KR20060015323A - Herbicidal compositions for paddy field - Google Patents

Abstract

Herbicidal compositions containing (a) herbicidal benzoylcyclohexadiones and (b) at least one compound selected from the group of compounds represented by the following generic names or code numbers consisting of pyraclonil, HOK201, naproanilide, pyrazolate, pyrazoxifen, clomeprop, cumyluron, dimepiperate, quinoclamine, bensulide, simetryn, butamifos, MCPB and bentazone, as effective components. These compositions have a superior action compared with the herbicides employed individually.

Description

Rice herbicide composition {HERBICIDAL COMPOSITIONS FOR PADDY FIELD}

The present invention relates to a debate herbicide composition. More specifically, the present invention relates to a field herbicide composition containing herbicidal benzoylcyclohexadione and certain known herbicide compounds as active ingredients.

Herbicidal benzoylcyclohexadione is disclosed in International Publication No. WO98 / 29406; WO00 / 21924; Known from WO 01/07422. Some of the compounds known in this reference show good control effects on paddy weeds.

In practice, however, it has been observed that these compounds do not show satisfactory herbicidal effects on rice fields and / or phytotoxicity. In practice, the use of benzoylcyclohexadione known from such publications often involves disadvantages. Thus, undesirable damage to rice is observed if herbicidal activity is not always sufficient or if herbicidal activity is sufficient.

The activity of herbicides depends in particular on the type of herbicide used, the rate of application, the preparation, the harmful plants to be controlled, climatic conditions and soil conditions. Another criterion is the duration of action or the rate of degradation of the herbicide. Appropriate changes in the susceptibility of harmful plants to the active ingredient within a geographically limited area that may extend the use may also be considered. This change can be seen as a slight loss of action and can be compensated to some extent by increasing the application rate of herbicides.

There is virtually no single active ingredient which combines the desired properties for various uses, in particular for different types of harmful plants and climatic regions, due to the numerous possible influence factors. In addition, there is a steady need to achieve this effect with increasingly fewer herbicide rates. A lower ratio usually means a reduction in the amount of active ingredient required for application as well as the amount of formulation aid required. Both reduce financial input and improve the eco-friendliness of herbicide treatment.

One method often used to improve the use properties of herbicides is to combine the active ingredient with one or more other active ingredients that contribute to the desired additional properties. However, when several active ingredients are used in combination, phenomena of physical and biological incompatibility are often observed, for example, lack of stability of the co-formulation, degradation of the active ingredient, or antagonism of the active ingredient. Conversely, there is a need for a combination of active ingredients having an advantageous spectrum of action, high stability and the highest synergistic enhanced action possible, which can reduce the application rate compared to the individual applications of the combined active ingredients.

It is an object of the present invention to provide herbicide compositions having improved properties compared to the prior art for use in rice crops.

The present invention relates to (a) at least one compound represented by the structure of formula (I) or an agriculturally usable salt thereof ["component a"], and (b) pyraclonyl, HOK201, naproanilide, pyrazolate, Selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by common names or code numbers, such as pyrazoxifen, clomeprop, cumyllurane, dimepyperate, quinoclamine, bensulfide, simethrin, butamifos, MCPB and betazone At least one compound ["component b"] which comprises:

Where

R ¹ is C _1-4 alkyl;

R ² is OR ⁶ , SO _m -R ⁷ , cyanato, cyano, thiocyanato or halogen;

R ³ and R ⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C _1-4 alkyl, halo-C _1-4 alkyl, cyano, nitro or SO _m -R ⁷ ;

R ⁵ is O- (CH ₂ ) _p -O- (CH ₂ ) _q -OR ⁷ , C _3-8 cycloalkyloxy, C _3-8 cycloalkyl-C _1-4 alkoxy, 2-tetrahydrofuranylmethoxy , 3-tetrahydrofuranylmethoxy, 2-tetrahydro-2H-pyranylmethoxy, 2-tetrahydrothienylmethoxy, 2-furanylmethoxy or 2-thienylmethoxy;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, C _1-4 alkyl or halo-C _1-4 alkyl;

R ⁷ is C _1-4 alkyl, C _2-4 alkenyl, C _2-4 alkynyl, halo-C _1-4 alkyl, halo-C _2-4 alkenyl or halo-C _2-4 alkynyl;

n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

p is 2, 3 or 4; And

q is 2, 3 or 4.

