KR20050085092A - Soft handoff of a cdma reverse link - Google Patents

Abstract

Method and apparatus for base stations (218) and subscriber units (213) allows soft handoff of a CDMA reverse link utilizing an orthogonal channel structure. Subscriber units transmit an orthogonally coded signal over a reverse link to the base stations. A given base station provides timing control (510) of the timing offset of the reverse link signal. Based on at least one criterion, an alignment controller (515) determines that the given base station should hand off timing control to another base station, and a soft handoff process ensues. In response to a command or message for soft handoff of the subscriber unit from the given base station to another base station, the subscriber unit makes a coarse timing adjustment to the timing of the coded signal. The subscriber unit may make fine timing adjustments based on feedback from the base station controlling timing. Multiple base stations may provide power control feedback to the subscriber unit.

Description

SOFT HANDOFF OF A CDMA REVERSE LINK}

The present invention relates to soft handoff of a CDMA reverse link using an orthogonal channel structure.

The last 20 years have seen unprecedented growth in the type and demand of wireless communications services. Wireless voice communications services, including cellular telephones, personal mobile communications (PCS), and similar systems, now provide an effective coverage area that is nearly everywhere. The infrastructure for such networks has been extended where most locals in the US, Europe and other industrialized regions of the world have more than one service provider to choose from.

The continued growth of the electronic and computer industries contributes more and more to the need for access to the Internet and myriad services and the features it provides. The increasing use of such computing devices, particularly of portable devices including laptop computers, handheld PDAs, Internet-enabled cellular phones, and such devices, has led to corresponding increases in wireless data access needs.

Although cellular telephone and PCS networks are widespread, these systems were not originally intended to carry data traffic from scratch. Instead, these networks are designed to efficiently support continuous analog signals when compared to the burst mode digital communication protocol required for Internet communications. Also, consider that it is appropriate for voice communication to have a communication channel bandwidth of approximately 3 KHz. However, in general, it is understood that at least 56 Kbps or more data rate is required for efficient Internet communication such as web browsing.

Incidentally, the original nature of the data traffic itself is different from that of voice communication. Voice requires continuous dual connectivity; That is, the user at one end of the connection expects to be able to transmit and receive continuously to the user at the other end of the connection, while at the same time the user at the other end may also transmit and receive. However, access to web pages via the Internet is generally very burst biased. Typically, a user of a remote client computer enters the address of a computer file, such as on a web server. This request is then formatted as a relatively short data message, typically less than 1000 bytes in length. The other end of the connection, such as at a web server in the network, then responds with the requested data file, which can be text, image, voice or video data from 10 kilobytes to several megabytes. Because of the inherent delay of the Internet itself, users expect a delay of at least a few seconds or more before the requested content begins to be delivered to them. And, if the content is delivered, the user may spend several seconds or even minutes to review and read the content of the page before specifying the next page to be downloaded.

Moreover, the voice network has been configured to support high speed mobility use; That is, extreme lengths have been taken to support high-speed mobility to maintain connectivity as users of voice-based cellular and PCS networks move at high speeds along highways. However, typical laptop computer users are relatively stationary, such as sitting at a desk. Therefore, cell-to-cell high speed mobility, considered critical for wireless voice networks, is typically not needed to support data access.

The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention as shown in the accompanying drawings. Throughout the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like elements. The drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, but instead focus on illustrating the principles of the invention.

1 is a block diagram of a wireless communication system supporting orthogonal and non-orthogonal links.

2 is a block diagram of circuitry used by the access terminal of FIG.

3 is a block diagram of the circuit of FIG. 2 further including a code generator to operate on an orthogonal link with another access terminal.

4 is a block diagram of the wireless communication system of FIG. 1 with multiple field units using orthogonal and non-orthogonal links.

5 is a block diagram of the base station processor (BSP) of FIG. 4 with an orthogonal timing controller to control the timing of an access terminal on an orthogonal link.

6A is a network diagram of the network of FIG. 4 with an alignment controller located within a base station processor.

6B is a network diagram of the network of FIG. 4 with an alignment controller located within the field unit.

6C is a network diagram of the network of FIG. 4 with an alignment controller located within the base station controller.

7 is a flow diagram of a process that may be used by the base station terminal and access terminal of FIG. 4 to result in signals that are orthogonal to each other.

8A and 8B are flow diagrams of a process that may be used by a base station terminal and an access terminal in the multi-cell environment of FIG. 4 for soft-handoff.

9A and 9B are flowcharts of processes that may be used by the base station terminal and access terminal of FIG. 1 for power control.

It will be appreciated that certain components of the existing wireless infrastructure may be improved to accommodate wireless data more efficiently. Additional features implemented for a new class of users who are high data rates but low mobility users should be backwards compatible with existing features for low data rates and high mobility users. This allows the use of the same frequency allocation scheme, base station antennas, site extensions, and other embodiments of existing voice network infrastructure to be used to provide new high speed data services.

It may be particularly important to support data rates as fast as possible on the reverse link of such a network carrying data on the reverse link, for example from a remote unit to a base station. Note that existing digital cellular standards, such as IS-95 code division multiple access (CDMA), specify the use of different code sequences in the forward link direction to maintain minimal interference between channels. In particular, such a system uses orthogonal codes on the forward link that define separate logical channels. However, optimal operation of such a system requires that all such codes be time aligned to a particular boundary in order to maintain orthogonality at the receiver. Therefore, the transmissions must be synchronized.

This is not a particular concern in the forward link direction since all transmissions originate at the same location, i.e. base station transceiver location. However, at present, the digital cellular CDMA standard does not intend or require orthogonality between channels in the reverse link direction. In general, it is considered too difficult to synchronize transmissions originating from remote units at different locations from the base station and potentially at very different distances from the base station. Instead, these systems typically use chip level scrambling codes with the unique shift of these long pseudorandom codes to distinguish individual reverse link channels. However, the use of such scrambling excludes the possibility that transmissions of different users are orthogonal to each other.

Thus, one embodiment of the invention includes a system that supports communication between members of a first user group and a second user group. A first group of users, who may be existing users of digital code division multiple access (CDMA) cellular telephone systems, encode their transmissions into a common first code. Such a first group of users is uniquely identifiable by giving each user a unique code phase offset. A second group of users, who may be users of a high speed data service, encode their transmission using the same code and one of the code phase offsets of that code. However, each of the users of the second group further encodes their transmission with an additional code unique to each of the users of the second group. This collectively allows the transmission of the second group of users to be orthogonal to one another while still maintaining the aspect of being a single user of the first group.

