KR20010029551A - Film fill-pack for inducement of spiraling gas flow in heat and mass transfer contact apparatus with self-spacing fill-sheets - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To accelerate heat transfer while suppressing loss of a cooling fluid by arranging a large number of filmy filling sheets contiguously in the vertical direction as a filling sheet bundle and creating spiral motion of gas flow through protrusions and grooves arranged on the surface and rear of the filling sheet. CONSTITUTION: A film fill-pack(12) has a plurality of fill-sheets(14,50,52,58,60) with an ordered array of ridges(163) and grooves(165) generally extending above a planar surface on both the obverse and reverse surfaces of a fill-sheet, which fill-sheets at an assembled state provide the ridges and grooves of facing obverse and reverse surfaces of adjacent fill-sheets in an arrangement providing a plurality of channels(220,222) between adjacent fill-sheets for gas flow therethrough and where the ordered arrangement of ridges(163) and grooves(165) induces spiraling of the gas flow through the channels(220,222) for promotion of improved heat transfer; and, where the fill-sheets(14,50,52,58,60) further include a spacing arrangement(252) providing a compact nesting of adjacent sheets with minimal sheet-to-sheet displacement at least at two of the edges for compact handling, transfer and storage with a self-spacing of adjacent fill-sheets at assembly of the film fill-pack.

Description

FIL FILL-PACK FOR INDUCEMENT OF SPIRALING GAS FLOW IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER CONTACT APPARATUS WITH SELF-SPACING FILL-SHEETS}

The present invention is part of a continuing continuation-in-part of US patent application Ser. No. 09 / 200,546, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to liquid and gas contact devices for heat transfer and mass transfer devices, and more particularly to heat and mass transfer media, or film fill-packs, used in cooling towers as liquid-gas contact devices for cooling heat-transfer fluids. (film fill-pack).

Such heat and mass transfer media, or fill-pack materials, are generally arranged perpendicular to the fluid flowing over the material and the air stream is loosely spaced or spaced or spaced to interact with the fluid for heat and mass transfer. Heads transversely through the material.

The fill-pack material generally provides a rescue device that inhibits the flow rate of fluid from the fluid supply mechanism at the top of the cooling tower to the lower pond, which is transverse to the fluid due to the inhibited fluid flow rate. The contact time between moving air or gas is increased. The control or obstruction of the liquid flow rate to increase the contact time with the flow gas or fluid may be referred to as liquid management as a reference term.

Various structures, materials and physical arrangements have been provided in an attempt to enhance the interaction between gas, air and fluid in the fill-pack material. This will enhance the efficiency of heat and mass transfer operations, and consequently will increase the efficiency of heat and mass transfer devices such as cooling towers. The thermal efficiency of a cooling tower is related to the amount of air flowing through the cooling tower, the fluid-air interface per fluid unit flowing through the cooling tower, and the degree of vortex of air and water around the interface.

Attempts to increase cooling tower efficiency by allowing greater interaction between air and fluid are disclosed in US Pat. No. 3,286,999 to Takeda et al.

In this structure, corrugated ribs are alternately arranged in bands across the filling sheet, with or without transverse blank strips, and hollow projections extending over the corrugated surface.

The sheet material may be polyvinyl chloride (PVC) having a particular bandwidth and groove slope. The binder fixes the rice powder to the fill sheet surface. The rice or other material is disclosed to act as a humectant to spread water on the paper surface. In addition, it has been proposed to enhance the surface wetting by adding a surfactant to the water.

Kinney, Jr. U. S. Patent No. 4,548, 766, which is assigned to the present disclosure, discloses a filling sheet for a cross-flow water cooling tower, which has a repeating ridge pattern in which one surface is raised and the other surface is recessed. Improvements in heat transfer are due to the angularity between the ridges, the vertical height of the fringes, the transverse angulars of the ridges, and the spacing between adjacent sheets.

The W-shaped spacer projecting in the opposite direction from each sheet has a compensating notch that accommodates the feet of the spacers so that adjacent sheets maintain the required horizontally spaced relationship.

These spaces are angled to minimize airflow obstruction.

The ridge pattern is repeated while the angled ridges and grooves alternate with each other. However, there are circular grooves on both sides of the sheet arranged along vertical lines and operable as knockouts for the reception of the support bars. The use of W-type spacers has been disclosed to prevent the inevitable adhesion of the filling material to assist in the assembly of the filling pack at the cooling tower installation site.

US Pat. No. 3,599,943 to Munters et al. Teaches contacting a filler product with a corrugated plate of corrugated structure.

This contact filler is a vertically positioned thin layer or sheet formed of corrugated material that intersects each other in adjacent layers.

The layers may be cellulose or asbestos impregnated with reinforcements such as resins or reinforcements. Cross corrugated plates are supported together to form a channel with their widths varying vertically and horizontally. This is to increase the contact of air and water to cool the water more efficiently.

Similar bonding of fillers is illustrated in US Pat. No. 3,395,903 to Norback et al. The corrugated sheet materials are bonded to each other at their edges and have a certain angle of corrugation, forming channels between the corrugated layers.

U. S. Patent No. 3,540, 702 discloses a thin-sheet filler having zigzag pleats and bent across its plane along several lines across the pleats.

A plurality of sheets are joined back to back so that the bent portions of the adjacent plates extend in opposite directions to form a large flow path for the gas and the corrugations form a passage for the liquid. Another example of filling sheets with angular grooves and corrugations is disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,361,426 to Carter et al.

Filling materials in which the grooves are formed at the above angles are spaced apart from each other, and the surfaces thereof are reinforced by horizontally extending, corrugated and vertically arranged and angled zigzag grooves.

This material increases the exposed wet surface area of the filler, causing air vortices in the passages between the filler sheets.

The purpose of increasing the flow and surface area is to increase the contact time of air and water in order to increase the thermal performance of the filler.

US Pat. No. 4,518,544 to Carter et al. Discloses a serpentine-filled packing material, which is composed of individual side-by-side sheets of ridges or ridges or sinusoidal curves with ridges or ridges. have.

Adjacent sheets have a sinusoidal shape in the immediately opposite passage.

The sheets are held or held in place by a spacing knob male locator on the ridge of the sheet and a spacing socket female locator in the valley (entry) of the sheet. Groove width varies continuously from the ridge or valley from the bottom to the top edge. The side wall angle of the groove with respect to the vertical of the sheet plane is a constant angle at any position of the filling groove sheet height.

Kinney, Jr. U. S. Patent No. 4,801, 410, which is assigned to the present disclosure, provides a vacuum-formed filling sheet having a spacing element for maintaining a peripheral and internal spacing of the filling sheet pack. Each sheet is formed in a wave pattern and the tops and valleys of adjacent sheets are inclined in opposite directions to maintain the sheet spacing.

The honeycomb structure formed along the facing and side edges of adjacent sheets helps to maintain sheet spacing.

U. S. Patent No. 5,722, 258 to Aitken illustrates a filling package with wavy metal elements arranged with vertical passages between adjacent elements. The pleats of the filling material are provided with a plurality of holes. Waves at each site extend at an angle to the horizontal. The patent emphasizes that the wave functions as a fin to increase the heat transfer area.

The heat and mass transfer media, or fill sheets, of the present invention may, in particular, comprise a specific structure for displacing adjacent pleated or cracked heat;

A structure for automatically arranging the ridges on adjacent fill sheets such that adjacent channel air streams rotate in opposite directions to clarify the air flow channels for air flow vortex generation in each channel;

Filling sheet surface structure for compact storage, shipping and assembly at cooling tower installations;

Specific openings for installing and supporting rods without secondary assembly or structural reinforcement at the cooling tower installation site;

A separator for maintaining separation distance between adjacent sheets without respective filling sheet calibration; And

Ease of manufacturing continuous fill sheets by vacuum forming thermoformed plastics;

The thermal efficiency of the filling sheet can be enhanced by providing.

The angle of displacement of the pleats or waves on the fill sheet surface means a specific pleat with respect to the vertical axis.

The method of providing the relative angular and vertical displacements of the filling sheet during the manufacturing process is easily integrated into the filling sheet production.

A mist eliminator assembly and a water holding louver structure are provided on the respective discharge and inlet edges integrally or independently of the fill sheet to prevent cooling fluid loss from each air capture or cooling fluid stream. The disclosed waterborne louvers have improved their operating efficiency by reducing the air pressure drop across the louver surface.

The mist eliminator assembly has an asymmetrical cross section with microgrooves between each of the large S-shaped recesses and the adjacent S-shaped recesses on each mist eliminator element so that the fluid collected is Allows transfer to fill sheets and cooling tower bath. This set of grooves extends at an elevation angle from the inner edge toward the outer and discharge edges.

