KR200414966Y1 - Shreder for industrial waste and disused car - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a shredder for treating industrial wastes and waste cars, which automatically inputs industrial wastes (collectively referred to as scrap, scrap metal, and non-metallic shreds) and waste vehicles into the hopper as a transfer means, and shreds them in the hopper. Depending on the size, the multi-stage shredding process allows the shredding process to be in the form of small lumps or small particles.

The present invention is the frame and the electric motor is installed on one side and the discharge port is formed in the front; A lower body having a discharge hole installed on the upper surface of the frame and communicating with the discharge port, and having an accommodation space formed at the center thereof, such that a rotating shaft having a predetermined height is vertically coupled; A pusher coupled to the both sides in a direction and fitted to the rotating shaft to be positioned in the storage space of the lower body; Side blades are coupled to the inner circumferential surface in a cylindrical shape, a plurality of installation grooves are formed at equal intervals, and the upper body and the upper body formed with a flange portion; An auxiliary crushing blade formed at an equal interval on the outer circumferential surface and having a slanted blade; A cover for shielding the auxiliary crushing blade; A housing formed at the center of the upper surface of the rotating plate, and a plurality of first, second and third blades coupled radially to form different heights; The upper, middle, and lower plate formed with a plurality of working grooves are configured to be spaced apart by a predetermined interval, and the upper crushing blade and the lower crushing blade are coupled to each other by a pair of fixed shafts, and coupled to flow by the fixing member and the clamping member and the elastic spring. Secondary crushed portion; It is installed to be located between the primary crushing portion and the secondary crushing portion is made of a bound spring to impart a predetermined repulsive force to the secondary crushing portion.

Upper body, Lower body, Crushing part, Crushing blade, Pusher

Description

Shredder for Industrial Waste and Waste Vehicle Treatment {SHREDER FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND DISUSED CAR}

1 to 3 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a conventional shredding device,

Figure 4 is an exploded perspective view showing the industrial waste and shredder for waste vehicle treatment according to the present invention,

Figure 5 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing the industrial waste and shredder for waste vehicle treatment according to the present invention,

6 to 9 is an enlarged perspective view of the main portion of the shredder for processing industrial wastes and waste vehicles according to the present invention,

10 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing a state of use of the industrial waste and shredder for waste vehicle treatment according to the present invention,

11 and 12 are perspective views showing another embodiment of the industrial waste and shredder for waste vehicle treatment according to the invention.

<Explanation of symbols for the main parts of the drawings>

2: Frame 2: Electric Motor

10: lower body 11: discharge ball

20: Pusher 30: upper body

31: side blade 34: auxiliary shredding blade

35: cover 36: drive member

40: 1 primary shredding part 41: rotating plate

50: secondary crushing unit 52: top plate

53: Middle 54: Lower

60: Bound Spring

The present invention relates to a shredder for processing industrial wastes and waste cars, and more specifically, industrial wastes (collectively referred to as scrap, scrap metal, and non-metallic shredded materials) and waste vehicles are automatically introduced into the hopper as a transfer means, and Depending on the size to be shredded in, through the first, second, third shredding process to be able to be shredded into small lumps or small particles.

Generally, in the resource recycling process, a shredder is used as a means for finely crushing industrial wastes such as non-combustible waste and non-combustible coarse waste.

Currently, the shredder being used includes a hopper for introducing a crushed object; A crushing rotor disposed below the hopper and provided with a plurality of rotary blades on a circumferential surface thereof and rotating around a horizontal axis; A shredding processing unit comprising a fixed blade disposed opposite the shredding rotor; There is a uniaxial crushing device disposed along the lower circumferential surface of the crushing rotor, and provided with a screen mechanism formed with a plurality of openings for selectively passing the crushed object in the crushing processing unit.

On the other hand, the conventional shredding device described in Korean Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-27148 is arranged at regular intervals in the circumferential direction on the outer circumferential surface of the shredding rotor 5 installed in the shredding chamber A, as shown in FIG. A rotary blade 5a; A fixed blade 6 engaged with the rotary blade 5a provided on the attachment sheet 6a on the side of the shredding apparatus main body; And a pusher (3) for bringing the crushed material (W) introduced from the inlet (1a) connected to the crushing chamber (A) into close contact with the crushing rotor (5).