The code assigned to the first user group may be a common chipping rate, a pseudo random code. The code assigned to the second terminal group may typically be a set of unique orthogonal codes. Individual members of the first terminal group can be distinguished by scrambling codes with a unique phase offset of the selected longer pseudo random noise sequence.

In a preferred embodiment, certain steps are done to ensure proper signaling operation or so-called "heartbeat" between the second group of users. In particular, the common code channel may be provided for use as a synchronization channel only. This allows for maintaining proper transmission timing of the second terminal group, for example when the coding scheme is implemented in the reverse link direction.

In another embodiment, the second group of users may be assigned a specific time slot for transmission, so orthogonality is maintained through the use of time division multiple access. In other words, the point is that the users of the second group collectively look like single users for the transmission of users in the first group.

The principles of the present invention allow current CDMA systems designed for vehicle mobility to support soft handoff for orthogonal channel users on their reverse links to improve the robustness of reverse link channel connections in highly variable RF environments. .

Because the orthogonal link must be time aligned to maintain orthogonality from one user to the next, the timing control loop is used from one base station. Orthogonality is not easily achieved for two base stations in the reverse link direction because the relative propagation time delays the complex time alignment at both base stations. Therefore, to use the orthogonal reverse link in a soft handoff scheme, there is a first reverse link base station that provides timing control and second base stations that can receive transmissions non-orthogonally.

A particular criterion is defined to determine when it is advantageous to reassign timing control from the first base station to the second base station in view of the change in the orthogonal link from the first base station to the second base station. There is only one orthogonal base station, but the signal levels received at the second base station may be sufficient to receive. These signals can be used to provide diversity. This is particularly useful in high speed mobility systems.

Although only one base station performs timing control, in the preferred embodiment, two base stations perform power control. This is because the path loss for the non-orthogonal base station decreases as the user moves, so that the received power can be very strong, causing excessive interference and reducing the capacity of the second base station. Therefore, when the signal level is appropriate to receive at the second base station, a command or message is sent to the subscriber unit to reduce the transmit power. These commands affect the received power at both orthogonal and non-orthogonal base stations, but may be suitably used to reassign timing control from the first base station to the second base station. Typical conditions may be when the measured path loss for a non-orthogonal or second base station exceeds a certain threshold difference, for example 10 db.

Existing CDMA systems define reverse link channelization non-orthogonally. This is done by defining a unique spreading code shift for each reverse link user. Orthogonal and non-orthogonal backward compatibility may be achieved by orthogonal users for the first base station sharing the same spreading code. When these user signals are received at other base stations, they are unlikely to be time aligned, but they will all have unique code shifts and can be uniquely identified based on a combination of code shifts and orthogonal codes. These signals are free from interference, like standard non-orthogonal signals, a legacy to conventional CDMA systems. Therefore, just as soft handoff is implemented today, it can be implemented with an orthogonal first base station and a non-orthogonal second base station.

When the first base station is reassigned (ie, reverse link timing control handoff has occurred) so that timing now occurs from the second base station, there may be a notable delay and code phase offset. Using a conventional 1-bit differential timing control loop is too slow at handoff to quickly obtain orthogonality with the new base station. Therefore, when a handoff occurs, a total timing adjustment command or message can be used to quickly reorder the reverse link, where the total timing adjustment can be absolute or relative. In the case of a timing command, the subscriber unit is informed to make coarse timing adjustments; In the case of a timing message, the subscriber unit autonomously responds to the information in the timing message.

The criteria for timing control handoff may be based on criteria including at least one of the following:

1. The metric of the alternative route exceeds a threshold for a predetermined period of time;

2. Does the metric of the alternative route exceed the threshold for the current route for a predetermined period of time;

3. The currently selected path falls below the absolute metric;

4. Does the candidate path exceed an absolute metric, where the metric can be one or more of the following:

a. power;

b. SNR;

c. Power fluctuations;

d. SNR variation; or

e. Of the metrics between two paths (ie, orthogonal and non-orthogonal links)

 Relative costs.

Power control (or SNR control) of the orthogonal reverse link RL may be based on orthogonal (aligned) and non-orthogonal paths. When the SNR of the non-orthogonal path meets the quality criteria as listed above while the power control loop is active, the timing control of the subscriber unit may be reassigned to the base station associated with the non-orthogonal path.

With regard to the power control loop, if a command is sent rather than a message or report, the command may be the minimum of the SNR of each path. For example, if two paths are being tracked, one requires power and the other has too much power, the power is ordered to be small. This also applies to the soft handoff function, where the power output by the subscriber unit is increased only if every command or message providing a power metric requires an increase in power.

There may be a relative offset between the commands from the non-orthogonal path of the base station and the commands of the orthogonal path. For example, commands that require the addition or subtraction of power from non-orthogonal paths may need to be more consistent for longer periods or longer durations before the orthogonal path is ignored and other paths control power reduction. The internal base station orthogonal zone is handled in this manner.

Power control may be maintained by both orthogonal and non-orthogonal base stations while timing orthogonality is controlled by one base station. While power control is being maintained at both the orthogonal and non-orthogonal base stations, the command or message containing the metric must be sent down the forward link and sent to the subscriber unit transmitter.

Power control commands from each base station may be based on whether a quality metric is achieved at each base station. This quality metric may be a bit error rate, signal to noise ratio, received power, or Ec / Io. If the metric is met, a command is sent to reduce the transmit power. Because the access terminal receives commands from both base stations, it may often receive conflicting commands. If this happens, the access terminal follows the power down command if it exists. This is effectively an exclusive-OR function; For example, a power up occurs only when two base stations command power up. If either base station commands a power drop, a power drop occurs at the access terminal. This is also true for a multi-bit command that follows a minimum increase or maximum decrease in power.

Detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention follows.

1 shows that only long codes with different code phase offsets are assigned to logical channels of a first class, and that logical channels of a second class are provided by using a common code and a common code phase offset, for each channel. Is a block diagram illustrating a code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system 10 using a signal encoding scheme combined with an additional coding process using only orthogonal codes.

In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, the communication system 10 is described as where the shared channel resource is a wireless channel. However, it is to be understood that the techniques described herein may be applied to implement shared access to other types of media, such as dial-up, computer network connections, cable connections, and other physical media for which access has been granted as required. .

