 1 Good sample condition Good sample condition Loss rate 38% Example 2 Good sample condition Good sample condition Loss rate 60% Example 3 Good sample condition Good sample condition Loss rate 20% Comparative Example 1 Loss rate 90% Severe corruption Severe corruption Comparative Example 2 Loss rate 60% Severe corruption Severe corruption

As can be seen from Table 2, the zipper bag manufactured in Example 3 showed good sample condition even after more than two weeks passed, and the zipper bags prepared in Examples 1 and 2 showed good sample up to about 10 days. In the case of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, a loss rate of about 60 to 90% was obtained after about one week. Therefore, it can be seen that when the packaging materials of Examples 1 to 3 including the natural mineral substance and the charcoal powder particles of the present invention and the iron-coated zeolite powder are applied, the food storage property is remarkably excellent. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. And it is to be understood that such embodiments are within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (9)

In food packaging materials,
Synthetic resin,
Powder particles containing loess, elvan, kaolin, fluorite, feldspar, biotite, jade, selenium and charcoal,
A food packaging material comprising iron coated zeolite powder. The food packaging material of claim 1, wherein the powder particles are included in an amount of 1 to 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the synthetic resin, and the iron-coated zeolite powder is included in an amount of 0.1 to 1.5 parts by weight. The food packaging material according to claim 1, wherein the iron is coated in the zeolite powder containing 5 to 20 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the zeolite. The food packaging material according to claim 1, wherein the synthetic resin is low density polyethylene. According to claim 1, wherein the powder particles are 8 to 14% by weight of ocher, 5 to 9% by weight of elvan, 14 to 18% by weight of kaolin, 20 to 24% by weight, feldspar 2 to 5% by weight, biotite 12 to 16 weight A food packaging material comprising 5% by weight, 5% to 9% jade, 3% to 10% selenium and 1% to 5% charcoal. (a) coarsely pulverized by mixing natural minerals including ocher, elvan, kaolin, fluorite, feldspar, biotite, jade, selenium, and charcoal, and then crushing the coarsely pulverized powder with an average particle size of 3 to 4㎛. To obtain powder particles,
(b) the powder particles and the synthetic resin are mixed, and the mixed batch is fed into an extruder in which the temperature in the chamber is maintained at 170 to 190 ° C., and the average diameter is 2.5 mm to 3 mm, and the proportion of powder particles is 20 to 30% by weight. Preparing a phosphor particles masterbatch;
(c) preparing an iron coated zeolite powder and mixing it with a synthetic resin, and putting the mixed batch into an extruder in which the temperature in the chamber is maintained at 170 to 190 ° C., and having an average diameter of 2.5 mm to 3 mm, of the zeolite powder coated with iron. Preparing an iron coated zeolite master batch having a proportion of 5 to 15% by weight;
(d) mixing the powder particle master batch, the iron-coated zeolite master batch and a synthetic resin, and then inserting and extruding the food packaging machine. According to claim 6, Preparing the iron-coated zeolite powder,
Dissolving iron chloride or iron chloride hydrate in distilled water to prepare an aqueous solution,
Adding a zeolite powder prepared by a dry gel conversion method to the aqueous solution,
Recovering the zeolite powder in the aqueous solution and then vacuum drying;
Method for producing a food packaging material comprising the step of heat-treating the vacuum dried zeolite powder at a nitrogen atmosphere, 450 ~ 550 ℃ 10-14 hours. The method according to claim 6,
In the step (d), the powder particles are contained in 1 to 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of synthetic resin, the iron-coated zeolite powder is characterized in that it comprises 0.1 to 1.5 parts by weight of the food packaging material. The method of claim 6, wherein the iron is coated in the zeolite powder, the iron is contained in the manufacturing method of the food packaging material, characterized in that 5 to 20 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the zeolite.

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