This manufacturing method provides the right order or number of panels for making a fill sheet having a continuous repeating pattern. The fill sheet has a sealing line between the mold or adjacent portions in the mold, but each mold may be set to have a plurality of panel fill sheets or a single panel fill sheet, or the mold may provide a single elongated sheet. It may be. These quantum arrangements have a mounting passage and a support-rod passage.

The specific mold structure and size of fill sheet formed or the use of multiple panels for multi-panel sheets is a design option.

1 is a partially cutaway perspective view of a crossflow cooling tower and a film fill-pack

1A is a schematic cross-sectional view of the crossflow cooling tower of FIG.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged cutaway perspective view of the film fill-pack of the crossflow cooling tower of FIG.

FIG. 3A is a plan view of a fill sheet having a plurality of panels through which mounting and support passages are formed elliptically and a water retaining louver at the front edge; FIG.

FIG. 3B is a plan view of the FIG. 3A fill sheet with elliptical, perforated mounting and support passages and a fume eliminator at the rear edge;

FIG. 3C is a top view of the FIG. 3A fill sheet with a water-retaining louver at a circular perforated mount and support passage and front edge;

3D is a top view of the FIG. 3B fill sheet with a mist eliminator at the rear edge

3E shows a top view of a fill sheet with a water retainer at the front edge and a mist eliminator at the rear edge;

3F is a top view of the mist eliminator of the present invention.

3G is a plan view showing a conventional mist eliminator

4A is a schematic representation of a two-panel fill sheet mold for mist-eliminator side edges parallel to the vertical or longitudinal direction,

The upper and lower edges are deformed at an angle to the horizontal axis and a separation line separating the two-panel portions from adjacent two-panel portions is shown.

4B is a schematic representation of a single panel fill sheet having water retaining louvers at the front edge;

4C is a sectional view taken along the line 6A-6A of FIG. 4B.

4D is a side view of a single water holding louver

Fig. 4E shows an assembly view of the water retaining louver shown in Fig. 4D, showing a cell structure with hexagonal cells on the sides.

5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5-5 in FIGS. 4A and 4B.

FIG. 5A is a side view of the water retention louver shown in FIG. 4D

6A is a cross-sectional view of the mist elimination section taken along line 6-6 in FIG. 4A.

6B is an enlarged view of the mist eliminator portion;

6C is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the mist eliminator cut along line 6C-6C in FIG. 6B.

FIG. 6D is a cross-sectional view of the fine groove between the louvers of the mist eliminator cut along line 6D-6D in FIG. 6B.

Fig. 6E is a side view showing a single water holding louver of the present invention.

6F is a front side view of the water retaining louver of FIG. 6E.

FIG. 6G is a side view of the water retaining louver assembly of the present invention having the cellular structure of a non-equilateral hexagonal cell; FIG.

7 is a schematic enlarged plan view of an ellipse and circular support-path in FIGS. 3A-3B.

Figure 7A is an enlarged perspective view of the ellipse and circular support passage of Figure 7

7B is a cross-sectional view of the ellipse and circular support passage of FIG.

8 is a plan view of a conventional galvanic filling sheet

8A is a side view of the prior art fill sheet illustrated in FIG. 8.

FIG. 9 illustrates three assembled fill sheets with an ordered peak-to-peak arrangement providing channels between aligned valleys cut along lines 5-5 in FIGS. 4A and 4B. A magnified view

FIG. 9A is an enlarged side view of FIG. 9 in a side view of a configuration with surface discontinuities on the surface facing the fill sheet; FIG.

10 is an enlarged view of a channel with airflow spirals inside

FIG. 11A is an enlarged plan view of one of the fill sheets in FIG. 9 with a 3-cycle surface. FIG.

FIG. 11B is an enlarged plan view of another fill sheet in FIG. 9 with a two-cycle surface. FIG.

11C is a perspective view of a portion of the fill sheet

FIG. 11D is an end view of the fill sheet surface cut along the line parallel to line 13-13 in FIG. 11A.

FIG. 11E is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the separator and surface projections in FIG. 11C. FIG.

12 is a cross-sectional view of the valleys and ridges of adjacent flutes cut along lines 12-12 in FIG. 11A.

FIG. 13 is an enlarged view of a sheet surface between peaks cut along the line 13-13 in FIG. 11A; FIG.

14 shows an ellipse or an elongated form for each panel of each filling sheet shown in FIGS. 7 to 7B.

FIG. 14A shows a rectangular shape for each panel of each fill sheet in another embodiment. FIG.

15 is a view showing a circle in the ellipse of FIG.

FIG. 15A illustrates a rectangular portion within the rectangle of FIG. 14A with an overlapping optional and exemplary support rod structure. FIG.

FIG. 16 shows an as-manufactured fill sheet positioned close to the ridge-valley bond between adjacent sheets; FIG.

17 is an enlarged and exploded view of the filling sheet of FIG.

FIG. 18 illustrates an installed fill sheet arrangement in which the sheet is suspended from a hanger pipe; FIG.

19 is an enlarged and exploded view of the filling sheet assembled as in FIG.

20 shows an example of airflow in the channel of the filling sheet as in FIG.

FIG. 21 shows another example of airflow in the channel of the filling sheet as in FIG.

22 is an enlarged, tilted, cross-sectional view of the film fill-pack of the countercurrent cooling tower.

23 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a countercurrent cooling tower as in FIG.

Explanation of symbols on major parts of drawing

10: crossflow cooling tower

12 film fill-pack

14: fill sheets

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings.

Heat and mass transfer media are utilized in many heat and mass transfer devices including cooling towers, catalytic converters, gas scrubbers, evaporative coolers and other devices. 1 and 2, an existing cross-flow cooling tower 10 is shown as a partial cross-sectional view showing some components of the cooling tower 10. In particular, film-filled packs 12, or fill-sheets 14, with multiple individual heat and mass transfer media, are independent water-containing louvers 16, cooling tower fans 18, baths 20 and other structural support members 22. It is shown with. The portion of Top 10, shown in dashed lines in FIG. 1, is shown in enlarged view in FIG. 2. Fill packs 12 have a number of individual parallel fill sheets 14 suspended vertically within the top 10. The outer or front surface of the fill pack 12 is disposed proximate to the independent water-bearing louver 16 and the inner or rear surface 26 is disposed adjacent to the fan 18. The fill-sheet bottom edge 130 of FIG. 4B is disposed proximate to the bath 20 in FIGS. 1, 1A and 2.

The relative positions of the cooling tower components, the airflow direction and the water flow direction of the cooling tower 10 are shown more clearly in FIG. 1A. In this schematic, the air flow direction is shown by arrow 30, the water and fluid flow direction is shown by arrow 32 in fill pack 12, and the discharged or warmed air or gas flow is shown by arrow 34. The mist eliminator 28 is integrally formed in the fill sheets 14 and is typically located at the rear edge 26. The water distribution bath 36 located at the top 38 of the tower is equipped with distribution nozzles 40 to achieve a uniform distribution of hot water over the fill packs 12, such a bath or conduit 36 is shown in FIG. 1. Cooling tower 10 reduces the temperature of the water used in the cooling system, and this temperature reduction is achieved by moving the air at the first temperature past the water flowing over the fill sheets 14 while maintaining the second and higher temperatures. . Colder air reduces the temperature of the water through both sensible heat transfer and latent heat transfer by evaporation of a small portion of water on the fill sheet surface. Water through the fill-sheets 14 is collected in a bath 20 and recycled to the cooling system. It is generally known that lower temperature water in the bath 20 makes the cooling system more efficient and more economical to operate.

FIG. 8 shows a prior art fill sheet 270 in plan view, which has a plurality of alternating rows of ribs or corrugations such as chevrons aligned on its surface. In the vertical and herring-bone arrangement of the fill sheet 270 of the figure, the darker and heavier lines represent the protrusions 163 and the alternating lighter and thinner lines enter between the adjacent protrusions 163 in the horizontal line of the protrusions 167. Or the concave portion 165. Bands of protrusions in each row 167 incline in an alternating direction to induce the flow of water below the surface of the fill sheet 270. The front 271 and back 273 of the prior art fill sheet 270 are shown in side view in FIG. 8A, which are shown like parallel planes. Although operable, the surface does not interact with adjacent fill-sheet surfaces, providing clear air channels to enhance airflow and create a vortex of airflow. Surfaces 271 and 273 of prior art fill-sheets 270 will have a planar structure with lines of straight recesses 275 and peaks 277 within flat surfaces 271 and 273. In an embodiment not shown, protrusions may be provided to maintain separation between the adjacent sheets.

