KR20020085112A - Functional drinks using Salicornia herbacea and a method of manufacturing process - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: A process of preparing a functional beverage by extracting Salicornia herbacea L., which grows naturally in a south and west coastal area of the Korean peninsula, with hot water and then adding to a beverage is provided. Whereby, the product has superoxide dismutase like activity, skin whitening, hypertension preventing and anticancer effects. CONSTITUTION: Salicornia herbacea L. is mixed with distilled water in a ratio of 1:1, heated, centrifuged for 10 to 15min, concentrated and then freeze dried to -70deg.C. Thereafter, 0.01 to 10% by weight of the Salicornia herbacea L. extract is mixed with 0.1 to 1.0% by weight of a laver extract, 0.05 to 0.5% by weight of citric acid, 0.01 to 0.1% by weight of vitamin C, 5 to 15% by weight of fructose, 0.01 to 0.1% by weight of Stavion, 0.01 to 0.1% by weight of a green laver flavor and 0.005 to 0.05% by weight of a soda pop flavor.

Description

Functional drinks using seaweed and its manufacturing method {Functional drinks using Salicornia herbacea and a method of manufacturing process}

The present invention relates to a functional beverage using Salicornia herbacea L _INNE and a preparation method thereof. In more detail, the present invention is the SOD-like activity, whitening, obesity prevention, hyperlipidemia prevention, arteriosclerosis prevention, myocardial infarction prevention, the result of investigating the functional properties of the seaweed and hot water extracted from the seaweed and adding the active ingredient to the beverage The present invention relates to a functional beverage effective for anti-aging, prevention of hypertension and anticancer, and a method of preparing the same.

Hamcho is a salt-tolerant plant native to Ulleungdo, the central and southern western coasts of Korea, and is a salt-tolerant plant that grows near tidal flats and salt fields. It is called as the "Growsing node" and grows in the field where fresh water and sea water intersect. Its height is 10-30cm, round tree type, with many thorns facing each other, and its main stem has dark green, prominent nodes, salty taste, green yellow flowers in July-September, flat and black fruits in October, and autumn When the whole seaweed turns red red purple. According to the analysis of the components of the National Fisheries Research and Development Agency, the water content was the highest with 90.9% of the leaves, and the ash content was 4.6% with leaves, 6.1% with stems, and 6.2% with roots. Salinity was highest in stem, followed by leaves and roots. The salt content in the ash accounted for about 70% in the leaves. Total sugar and reducing sugar were the highest in roots at 22.8% and 13.4%, respectively. The content of uronic acid (uronic acid) was 0.31g in leaves, 1.40g in stem, and 1.88g in root per 100g of sample. In the case of leaves, glutamic acid and aspartic acid were high in leaves, and lysine and glutamic acid were high in stem and root. The leaves contained 10.8mg / 100g of tyrosine and were not detected in the stems and roots, and taurine was three to five times higher in the stems and roots than the leaves. Proline was detected as about 7% of total amino acids in leaves and roots. Minerals were the highest in sodium at 1333.8 mg / 100 g. In particular, it is thought to promote diuresis due to the high content of potassium in the bark, and also contains a lot of calcium that maintains resistance and skeleton health in the body. In terms of minerals, sodium was the highest in the roots and calcium was 20 times higher in the leaves (650.1mg / 100g) than in the roots (22.1mg / 100g) magnesium (46.5mg / 100g ~ 54.0mg / 100g) and Potassium (650.1 ~ 741.1mg / 100g) did not show a significant difference by site, and zinc was the highest at 29.6mg / 100g in the stem. Iron was found to be 31.5mg / 100g in leaves, 66.2mg / 100g in stems and 84.8mg / 100g in roots, and also contained trace amounts of copper, nickel and manganese.

However, there have been few reports on physiologically active functions other than the natural mineral components of these herbs, and they are useful as beverages containing seaweeds that contain useful ingredients and have already been approved by the Korea Food and Drug Administration for their use as food ingredients. It is not losing.