The communication system 10 supports wireless communication to the first user group 110 as well as the second user group 210. The first group of users 110 are typically existing users of cellular telephone devices, such as wireless handsets 113-1, 113-2, and / or cellular mobile phones 113-h installed in a vehicle. This first user group 110 mainly uses the network in the voice mode in which their communication is encoded as a continuous transmission. In a preferred embodiment, the transmissions of these users are transmitted from subscriber unit 113 over the forward link 40 radio channel and the reverse link 50 radio channel. These signals are managed at a central location that includes a base station antenna 118, a base station (BTS) 120, and a base station controller (BSC) 123. Therefore, first user group 110 typically uses a mobile subscriber unit 113, BTS 120, and BSC 123 to establish a voice connection to connect through a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 124. Done.

The forward link 40 in use by the first group of users may be coded according to well-known digital cellular standards such as this code division multiple access (CDMA) standard defined in IS-95B as defined by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). have. This forward link 40 includes at least the paging channel 141 and the traffic channel 142, as well as other logical channels 144. These forward link 40 legacy channels 141, 142, 144 are defined within such a system by using orthogonally coded channels. These first group of users 110 also encode their transmissions on the reverse link 50 in accordance with the IS-95B standard. Therefore, they use several logical channels in the direction of reverse link 50, including access channel 151, traffic channel 152 and other logical channels 154. In this reverse link 50, the first group of users 110 encodes the signal with a common long code, which typically uses a different code phase offset. Signal coding schemes for existing users 110 on reverse link 50 are also well known in the art.

Communication system 10 also includes a second group of users 210. This second group of users 210 are typically users who need high speed wireless data services. These system components include a plurality of remotely located personal computer (PC) devices 212-1, 212-2, ... 212-h, ... 212-l, corresponding remote subscriber access unit (SAU) 214. -1, 214-2, ... 214-h, ... 214-l), and associated antennas 216-1, 216-2, ... 216-h, ... 216-l) do. The centrally located device includes a base station antenna 218 and a base station processor (BSP) 220. The BSP 220 provides a connection to / from an Internet gateway 222, which in turn is a data network such as the Internet 224 and a network file server 230 connected to this network 222. Provide access to

PC 212 transmits data to and from network server 230 via a bidirectional wireless connection implemented through forward link 40 and reverse link 50 used by existing users 110, and from that server. Can be received. In one point-to-multipoint multiple access wireless communication system 10 as shown, a given base station processor 220 supports communication with a number of different active subscriber access units 214 in a manner similar to a cellular telephony network. .

In this scenario, the radio frequency allocated for use by the first group 110 is the same as that allocated for use by the second group 210. The present invention specifically relates to a method for allowing different coding structures to be used by the second group 210 with minimal interference to the first group 110.

PC 212 is typically a laptop computer 212-1, handheld unit 212-h, an internet enabled cellular telephone, or a personal digital assistant (PDA) computing device. PC 212 is each connected to each SAU 214 via a suitable wired connection, such as an Ethernet type connection.

SAU 214 allows its associated PC 212 to be connected to network file server 230 via BSP 220, gateway 222, and network 224. For data traffic going in the reverse link direction, ie from PC 212 to server 230, PC 212 provides Internet Protocol (IP) level packets to SAU 214. SAU 214 then encapsulates wired framing (ie, Ethernet framing) with the appropriate radio access framing and coding. Appropriately formatted wireless data packets then travel via antennas 216 and 218 over one of the wireless channels that make up the reverse link 50. At the central base station location, the BSP 220 then extracts the radio link framing and reformats the packet in IP form and transmits it through the Internet gateway 222. The packet is then sent to its final destination, such as network file server 230, over any number and / or any type of TCP / IP network, such as the Internet 224.

Data may also be sent from the network file server 230 to the PC 212 in the forward link 40 direction. In this case, an Internet Protocol (IP) packet originating at file server 230 arrives at BSP 220 via Internet gateway 222 via Internet 224. The appropriate radio protocol framing and encoding is then added to the IP packet. The packet then proceeds through the antennas 218 and 216 to the intended receiver SAU 214. Receive SAU 214 decodes the wireless packet formatting and sends the packet to a scheduled PC 212 that performs IP layer processing.

Thus, a given PC 212 and file server 230 may be considered as endpoints of dual connectivity at the IP level. Once the connection is established, the user at PC 212 can send data to and receive data from file server 230.

In view of the second user group 210, the reverse link 50 actually comprises an access channel 251, a plurality of traffic channels 252-1,... 252-t, and a holding channel 53. It consists of a number of different types of logical and / or physical radio channels. Reverse link access channel 251 is used by SAU 240 to send a message to BSP 220 requesting the traffic channel to be granted to SAUs. The assigned traffic channel 252 then transfers payload data from the SAU 214 to the BSP 220. Note that more than one traffic channel 252 may actually be assigned to a given IP layer connection. In addition, the maintenance channel 253 may carry information such as synchronization and power control messages to further support the transfer of information over the reverse link 50.

Similarly, the second group of users has a forward link 40 that includes a paging channel 241, a number of traffic channels 242-1 ... 242-t, and a maintenance channel 243. The paging channel 241 not only informs the SAU 214 that the forward link traffic channel 252 has been allocated, but also informs the SAU 214 that the traffic channel 252 in the reverse link direction has been allocated. Used by). The traffic channels 242-1 ... 242-t on the forward link 40 are then used to convey payload data information from the BSP 220 to the SAU 214. Incidentally, the maintenance channel 243 carries synchronization and power control information on the forward link 40 from the base station processor 220 to the SAU 214. Note that typically there are more traffic channels 241 than paging channel 241 or maintenance channel 243. In a preferred embodiment, logical forward link channels 241, 242 and 243, and 251, 252 and 253 are defined by assigning pseudorandom noise (PN) channel codes to each channel. Therefore, system 10 is a so-called code division multiple access (CDMA) system in which multiple coded channels can use the same radio frequency (RF) channel. Logical or code channels may also be further partitioned or assigned among multiple active SAUs 214.