The crushed object W is pressed by the pusher 3 to the crushing rotor 5 side, crushed by the rotary blade 5a and the fixed blade 6 of the crushing rotor 5 which rotates, and the screen mechanism ( It becomes the crushing piece T from 8), and is discharged | emitted.

The screen mechanism 8 is a screen plate having a diameter of several tens of millimeters and formed with a plurality of round or angular hole openings for ease of processing, and for the ease of clogging such as household waste as a crushed object. The one in which the slit-shaped opening part was formed in the direction which followed is used.

In such a crushing device, the crushed object W is crushed by the rotary blade 5a and the fixed blade 6, so that the fixed blade 6 is worn harder than the rotary blades 5a arranged in the circumferential direction at regular intervals. Therefore, since the fixed blade 6 needs to be replaced frequently, the structure of the fixed blade 6 has a great influence on the operating cost of the shredding device.

Such a fixed blade for a shredder is previously filed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-296107, and the conventional fixed blade for a shredder is shown in Fig. 2, and the fixed blade for the shredder 500 has a fixed blade body 510 and And cutting edge tips 530 arranged so as to be engaged with the rotary blade 5a in a line in the direction of the rotation axis 5d of the rotor 5 with a gap therebetween.

Each cutting edge tip 530 is square in planar shape, each corner is chamfered, and is inserted into the notch sheet portion 540 formed on the rotor 5 side of the fixed blade main body 510, and the bolt 520 It is fastened by.

The fixed blade 500 can be used by replacing the cutting blade tip 530 by 180 ° by turning the bolt 520 by removing the bolt 520 even if wear or defect occurs due to use, and can reduce the running cost.

Since the shredding device is used to shred waste products such as telephone products, construction waste materials, plastics, etc. into small size, for example, the collected PET bottles and the like, agglomerates such as bales, in which the waste plastic products are compressed and packed into approximately cubes around 1m. It is used for the purpose of crushing into several tens of millimeters of fragments and planning to reuse.

However, in the case of crushing bales compressed into agglomerates by collecting long-length resin sheets such as agricultural vinyl sheets and collecting them as shreds, the volume specific gravity may increase due to soil or water attached at the time of recovery. When the screen mechanism having a plurality of round hole-shaped openings described above is used, there is a problem that the crushed matter accumulates between the crushing treatment portion and the screen mechanism, causing clogging, and the crushing efficiency greatly decreases. There was a problem that the shredded vinyl piece was attached thickly to the tip of the knife and the shredding treatment with the fixed blade was delayed.

In addition, when a screen mechanism having a slit-shaped opening is formed in the direction along the rotational trajectory of the rotary blade, clogging is avoided, but the recovered crushed object has a long shape, and as a result, the crushed object is insufficient due to insufficient crushing. There is a problem that reuse is difficult.

When the crushed material is reused as fuel for the kiln furnace, the crushed small-diameter resin pieces are put into the furnace, but the resin pieces with long length due to insufficient crushing cannot be put into the furnace as fuel, and a large amount of soil is placed on the resin pieces. There was also a problem that the calorific value fell even when sand or water was mixed.

Since the fixed blade 500 has a structure in which the cutting edge tips 530 are adjacently arranged in parallel, the manufacturing cost is high because the high dimensional accuracy is required for the notch sheet portion 540 and the cutting edge tip 530. There is a problem that the operating cost cannot be sufficiently reduced.

The fixed blade 500 has a problem that it takes maintenance time because the bolt 520 must be attached and detached for each cutting edge tip 530 and the arrangement of the cutting edge tip 530 is replaced. .

On the other hand, another conventional crusher has been filed by Korea Patent Application No. 1983-5608 (impact crusher), which is as shown in Figure 3, the upper part is fixed to the inner liner is widened Upper shell; A cylindrical lower shell having a shell liner fixed therein and a rotating shaft positioned at the center of the shell and driven by a driving device; An upper percussion lattice in the upper shell and attached to the rotating shaft via a rotor; The lower percussion grating in the lower shell and attached to the rotating shaft by the link mechanism is provided to adjust the distance between the lower percussion and the shell liner in the lower shell.