The abovementioned compositions of the invention surprisingly show a herbicidal effect that is substantially higher than the sum of the respective effects when compared to the case of using each active compound alone. As a result, in carrying out weed control, it becomes possible to substantially reduce the concentration of each compound commonly used. At the same time, a broad spectrum of herbicide spectrum can be obtained by the composition, and the application period can be extended for a long time. For example, in rice cultivation, there is an excellent herbicidal effect at any time during the growing season from the beginning of the weed-isling period immediately after transplatation. In addition, this excellent herbicidal effect lasting for a long time and excellent residual effect without plant toxicity to rice are obtained.

Preferred herbicide compositions are as component a,

R ¹ is C _1-4 alkyl;

R ² is OR ⁶ , SO _m -R ⁷ , cyanato, cyano, thiocyanato or halogen;

R ³ and R ⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C _1-4 alkyl, halo-C _1-4 alkyl, cyano, nitro or SO _m -R ⁷ ;

R ⁵ is O- (CH ₂ ) _p -O- (CH ₂ ) _q -OR ⁷ , C _3-8 cycloalkyloxy, C _3-8 cycloalkyl-C _1-4 alkoxy, or 2-tetrahydrofuranylme Oxy;

R ⁶ is hydrogen, C _1-4 alkyl or halo-C _1-4 alkyl;

R ⁷ is C _1-4 alkyl, C _2-4 alkenyl, C _2-4 alkynyl, halo-C _1-4 alkyl, halo-C _2-4 alkenyl or halo-C _2-4 alkynyl;

n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

p is 2, 3 or 4; And

q includes compounds of formula I which are 2, 3 or 4.

Particularly preferred herbicide compositions are as component a,

R ¹ is methyl;

R ² is OR ⁶ ;

R ³ and R ⁴ are each independently hydrogen, chloro, fluoro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro or SO ₂ -R ⁷ ;

R ⁵ is O- (CH ₂ ) _p -O- (CH ₂ ) _q -OR ⁷ , C _3-8 cycloalkyloxy, C _3-8 cycloalkyl-C _1-4 alkoxy, 2-tetrahydrofuranylmethoxy , 3-tetrahydrofuranylmethoxy, 2-tetrahydro-2H-pyranylmethoxy, 2-tetrahydrothienylmethoxy, 2-furanylmethoxy or 2-thienylmethoxy;

R ⁶ is hydrogen;

R ⁷ is methyl or ethyl;

n is 0, 1 or 2;

m, p and q include compounds of formula I wherein 2.

More preferred are herbicide compositions comprising, as component a, a compound of Formula Ia shown in Table 1:

Preferred components b are (b-1) pyraclonyl, (b-2) HOK201, (b-3) naproanilide, (b-4) pyrazolate, (b-5) pyrazoxifen, ( b-6) clomeprop, (b-7) cumylurane, (b-8) dimephiperate, (b-9) quinoclamin, (b-10) benzylide, (b-11) cimet Lean, (b-12) butamiforce, (b-13) MCPB and (b-14) ventazone.

Of particular interest to herbicide compositions are those compositions having a synergistic active content of one or more of the following combinations of two compounds (A) + (B):

Pyraclonyl is disclosed in International Publication No. WO94 / 8999 and HOK201 is disclosed in International Publication No. WO98 / 38176. Other aforementioned compounds other than these are mentioned, for example, in The Pesticide Manual 12 ^th edition (published by the British Crop Protection Council in 2000).

The herbicide compounds of component b mentioned above may each be used alone or in combination of two or more.