The sequence of signal processing operations is typically performed to encode each reverse link 50 logical channel 51, 52, and 53. In the reverse link direction, the transmitter is one of the SAUs 214 and the receiver is a base station processor (BSP) 220. A preferred embodiment of the present invention is implemented in an environment where existing users of a CDMA digital cellular telephone system, such as operating according to the IS-95B standard, also exist on the reverse link 50. In an IS-95B system, the reverse link CDMA channel signal is identified by assigning a non-orthogonal pseudo random noise (PN) code.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a channel encoding process for the first existing user group 110 will be described in more detail. Users of this first class include, for example, digital CDMA cellular telephone system users who encode signals according to the IS-95B standard as described above. Therefore, individual channels are identified by modulating the input digitized speech signal by a pseudo random noise (PN) code sequence for each channel. Specifically, the channel encoding process utilizes an input digital signal 302 representing the information to be transmitted. Quadrature modulator 304 provides in-phase (i) and quadrature (q) signal paths to a pair of multipliers 306-i and 306-q. The short pseudo random noise (PN) code generator 305 provides a short (in this case 2 ¹⁵ -1 or 32767 bits) length code used for spread spectrum purposes. Therefore, the short code is typically the same code for each of the logical channels for the first group 110.

The second code modulation step is applied to the (i) and (q) signal paths by multiplying the two signal paths with additional long PN codes. This is accomplished by the long code generator 307 and the long code multipliers 308-i and 308-q. The long code is useful for uniquely identifying each user on the reverse link 50. The long code can be, for example, a very long code that uniquely repeats every 2 ⁴² -1 bits. The long code is applied at a short code chipping rate, for example one bit of the long code is applied to each bit output by the short code modulation process so that no further spectral spreading occurs.

Individual users are identified by applying different phase offsets of the PN long code to each user.

Note that no other synchronization step needs to be done to the first user group 110. Specifically, these transmissions on the reverse link 50 are designed asynchronously, so they do not necessarily have to be completely orthogonal.

3 is a more detailed diagram of a channel encoding process for a second user group 210. This second group 210 includes, for example, wireless data users who encode signals according to a format optimized for data transmission.

Individual channels are identified by modulating the input data by a pseudo random noise (PN) code sequence, which is the same code sequence used for the first group user 110. However, as will be appreciated, the channels in the second group 210 are uniquely identified by a particular orthogonal code, such as a Walsh code. Specifically, the channel encoding process for this second group of users 210 accepts an input digital signal 402 and is generated by the short code generator 405, the Walsh code generator 413, and the long code generator 407. Apply multiple codes, such as

As a first step, quadrature modulator 404 provides in-phase (i) and quadrature (q) signal paths to the first pair of multipliers 406-i and 406-q. Short pseudo random noise (PN) code generator 405 provides a short, in this case, 215 length code used for spread spectrum purposes. Thus, this short code is the same as the short PN code used for each of the channels in the first group 110.

The second step of this process is to apply orthogonal code as generated by Walsh code generator 413. This is accomplished by multipliers 412-i and 412-q by applying orthogonal codes on each path of in-phase and quadrature signal paths. The orthogonal codes assigned to each logical channel are different and uniquely identify those channels.

In the final step of this process, the long code of the second pseudo random noise (PN) is applied to the (i) and (q) signal paths. The long code generator 407 thus transmits a long code to each of the in-phase 408-i and quadrature 408-q multipliers. This long code does not uniquely identify each user in the second group 210. Specifically, this code may be one of the long codes that are exactly the same as that used in the first group that uniquely identifies the first user group 110. Thus, for example, it is applied in the same way as the short code chipping rate code so that one bit of the long code is applied to each bit output by the short code modulation process. In this way, all users in the second group 210 appear to be a single existing user of the first group 110. However, users of the second group 210 may be uniquely identified if they have been assigned a unique orthogonal Walsh code.

As the implementation in the preferred embodiment is done on the reverse link 50, additional information must be provided to maintain orthogonality among the various users in the second group 210. Specifically, retaining channel 243 is thus included in forward link 40. This holding or " heartbeat " channel provides synchronization information and / or other timing signals so that the remote units 214 can properly synchronize their transmissions. The maintenance channel can be timeslotized. For a more detailed description of the formatting of this forward link holding channel 243, filed Feb. 1, 2001 under the name "MAINTENANCE LINK USING ACTIVE / STANDBY REQUEST CHANNELS", the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. See pending US patent application Ser. No. 09 / 775,305 used.

Therefore, it is to be understood that certain infrastructure may be shared by the second user group 210 and the first user group 110. For example, antennas 218 and 118 are shown as separate base station antennas in FIG. 1 but may actually be shared antennas. Likewise, the position of the antenna may be the same accordingly. This allows the second user group 210 to share the device and physical installation sites already in use by the existing user 110. This greatly simplifies the development of a wireless infrastructure for a new group of users 210, for example new locations and new antenna locations need not be laid.

4 is a network diagram similar to FIG. 1. In this wireless network 400, the first base station processor (BSP) 220-1 and the second base station processor 220-2 (220 at a time) are connected to access terminals 213-1, 213-2, ..., 213-3) and handheld units 113-1, 113-2, and 113-3 to provide access to other networks (e.g., the Internet or PSTN). The base station processor 220 also supports soft handoff of the CDMA reverse link using an orthogonal channel for the non-legacy access terminal 213, while at the same time, the legacy handheld unit 113 reversely links in a typical manner. To use. Access terminal 213 and handheld unit 113 are interchangeably referred to as field units or subscriber access units (SAUs).

A "legacy" field unit refers to a field unit that is not equipped with a modulation process that applies a unique orthogonal code to share a common reverse link channel with other field units. A "non-legacy" field unit refers to a field unit equipped with a modulation process that applies a unique orthogonal code to share a common reverse link channel with other field units. The BSP 220 supports soft handoff by selectively reallocating the timing control of the reverse link channel based on the criteria. In the preferred embodiment, both BSPs 220 provide power control feedback to the field unit.

With continued reference to FIG. 4, first and second timing diagrams 403-1 and 3D that illustrate the relative timing of reverse link signals for each of the field units in communication with each base station processor 220 over antenna tower 218. 403-2) (403 at a time). These timing diagrams 403 illustrate the distinction between time aligned orthogonal reverse link channels and non time aligned orthogonal or non-orthogonal channels. As mentioned above, each non-legacy access terminal 213 sharing a common reverse link channel has a unique orthogonal code to distinguish its reverse link signal from the reverse link signal of another network device using the common reverse link channel. Has an additional coding process to add.

To illustrate this, assume that (i) the access terminal 213 shares a common reverse link orthogonal channel, and (ii) three handheld units 113 use legacy non-orthogonal communication technology as the reverse link.