The upper hitter is attached to the rotor via a detachable festival and a joint having an eccentric protrusion, and by changing the position of the eccentric protrusion of the festival, the gap between the upper hitter and the shell liner can be adjusted, and the upper shell and / Or alternatively arrange two types of liner, shell liner fixed to the inside of lower shell, flat shell liner and flat low shell liner.

However, in the impact crusher as described above, when the upper and lower hitters are rotated by the link method, in breaking and tearing the crushed object, the impact caused by the impact puts an excessive load on the machine itself, and the durability and wear resistance of the crusher as a whole. It is not good, in particular, in the process of hitting, the noise close to the sound is generated, there are many problems such as poor workability, work efficiency and productivity is lowered.

The present invention is to solve the conventional problems as described above, the purpose is to shred to recycle industrial wastes and waste vehicles (hereinafter referred to as crushed) of scrap metal, metal and non-metallic crushed In order to automatically supply the first to be shredded by the conveyor method, the supplied shreds are cut and shredded to a small size while passing through the first and second shredding units installed in a multi-stage form, and have a small bulk form or The new type is designed to provide the convenience and efficiency of the post-treatment process for recycling the crushed material, that is, storage and transport, and to increase productivity and economic efficiency by increasing the supply cost of the crushed material. To provide a shredder for industrial waste and waste vehicle treatment.

Another object of the present invention is in the process of crushing the object, depending on the material, different forms, that is, the scrap metal is broken into small pieces, the soft metal or non-metallic shredded to form a lumped form, after crushing And, the material such as wood or glass is crushed in the form of particles, so that after the crushing, to facilitate the separation operation according to the material.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention has a frame in which the electric motor is installed on one side and the discharge port is formed forward; A lower body having a discharge hole installed on the upper surface of the frame and communicating with the discharge port, and having an accommodation space formed at the center thereof, such that a rotating shaft having a predetermined height is vertically coupled; A pusher coupled to the both sides in a direction and fitted to the rotating shaft to be positioned in the storage space of the lower body; Side blades are coupled to the inner circumferential surface in a cylindrical shape, a plurality of installation grooves are formed at equal intervals, and the upper body and the upper body formed with a flange portion; An auxiliary crushing blade formed at an equal interval on the outer circumferential surface and having a slanted blade; A cover for shielding the auxiliary crushing blade; A housing formed at the center of the upper surface of the rotating plate, and a plurality of first, second and third blades coupled radially to form different heights; The upper, middle, and lower plate formed with a plurality of working grooves are configured to be spaced apart by a predetermined interval, and the upper crushing blade and the lower crushing blade are coupled to each other by a pair of fixed shafts, and coupled to flow by the fixing member and the clamping member and the elastic spring. Secondary crushed portion; It is installed to be positioned between the primary crushing portion and the secondary crushing portion has a feature consisting of a bound spring to impart a predetermined repulsive force to the secondary crushing portion.

In the present invention as described above, the lower end of the upper body has a feature that the gap adjusting plate is installed to be moved from the center point to the starting point by the drive member.

In the present invention, the drive member is made of a push rod and pinion and a rack gear, the pinion has a feature configured to be rotated by a motor.

Hereinafter, the present invention in more detail by the accompanying drawings as follows.

As shown in Figure 4 to 10, the industrial waste and shredder for waste vehicle treatment according to the present invention is the electric motor (3) is installed on one side of the frame (2), so that the discharge port (4) is formed in the front It is made, the lower body 10 is installed on the upper surface of the frame 2, the lower body 10 is formed with a discharge hole (11) communicating with the discharge port 4, the receiving space 12 is formed in the center The rotating shaft 13 is made to be coupled vertically.

The pusher 20 is coupled to the rotary shaft 13 to be located in the receiving space 12 of the lower body 10 is coupled to the push piece 21 in both directions.

In addition, the upper body 30 is formed in a cylindrical shape at equal intervals on the inner circumferential surface and a plurality of side blades 31 are coupled, and the installation grooves 32 are formed to be inclined at a predetermined inclination, and the planar upper and lower ends are provided. Branch portion 33 is configured to be configured, the auxiliary crushing blade 34 is formed to be inclined at equal intervals on the outer circumferential surface is inclined, it is configured to be shielded from the outside by the cover 35.