The cross-flow cooling tower 10 will be used as a reference structure, unless specifically described otherwise with respect to the description below of the preferred embodiment with the filling sheets 14 of the medium or film pack 12. Fill sheets 14 are frequently used as medium 12 for heat transfer and mass transfer devices. Alternative structures of the fill sheet 14 of the present invention are shown in FIGS. 3A-3E, in particular the fill sheets 14 shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C, 3D can be side by side pairs or assembled as such. The resulting side-by-side assembly of fill sheet structures, ie, fill sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60, is to provide a sheet structure similar to the form of single and continuous fill sheet 14 as shown in FIG. 3E. These side by side fillsheet structures may provide greater width along the lower edge 154 in FIGS. 3A-3B. These resulting fill sheets 50,52 or 58,60 remain functionally and structurally similar to fill sheet 14 of a single panel.

The specific structure of the fill sheets 14 in Figures 3A-3E is shown as as-manufactured fill sheet 14, which is merely exemplary and not a limitation.

In FIGS. 3A and 3B, fill sheet pairs 50 and 52 are shown with six fill sheet panels 54 and 56, each of which sheets 50 and 52 provide for the first or A fill sheet 14 of film pack 12. Interact. Fill sheet pairs 58 and 60 with panels 54 and 56 of FIGS. 3C and 3D are similarly assembled to provide second or B fill sheet 14 of the same film pack 12, respectively. The above-described side-by-side fill sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60 are shown with water retaining louvers 16 integrally formed at the front or air inlet side 24, and the mist eliminators 28 integrally formed at the rear or air outlet side 26 are Is shown.

Each panel 54 and 56 or fill sheet 14 in FIG. 3E has mounting passages 70 and 72 contoured on the base sheet or panels 54, 56 and 14 shown in FIGS. 7,7A, 7B, 14 and 15. FIG. In this figure, only passage 70 is described but this also applies to passage 72. In Figure 14, the passage 70 has a general ellipse, which has a major axis 82, a first minor axis 84 and a second minor axis 86. The major axis 82 is shown offset from the vertical axis 80 of the longitudinal or tower shown in FIGS. 1A, 3A and 3B at an angle 88. In FIGS. 3A-3D, passages 70 and 72 have a major axis 82 generally parallel to lateral edges 24 and 26 and are displaced by an angle 88 from vertical axis 80.

In FIG. 14, the elliptic outline of the passage 70 has a first focus 90 and a second focus 92 separated by a gap 96. In FIG. 15, circle 94 is a vertical diameter along the major axis 82, a transverse diameter along the minor axis 86, and in its state the center is shown at focus 92 in the passage 70. In FIG. 14 a more geometrically accurate substrate of passage 70 shows the first circular outline, which shows a second circular outline having a center at focus 90 and a center at second focus 92. At the periphery or circumference 98, the intersections of the diameters 84 and 86 of each of these circles are connected at tangent lines. These passage structures extensively apply the common ellipse or elongated shape on the drawing and it is described.

In FIG. 7, the outer circumference 98 of the ellipse has a protruding outline 100. The fill-sheet 14 in FIGS. 7 and 7B has an unformed flat surface 104 proximate the protrusion 100 with the sidewall 106 inclined to the top. The protrusion 100 and the side wall 106 cooperate with each other to provide an outer circumference 98 of the outline 70. Similarly, the inwardly formed sidewall 108 meets tangentially with the sidewall 106 at the intersection of diameter 82 and is an arc outline of circle 94 with an inner projection 110.

The protrusions 100 and 110, together with their respective sidewalls 106 and 108, are shown in FIGS. 16, 17, 18 and 19, and act as reinforcement or reinforcement for receiving support rods 112 through the perforated outlines of ellipses 70 and circle 94. In FIG. 7B the cross-sections of elliptical outlines 70 and circle 94 show protrusions 100 and 110 and side walls 106 and 108.

Mounting passages 70 and 72 are shown in some figures, which are shown in a curved shape, but this structure is not a limitation. Passages 470 and 472 are shown in a generally rectangular shape in FIGS. 14A and 15A. In particular, passage 470 is shown as a contact rectangular outline stacked on each other. Diagonal lines 474 of each rectangle intersect at focus 476 and 478 with a separation gap 96 therebetween. In this alternative structure, rectangular or C-shaped channel 482 is utilized as the support rod.

In FIGS. 4A, 4B, molds 120, 122 provide a field or arrangement of pleats or chevrons 158 formed on sheet 150, which field 158 has a repeating outline with a plurality of chevron shaped rows. In FIG. 9, the schematic cross section of the corrugated or chevron field 158 of the flat sheet 150 shows the arrangement of the peaks and recesses on the front 151 and back 153. In FIGS. 9 and 11A field 158 is shown for a three cycle filled sheet, which corrugated field 158 typically has an arrangement of planes that are inclined with respect to vertical axis 160. Field 158 is shown in FIG. 9 as a smooth continuous curve, which is peak-to-peak between the inclined plane or protrusion 163 and the peaks or apices 163A on each side of the flat sheet 150. -peak) has a profile depth of 200. In FIG. 9, the faces of adjacent fill sheets 14 are labeled front 151 and back 153. However, the chevron field 158 is repeated on both sides of the sheet 150 and the description of the field 158 is generally related to the respective surfaces 151 and 153. The arrangement or field 158 is shown as a cycle having a peak 163A and a straight recess 164 about the neutral axis 160, which is coplanal on the flat surface 150 and approximately about the horizontal axis 126. Right angle.

In some of the figures described above, the fill sheets 14 or 50, 52 and 58, 60 are broadly described with a corrugated or chevron shaped top or front 151 and bottom or back 153. The chevron forms a curved surface with repetitive peaks or vertices and concave patterns on both the front or top surface 151 and back or bottom surface 153 of each of the filling sheets 14 or 50, 52 and 58, 60, respectively. This pattern is generally equivalent to both the front side 151 and the rear side 153, and therefore only the front side 151 will be described below, but this also applies to the field 158 of the rear side 153. And while the description will be made with respect to the filling sheets 50,52 and 58,60, this also applies to a single filling sheet 14. Side-by-side assemblies of the sheet structures of FIGS. 3A and 3B are designated as first or A structures. Similarly, a second or B structure is shown as side by side structure of the sheet structure in FIGS. 3C and 3D. A distinctive feature between the A and B structures described above is the specific mounting passage which penetrates through outlines 70 and 72. In particular, the A seat mounting passage has an ellipse pattern outlined by a circumferential protrusion 100 penetrated to provide a hole 194 in FIGS. 3A, 3B, 17 and 19. The B seat mounting passage has a circular outline 94 penetrated to provide a circular port 196, as shown in Figures 3C, 3D, 17 and 19. The A sheet structure is sheared or cut to a length along either of the limit lines or cut lines 152 through the shear, and the B sheet structure is provided along one of the limit lines or cut lines 154 by the shear. The specific shear lines 152 or 154 utilized in the as-produced continuous sheet sequence of the filler sheets 50, 52 or 58, 60 and 14 are designed for the filler sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60 and 14. It is determined by the number of panels 54 and 56 required to provide. The same number of panels is provided for both filled sheets of A and B structures.

Mounting passages 70 and 72 pass through to receive mounting rod 112.

However, the outline and shape of the through hole 194 is an ellipse and the shape of the port 94 is circular. 17 and 19, the A sheet structures 50, 52 and B sheet structures 58, 60 have mounting rods 112 extending through a plurality of parallel and alternating fill sheets. 16 and 17, side by side sheet structures 50, 52 are positioned on rod 112 extending along focus 92 of each hole 194. In FIG. In this position along focus 92, the chevron pattern surfaces 151, 153 of each fill sheet are bonded or superimposed with one another on adjacent fill sheet surfaces 151 or 153 for ease of packaging and transportation after fabrication. The structure of such densely packed fill sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60 or 14 is shown in FIG. 16, where the side by side sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60 have their respective corrugated surfaces 151 and 153 closely stacked. Have The upper edge 128 of the filling sheets 50, 52 is displaced upwards by a distance 96 from the upper edge 128 of the filling sheets 58,60. A similar edge displacement interval 96 is indicated at the lower edge 130 of the closely packed sheets in FIG. 16, which distance 96 relates to the original shear position and the generally through hole 194 and port 196. This small eccentricity or spacing 96 is only approximately 3% of the mold length, which is significantly less than currently in use at approximately 50% of the mold length for nesting or bonding when filling and transporting the fill sheets 14. Thus, fill sheet 14 requires significantly less storage space, and a shorter length facilitates handling of multiple sheet stacks.