In the first timing diagram 403-1, the first base station processor 220-1 is an alignment controller (not shown) to align the timing of the reverse link orthogonal channel of the access terminal controlled by the BSP 220-1. Use In this case, the BSP 220-1 is the reverse link logical channel 420-represented by the vertical scales 425-1 and 425-2 of the first and second field units 213-1 and 213-2, respectively. Control the timing of 1 and 420-2). Reverse link channels with reverse link time aligned (ie, common log code phase aligned) are referred to as "native" orthogonal channels 410. In addition, the third access terminal 213-3 communicating with the first base station processor 220-1 has reverse link logical channel 420-3 and 425-3 times for the first and second access terminals 213-1. And the reverse link logical channel of 213-2). The third access terminal 213-3 has reverse link logical channels 420-3 and 425-3 controlled by the second BSP 220-2. Thus, the timing of the reverse link logical channels 420-3 and 425-3 for the third field unit 213-3 is unique orthogonal channels 425-1 and 425- in the first timing diagram 403-1. It is displayed offset from 2).

In the second timing diagram 403-2, the five wireless network devices 213-1, 213-3, 113-1, 113-2 and 113-3 in communication with the second base station processor 220-2. Reverse link logical channels 420-1, 420-3, 420-4, 420-5, and 420-6 have vertical scales 425-1, 425-3, 425-4, 425-5, and 425-6, respectively. Is displayed. The second BSP 220-2 controls the timing of the third access terminal 213-3 reverse orthogonal link 420-3 and 425-3, but the other access terminals 213-1 and 213-2 are controlled. Does not control the timing. Therefore, as expected, the reverse link logical channels 420 and 425 are offset from one another in the second BSP 220-2, as indicated in the second timing diagram 403-2. The three reverse link channels 425-1, 425-5, and 425-6 are relatively close in time to each other in the second BSP 220-2 and are thus referred to as " foreign " orthogonal channel 415.

Foreign orthogonal channels 415 are also not exactly orthogonal in that the channels do not have a unique orthogonal code to distinguish each other on a common reverse link channel. Therefore, if the foreign orthogonal channels 415 are intended to be aligned, they may destructively interfere with each other in the second BSP 220-2. In certain circumstances, each base station processor 220 may be supporting a unique orthogonal channel 410 and a foreign or non-orthogonal channel 415. This situation indicates that combinations of non-legacy and legacy field units can each be used within the same cell zone.

In existing orthogonal technology, a field unit (eg, 213-3), such as one of the access terminals, is moved from the cell zone of the first base station processor 220-1 to the cell zone of the second base station processor 220-2. There is no soft handoff technique on the reverse link when moving. The reverse link soft handoff technique disclosed herein supports (i) reverse link communication from a non-legacy wireless network device 213 to multiple base station processors 220, (ii) performs timing and power control (described below). (Iii) which of the plurality of base station processors 220 will be the "master" of reverse link timing control for one field unit based on the criteria described with respect to FIG. By adjusting which of the plurality of BSPs 220 will control the timing of the reverse link channel of a given access terminal 213, the given access terminal 213 will not lose the connection of the reverse link and the other cell in one cell zone. You can move to a zone. The principles of the present invention also describe a technique of fast orthogonal timing alignment (ie, common logical channel for access terminal 213 such that the common reverse link channel is time aligned with or is orthogonal to the common reverse link channel of another access terminal 213). Technology to adjust the phase of the long cord).

Base station processor 220 receiving timing control of the reverse link channel determines the total offset of the timing of the reverse link logical channel of the field unit as a function of the timing of the reverse link logical channel of other field units sharing the same reverse link channel. . The total offset is sent to the field unit 213 in the form of an offset command or offset message. Based on the total offset information, the field unit makes coarse timing adjustment of the logical channel in accordance with the total timing offset. Following coarse timing adjustment, fine timing adjustment may be made according to a fine timing offset that may be measured by base station processor 220 following coarse timing adjustment of reverse link logical channel 420.

5 is a block diagram of one base station processor 220-1 including an apparatus for soft handoff of a CDMA reverse link using an orthogonal channel structure. Base station processor 220-1 receives reverse link channel from field units 113, 213 via antenna tower 218. Receiver 505 receiving a reverse link channel from a given field unit 213 sends the received signal to orthogonal timing controller 510. Orthogonal timing controller 510, or equivalent unit, determines the total timing offset 513 for the reverse link channel from other field units that share the same reverse link logical channel. The total timing offset 513 may be an absolute measure for sending to a given field unit 213 in the form of a command, or may be a relative measure, sent back to the given field unit 213 in the form of a message, and Field unit 213 uses additional processing to determine the timing offset (ie, phase adjustment) of the reverse link signal. Combinations of absolute and relative measurements can also be used.

6A is a schematic diagram of a network having a first base station processor 220-1 and a second base station processor 220-2. Base station processor 220 includes a respective alignment controller 515. Alignment controller 515 is used by base station processor 220 to select or control which base station processor 220 will control timing alignment of reverse link 420 of field unit 213.

In order to determine which BSP 220 will control the timing alignment of the field unit 213-1, the alignment controller 515 may determine a metric (eg, a signal related to the signal received from the field unit 213-1). To noise ratio (SNR) can be calculated.

The given alignment controller 515 sends a message to other base station processor 220 to inform the other base station processor 220 that the given alignment controller 515 is trying to control the timing of the reverse link channel of the field unit 213-1. May be issued at 515. Alternatively, a given alignment controller 515 may issue a command or message that the second base station processor 220-2 will control the timing of the reverse link channel of the field unit 213-1, and the second base station processor 220-. Other alignment controller 515, such as alignment controller 515 in 2). Other negotiation agreements may occur between the alignment controller 515 to determine which base station processor 220 will control the alignment of the field unit 213. If a base station processor 220 is commanded or selected to control the timing of an orthogonal reverse link channel, orthogonal timing controller 510 is used to determine the total timing offset as described above to facilitate timing control handoff. do.

6B is a schematic diagram of a wireless network included in subscriber access unit 214-1 in this case with alignment controller 515 disposed as part of field unit 213-1. Alternatively, alignment controller 515 may be included within PC 212-1 or may be a standalone unit electrically connected to subscriber access unit (SAU) 214-1 or PC 212-1.

In this configuration, the alignment controller 515 may cause the field unit 213-1 to respond to timing control signals received from the first base station processor 220-1 or the second base station processor 220-2. At 213-1, the command or message is provided to the SAU 214-1.