In view of the above, the inventors of the present invention have shown that SOD-like activity (superoxide dismutase like activity), tyrosinase (Trosinase) inhibitory activity, thibarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), electron donating ability, inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) I enzyme The present invention is conducted by experimenting at various angles and physiologically active functions such as activity and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation by MTT assay, and verifying the function, and preparing seaweeds as a concentrated solution after extracting hot water or by lyophilizing to use it in the preparation of a beverage. Completed.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a functional beverage using a seaweed.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a functional beverage containing the seaweed extract prepared by the above method.

The object of the present invention is to add a 1: 1 ratio of distilled water to Boil and boil it for 3 to 4 hours, and then filtered and centrifuged for 10-15 minutes at 3000xg to produce a concentrate by concentration and extract the extract -70 ℃ After lyophilization in the form of a powder to investigate the functionality of the seaweed using the concentrate and the powder was added to the conventional beverage production process was achieved by producing a functional beverage containing the seaweed extract.

Hereinafter, the configuration and operation of the present invention.

Figure 1 schematically shows the SOD-like activity test process of the present invention seaweed extract.

Figure 2 schematically shows an electron donating ability test process of the present invention seaweed extract.

Figure 3 schematically shows the tyrosinase inhibitory activity test process of the present invention seaweed extract divided into culture and non-culture.

Figure 4 schematically shows the TBARS experimental process of the present invention seaweed extract.

Figure 5 schematically shows the ACE inhibition experiment process of the present invention seaweed extract.

Figure 6 schematically shows a process for inhibiting cancer cell proliferation of the present invention seaweed extract.

In the present invention, a 1: 1 ratio of distilled water was added to Boil, boiled for 3 to 4 hours, filtered, and the extract was concentrated by centrifugation at 3000xg for 10 to 15 minutes to prepare a concentrate, and the extract was freeze-dried at -70 ° C. To prepare in powder form; Diluting the seaweed powder of the step to investigate the antimicrobial activity against the seaweed using the agar medium diffusion method; Investigating SOD-like activity using the persimmon sample solution of the above step; Measuring the electron donating ability of the glasswort sample solution; Investigating tyrosinase inhibitory activity by adding phosphate buffer and L-DOPA solution to the perilla plant solution; Investigating the antioxidant capacity of the seaweed through the TBARS experiment; Adding a DPPH solution to the persimmon extract and measuring the difference in absorbance at 517 nm to conduct electron donating ability experiments; Performing angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition experiment by adding a seaweed sample to Hippuryl-L-Histidyl-L-Leucine; Measuring the proliferation inhibitory ability of the cancer cells by treating the mammary cancer cells and the skin malignant melanoma with MTT assay; It is composed of the step of preparing a beverage containing the ingredients to be added to the prior art beverage containing the concentration and powder of the prior art beverage.

Hereinafter, the specific method of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to Examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited only to these Examples.

Example 1: Preparation of the present invention seaweed extract

100 ml of distilled water was added to 100 g of boiled water, which was then boiled for 3 hours, filtered through gauze, centrifuged at 3000 x g for 10 minutes, and filtered to prepare an extract. The extract was concentrated to a solid concentration of 20 to 30% by weight by a conventional concentration method to obtain a glasswort extract concentrate. The extract was frozen at −70 ° C. and then lyophilized with a Freeze Dryer to make the persimmon extract in powder form. In each experiment below, the powder was diluted and used in gram units or ppm units. For the comparative experiment with Hamchocho, Seonhakcho, Baekhwasaengcho, Baekbuja, etc. were also used as samples by hot water extraction in the same manner as above.

Example 2: Antimicrobial Activity of Seaweed

Strains Bacillus, Echarichia coli, Enterobacter, Listeria, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus were used for the experiment. Each strain of the slope medium was taken as platinum teeth and inoculated into 10 ml nutrient broth growth medium and used at 37 ° C. for subculture. Plate medium was added to the nutri broth growth medium 1.5% nutrient agar (sterile agar) was sterilized in an autoclave (autoclave), and then used in a petri dish (approximately 15ml). The antimicrobial test of the samples was measured by agar plate disc plate method. First, each sample solution is sterilized by filter, and then, autoclaved filter paper disc is placed on the culture medium by tweezers, and the concentration of each sample prepared by pre-sterilization treatment (0%, 3%, 7%, 10%, respectively). After absorbing 100 μl of each of the extracts, the microorganisms were adhered to the agar plate on which the bacteria were smeared and incubated at 37 ° C. for 16 hours.