In the composition of the present invention, the mixing ratio of component a and component b may vary in a relatively wide range depending on the application time, the area of application, the application method, and the like. Said components usually range from 1/200 to 200 parts by weight, preferably 1/20 to 20 parts by weight of one or more herbicide compounds as component b, relative to 1 part by weight of the compound of formula I or its agriculturally usable salt as component a Can be used as More specifically, the use ratio of each compound of component b relative to 1 part by weight of the compound of formula I or its agriculturally usable salt as component a is as follows:

(b-1) pyraclonyl: 1/200 to 100 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 10 parts by weight,

(b-2) HOK201: 1/200 to 100 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 10 parts by weight,

(b-3) naproanilide: 1/100 to 200 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 20 parts by weight,

(b-4) pyrazolate: 1/100 to 200 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 20 parts by weight,

(b-5) pyrazoxifen: 1/200 to 100 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 10 parts by weight,

(b-6) clomeprop: 1/200 to 100 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 10 parts by weight,

(b-7) cumylluene: 1/100 to 200 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 20 parts by weight,

(b-8) dimethiperate: 1/100 to 200 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 20 parts by weight,

(b-9) quinoclamin: 1/100 to 200 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 20 parts by weight,

(b-10) bensulfide: 1/100 to 200 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 20 parts by weight,

(b-11) simethrin: 1/200 to 100 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 10 parts by weight,

(b-12) Butamiforce: 1/200 to 100 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 10 parts by weight,

(b-13) MCPB: 1/200 to 100 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 10 parts by weight,

(b-14) Ventazone: 1/100 to 200 parts by weight, preferably 1/10 to 20 parts by weight.

The composition of the present invention exhibits a strong herbicidal effect on weeds growing in paddy fields. Thus, the composition can be used as a herbicide composition in paddy fields, in particular as a selective herbicide for rice.

The compositions of the present invention can be used against various weeds in rice fields. Such examples are mentioned below:

To dicotyledonous plant belonging to the genus of: Polygonum (Polygonum), roripa (Rorippa), in Tallahassee (Rotala), Lin der California (Lindernia), a non-dense (Bidens), the waveguide yttrium (Dopatrium), Eccles leaf other (Eclipta), Elatine , Gratiola , Lindernia , Ludwigia , Oenanthe , Ranunculus , Deinostema and the like.

Monocotyledonous plants belonging to the following genus : Echinochloa , Panicum , Poa , Cyperus , Monochoria , Fimbristylis , Sagittarius Sagittaria), including Eleanor O Charis (Eleocharis), Kyrgyz crispus (Scirpus), Ali smart (Alisma), ah four days Sliema (Aneilema), Alpenblick four (Blyxa), Eri Oka ulron (Eriocaulon), Porta moje tons (Potamogeton).

The composition of the present invention can be used specifically in connection with weeds, for example, growing in the following typical rice fields:

Dicotyledonous plants : Rotala indica Koehne , Lindemia procumbens Philcox , Ludwigia prostrate , Roxburgh , Potamazetone dying Tooth A. Potamogeton distinctus A. Benn , Elatine triandra Schk , Oenanthe javanica ;

Monocotyledonous plants : Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing , Monochoria vaginalis Presl , Eleocharis , Acicularis L. , Eliocharis Eleocharis Kuroguwai Ohwi , Cyperus difformis L. , Cyperus serotinus , Rottboel , Sagittaria pygmaea Miq ), Alisma Canaliculatum A. Bro. Alisma canaliculatum A. Br. Et Bouche , Scirpus juncoides Roxburgh .

However, the use of the composition of the present invention does not have to limit such weeds in a particular manner, and can be applied in the same manner as other weeds.

The compositions of the present invention can be prepared in conventional formulations when used for control of weeds growing in paddy fields. Formulations are, for example, solutions, emulsions, wettable powders, suspensions, powders, soluble powders, granules, suspension-emulsion concentrates, solid dosage forms (jumbo formulations), flowable granules, microcapsules in polymeric materials and the like.