When the filling sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60 are closely packed or overlapped, the line 210 of the peak portion or vertex portion 163A on the front side of the first filling sheet 151 is connected to the linear recess 164 on the rear side of the second filling sheet 153 adjacent to the second filling sheet. It can be superimposed, thus reducing the total volume occupied by the collection of fill sheets 50,52 and 58,60 or 14 provided for film pack 12. Although line 210 is shown as a continuous line in FIG. 11A, it can be seen that peak portion 163A is marked as a discontinuous line as shown in FIG. 11D. The nested fill sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60 increase the stability and strength of each fill sheet, improve handling before field assembly and reduce transportation volume. The tightly constructed sheet structure improves the strength of the filling sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60 to prevent damage during storage and transport.

When assembling or burning the film pack 12 in the top 10, the film pack 12 hangs vertically, and the filling sheets 50,52 with the A style structure are lowered to provide support rods or rods 112 along the focus 90 of each hole 194. do. Seats 58,60 are mounted on rod 112 along focus 92 and maintain this position in both filling sheets 50,52 and 58,60 assembled with the nested structure, thus alternating A and B filling Align the focus 90 and 92 of the sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60 respectively. The resulting arrangements of alternating A and B style fill sheets 50,52 and 58,60, their holes 194 and port 196 and their respective focus 90,92 are found in several representative fill sheets 50,52 and 58,60. 19 is shown.

The assembly in the field provides the sheets alternating with each other in the contour arrangement shown in FIG. 18, and with this configuration of film pack 12 the upper edges 128 of all the filling sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60 are generally arranged. Similarly, the lower edge 130 of the fill sheet is aligned, and this alignment is achieved by the downward displacement of the hole 194 since the separation 96 is equal to the separation interval 149 between the shear lines 152 and 154. The size of the gap 196 and the separation gap 149 provides a peak portion 163A on the front side 151 of the first A or B filling sheets 50,52 and 58,60, and adjacent adjacent A or B filling sheets 50,52 and 58,60. The peak portion 163A is provided on the back side 153 of. The correlation of the fill sheet, peak-to-peak proximity and placement is shown schematically in FIGS. 9 and 18.

In FIG. 18, film pack 12 hangs vertically to allow fill sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60 to take their assembled position and correlation. As described above, the vertical suspension of the film pack 12 in the top 10 causes the A sheet structure 50,52 with the hanger rod 112 to move vertically downward through the ellipse hole 194 so that the rod 112 is positioned along the focus 90 in the hole 194. And keep the B sheet structure along focus 92. This position of the A sheet structure 50,52 and the B sheet structure 58,60 horizontally aligns the upper edge 128 and the lower edge 130 of the filling sheet 14, and the film pack 12 has edges 24 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 1A. It provides an alternative appearance similar to that of the same film pack 12. While the lower edges 130 are shown aligned in FIG. 18, other manufacturing methods may have the above-described A and B sheet structures of unequal length, which is the alignment of the upper edge 128 without the alignment of the lower edge 130. To achieve.

The side-by-side sheet structures 50,52 and 58,60 described above relate to a fill sheet as shown in FIGS. 3A-3D, and provide essential attachments alongside each of the panels needed to accommodate the fill sheets provided by such a structure. Equipped. The fill sheets 14 may be a single sheet structure as shown in FIG. 3E and may have a plurality of vertical panels disposed to provide the required sheet length. The choice of a single sheet or side-by-side panel structure is a design and application option, not a functional limitation. Accordingly, the following description of the resulting correlation of planes 151 and 153 and peaks 163A and linear recesses 164 is also applicable to the fill sheet structure provided by the assembly of a fill sheet 14 of a single sheet as shown in FIG. 3E. will be.

The following description relates to the front and back of adjacent filling sheets. However, the outer surfaces of the individual film packs 12, the outer filling sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60, facing outwards 151 or 153, respectively, are shown from adjacent filling sheets 58, 60 or 50, 52, respectively, as shown in FIG. It is found that it does not have facing surfaces. The width of the film pack 12 is not limited to a certain number of fill sheets, but may be applicable to any application or cooling tower with any acceptable width and number of fill sheets 50,52 and 58,60 or 14. However, adjacent fill sheets 50,52 and 58,60 are parallel, and the inner fill sheet peak portion 163A of the A or B first sheet front side 151 is adjacent and aligned with the peak portion 162 of the back side 153 of the adjacent A or B second sheet. do. The linear recesses 164 of opposing faces 151,153 of adjacent A and B fill sheets 50,52 and 58,60 are similarly arranged in line 210 of peak 163A, and these linear recesses 164 are aligned and between adjacent peak lines 210. Occurs. This arrangement is clearly shown in FIGS. 9 and 11A. For only a pair of sheets 50,52 and 58,60, since the correlation between the A and B filled sheets 50,52 and 58,60 and the related peaks 163A and linear recesses 164 are the same, As described, this applies equally to the remaining A or B fill sheets 50,52 and 58,60.

Peak portions 163A and linear recesses 164 aligned in FIGS. 9 and 18 cooperate with each other to form a number of channels 220,222, which are typically horizontal. It will be appreciated that the holes 194, port 196 and separation spacing 149 form a discrete structure in the patterned channels 220, 222. However, the general pattern of channels 220 and 222 will exist between the opposing faces 151 and 153 of adjacent fill sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60 or 14.

And, the discrete portion may form discrete channels 220,222, which only partially cross the width of adjacent fill sheets 50,52 and 58,60. As shown in FIG. 9A, the side structure of one fill pack will provide channels 220,222 between peaks 163A and valleys 164, with channels 220,222 in the body of the pack packed with air inlet to the pack. It will be offset from channels 220,222 at the corners.

If there are a number of offset peaks 163A and valleys 164 on an array of peaks and valleys across the sheet widths of adjacent surfaces 151,153 of sheets 50,52 and 58,60, the inlet edge of the fill pack There will be multiple channels 220,222 offset from linearly adjacent channels at. The effect of such an offset is that at least part of the airflow can be diverted from its straight passage at the inlet edge of the filling pack.

Surfaces 151 and 153 are not flat, and in particular in FIG. 11A front face 151 has a number of continuous protrusions 163 extending vertically downward from linear recess 164 from fill sheet upper edge 179. Protrusion 163 protrudes from plane 150 to peak 163A of line 210. The protrusion 163 is inclined downward on the surface 151 and formed at an angle of rotation 278 and 378 with respect to the horizontal lines 164 and 210, and runs in a plane 150 between the peak portion 163A or the peak line 210, and the protrusion base 163B in the linear recess 164. To extend. The protrusion 163 continuously rises from the protrusion base 163B and the linear recess 164 to the next peak portion 163A at the subsequent peak line 210. The curved structure of each of the protrusions 163 concave and convex the flat sheet 150, but in FIG. 11A, the protrusion 163 is approximately 90 after traveling through three rows or half-cycles 167 of the protrusion 163. The angle changes in degrees. It is found that angles 278 and 378 are preferably approximately 49 °, but the rotation angles 278 and 378 are variable between 25 ° and 75 ° to provide an acceptable rotation angle for gas flow through channels 220 and 222. .

Rotation angles 278 and 378 are provided to show the plane of surface 151 or 153 in the vertical direction, as indicated by double arrows 15-15 in FIG. 9. Rotation angles 278 and 378 impart proper rotation to the vortex air flow, because excessive rotation will result in excessive pressure drop through channels 220,222, and improper rotation will not induce the vortex air required for channels 220,222. . Excessive rotation was found to impede smooth operation and airflow through fill pack 12 between channels 220 and 222. And, it should be noted that the rotation angles 278 and 378 do not necessarily have the same value.

In FIG. 11A grooves 165 are marked between adjacent protrusions 163 and they run below front 151 which is generally parallel to the protrusion of protrusion 163. In this structure, the recesses 165 are continuous lines projecting from the line 210 of the peak portion 163A to the first recess 165B below the plane 150 and the linear recess 164 downward. The recess 165 continues vertically down the surface 151 in FIG. 11A and at the same time continues out of plane 150 to the intersection line 210 of the upper point 165A below the vertex of the adjacent protrusion peak 163A. Thus, the recess 165 runs in a substantially parallel manner to the protrusion 163 vertically downward of the front surface 151. Although top point 165A is shown as a discontinuity, the depth below vertex 163A is nominal and may be hard to discern. This is the appearance of the continuous line 210.