6C is a schematic diagram of a wireless network 400 in which alignment controller 515 is disposed within base station controller 123. In this case, alignment controller 515 may determine first base station 220-1 or which base station processor 220 will control the timing of the orthogonal reverse link channel for field unit 213-1. Information may be received from each of the orthogonal timing controllers 510 from the second base station 220-2. Alignment controller 515 may make this determination based on several factors, such as the signal-to-noise ratio of the reverse link signal at each base station processor 220. The alignment controller 515 may use a command or message to determine which base station processor 220 will control the timing of the reverse link of the field unit 213-1. In either case, the selected base station processor 220 may issue a command or message to the field unit 213-1 that the base station processor 220 will control the timing of the orthogonal reverse link channel. Alignment controller 515 can also understand the concept of diversity and can make selections as to which base station processor 220 will control the timing of the reverse link channel to maximize the diversity effect between base station processors 220. I know you can.

7 is a flowchart of a soft handoff process of a CDMA orthogonal reverse link in accordance with the principles of the present invention. In this example, the first base station processor 220-1 executes the first process 700, and the access terminal 213 executes the second process 735. After starting the BSP process 700 in step 705, the BSP process 700 waits for the reception of the reverse link signal in step 710 from the access terminal 213. After starting the access terminal process 735 at step 740, the access terminal 213, at step 745, has a reverse link signal having a unique orthogonal code on the reverse link channel common to the reverse link signal of the other access terminal 213. Send it. The BSP process 700 receives the reverse link signal at step 710 and continues to step 715. In step 715, the BSP process 700 may determine that the long code in the reverse link signal identifying the access terminal 213 belonging to the orthogonal reverse link group has another access in the same access terminal group as described in connection with FIGS. It is determined whether it matches the long code of the terminal 213. It is a long code, not the only specific orthogonal code, such as a Walsh code that is time aligned by base station processor 700. The unique identification codes of the reverse link signal are orthogonal to each other if the long codes match.

If the long code in the reverse link signal matches the long code of the other reverse link signal of the other access terminal 213 in the orthogonal reverse link group (ie, time aligned), the process 700 ends at step 730. . If the long code does not match the long code in the reverse link signal of the other access terminal, the BSP process 700 continues at step 720, in which 720, the orthogonal timing controller 510, as described in connection with FIG. ) Determines the total timing offset.

The BSP process 700 continues at step 725, where the base station processor 220 sends the total timing offset to the access terminal 213 in the form of a command or a message. The access terminal process 735, at step 750, receives the total timing offset and adjusts the timing of the reverse link signal. The access terminal process 735 ends at step 755 and the BSP process 700 ends at step 730.

8A and 8B are flowcharts of two base station processors 220-1 and 220-2 when two base station processors 220-1 and 220-2 interact with the access terminal 213. The first base station processor 220-1 executes a process 800 for controlling the timing of the reverse link of the access terminal 213. Another base station processor 220-2 executes a process 802 that provides processing that does not control the timing of the reverse link of the access terminal 213. The access terminal 213 executes its own process 833. Process 833 may receive feedback, make adjustments to the timing of the reverse link signal in coarse and fine amounts, and make power level adjustments in accordance with power level feedback received from base station processor 220.

The access terminal 213 transmits signals received by the first base station processor 220-1 and the second base station processor 220-2 (step 836). In this example, it is assumed that the first base station processor 220-1 has been previously selected by the access terminal 213 to control the timing of the reverse link signal. Therefore, the first base station processor 220-1 may be aligned with another reverse link signal that shares the same reverse link channel or with another reverse link signal from another access terminal 213 that uses the same reverse link channel. Receive a reverse link orthogonal signal from terminal 213 (step 803). The base station processor 220-1 determines in step 806 whether the signal from the access terminal 213 meets a timing criterion or criteria. If the signal does not meet the timing criteria or criteria, the process 800 determines the total timing offset for feeding back to the access terminal 213 to ensure that the signal is aligned with another signal using the same code. The feedback is received by the access terminal 213 in step 839. If the signal meets the timing criteria or criteria, process 800 continues to step 809, where process 800 determines whether a fine timing offset is required. If YES, process 800 is sent to access terminal 213, which is a fine timing offset, which is received at step 839 of process 833 executed by access terminal 213. If no fine timing offset is required at all, the process 800 continues to step 815.

In step 815, the base station processor 220-1 determines whether the power level of the signal sent by the access terminal 213 should be adjusted. Similarly, second base station processor 220-2 also determines whether power level adjustment in step 815 of access terminal 213 should be made. In either case, the power level offset is sent to the access terminal 213 on the forward link.

If no power level adjustment is needed at all, with respect to the first base station processor process 800 and the second base station processor process 802, each process continues at step 818, where timing control handoff should be initiated. A determination is made regarding. Timing control handoff may be initiated based on the following set of criteria:

(a) the metric of the alternative route exceeds a threshold for a predetermined period of time;

(b) the threshold for the current route for a period of time during which the metric of the alternative route was chosen

Exceed the value;

(c) the currently selected route falls below an absolute metric;

(d) the candidate path exceeds the absolute metric, where the metric

Of

(a) power;

(b) SNR;

(c) power fluctuations;

(d) SNR fluctuations; And

(e) the relative ratio of the two paths;

It may be one or more of.

If the timing control handoff has been initiated, then at step 821, the base station processor 220-1 updates the other base station processor and the base station controller 123. The access terminal 213 may also be informed of the timing control handoff. If timing control has not been handed off, processes 800 and 802 continue at step 824, where another base station processor 220, base station controller 123, or access terminal 213 controls the timing of the reverse link signal. A determination is made regarding releasing or accepting timing control that should send a command or message to the base station processor 220 that it will do so. If the base station processor releases or accepts the timing control task, processes 800 and 802 continue at step 830 to update system operating parameters; Otherwise, processes 800 and 802 continue again in step 803 to receive a signal from access terminal 213.

Process 833 executed by access terminal 213 receives the feedback at step 839 and processes the feedback as follows. First, if there is no feedback received, process 833 loops in this embodiment, waiting for feedback at step 839. If feedback is received, the process continues at step 842 to determine if a coarse timing adjustment command or message has been received. If yes, coarse timing adjustment is made at step 845. Note that coarse timing adjustment may be an absolute or relative measurement as described above.