Types of individual formulations are generally known and are described, for example, in Winnacker-Kuchler, "Chemische Technologie (Chemical Engineering)", Volume 7, C. Hauser Verlag Munich, 4th Ed. 1986; Van Valkenburg, "Pesticides Formulations", Marcel Dekker N.Y., 1973; K. Martens, "Spray Drying Handbook", 3rd Ed. 1979, G. Goodwin Ltd. London. Formulation aids required such as inert materials, surfactants, solvents and additional additives are similarly known and described, for example, in Watkins, "Handbook of Insecticide Dust Diluents and Carriers," 2nd Ed., Darland Books, Caldwell. NJ]; H. V. Olphen, "Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry", 2nd Ed., J. Wiley & Sons, N.Y .; Marsden, "Solvents Guide", 2nd Ed., Interscience, N.Y. 1950; McCutcheon, "Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual", MC Publ. Corp., Ridegewood N. J .; Sisley and Wood, "Enccyclopedia of Surface Active Agents", Chem. Publ. Co. Inc., N.Y. 1964; Schonfeldt, "Grenzflachenaktive Athylenoxidaddukte" (Surface-active ethylene oxide adducts), Wiss. Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1976; And in Winnercker-Kuchler, “Chemische Technologie”, Volume 7, C. Hauser Verlag Munich, 4th Ed. 1986.

Based on the formulation, the combination of other agrochemically active substances (such as other herbicides, fungicides, or pesticides) with toxicity relievers, sterilizers and / or growth control agents are also prepared, for example, in the form of premixes or tank mixes. Can be.

Such formulations may be prepared according to methods known per se. Formulations according to the present invention may comprise, for example, the components a and b as described above in the form of a diluent (ie liquid diluent and / or solid diluent), and optionally a surfactant (ie emulsifier and / or dispersant), and And / or by mixing with a foaming agent.

When water is used as the diluent, an organic solvent can be used as an auxiliary solvent. As liquid diluents, for example, aromatic hydrocarbons (eg xylene, toluene, alkylnaphthalene, etc.), chlorinated aromatic or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (eg chlorobenzene, ethylene chloride, methylene chloride, etc.), aliphatic hydrocarbons [eg cyclohex Sane and the like or paraffins (e.g. mineral oil fractions, mineral oils, and vegetable oils)], alcohols (e.g. butanol, glycol and ethers thereof, esters, etc.), ketones (e.g. acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone , Cyclohexanone, etc.), organic solvents such as strong polar solvents (eg dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.), and water.

Solid diluents are for example ammonium salts and ground natural minerals (eg kaolin, clay, active, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite, diatomaceous earth, etc.), ground synthetic minerals (eg, High-dispersed silicic acid, alumina, silicates and the like). As solid carriers for granules, for example, crushed and fragmented rock (eg calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite, dolomite, etc.), synthetic granules of inorganic and organic powders, of organic materials Particles (e.g. sawdust, coconut shells, corn cobs, tobacco bags, etc.) can be used.

Emulsifiers and / or foam-forming agents are for example nonionic and anionic emulsifiers [e.g. polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers (e.g. alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkyls). Sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, arylsulfonates, and the like)], and albumin hydrolysis products.

Dispersants are, for example, lignin sulfite waste liquid and methyl cellulose.

Tackifiers can also be used, for example, in formulations (powders, granules, emulsifiable concentrates). Tackifiers are, for example, carboxymethyl cellulose, natural and synthetic polymers (eg, gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, etc.), natural phospholipids (eg, cephalin and lecithin), synthetic phospholipids, and the like. .

As the additive, mineral oil and vegetable oil can be used.

Colorants can also be used. Colorants can be used, for example, inorganic pigments (eg iron oxide, titanium oxide, Prussian blue, etc.), organic dye materials (eg alizarin dye materials, azo dye materials, or metal phthalocyanine dye materials), and Additional micronutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.

The formulation may contain the total component a and component b generally in a concentration range of 0.1 to 95% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 90% by weight.