FIG. 9 is a cross section of the filling sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60, in which the back 153 of the first or A sheet 50, 52 is arranged facing the front 151 of the second or B sheet 58, 60. FIG. Peak portions 163A of opposing faces 151, 153 are disposed close to each other. In this configuration, line 210 and linear recess 164 of peak 163A are seen as continuous lines or protrusions on the side sections from edges 24 and 26, respectively. The linear recesses 164 are the intersections of the downward slopes of the adjacent protrusions 163 on the surfaces 151, 153, in which the protrusions 163 are formed at a first angle 276 with respect to the central axis 160 or the flat surface 150. The first angle 276 is preferably approximately 40 ° from the central axis 160, but it can extend between approximately 20 ° and 60 °. Discontinuous peaks 163A in continuous arrangement 158 on front 151 and back 153 interact to provide peak line 210 as in FIGS. 11A, 11B and 11C.

11C shows an oblique perspective view of fill sheet 14, but various angles, protrusions 163, peaks 163A, protrusion bases 163B, grooves 165, linear recesses 164 and original recesses 165B are described separately below so that they It is to be appropriately provided to the individual filling sheet. Repetitive symbols for FIG. 9 will be used in the angular position, plane, protrusions, recesses, and peaks to be described in detail with respect to compound angles. As described above, the filling sheets 14 or 50, 52 and 58, 60 have a plurality of protruding and inclined planes, protrusions, recesses and peaks, which result from forming flat materials at complex angles in a three-dimensional array. will be. The central axis 160 is parallel to the irregular flat sheet 150 and parallel to the vertical axis 80, which flat sheet or surface 150 is marked in FIG. 6A. 5, 9, 11A, 11B, 16 and 18, the peak portion 163A protrudes at the same distance on the flat surface 150 on the front and rear surfaces 151,153. Peak 163A occurs at the connection of two protrusions 163 of adjacent protrusion rows or ranks 167, which protrusions 163 connect the side walls 178. In the top views of FIGS. 11A and 11B, the linear recess 164 and the first recess 165B are shown colinear, with the corners of the parallelograms forming the protrusions, recesses and peaks all having these respective protrusions. This is because they form a common straight line with the recesses.

In some views of the preferred embodiment, the sidewalls 178 are roughly parallelogram shapes that project and form an angle from the plane 150, as shown in FIG. 11D.

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view that realistically illustrates an as-formed relationship between chevron shape differences or height 181 along sidewalls 178, grooves 165 and protrusions 163. The heights 181 and 183 are not identical to each other in FIG. 9, but they may be configured equally in the arrangement 158 of the particular structure. The angle 179 between the side walls 178 is equally disposed on both sides of the vertical 175 with respect to the groove 165 in FIG. 12. Alternatively, the angle 179 may be eccentric to one side or the other side of the axis 175 by forming a fixed angular displacement or bias from the axis 175 not equally from the vertical axis 175 and as shown by the dashed line in FIG. 12. . As a result, one of the sidewalls 178 is formed longer than the other remaining sidewalls 178. The deflection angle 193 is variable from 0 ° to 20 ° in the angular direction from the axis 175. In a preferred embodiment, the enhancement angle 179 between the sidewalls 178 is 110 °, the height 181 is 0.137 inches and has a deflection angle 193 of 0 °.

The enhancement angle 179 is variable from approximately 75 ° to 145 °.

In the parallelogram structure shown in FIG. 11D, the sidewalls 178 are shown as rectangular contours and may consist of a first long side extending along the recess 165 and a second long side in line with each other with the protrusion 163.

9 and 11D, the third short side 183 extends from linear valley 164 to the first recess 165B. The parallelogram shape is broadly shown in the plan views of FIGS. 11A and 11B with perimeters of alternating dashed lines and solid lines along protrusions 163, recesses 165, linear recesses 164 and peak lines 210. FIG.

However, in Fig. 13 an angular displacement of a parallelogram is shown, which is a cross section between particularly adjacent peaks 163A cut along the peak line 210. The general shape of the recess 165 is similar to the embodiment of FIG. 12 but the angle 179 is 118 DEG, greater than the angle 177, and in this particular embodiment the height 183 is 0.171 inches greater than the height 181. The effect obtained from an angle 179 greater than an angle 177 can be considered as showing the recess vertical axis 175 of FIG. 12 with equal angular displacement on each side of the axis 175 to provide an angle 177. Alternatively, in FIG. 13, the angular displacement 287 on one side of the axis 175 is greater than the angle 283 on the other side of the axis 175. This results in smaller or shorter sidewalls 178 close to angle 281 on one of the sides, but results in greater angular displacement 281.

In FIG. 11D, each panel or sidewall 178 extends downwardly from the protrusion 163 into the plane of the drawing and terminates in the recess 165. The longer parallelogram side in this figure is the protrusion 163 and the recess 165, the shorter side being 183 in height. Moreover, the relative position of the bend points in the linear recess 164 and the initial recess 165B is shown in FIG. 11D. The intersection of panel 178 at peak 163A or point in FIG. 11D appears as a point and is sharply illustrated as an example, but is not limited thereto. The peak portion 163A is not a sharp angle, but is a rounder corner due to the manufacturing process as shown in FIG. 9, and a smoother corner is a movement control of water or refrigerant across the fill-sheet surface 151 or 153. Will assist.

Sharp corners formed at peak 165A along protrusion 163 are considered bad for control of fluid flow on surfaces 151 or 153 and for water retention on surfaces 151,153.

In FIG. 11A, surface 151 has a rank 167 or row of protrusions 163 at panel top 279, and recess 165 associated with protrusions 163 slopes to the right in the drawing, with peak line 210 and Depart from the plane of the drawing to intersect. The second row 167 of the protruding portion 163 and the recess 165 emanating from the peak line 210 is inclined or similarly inclined to the right and enters the plane of the figure to intersect the linear recess 164. The third column 167 of the protrusion 163 and the recess 165 runs to the right and deviates from the plane of the drawing or flat surface to intersect at the peak line 210. The three-row cycle of this protrusion 163 and the recess 165 is an array 158 of three cycles, which can be considered as a preferred embodiment. Another cycle pattern may include multiple two cycles of protrusion 163 and recess 165, as shown in FIG. 11B. Then, a series of tests were performed with five rows of cycles of the projections 163 and the grooves 165, which are indicated in one direction. The choice of the row 167 or the number of cycles of the protrusion 163, the recess 165 in one direction is left to the designer, but the number of cycles is preferably 1 to 9 cycles. The number of cycles and the angles of rotation 278 and 378 affect the movement of the coolant or refrigerant along the surface of the front 151 or back 153 towards the water retention louvers 16 or the mist eliminator 25. More specifically, in Fig. 11A, when the angle 278 is greater than the angle 378, in the figure, the vertically moving refrigerant flow is directed to the edge side having the air inflow arrow 30. Similarly, when angle 378 becomes larger than angle 278, the refrigerant flow can be directed to the opposite side or to the air discharge edge side.

9, the peaks or apies 163A on the back 153 and the front 151 are close to each other but are not in direct contact. This contact not only inhibits or obstructs the flow of cooling fluid on the surfaces 151,153, but also disturbs the gas or air in contact with the surfaces 151,153. The opposite correlation in the assembled state of the fill-pack 12 results in the binding of channels 220, 222 between adjacent surfaces 151, 153 of adjacent A and B style fill sheets. The channels 220 and 222 are similar in appearance but the protrusions 163 and the recesses 165 of the adjacent channels 220 and 222 are inclined in opposite directions.

10 illustrates channel 220 with clockwise gas flow. The solid line inclined from the peak line 210 and the linear recess 164 shows the protrusion 163 and the recess 165 on the front side 151, while the dotted line shows the protrusion 163 and the recess 165 on the rear side 153. This set of projections 163 and recesses 165 on the opposing surfaces 151 and 153 of the channel are inclined opposite to the linear recess 164 and the peak line 210. Similarly in FIG. 9 the channel 222 has a counterclockwise gas flow with the projection 163 and the recess 165 of the front face 151 inclined in the opposite direction from those in the figure of FIG.