As a result of observing the paper disc, antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was not observed in Baekbu and Baekhwasaeng, including nachos, among the four samples. However , in the early days, Bacillus, Escharichia coli, Enterobacter, Listeria, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Streptococcus bacteria formed clear zones in a concentration-dependent manner. In particular, the antimicrobial activity of Sunhakcho was widespread not only in Gram-positive but also Gram-negative bacteria.

Antibacterial activity test results of the present invention seaweed extract Sample and concentration (%) Hamcho Seonhakcho A rich man White flower 0 3 7 10 0 3 7 10 0 3 7 10 0 3 7 10 Bacillus ---- -+ ++ +++ ---- ---- E.coli ---- -+ + + ---- ---- Enterobacter ---- -+ ++ +++ ---- ---- Listeria ---- -+ + ++ ---- ---- Pseudomonas ---- -+ ++ +++ ---- ---- Salmonella ---- ---+ ---- ---- Streptococcus ---- ---- ---- ----

Example 3: SOD-like activity test of the present invention seaweed extract

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) -like activity measurement was prepared in 0.2ml of sample solution by concentration (1%, 3%, 5% of seaweed extract, respectively) as shown in Figure 1 and adjusted to pH 8.5 Tris-HCl buffer solution (50mM 3 ml of Tris + 10 mM EDTA) and 0.2 ml of 7.2 mM pyrogallol solution were added and reacted at 25 ° C. for 10 minutes. The reaction was stopped with 1 ml of 1N HCl, and the absorbance was measured at 420 nm. SOD-like activity was calculated as a percentage using the following formula (I).

SOD-like activity (%) = (1- Absorbance of Sample Addition ) × 100 --- (Ⅰ) Absorption of No Addition

Reducing oxygen species inevitably generated in living organisms are very harmful to cells because they produce hydroxyl groups or derivatives that are harmful to the components of living cells. SOD (Superoxide dismutase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of reducing oxygen species that damage cells to hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide produced by SOD is a harmless water molecule by peroxidase or catalase. Converted to oxygen molecules. As a result of the measurement of SOD-like activity using the hot water extract of seaweed, it was shown that the activity of all plant extracts increased depending on the concentration as shown in Table 2. Compared with the seaweed extract showed a higher value, the antioxidant power was found to be excellent. In particular, when compared to the low concentration of 3%, SOD-like activity of seaweed extract showed more than 60%.

SOD-like activity test results of the present invention seaweed extract extract density(%) SOD-like activity (%) Hamcho 135 31.3060.9272.41 Seonhakcho 135 30.9548.7662.39 A rich man 135 21.2823.7626.69 White flower 135 21.1738.9664.08

Example 4 electron donating ability of the present invention seaweed extract

Electron donating ability (EDA) experiment was performed by adding 1 ml of 2 x 10 ^-4 M DPPH (α, α-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl) solution to 2 ml of each concentration (500 ppm and 1000 ppm) seaweed extract as shown in FIG. After vortex mix for 10 seconds, the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then the absorbance change was measured at 517 nm with a spectrophotometer. The electron donating ability was expressed as a percentage using the following formula (II).

Electron donating ability = (100-sample addition / sample no addition) × 100 --- (Ⅱ)

Free radicals occur as a biological reaction during metabolism by flavinenzymes, such as mitochondria, xanthine oxidase or glutathione reductase in the phagocyte or cytoplasm. The electron donating action provides electrons to these oxidative free radicals to inhibit oxidation.

As a result of comparing and analyzing the electron donating abilities of wasong and eocho, including seaweed, all of them showed electron donating ability in a concentration-dependent manner, as shown in Table 3. More than 50% showed excellent free radical scavenging action. This prevents aging and free radicals caused by damage to cell membranes in living organisms.