The compositions of the present invention can be used by themselves or in the form of their formulations for weed control. When the composition is used it is tank mixed and additionally used commonly in the fields of rice, such as, for example, fungicides, insecticides, plant growth control agents, plant nutrients, soil improvers, toxicity buffers and other herbicides. It is possible to mix with compounds. As a preferred example, 1- (α, α-dimethylbenzyl) -3-p-tolylurea, for example, as a toxicity buffer, is from 1 to 200 per 1 part by weight of compound (a) of formula (I) in the composition of the present invention. It can be added in parts by weight, preferably in the range of 2 to 100 parts by weight.

The compositions of the present invention can be used directly in the form of a dosage form or application form, for example prepared by further dilution of the formulation in the form of ready-to-use solutions, emulsifiable concentrates, suspensions, powders, wettable powders or granules. Formulations of this type can be applied to rice fields by conventional methods such as watering, spraying, atomizing, dusting, applying granules and the like.

The composition of the present invention can be applied to rice fields before, during or after seedlings. Applicable amounts of the composition can vary within a substantial range. The application amount is the total amount of components a and b, for example in the range of 0.01 to 5 kg / ha, preferably 0.06 to 4.5 kg / ha.

Excellent results of the compositions according to the invention will be described in more detail in the examples below. However, the present invention is not limited to the following examples in any way.

Biological Test Examples and Formulation Examples

Preparation of Test Solution

Carrier: 5 parts by weight of acetone

Surfactant: 1 part by weight of benzyloxy polyglycol ether

The formulation obtained by diluting the above-mentioned carrier and surfactant with 1 part by weight of the active compound (component a and component b) was diluted with water to prepare a predetermined amount of test solution.

Example 1 Testing of the Effect of Herbicide Composition on Weeds Growing in Paddy Fields

Two sets of three seedlings of 2.5 leaf stages (15 cm) of rice (Nihonbare) were seeded in 1/2000 pots (25 × 20 × 9 cm) with paddy soil.

Echinochloa oryzicola Vasing , Cyperus Certusus serotinus Rottboel ), Monochoria vaginalis Presl , Seeds of Scirpus juncoides Roxburgh and Sagittaria The tuber of pygmaea Miq ) was grafted and water was poured to a depth of about 2-3 cm. After 5 days of rice seedlings, the test solution prepared by the method described above or a mixture thereof was applied to the water surface. The water depth of 3 cm was maintained after the treatment, and the herbicidal effect was evaluated 4% after the treatment date by the following criteria (in%):

100%: complete decline

0%: no effect or no phytotoxicity

The test results are shown in Table 2.

Formulation Example 1 In a mixture of 3 parts by weight of active compound (a-1), 4 parts by weight of active compound (b-1), 32 parts by weight of bentonite (montmorillonite), 58 parts by weight of talc, and 3 parts by weight of ligninsulfonate salt 25 parts by weight of water was added, kneaded well to prepare granules of 10 to 40 mesh by extrusion granulator, and dried at 40 to 50 ° C to obtain granules.

Formulation Example 2 : 96 parts by weight of clay mineral particles having a particle diameter distribution of 0.2 to 2 mm were placed in a rotary mixer. While spinning, 2 parts by weight of active compound (a-1) and 2 parts by weight of active compound (b-2) were sprayed with a liquid diluent to uniformly wet the particles and dry at 40 to 50 ° C. to obtain granules.

Formulation Example 3 4 parts by weight of active compound (a-1), 4 parts by weight of active compound (b-12), 10 parts by weight of ethylene glycol, 3 parts by weight of polyoxyalkylene tristyrylphenyl ether, xanthan gum The mixture of 10 parts by weight, 0.5 parts by weight of 14% silicone oil emulsion, and 68.5 parts by weight of water was stirred well, followed by grinding with a grinder (Dyno-Mill type KDL) to obtain a water suspension formulation.