The primary shredding part 40 has a housing 42 formed at the center of the upper surface of the rotating plate 41, and a plurality of first, second, and third blades 43, 44, and 45 are radially coupled to each other. , The secondary shredding unit 50 is configured so that the upper, middle, lower plates 52, 53, 54 having a plurality of operating grooves 51 are spaced apart by a predetermined interval, and the upper shredding blade 55 and the lower shredding blade 56 ) Is coupled to form a pair by the fixed shaft (57).

At this time, the first, second and third blades () form a 'V' shape, and the upper and lower shredding blades 55 and 56 of the secondary shredding unit 50 are fixed to the holding member 58a and the holding member 58b. ) And elastic springs 59 are coupled to flow.

The bound spring 60 is installed to be positioned between the primary crushing unit 40 and the secondary crushing unit 50 and is configured to impart a predetermined repulsive force to the secondary crushing unit 50.

The lower end of the upper body 30 is provided with a gap adjusting plate 37 to be moved to the position based on the center point by the drive member 36, the drive member 36 is a push rod (36a) and pinion (36b) and rack gear 36c, the pinion 36b is rotated by the motor 36d, and as the pinion 36b is rotated, the push rod 36a is configured to move forward and backward along the rack gear 36c.

Figure 4 is an exploded perspective view showing the industrial waste and waste vehicle processing shredder according to the present invention, Figure 5 is a vertical cross-sectional view showing the industrial waste and waste vehicle processing shredder, the rotary shaft 13 is installed vertically The lower body 10 is installed so that the discharge hole 11 is in communication with the discharge port 4, the upper body 30 is mounted on the lower body 10 is fixedly coupled.

A plurality of auxiliary shredding blades 34 are coupled to the upper body 30 in an inclined state in one direction, and the first and second shredding parts 40 and 50 are fitted to the rotary shaft 13 to be positioned therein. It is composed.

The first, second, and third blades 43, 44, and 45 are coupled to the upper surface of the rotating plate 41 of the primary crusher 40 so as to have different heights, and the upper and middle portions of the secondary crusher 50 are separated. The lower plates 52, 53, and 54 are coupled to the upper and lower shredding blades 55 and 56 in a pair and divided radially at equal intervals by the fixed shaft 57.

The bound spring 60 is mounted between the primary crusher 40 and the secondary crusher 50 to apply a predetermined repulsive force to the secondary crusher 50.

The rotary shaft 13 vertically coupled to the lower body 10 is connected to the electric motor 3 by a pulley and a belt, so that the rotational force remains low.

6 to 9 is an enlarged perspective view of the main portion of the shredder for processing industrial wastes and waste vehicles according to the present invention, Figure 6 is a perspective view showing the upper body of the shredder according to the present invention, consisting of a cylindrical shape and plan to the upper and lower ends Branch 33 is formed and a plurality of side blades 31 are coupled to the inner circumferential surface to have a predetermined angle of inclination, and the auxiliary crushing blade 34 is installed in the installation grooves 32 formed to be open at equal intervals. Is coupled to rotate by, but rotatably coupled by an external force in a non-powered state, it is coupled to the outside shielded by the cover (35).

Figure 7 shows a gap control plate 37 is installed on the bottom surface of the upper body 30 of the shredder according to the present invention, a plurality of gap control plate 37 is formed to be divided equally, both ends of the gap control plate 37 Guide grooves (37a) are formed in the rod 36a is coupled, the rack 36a is formed in the rack gear 36c, the rack gear 36c is rotated by the motor 36d pinion (36b) It is engaged with and moves forward and backward.

8 shows the primary shredding portion 40 of the shredder according to the present invention, the housing 42 through the hexagonal groove is formed in the center of the upper surface of the rotating plate 41, 'V' shaped first, second The three blades 43, 44, and 45 are equally spaced apart to be divided, but the second blade 44 is made higher by a predetermined height than the first blade 43, and the third blade than the third blade 44. The blade 45 is combined to form a multi-stage configuration made as high as a predetermined height.

9 shows the secondary shredding portion 50 of the shredder according to the present invention, the upper, middle, lower plates 52, 53, 54 are formed in a multi-stage form a predetermined interval, each of the upper plate 52 and Between the middle plate 53 and between the middle plate 53 and the lower plate 54 is a pair of upper and lower shredding blades 55, 56 are combined at equal intervals.