It will be possible to develop it as a functional beverage as a radical inhibitor.

Electron donating ability test result of the present invention seaweed extract EDA (%) Control 0 Hamcho Sample 500 ppm 54.8 1,000 ppm 62.9 blank 500 ppm 0 1,000 ppm 0 Eoseongcho sample 500 ppm 56.1 1,000 ppm 61.2 blank 500 ppm 0 1,000 ppm 0 Wasong sample 500 ppm 42.4 1,000 ppm 46.9 blank 500 ppm 0 1,000 ppm 0

Example 5: Tyrosinase inhibitory activity test of the present invention seaweed extract

Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was measured in 1 ml of 0.175 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, 0.5 ml of 5 mM L-DOPA solution and samples (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5, respectively) at 37 ° C water bath. %, 1% seaweed extract concentration) 0.5 ml of mushroom tyrosinase (110 units / ml) was added to a mixed solution of 1 ml of solution, and reacted at 37 ° C. for 2 minutes as shown in FIG. 3a, and then absorbance was measured at 475 nm. A value of the control was A, the value of the sample solution is C, and as shown in FIG. Calculated as a percentage.

Inhibition rate (%) = {(A-B)-(C-D)} / A-B × 100 --- (III)

A: Control in case of reaction B: Control in case of no reaction

C: Sample liquid when reacting D: Sample liquid when reacting

Melanin (melanin) is a natural pigment of a polymer widely present in animals and plants and microorganisms and is synthesized through various steps such as enzymatic reaction, oxidation and polymerization of phenols. According to alkali solubility and color development characteristics, it is classified into eumelanin and pheomelanin, but biosynthetic pathway is commonly synthesized through dopaquinone produced by tyrosine by tyrosinase. Quinones are produced by the action of tyrosinase, and then melanin is synthesized by polymerization with amino acids and proteins. The inhibitory effect of tyrosinase activity occupies a very important field in the prevention of browning of the food industry, especially the whitening effect of the cosmetic industry. In Table 4, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of each plant extract was shown to be concentration-dependent, and it was found that the natural extracts and the white rich extracts, which have been reported to have a whitening effect, have very low tyrosinase inhibitory activity, so that there is no whitening effect that inhibits melanin formation. Could. On the other hand, seaweed extract showed 43.29% at 0.5% concentration, which is very high compared to the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of cheonhwa flour or white man.

Tyrosinase Inhibition Ratio of the Seaweed Extract of the Present Invention extract density(%) Tyrosinase Inhibition Ratio (%) Hamcho 0.050.10.51 9.5217.4643.2975.76 Natural flower 0.050.10.51 14.0032.0420.8532.97 A rich man 0.050.10.51 9.029.6725.8337.30

Example 6: TBARS experiment of the present invention seaweed extract

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was measured as shown in FIG. First, a test tube filled with 1 ml of the reaction mixture was reacted in a 37 ° C. water bath for 1 hour, 24 hours, and 48 hours, respectively. As soon as the reaction was completed, 50 μl of 7.2% dibutylhydroxytoluene (BHT) was added to the sample. The reaction mixture was mixed well, 2 ml TCA / TBA reagent was added, mixed again, and heated in boiling water for 15 minutes. After heating, the mixture was cooled in cold water and centrifuged for 15 minutes at a rate of 3,000 × g . The supernatant was measured at absorbance 531 nm, and the blank sample was measured in the same manner by adding distilled water instead of the sample. The antioxidant activity was calculated by the following formula (IV) and expressed as a percentage.

Antioxidant Activity (%) = 100-[(Absorbance of Sample Addition / Absorbance of Additive Free Sample) × 100] --- (IV)

Excessive intake of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol leads to diseases such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Lipids and oxides have effects such as cancer, aging, fluctuation and destruction of biological membranes in vivo. In Table 5, the levels of lipid antioxidants at different concentrations were determined by measuring the amount of TBARS (Tiobarbituric acid reactive substances) over time, using the extracts from the seaweed, Seonchochocho, and BHT, a synthetic antioxidant. In the case of seaweed extract, the antioxidant activity of lipid was recognized within 24 hours, but the antioxidant activity decreased significantly after 48 hours.