Formulation Example 4 5 parts by weight of active compound (a-1), 15 parts by weight of active compound (b-11), 30 parts by weight of sodium ligninsulfonate, 15 parts by weight of bentonite, and 35 parts by weight of calcined diatomaceous earth powder After mixing, water was added and kneaded well, extruded on a 0.3 mm screen and dried to give water dispersible granules.

Claims (8)

(a) one or more compounds represented by the structure of formula (I) or agriculturally usable salts thereof; And (b) pyraclonyl, HOK201, naproanilide, pyrazolate, pyrazoxifen, clomeprop, cumylurene, dimepiperate, quinoclamine, bensulfide, simethrin, butamifos Herbicide compounds comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of MCPB and bentazone: Formula I

Where R ¹ is C _1-4 alkyl; R ² is OR ⁶ , SO _m -R ⁷ , cyanato, cyano, thiocyanato or halogen; R ³ and R ⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C _1-4 alkyl, halo-C _1-4 alkyl, cyano, nitro or SO _m -R ⁷ ; R ⁵ is O- (CH ₂ ) _p -O- (CH ₂ ) _q -OR ⁷ , C _3-8 cycloalkyloxy, C _3-8 cycloalkyl-C _1-4 alkoxy, 2-tetrahydrofuranylme Methoxy, 3-tetrahydrofuranylmethoxy, 2-tetrahydro-2H-pyranylmethoxy, 2-tetrahydrothienylmethoxy, 2-furanylmethoxy or 2-thienylmethoxy; R ⁶ is hydrogen, C _1-4 alkyl or halo-C _1-4 alkyl; R ⁷ is C _1-4 alkyl, C _2-4 alkenyl, C _2-4 alkynyl, halo-C _1-4 alkyl, halo-C _2-4 alkenyl or halo-C _2-4 alkynyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0, 1 or 2; p is 2, 3 or 4; And q is 2, 3 or 4. The method of claim 1, In the compound of formula (I) R ¹ is methyl; R ² is OR ⁶ ; R ³ and R ⁴ are each independently hydrogen, chloro, fluoro, methyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro or SO ₂ -R ⁷ ; R ⁵ is O- (CH ₂ ) _p -O- (CH ₂ ) _q -OR ⁷ , C _3-8 cycloalkyloxy, C _3-8 cycloalkyl-C _1-4 alkoxy, 2-tetrahydrofuranylmethoxy , 3-tetrahydrofuranylmethoxy, 2-tetrahydro-2H-pyranylmethoxy, 2-tetrahydrothienylmethoxy, 2-furanylmethoxy or 2-thienylmethoxy; R ⁶ is hydrogen; R ⁷ is methyl or ethyl; n is 0, 1 or 2; m, p and q are two. The method of claim 1, In the compound of formula (I) R ¹ is C _1-4 alkyl; R ² is OR ⁶ , SO _m -R ⁷ , cyanato, cyano, thiocyanato or halogen; R ³ and R ⁴ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, C _1-4 alkyl, halo-C _1-4 alkyl, cyano, nitro or SO _m -R ⁷ ; R ⁵ is O- (CH ₂ ) _p -O- (CH ₂ ) _q -OR ⁷ , C _3-8 cycloalkyloxy, C _3-8 cycloalkyl-C _1-4 alkoxy, or 2-tetrahydrofuranylme Oxy; R ⁶ is hydrogen, C _1-4 alkyl or halo-C _1-4 alkyl; R ⁷ is C _1-4 alkyl, C _2-4 alkenyl, C _2-4 alkynyl, halo-C _1-4 alkyl, halo-C _2-4 alkenyl or halo-C _2-4 alkynyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; m is 0, 1 or 2; p is 2, 3 or 4; And q is 2, 3 or 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, Component a: The composition wherein the weight ratio of component b is 200: 1 to 1: 200. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, Component a: The composition wherein the weight ratio of component b is 20: 1 to 1:20. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3 for controlling undesirable plants. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3 for controlling weeds in rice fields. A method for producing a herbicide composition, characterized in that the combination of the active compound according to any one of claims 1 to 5 is mixed with a diluent and / or a surfactant.