In FIG. 11B, the air inlet side or corner 24 has an arrow 30 indicating an air inflow flow or gas flow, direction, and the air flow direction 30 is shown in FIGS. 1A and 11A. In FIG. 9 the air flow direction 30 is considered to enter the paper plane. In FIG. 9, channel 220 has clockwise arrow 224 indicating spiral air movement, and channel 222 includes counterclockwise arrow 226. Similar arrows are shown in alternating channels 220 and 222 remaining in FIG. Arrows 224,226 indicate the direction of the airflow pattern diverging between the fill sheets 14 or 50,52 and the adjacent surfaces 151,153 of 58,60. The airflow patterns 224 or 226 are considered to advance vortex or spiral along channels 220 or 222 from the air inlet side 24 to the air outlet side 28 as shown in FIG. 1A. The spiral air pattern is caused by the direction of the rows of protrusions 163, peaks 163A, linear recesses 164 and grooves 165, and rows 167 forming channels 220 and 222 adjacent to A and B sheets 50, 52 and 58, 60. The direction of facing is the same. Air spirals in channels 220 and 222 result in large contact between the refrigerant fluid and the air, providing increased heat conduction between the two media. In addition, the helical air has a low pressure drop across the fill pack 12 from the air inlet side 24 to the air outlet side 28. FIG. 10 is a longitudinal sectional view along channel 220 with clockwise helical airflow 30 shown as a sinusoidal curve. However, this linear illustration is a plan view. The illustrated similarity to be considered is the virtual channel 220 with the 'V' shaped recess provided by the linear recess 164 between lines 210 of vertex 163A. As shown, the wound telephone cord can be stretched along the recess 164 to visually project the spiral airflow pattern. It merely provides a visualization aid to aid in the recognition of spiral airflow through the channel. It is not limited to this.

9, channels 220 and 222 are longitudinal cross-sectional views of channel lengths. Each channel has a second cross-sectional area that is halfway between the first cross-sectional area of the Zenyi, described as the protrusion 163, and the groove 165 and the protrusion 163 of the adjacent fill sheet. The first cross-sectional area is considered the net area of channel 220 or 222 and the second cross-sectional area is considered the total cross-sectional area. In a preferred embodiment the ratio of the net area to the total area of the channel is approximately 0.76, but the preferred helical effect is expected to be manipulated over at least a portion of the range between approximately 0.4 and 0.9.

Preferred spiral air patterns are created in open cells or in channels 220 or 222, which channels are generally outlined by the location of peak line 210 and linear recess 164. If adjacent sheet surfaces 151 and 153 are too close to each other, it has been found that surfaces 151 and 153 do not generate as many active spiral air patterns as required. Alternatively, if surfaces 151 and 153 have a separation gap 202 that is too large, maintaining vortices 224,226 in each channel or passageway 220 or 222 can be suppressed. In FIG. 9, peaks 163A on surfaces 151 and 153 of fill sheets 50,52 are separated by profile depth 200 with a peak to peak value of 0.525 inches. However, the separation interval 202 between the adjacent fill sheet surfaces 151 and the approximate peak 163 of 153 is 0.225 inches. The sum of the profile depth 200 and the spacing dimension 202 provides a spatial dimension 281 of 0.750 inches. As mentioned above, if adjacent sheet surfaces 151 and 153 are too close to each other, the surface or surfaces are not as active as expected. Thus, although the preferred ratio between the separation interval 202 and the profile depth 200 is approximately 0.43, the structure can be operated in the range between 0.04 and 0.9. The above mentioned operating parameters provide a measure of the filling sheet properties for the filling sheets 50, 52, 58, 60 or 14 for film-pack 12.

In particular, the filling sheets 14 or 50,52 and 58,60 are made with corners 24 and 26 parallel to the vertical or longitudinal axis 80, while the upper edge 128 and the lower edge 130 are inclined at an angle of 89, preferably 4.8 ° but approximately 0.0 °. Can be varied between and 10.0 °. In the configuration of the crossflow cooling tower 10 shown, it is assumed that the fill sheets 14 or 50,52 and 58,60 are positions with an upper edge 128 and a lower edge 130 approximately parallel with the horizontal axis 126. The fill sheet length can only be employed as specifying a particular number of panels 54 or 56 within one length of the fill sheet. Each panel 54,56 is preferably approximately two feet in length, allowing for uniform length of fill sheet length provided by a combination of multiple panels 54,56.

The mist eliminator 28 on the mold 112 and the fill sheet 14 is shown in the longitudinal cross-sectional view of FIG. 6A. The eliminator 28 is generally bell-shaped and curved, protruding above the flat surface 150 and having an inclined sidewall 170, a peak 172 and reinforcing ribs 174, the ribs 174 being outside between the fill sheet lower 130 and the upper 128. Proximally extends along edge 26.

As shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C, the mist eliminator 28 has a plurality of double-sided S-shaped louvers 176 extending sharply from the side edges 26 across the width 180 of the eliminator 28. . The louver 176 has a second chevron 182 on the inclined bottom side 173 and the remover bottom 173 having a similar shape forming the peak 172. Louver 176's peaks 172,182 and sidewalls 170 minimize the misting of water discharged from the heater 10 and direct moisture to the fill-sheet surface 151. The louver 176 also helps to direct the vented air towards or at an angle to fan 18 in FIG. 1A. The sharp angle of each chevron shaped slot 176 provides an outer end 186 at the outer edge of each louver 176 that is moved vertically above the inner end 188 of the adjacent protrusions on each face 151,153, as shown in FIG. 6B. The outer end prevents the water from going out and improves the water flow back to the filling surface 151. Louver 176 on top or front 151 may also be applied to the rear of bottom louver peak 182. Likewise, the bottom slot 184 may be on the surface of the rear or top louver 176. In this embodiment described above the louver 176 has a separation distance of approximately 3 inches. Between the louvers 176 on the front filling surface 151 and the back 183 of the mist eliminator 28, as shown in FIGS. 6B and 6D, a plurality of microgrooves 185 are formed. Microgroove 185 has a peak and groove height 187 of the peak, which is approximately 40/1000. The microgroove 185 also has inner edges 189 perpendicular to the bottom of the outer edges 191 and operates similarly to louvers 176 that direct water to the fill surface 151.

Water-bearing louver 16 of fill-sheet 14 outlined in mold 122 in FIG. 4B has louver peaks 190 and louver recesses 192 between peaks 190 on top or front 151 of the fill-sheet and in cross section in FIG. 4C. Is shown. Displacement of the shaped material for the water retaining louver 16 generally results in the same shape of the top face 151 on the fill-sheet bottom or back 153 for the provision of the same shown water-bearing louver pattern. Each chevron of this louver pattern has a peak 190 proximate the side edge 24 and an outer end point 193 of the recess 192 and an inner end point 195 that is shifted perpendicular to the chevron peak 190 or recess 192 adjacent below. . This positional displacement of the vertical end point prevents water from being delivered from the film pack 12 at the outer edge 24 and allows the water to flow directly downstream to the fill-sheet front 151. The louver protrusions and peaks 190 on the front side 151 are connected to the protrusions on the adjacent fill-sheet back 153 louver, thus preventing water from discharging between the adjacent fill-sheets 14. In the specific embodiment described above for the separation gap 202 and the side depth 200, the water retaining louver 16 will have a side depth of 3/4 inch.

In FIG. 11C, a partially inclined perspective view of the front face 151 of the fill-sheet 14, 50 or 58 is shown along the already formed passage 70 or 72 and louver 16 of the side edge 24. In particular, such a panel is a three-cycle panel with a top edge 128 cut along the dividing line 152, which will provide an A-section panel 54, as shown in FIG. 3A. FIG. 11C provides the above embodiment, in particular, represented by discontinuities generally occurring in a repetitive pattern of fill-sheet 14 or 50,52 and 58,60. The discontinuities include dividing lines 152, 154 and passages 70 or 72 and vertical passages 250 on face 151, the passages 250 being parallel to the major axis 82 and the side edges 24.

Reversal of the rising pattern makes it possible to generate double vortices 224 and 226 of the air vortex flow in opposite directions within channels 220 or 222. Double vortices are represented by three in channels 220 or 222 in FIG. 9. However, the relationship between the impact and chevron shape of the reversals on the panel is shown as top view in FIGS. 20 and 21, with a continuous diamond grating exhibiting alternating pitch-cycle frequencies of three and five cycles, respectively, shown. It is a layout view. In the smaller pitch cycle of FIG. 20, the larger occurrence of the double vortex phenomenon is shown.

In FIG. 11C, the unshaped plastic sheet and passage 250 in the plane of the neutral axis 160 extend between the top edge 128 and the bottom edge 130 of each panel 54,56 or fill-sheet 14,50 or 58. As shown in FIGS. 11C and 11E, the male splitter 252 extends a predetermined height 253 over the front face 151 and is located along the passage 250 at a predetermined separation 255 from the female splitter 234. The arm splitter 234 also extends above the front 151 of the passageway 250 at a short height 257 depending on the splitter height. In FIG. 11C, the male separator 252 adjacent the upper edge 128 and the adjacent female separator 254 are closely arranged with the double arm separator 254 between the adjacent male separators 252 to accommodate an optional position for seat structures A and B. FIG. do. Both male separators 252 and the female separators 254 are hollow, thus providing an opening in the back 153 of the fill-sheet 14. As shown in Fig. 11E, the male separator 252 has first holes 259, which are generally conical in shape with an elliptical base to remain upright. The arm separator 254 generally has a first guide face 267 and a second hole 261 to accommodate the upper end 263 of the male separator 253 that is fitted during the final assembly of the film-pack 12.