TBARS test results of the present seaweed extract Sample time and concentration (ppm) 1hr 24hr 48hr Control 0 0.068 0.243 0.563 Hamcho 1005001000 0.0550.0440.036 0.0920.0870.077 0.5630.2730.195 Seonhakcho 1005001000 0.0620.0560.039 0.0870.0720.062 0.2030.1750.078 BHA 1005001000 0.0310.0220.013 0.0350.0260.015 0.0380.0270.017

Example 7: Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibition experiment of the present seaweed extract

Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme inhibition experiment was performed by using 50mM Hypuryl-L-Histidyl-L-Leucine, a substrate, 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer solution of 0.3MNaCl and pH 8.3 as shown in FIG. Dissolve in (Potassium phosphate buffer), prepare 0.15ml, add 100µl of sample (1%, 3%, 5% seaweed extract at each concentration) and pre-incubate at 37 ℃ for 10 minutes, and add 100µl of ACE crude enzyme solution to the reaction solution. The reaction was stopped at 37 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then the reaction was stopped by adding 350 μl of 1N HCl. After adding 3 ml of ethyl acetate for 15 seconds, the mixture was allowed to stand for 15 seconds, and the supernatant was taken and concentrated by an evaporator. 1 ml of distilled water was added and dissolved, and the absorbance was measured at 228 nm. In the blank test, 100 μl of distilled water was added instead of the extract, and the control was added with the reaction stop solution first, and then 100 μl of ACE coenzyme solution was added. As a percentage.

% Inhibition = 1- Huppuric acid production in sample × 100 --- (Ⅴ) Huppuric acid production in the control

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme: kinase II.EC 3.4.15.1) converts angiotensin I of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system to angiotensin II, a physiological blood pressure booster, It is an enzyme that breaks down working bradykinin. Angiotensin II increases catecholamine levels, blood vessels contract, and promotes the release of aldosterone, an antidiuretic hormone. At the same time, Na ⁺ and water excretion are suppressed, increasing the amount of circulating blood, causing blood pressure to rise. Therefore, ACE inhibitory effect has the effect of lowering blood pressure by preventing blood vessel contraction and the retention of moisture in the body. As a result of measuring the ACE inhibitory activity of the extracts, the inhibitory activity appeared in a concentration-dependent manner, as shown in Table 6, there was a high ACE inhibitory activity of more than 50% even at 1% concentration. Also, at the concentration of 3-5%, the antihypertensive effect of seaweed extract showed a very high ACE inhibitory activity of more than 90%.

ACE inhibitory activity test results of the present invention seaweed extract extract density(%) ACE inhibitory activity (%) Hamcho One 55.47 3 90.83 5 90.84

Example 8: Investigation of the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation of the present invention seaweed extract

Cell lines used for cancer cell growth inhibition experiments were mammary cancer cells and skin malignant melanoma, respectively. The cell lines were cultured and cultured by the Korea Cell Line Bank. The culture medium was composed of 90% RPMI1640 and 10% FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum).

Proliferation inhibitory ability of cancer cells was measured by MTT assay as shown in FIG. 96-well microplate cells (1 x 10 ⁴ / 180㎕) were cultured in each of the frequency divider and then, 37 ℃, 5% CO ₂ incubator (Incubator) for 4 hours in order to stabilize the cells on. Then, after dividing into sample solution, blank, and control, respectively, put 20µl of PBS into blank and control, and 20µl of extract (1%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% of seaweed extract per well) into sample solution, In order to see the proliferation inhibitory effect of the cancer cells by the extract was cultured continuously from 72 to 96 hours. In addition, the supernatant was removed in order to remove the background of the color of the extract, washed with PBS, and put into 180μL media (without FBS). Yellow MTT [5 mg / ml (PBS): 0.22 μm filteration] was converted into a blue formazan product by the reaction of mitochondrial dehydrogenases from living cells. This was incubated for 4 hours at 37 ° C. in a 5% CO ₂ incubator, centrifuged at 1,200 × g for 15 minutes to remove supernatant, and 150 μl of DMSO (DMSO: EtOH = 1: 1) was added for 30 minutes. After completely dissolving the blue formazan product, the absorbance was measured at 550 nm with an ELISA reader.