At this time, each of the upper and lower shredding blades (55, 56) is rotatably coupled by a fixed shaft (57), the fasteners (58a) in the operating groove (51) formed in the upper and middle lower plates (52, 53, 54) ) And the holding member (58b) is coupled to the pressing bar, the elastic member (59) is mounted to the holding member (58b) to apply a predetermined repulsive force to the fixed shaft (57).

Figure 10 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing the use state of the industrial waste and shredder for the disposal of waste vehicles according to the present invention, the shredded material to be cut to have a predetermined length first by a separate cutting device (guitin, not shown in the figure) The conveyor 5 is automatically transported and supplied to the hopper 6, and the crushed material is supplied into the upper body 30 and cut into small pieces by the primary crushing unit 40 in a first step to have a predetermined length. The crushed object that is smallly crushed to a predetermined size is moved downward to be crushed to a small size again in the secondary crushing unit 50.

At this time, the crushed material supplied into the upper body 30 through the hopper 6 in the process of being crushed in the first step in the primary crushing unit 40, by the side blade 31 formed on the inner peripheral surface of the upper body 30 It is cut and crushed, and at the same time, it is cut and crushed together by the auxiliary crushing blade 34.

The first, second, and third blades 43, 44, and 45 of the primary shredding part 40 are crushed step by step, and the shredded material smaller than the second shredding part 50 is downward. Falling into the storage space 12 formed in the lower body 10, the crushed matter introduced into the storage space 12 is pushed by the pusher 20 to be automatically discharged to the discharge port 4 through the discharge hole (11) Is done.

In the crushed by the primary crushing unit 40 and the secondary crushing unit 50, the first, second, three blades (43, 44, 45) or by the upper, lower crushing blades (55, 56) When crushing, when an excessive shock is applied to the primary crushing portion 40 and the secondary crushing portion 50 due to excessive contact (strike), an overload occurs, and the fracture blade is easily worn or damaged, the present invention The shredder is equipped with a bound spring (60) in order to prevent wear and damage of the crushing blade when such an excessive impact or overload occurs, in particular, the secondary crushing portion 50 is opened by the bound spring (60) , Since the elastic force is given to have a predetermined repulsive force in the downward direction, it is to achieve the absorption buffer against excessive impact or overload.

As described above, in the process of cutting and crushing by the primary and secondary crushing units 40 and 50 that are supplied and rotated in the upper body 30, the upper and lower crushing blades of the secondary crushing unit 50 may be used. (55, 56) and the auxiliary shredding blade (34) consists of the blade is inclined at a predetermined angle, so that the part to be contacted for shredding does not occur at the same time over the entire surface, but partly touched as if gradually cut off from a part And since the crushing is made, it is possible to remove the impact due to contact as possible, in particular, it can minimize the noise due to the impact during cutting and crushing, it is possible to reduce the wear phenomenon of the crushing blade.

In cutting and shredding the shredded material by using the shredder of the present invention, the shredded particles or the volume (lump) can be adjusted to a suitable size according to the material or property of the shredded material to be shredded. It will be finally made by the gap adjusting plate 37 installed at the lower end of the 30.

In order to reduce the particle (volume) size of the crushed material discharged by crushing, the space adjusting plate 37 is moved to the center by using the driving member 36 so that the crushed object falls downward, that is, the secondary If the space formed between the crushing unit 50 and the inner circumferential surface of the upper body 30 is narrowed, the crushed material obtained through the secondary crushing unit 50 does not fall into the storage space of the lower body 10 and cannot be introduced therebetween. In the state blocked by the throttle plate 37, the crushed particles are repeatedly crushed by the secondary crushing portion 50 which is continuously rotated to form smaller particles, so that only the crushed particles broken into small particles (lumps) are narrowly narrowed. Falling through the formed space is to be introduced and discharged into the storage space 12 of the lower body (10).

As described above, the shredder according to the present invention is to shred the crushed material first cut by a separate cutting device in a multi-stage form using the primary, secondary crushing portion (40, 50) to minimize the small particles or lumps You can get a shred of the form.