In step 848, the access terminal 213 determines whether a fine timing adjustment command or message has been received. If yes, fine timing adjustment is made in step 851. Fine timing adjustments are typically differential commands or messages. Following fine timing adjustment, process 833 determines whether a power level adjustment command or message has been received. If yes, the access terminal 213 adjusts the power level at step 857.

Following adjustment to timing or power, process 833 updates the operating parameters of access terminal 213 at step 860. Following the update of the system parameters, process 833 repeats waiting for feedback from one or more base station processors 220 at step 839.

9A and 9B are flowcharts of processes 900 and 920 executed by base station processor 220 and access terminal 213, respectively, to adjust the power level of the reverse link signal transmitted by access terminal 213. FIG. . Referring to process 900 executed by base station processor 220, process 900 begins at step 905. In step 910, the base station processor 220 determines whether to cause the access terminal 213 to change the power level of the reverse link signal in step 910. If a change in the reverse link signal power level is required, feedback is sent to the access terminal 213 in the form of a command or message. Process 900 of base station processor 220 ends at step 915.

Process 920 executed by access terminal 213 begins at step 925. Once the feedback is received at step 930, process 920 continues at step 935, where a determination is made as to whether all base station processors 220 are requesting an increase in power level. If yes, process 920 continues at step 940, wherein access terminal 213 increases the power level of the reverse link signal by the lowest incremental feedback. If not all base station processors 220 request a power level increase, a determination is made at step 945 as to whether a given base station processor 220 is requesting a power level decrease. If yes, the access terminal 213 reduces the power level by the lowest reduction feedback, at step 950. Process 920 may end at step 955 or simply loop back at step 930 to wait for receipt of power level feedback.

If power control is being maintained at both orthogonal and non-orthogonal base stations, the command or metric may be sent to the subscriber base transmitter (ie, access terminal 213) over the forward link. Power control commands from each base station processor 220 may be based on whether a signal quality metric is achieved at each base station processor 220. This signal quality metric can be, for example, a bit error rate (BER), signal to noise ratio (SNR), received power, or Ec / Io. If the metric is met, a command can be sent to reduce the transmit power. Since the access terminal 213 receives a command or message from both base station processors 220, it often results in a command conflict. If this happens, the access terminal 213 follows the command to "power down". This is effectively an exclusive-OR function; For example, "power up" occurs when two base station processors 220 command power up. If any base station processor 220 commands a power drop, a power drop occurs. This is also true for a multi-bit command that follows a minimum increase or maximum decrease in power.

While the present invention has been shown and described with reference to particularly preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. Could be.

Claims (29)