The Tetrazolium based colorimeteric assay (MTT assay) uses 96 well microplates and the test results can be read quickly using ELISA reader (ELISA reader, multiwell microplate reader). As an analysis method, it is widely used together with a sulforhodamin B (SRB) search method. In the case of cancer cells, yellow water-soluble MTT tetrazolium is expressed in purple by the dehydrogenase action of mitochondria during metabolism and reduced to water-insoluble MTT formazan, and the absorbance of MTT formazan is the maximum at 540 nm, indicating the cell concentration in each well.

In this experiment, each extract was incubated in each well to extract 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% of the total concentrations using the extracts of seaweed, baekhwasaeng, and baekbuja, and inhibited cell proliferation by various plant extracts as MTTassay. The effect was measured. As can be seen in Table 7, seaweed extract exhibited 1% to 31.3% cell proliferation inhibitory activity against MDA-MB-231, a mammary cancer cell, and 51.6% at 1% concentration for SK-MEL-2, a skin melanoma. Proliferation inhibitory ability was shown. In contrast, Baeksasaeng and Baekbuja showed proliferation inhibitory ability of more than 40% at 1% concentration for each cancer cell, but did not reach Seonhakcho.

Cancer cell growth inhibition test results of the present invention seaweed extract Sample liquid Cancer cell growth inhibition (%) Hamcho White flower A rich man Strains ^Control _{Total concentration} 0 0 0 MDA-MB-231 0.1% 5.6 0 0 0.25% 10.2 0 2.8 0.5% 14.6 5.3 2.4 One% 31.3 6.6 9.3 SK-MEL-2 0.1% 28.7 23.6 34.1 0.25% 33.1 24.9 38.3 0.5% 41.0 33.2 42.9 One% 51.6 43.6 43.1

Example 9 Preparation of Functional Drink-containing Extract

Concentrate or powder of the seaweed extract prepared in Example 1 to 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight in the beverage according to the concentration and as shown in Table 8 seaweed extract, citric acid, vitamin C, fructose, stevione, green flavor and A functional beverage containing a seaweed extract consisting of cider flavor was prepared.

Formulation of the present invention seaweed beverage Seaweed extract 0.3% (68.44 brix) Seaweed extract 0.4% Citric acid 0.19% Vitamin C 0.03% fruit sugar 9.39% Stebion 0.03% Blue incense 0.03% Cider incense 0.01%

As described above, the present invention, as described through the above examples, SOD-like activity test, electron donating ability test, tyrosinase inhibitory activity test, TBARS experiment, electron donating ability test, ACE inhibition test and MTT assay, the pot water proved efficacy through MTT assay By adding the active ingredients of sea urchin to the beverage, it is effective to provide SOH-like active ability, whitening, aging delay, hypertension prevention, anti-cancer and fatigue recovery functional beverages containing functional extract and its manufacturing method. It is a very useful invention in the processing industry.

Claims (3)

Distilled water in a ratio of 1: 1 to distilled water was boiled for 3 to 4 hours, filtered by centrifugation at 3000xg for 10 to 15 minutes, and the obtained extract was concentrated to 20-30% by weight. 0.01 wt% to 10 wt% of seaweed extract prepared in powder form by lyophilization at -70 ° C, 0.1 to 1.0 wt% of seaweed extract, 0.05 to 0.5 wt% of citric acid, 0.01 to 0.1 wt% of vitamin C, 5 to 15 wt% of fructose %, 0.01 to 0.1% by weight of stevione, 0.01 to 0.1% by weight of green scent and 0.005 to 0.05% by weight of cider scent. Functional beverage containing the extract of the seaweed prepared by the method of claim 1. [Claim 3] The functional beverage of claim 2, wherein the functional beverage containing the seaweed extract has SOD-like activity, whitening, free radical removal, delaying aging, hypertension and cancer cell proliferation.