The shredder of the present invention, as shown in the figure, is installed vertically so that the crushed object is supplied by the automatic drop method from the top to the bottom, as well as the shredder is installed horizontally, if necessary, from the side After the crushed material is supplied and crushed, it may be installed and used to fall laterally or downward. In particular, the side blade 31 or the auxiliary crushing blade 34 installed on the upper body 30 may have a quantity of water, if necessary. Of course it can be adjusted to install.

On the other hand, Figure 11 and Figure 12 is a perspective view showing another embodiment of the industrial waste and shredder for the disposal of waste vehicles according to the invention, the side blade 31 is coupled to the inner peripheral surface of the upper body 30, each side blade 31 The groove portion 31 'is formed at equal intervals in the multi-stage configuration.

As the groove 31 'is formed in the side blade 31 so as to be formed in a multi-stage shape, the shredding efficiency is improved by the side blade 31 having a multi-stage shape in the process of being crushed and supplied. It can be improved.

Shredder according to the present invention, as shown in Figures 4 and 10, can be used to configure the auxiliary shredding blades 34 on the upper body 30, of course, if necessary according to Figures 11 and 12 As in the example, it is possible to easily use the side blade 31 in a multi-stage form, without configuring the auxiliary shredding blade 34 in the upper body 30.

As such, according to the industrial waste and waste vehicle treatment shredder according to the present invention, in order to crush the scrap metal, metal and non-metallic material, such as waste vehicles to be recycled, the primary cutting by the conveyor method The crushed object is automatically supplied, and the supplied crushed material is cut and crushed into a small size while being crushed into small lumps or fine particles while passing through the first and second crushed parts provided in a multi-stage form. It can provide convenience and efficiency for storage and transportation, and can increase productivity and economic efficiency by increasing the supply cost of crushed materials.

In addition, according to the present invention, in the process of crushing the crushed material, different forms, ie, scrap metal, are crushed into small particles, and crushed soft or non-metallic crushed matter is formed after crushing. Since materials such as wood and glass are crushed in the form of fine particles, it is easy to separate the work according to the material after crushing.

Claims (4)

A frame 2 having an electric motor 3 installed at one side thereof and an outlet 4 formed at a front thereof; A discharge hole 11 is formed on the upper surface of the frame 2 and communicates with the discharge port 4, and an accommodation space 12 is formed in the center so that the rotating shaft 13 having a predetermined height is vertically coupled to the lower body ( 10); The pusher 20 is coupled to both sides in the direction, the pusher 20 is fitted to the rotary shaft 13 so as to be located in the receiving space 12 of the lower body 10; Side blade 31 is coupled to the inner circumferential surface in a cylindrical shape, a plurality of installation grooves 32 are formed at equal intervals, and the upper body 30, the flange portion 33 is formed on the upper and lower ends; An auxiliary crushing blade 34 formed at an equal interval on the outer circumferential surface and having a slanted blade; A cover 35 for shielding the auxiliary crushing blade 34; The housing 42 is formed in the center of the upper surface of the rotating plate 41, and the plurality of first, second, and third blades 43, 44, and 45 are coupled to the primary crushing unit 40 to form different heights. ; The upper, middle, and lower plates 52, 53, and 54 having a plurality of operating grooves 51 are formed to be spaced apart by a predetermined interval, and the upper shredding blade 55 and the lower shredding blade 56 are fixed by the fixed shaft 57. A secondary crushing unit 50 coupled to form a pair and coupled to flow by a fixing member 58a, a holding member 58b, and an elastic spring 59; Industrial waste, characterized in that it is installed to be located between the primary crushing unit 40 and the secondary crushing unit 50 is bound spring 60 to impart a predetermined repulsion force to the secondary crushing unit 50 and Shredder for disposal of used vehicles. The method of claim 1, Shredder for processing industrial wastes and waste vehicles, characterized in that the gap adjusting plate 37 is installed at the lower end of the upper body 30 so as to move the position from the center point to the starting point by the drive member (36). The method of claim 2, The drive member 36 is composed of a push rod 36a, a pinion 36b and a rack gear 36c, and the pinion 36b is rotated by a motor 36d so that the push rod 36a is moved forward and backward. Shredder for industrial waste and waste vehicle treatment, characterized in that. The method of claim 1, Shredder for processing industrial wastes and used vehicles, characterized in that the grooves 31 'are formed at equal intervals on the side blades 31.

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