A wireless communication system that aligns code division multiple access (CDMA) reverse link signals, essentially with (i) a first receiver for receiving a signal having a unique orthogonal code from a given subscriber unit on a first reverse link, and (ii) signals from at least one other subscriber unit on the first reverse link. A first base station having a first timing controller coupled to the first receiver capable of determining a total timing offset of the signal such that the signals are orthogonal to each other; (i) a second receiver for simultaneously receiving a signal having said unique orthogonal code from said given subscriber unit on a second reverse link, and (ii) signals from at least one other subscriber unit on said second reverse link. A second base station having a second timing controller coupled to the second receiver capable of determining a total timing offset of the signal such that the signal is essentially orthogonal to each other; (i) cause the signal to be orthogonally aligned with signals from the at least one other subscriber unit on the first reverse link or the second reverse link, and (ii) the at least one signal on the other reverse link Alignment controller in communication with the first and second timing controllers to be able to be offset orthogonally with signals from one other subscriber unit Wireless communication system comprising a. 2. The wireless apparatus of claim 1, wherein in response to being assigned responsibility for orthogonal alignment, the first or second timing controller reports a timing offset to the given subscriber unit in the form of a timing command or a timing message. Communication system. The method of claim 1, wherein (i) the first base station comprises a first power controller for determining a first power level of a coded signal at the first base station, and (ii) the second base station is located at a second base station. A second power controller for determining a second power level of a coded signal, wherein each power controller provides feedback of the power level to the given subscriber unit in the form of a power command or a power message. Communication system. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein power level feedback from the first and second power controllers causes the given subscriber unit to increase its power level based on the smaller feedback signal of the two feedback signals, and the two feedback signals. And the power level is reduced based on the feedback signal of the smaller one. 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the first base station includes an alignment controller and initiates a timing control handoff. 10. The system of claim 1 wherein the second base station includes an alignment controller and initiates a timing control handoff. 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the subscriber unit comprises an alignment controller and initiates a timing control handoff. 2. The wireless communication system of claim 1, wherein a base station controller coupled to the first and second base stations includes an alignment controller and initiates a timing control handoff. The method of claim 1 wherein the alignment controller initiates a timing control handoff, the timing control handoff comprising the following criteria: (a) a metric of the transmission path between the subscriber unit and the base station that does not control the timing; Exceed the threshold for this predetermined time range, or (b) the metric of the transmission path between the subscriber unit and the base station that does not control timing is based on the metric of the transmission path between the base station and subscriber unit controlling the timing for the predetermined time range The threshold of the transmission path between the base station controlling the timing and the subscriber unit falls below an absolute metric, and (d) the metric of the transmission path between the base station and the subscriber unit not controlling the timing And based on at least one of exceeding an absolute metric. The method of claim 9, wherein the metric comprises: (a) power; (b) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); (c) power fluctuations; (d) SNR fluctuations; (e) between orthogonally aligned and non-orthogonally aligned paths between a given subscriber unit and the first and second base stations, (i) power, (ii) SNR, (iii) power fluctuations, or ( iv) relative ratio of SNR fluctuations; (f) bit error rate; And (g) at least one of energy per chip (Ec / Io) divided by interference density. A method for aligning code division multiple access (CDMA) reverse link signals in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: Receiving, by a first base station, a signal having a unique orthogonal code from a given subscriber unit on a first reverse link, and (ii) signals from at least one other subscriber unit on the first reverse link. Determining a total timing offset of the signal to be a signal that is essentially orthogonal to each other; Simultaneously receiving, by a second base station, a signal having the unique orthogonal code from the given subscriber unit on a second reverse link, and (ii) from at least one other subscriber unit on the second reverse link. Determining a total timing offset of the signal to be a signal essentially orthogonal to each other; (i) causing the signal to be orthogonally aligned with signals from the at least one other subscriber unit on the first reverse link or the second reverse link, and (ii) the at least one signal on the other reverse link Allowing to be orthogonally offset with signals from one other subscriber unit CDMA reverse link signal alignment method comprising a. 12. The CDMA reverse link of claim 11, in response to being assigned responsibility for orthogonal alignment, reporting a timing offset to the given subscriber unit in the form of a timing command or a timing message by a first or second timing controller. Signal alignment method. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein (i) the first base station comprises a first power controller for determining a first power level of a coded signal at the first base station, and (ii) the second base station is located at a second base station. A second power controller for determining a second power level of a coded signal, wherein each power controller provides feedback of power level to the given subscriber unit in the form of a power command or a power message. Signal alignment method. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein power level feedback from the first and second power controllers causes the given subscriber unit to increase its power level based on the smaller feedback signal of the two feedback signals, and the two feedback signals. And reducing the power level based on a smaller feedback signal. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the first base station includes an alignment controller and initiates a timing control handoff. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the second base station comprises an alignment controller and initiates a timing control handoff. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the subscriber unit comprises an alignment controller and initiates a timing control handoff. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein a base station controller coupled to the first and second base stations includes an alignment controller and initiates a timing control handoff. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein a timing control handoff is initiated by an alignment controller, the timing control handoff comprising the following criteria: (a) a metric of a transmission path between a subscriber unit and a base station that does not control timing is predetermined; Exceed the threshold for the time range, or (b) the metric of the transmission path between the subscriber unit and the base station that does not control timing is a threshold for the metric of the transmission path between the base station and subscriber unit controlling the timing for a predetermined time range. (C) the metric of the transmission path between the base station controlling the timing and the subscriber unit falls below the absolute metric, and (d) the metric of the transmission path between the base station and the subscriber unit controlling the timing does not exceed the absolute metric. CDMA reverse link signal alignment method based on at least one of exceeding. The system of claim 19, wherein the metric comprises: (a) power; (b) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); (c) power fluctuations; (d) SNR fluctuations; (e) between orthogonally aligned and non-orthogonally aligned paths between a given subscriber unit and the first and second base stations, (i) power, (ii) SNR, (iii) power fluctuations, or (iv) ) Relative ratio of SNR fluctuations; (f) bit error rate; And (g) at least one of energy per chip (Ec / Io) divided by interference density. CLAIMS 1. An apparatus for arranging code division multiple access (CDMA) reverse link signals in a wireless communication system, comprising: At a first base station, (i) means for receiving a signal having a unique orthogonal code from a given subscriber unit on a first reverse link, and (ii) with signals from at least one other subscriber unit on the first reverse link. Means for determining a total timing offset of the signal such that the signals are essentially orthogonal to each other; At a second base station, (i) means for simultaneously receiving a signal having said unique orthogonal code from said given subscriber unit on a second reverse link, and (ii) from at least one other subscriber unit on said second reverse link. Means for determining a total timing offset of the signal to be a signal essentially orthogonal to each other; (i) means for causing the signal to be orthogonally aligned with signals from the at least one other subscriber unit on the first reverse link or the second reverse link, and (ii) the at least one signal on the other reverse link. Means for allowing orthogonal offsets from signals from one other subscriber unit CDMA reverse link signal alignment device comprising a. A base station for aligning CDMA reverse link channels, comprising: An orthogonal channel receiver for receiving an orthogonally coded signal from a subscriber unit over a reverse link; A timing controller that allows coarse timing adjustments to the timing of the coded signal in response to a command or message for reassigning timing control of the subscriber unit in advance under timing control by another base station. A base station comprising a. A method of aligning CDMA reverse link channels at a base station, the method comprising: Receiving an orthogonally coded reverse link signal from a subscriber unit over the reverse link; In response to a command or message for reassigning timing control of the reverse link of the subscriber unit in advance under timing control by another base station, determine the total timing offset of the coded signal, and determine the coarse for the timing of the reverse link coded signal. Steps to Make Timing Adjustments CDMA reverse link channel alignment method comprising a. A base station for aligning a CDMA reverse link channel, Means for receiving a unique orthogonally coded reverse link signal from a subscriber unit on the reverse link; In response to a message for reassigning timing control of the subscriber unit in advance under timing control by another base station, determining the total timing offset of the coded signal and making coarse timing adjustments to the timing of the coded signal. Way The base station comprising a. A subscriber unit operating in a wireless network that aligns CDMA reverse link channels, An orthogonal channel transmitter for transmitting a uniquely orthogonally coded signal to the base station via the reverse link; A timing adjustment unit that allows coarse timing adjustment of the coded signal in response to receipt of a total timing offset from the base station such that the coded signal from at least one other subscriber unit on the reverse link with the base station is essentially a coded signal that is orthogonal to each other Subscriber unit comprising a. A method in a subscriber unit operating in a wireless network, the method comprising: Transmitting the only orthogonally coded signal to the base station via the reverse link; Making coarse timing adjustment of the coded signal in response to receiving a total timing offset from the base station to be a coded signal essentially orthogonal to the coded signal from at least one other subscriber unit on the reverse link with the base station. How to. In a subscriber unit operating in a wireless network, Means for transmitting the only orthogonally coded signal to the base station on the reverse link; Means for making coarse timing adjustment of the coded signal in response to receiving a total timing offset from the base station to be a coded signal essentially orthogonal to the coded signal from at least one other subscriber unit on the reverse link with the base station. Subscriber unit comprising a. A method in a system that supports code division multiple access (CDMA) communication between members of a first terminal group and between members of a second terminal group, the method comprising: Assigning a first code to the first terminal group, wherein each user of the first group is uniquely identifiable by a unique code phase offset; Assigning the second terminal group the same code as used by the first group, wherein each user of the second group uses a common phase offset of the code; Assigning a unique additional code to each user of the second group for each of the terminals of the second group, and for a given member of the second group, matching the given member to other members of the second group Determining a total timing offset to align the. In a wireless communication system, A first set of access units and a second set of access units, The first set of access units and the second set of access units can communicate with a central base station, The first set of access units uses chip rate scrambling code to separate their user channels, and each individual unit of the first set of access units has a unique time shift of a longer pseudo random noise sequence ( at least one unique non-orthogonal scrambling sequence selected from The second set of access units is capable of (i) sharing a common chip speed scrambling code not used by the first set of access units, and (ii) making overall adjustments to the timing of the common chip scrambling code. Wireless communication system.