In final assembly, the combination of the male separator 252 and the female separator 254 is easily achieved as the separation distance 255 between the adjacent male separators 252, with the adjacent female separators 254 between the focus 90, 92 in the passage 70 of FIG. The separation distance is equal to 96. This same distance pushes the upper end 263 extending from the male separator 252 and in particular the front 151 of the first fill-sheet 14 into the second hole 162 of the female separator 254 on the adjacent fill-sheet back 153.

In shipping and loading, the fill-sheet 14 or 50,52 and 58,60 can be superimposed as separator 252 which engages the separator first holes 259 of the adjacent fill-sheet, as shown in FIG. 16. This nested shape makes it possible for the protrusions 163 to engage the straight recesses to reduce the volume of the film pack 12 by a ratio of 20 to 1, which retains space for loading, shipping and handling. Let's do it. In this embodiment a small offset or separation gap 255 of approximately one and a half inches enables to fit into the hole 259 on the adjacent fill-sheet 14 at the back 153 facing the adjacent sheet separator 252. To date, this nesting has required at least the manufactured panel length when the fill-sheet structure of Fill Pack 12 was prepackaged. In this embodiment, nesting of the fill-sheet may be performed when the sheet is stretched by approximately 1 and 1/2 inches in a 48-inch fill-sheet segment. It can be seen that the length of the fill-sheet 14 may be longer than the length of the segment made, since such segments may be provided on a continuous sheet of raw material. Thus, the incremental portion required may be approximately 3.1% of the fabricated segment, for example, but in some cases more than one third of the prefabricated and integrally formed segment used to provide fill-sheet 14. Will be small. The manufacture of multiple segments providing fill-sheets 14 of various lengths will be described below. In addition, the close and varied stacking of many of these fill-sheets 14 provides sufficient strength of the laminate structure for easy handling, such a laminate being similar to plywood.

When assembling the film pack 12, the male separator 252 and the female separator 254 are moved to join the male separator 252 and the female separator 254 on the rear 153 from their storage positions for adjacent fill-seat faces 151 and 153. . At each engagement position of the separators, the separator 252 extends sufficiently above the front face 152 to accommodate the gap separation distance 202 between the contact peaks 163A of the faces 151 and 153. This position provides a structural separation to ensure maintenance of the gap 202 between the adjacent fill-sheet 14 and the complete placement of the adjacent fill-sheet 14 in the film-pack 12.

As shown in Figures 3A-3E, fill-sheets 14 or 50,52 and 58,60 have an ascending pattern on the front 151 and back 153 associated therewith. The surface patterns of the opposing faces of these adjacent fill-sheets 14 of A and B are usually mirror images, respectively, which provide channels 220 and 222 in the final assembly. In the embodiment described above, lines 210 of each fill-sheet surface 152 and 153 are the distances between adjacent peaks 163A, which are shown as pitch 265 in FIG. 11A. The vertical cycle of the rising pattern of FIG. 11A has a repeating cycle of three rows 167 of protrusions 163 inclined in the same angular direction from the horizontal axis 126. In a preferred embodiment, the ascending pattern flows cooling water along the seat surface 151 or 153, and in this preferred embodiment the water is one and a half pitch 265 for one vertical cycle or two vertical rows 167. It flows horizontally along the sheet seat surface 151 or 153. The shift-pitch ratio is generally preferably a half cycle ratio such as 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and the like. Likewise, upward flow is provided in either case of the travel-pitch ratio, not the whole.

Fill-sheets or heat and the material storage medium 14 are molded from a plastic material, such as PVC or a continuously provided sheet of vinyl chloride, which is a known molding process. The choice of material for fill-sheet 14 is a design choice, not limited to PVC. Material choices include stainless steel materials that can be applied to high temperatures, such as catalytic converters. In FIG. 4A, mold 120 allows to form the same fill-sheets 52 and 60, which are shown in FIGS. 3B and 3D, respectively. The mold 120 has a dividing line 124 representing the disposed width of the sheet 14 and the side edges 26, which represent the positions for grooving or cutting operations. As shown in FIG. 4B, similar molds with optional sheet outlines can be provided to form the side outlines 24 and the sheet outline with louver 16, although only one panel is shown. In addition to certain specific widths and lengths of panels 54 and 56, one panel outline of fill-sheet 14 of FIG. 3E is useful for designers, but molds 120 and 122 shown are exemplary only and illustrate the modifications and configurations of useful molds. It is not limiting. Any length of fill-sheet 14 may be provided as a plurality of panels 54 and 56 combined in series.

Molds 120 and 122 are shown to have side edges 24 and 26 parallel to the vertical axis 80, but the horizontal axis 126 is moved from the panel top edge 128 and the bottom edge 130 by an angle 130, which angle 130 is shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. Is equal to 88. The manufacture of the fill-sheet 14 provides a major axis 82 of elliptical passageways 70,72 parallel to the side edges 24 and 26. 4A and 4B, molds 120 and 122 have side edges 24 and 26 that are planar on mold vertical or longitudinal axis 81 to illustrate an exemplary manufacturing process. In the mold of FIG. 4A, edge 27 is parallel to the side edge 26, which is usually adjacent to the second fill-sheet 59 or 58 to provide a fill-sheet of the desired width. Fill-sheet 52 or 60 may be used separately from adjacent sheets. The particular sheet arrangement can be selected in design with side-by-side fill-sheets, integral fill-sheets, fill-sheets with or without louvers and mist eliminators, or a combination of such structures.

As described above, the sheet fill 14 may be formed from a moldable plastic sheet, for example one of the sheets fed continuously from a detachable sheet or a plastic sheet roll. The unshaped plastic sheet is generally a flat sheet 150 having a front side 151 and a back side 153. The manufactured or molded plastic sheet has cut lines 152 and 154 of each panel 54,56 of the fill-sheet 14. Cut lines 152 and 154 are represented as parallel double lines with a gap 149 therebetween to form the position of the line for cutting or separation. Cut lines 152,154 are shown above fill-sheets 50,52,58 and 60 in FIGS. 3A-3D. In addition, the upper cutting line 152 in FIGS. 4A and 4B is applied as a seal for molds 120 and 122 at the time of manufacture. In certain embodiments, cut lines 152 and 154 are 3/8 inches wide.

The structures of the fill-sheets 14 or 50,52 and 58,60 are widely provided as a heat forming process. However, molds 120 and 122 uniquely provide two panel arrangements, such panels being approximately 24 inches long, thus providing one fill-sheet of 48 inches long in the press process. Although the sheets are provided in 48 inches, this is the result of placing two panels, each panel 54,56 only needs an offset of 1 and 1/2 inches. Moreover, the fill-sheets 14 or 50,52 and 58,60 described above are made in rows A and B, which traditionally require separate molds or other shapes of the same mold, depending on the respective sheet shape. The molded sheets are then cut approximately 24 inches apart with dashed lines 152,154, which are A or B, thus producing various fill-sheets on separate stacks or pallets. If both sheets are stacked on top of one another, the nested bundles protrude from the body of the film pack 12 by approximately half a scale, or about 24 inches. This pre-assembly assembly work is cumbersome, inconvenient shipping and packaging problems. In some cases it is inefficient to assemble alternating fill-sheets at the installation site, which needs to be maintained at a location away from the manufacturing site, which is undesirable due to the inability to control and evaluate the final product. It is considered a manufacturing method.

Molds 120 and 122 are used to provide fill-sheets 14 or 50, 52 and 58,60, respectively. Mold 120 is not shown including louver segment 16, and mold 122 is not shown including mist eliminator 28, each of which may be provided by insertion of a suitable mold segment to produce the designed shape. The illustrated molds 120 and 122 are shown as useful structural examples, but are not limited thereto. Molds 120 and 122 are provided as an assembly of several inserts, such inserts providing the desired fill-sheet shape, as shown in FIGS. 3A-3E, and may be added or removed from the known prior art.

In a preferred embodiment, fill-sheet 14 or 50, 52 and 58, 60 are mounted in counter flow cooling tower 310, which is shown in FIG. The schematic diagram of FIG. 23 for the tower 310 shows the arrangement of the various components and elements with the water tank 20, pan 18, tube 36 and nozzle 40 in the same relationship as in the top 10 of FIG. 1A. The top 310 in this figure has an upper side 314 with sidewalls 316 and a support member 318 and is open at the lower side 312. Air stream 30 passes through opening 312 and is sucked horizontally through water retention louver 16. However, fill-sheet 14 is disposed on the upper side of puddle 20 between puddle 20 and fan 18. Water or fluid from nozzle 40 flows to fill-sheet 14, which has peak lines 210 and linear recesses 164 arranged vertically for air flow through fill-sheet 14. In this configuration, FIG. 9 can be considered to show the plane of the film fill-pack 12.

In this counterflow tower 310, as the edges 24 and 26 are not directly exposed to the enclosed volume, the fill-sheet 14 does not include an integral water retaining louver 16 or a fog suppressor 28, but is contained within the enclosed upper portion 314. do. Fill-sheet 14 in top 310 of FIGS. 22 and 23 is arranged on side support member 318 at the top of edges 24 and 26, such support member 318 being at the longitudinal length of vertical axis 80 or fill-sheet 14 of FIG. 3D. The support member 318 is fixed in position by a rib 320 coupled to the tower structure member 22.

Furthermore, fill-sheet 14 may likewise be formed on mold 120 upon insertion of the mold insert described above. In certain configurations, the sheet width 324 of FIG. 3E is preferably between 16 and 24 inches. In such a nominal-width arrangement, fill-sheet 14 may be manufactured, packaged, shipped and assembled in the same manner as the vertically fixed fill-sheet described above. Fill-sheet 14 in this arrangement, however, is positioned with lateral member 318 arranged perpendicular to tower 310 and one of edges 24 and 26 in contact with the other edge. Fill-sheet 14 of tower 310 generally has both edges 24 and 26 parallel to tower horizontal axis 390. At TOWER 310, the alternating fill-sheet shape alternating with A and B is maintained as in the vertical fill-sheet arrangement described above. The A and B fill-sheet arrangement of the assembled structure is provided by any means known in the art including manual separation of each fill-sheet after positioning the film pack 12 on the horizontal member 318 in the tower 310. While it is possible for a relatively narrow fill-sheet 14 to support a short-height fill-sheet, maintaining each fill-sheet 14 within such an edge arrangement is intended for the close proximity of the fill-sheet 14 and for structurally rigid support. This is because it is reinforced by the fitting of the male separator 252 having the female separator 254.

In this horizontal arrangement of FIGS. 22 and 23, the fill-sheet 14 has peak lines 210 arranged vertically, and the straight recess lines 164 corresponding between the peak lines 210 run almost vertically. The horizontally assembled fill-sheets are arranged in close close proximity to the outer channels 220 and 222, which are vertical shapes for the storage of air flow or gas flow through the fill-sheets, adjacent back 153 and front 151 of the fill-sheet 14 Has a peakline of 210. Protrusions 163 and grooves 165 form a spiral vortex in channels 220 and 22 to interact with peak 163a and recess 164 to increase heat storage between the flowing gas and the fluid.

In a further embodiment, the transverse support 318 is provided in the crossflow cooling tower 10 to vertically secure the arranged fill-sheet 14. In this configuration the support rods 112 can be removed and the length and height of each fill-sheet 14 can be altered to accommodate the necessary separation action between the vertically adjacent tower transverse supports 318.

The crossflow cooling tower 10 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 includes independent water retaining louvers 16. The fill pack front surface 24 is disposed proximate to the louvers 16 shown in the figure, the louvers 16 are shown integrally in the fill sheet 14 and act to prevent or inhibit the discharge of flow fluid 32 from the fill pack 12. do. Although the water retaining louver 16 is shown integrally in the filling sheet 14 in the preferred embodiment of the filling sheet 14, the water retaining louver 16 does not necessarily consist of an integral element, but may consist of independent parts.

One fill sheet 14 is shown planar in FIG. 3, which fill sheet 14 is integrally connected to the louver structure 16 at surfaces 151 and 153 of the chevron pattern, as shown in FIGS. 4B and 11C. The corner 24 displaced from 151,153 is provided. Alternatively, the louver structure 16 may have a structure disposed between the corner 24 and the chevron pattern surfaces 151 and 153. In FIG. 5A the louver structure 16 is equipped with louver blades 451, which are individual louver blades 451 are elements of a repeating pattern between adjacent points of contact 457, louver length 459 or the same points on opposite length 470. The louver blades 451 are arranged to form an angle of 350 with respect to the horizontal line, as shown by line 126 and louver length 459 in FIG. 5A, such that the angular structure of louver 16 flows the discharges of the captured fluid droplets into fill pack 12. Allow inflow.

4D is a cross sectional structure of a prior art cell-shaped louver 455, which has a pleat pattern 460 on the front 462 and back 464 of the louver 455. FIG. The corrugation pattern 460 typically has a normal vertical length or arm 470 both on the front 462 and the back 464, which extend between the adjacent, but opposite sloped walls 466 and 468 extending from the respective contact surfaces 457. do. In the assembly of fill pack 12 utilizing a corrugated pattern louver structure 455, the lengths 470 facing the adjacent louver structures on the front 462 and the back 464 are in contact with each other and a number of common equilateral hexagonal cells 472 as shown in FIG. 4E. Provide them. This equilateral cell shape 472 results from the actual contact between the adjacent fill sheet 14 and the louver structure 455, which creates zones of limited air and fluid flow.

The louver structure 455 shown in FIG. 4D is shown planar in FIG. 5A. In this example, the louver structure 455 has an inner edge 24 and an outer edge 145, which is positioned proximate to the fill sheet front side 151. Each portion 457 and louver blade 451 of the corrugation pattern 460 are inclined at an angle of 350 with respect to the horizontal and extend from the outer edge 24 to the inner edge 145. Each opposing length 470 at the outer edge 24 is the terminus of the general flat or rectangular portion 457 of the louver 455. Portion 457 also terminates at contact length or arm 458 proximate to fill sheet front side 151 and back side 153. The length 459 of the louver rectangular portion 457 extends between the opposing length 470 and the contact length 458. In the configuration of FIG. 5A, the opposing length 470 and the contact lengths 458 are the shorter legs of the rhomboidal upper segment of the louver 455, the longer segments or louver length 459 in the shorter rectangular legs 458 and 470. Are combined. For clarity, in FIG. 5A, the bevel area 464 has an upper arm 465 that extends from point 463 along lower louver length 459 to the vertical upper end 469 of inner contact length 458 along inner edge 145. Thus, the bevel area 464 provides a discontinuity in the louver rectangle 457, but is shown as a flat segment on the plane. As a result, full contact of the louver portion 457 is made along the louver length 470, which forms the appearance of the hexagonal cell 472 in FIG. 4E.

In general, the louver blade 451 and louver portion 457 are inclined downward at an angle 350 from the outer edge 24 toward the inner edge 145. It is desirable to minimize the value of the angle 350 to ensure good air ingress and passage to the fill sheet surfaces 151 and 153. Certain combinations of angle 350 and louver length 459 provide a coverage distance 454 in FIG. 5A. That is, the size value of the vertical guard provided by each louver cell 472 for retention of fluid in cooling tower 10 or packed pack 12 and the distance 454 in FIG. 5A is the front end points of louver length 459 at outer edge 24 and inner edge 145. Is the vertical height between. Another physical size of louver structures 16 and 455 that includes louver height 462 in FIG. 5A is the vertical distance between similar positions of adjacent rectangular portions 457. Louver height 462 can be considered a repeating pattern of open height 456 and contact length or height 458. Open height 456 and contact height 470 interact with similar segments of adjacent louver blade 451, ie louver portion 457 on the adjacent front and rear surfaces, to form a cellular structure as shown in FIG. 4E. The correlation between the various lengths and sizes affects louver operability, which can be used as an evaluation criterion to evaluate louver structure 455 or 16.

One criterion or design variable may be specified as a line-of-sight ratio, that is, the ratio between the cover distance 454 and the open height 456. This line of sight is considered to represent the measure of protection against horizontal movement of the droplet. As an example of the use of these design variables, it is considered that falling droplets that contact the inclined surface move or bounce in the direction of the horizontal or vertical component. This travel distance is a function of the vertical fall distance. The maximum distance that the droplets can fall in the louver structure or region is the opening height 456.

At a line of sight of 1.0, the potential vertical displacement of the droplet relative to the distance needed to cross the louver height would be the same. Thus, the larger the line of sight, the greater the difference between the maximum drop and the vertical distance needed to exit the louver structure 455 at the inlet edge 24. In view of these physical properties, insisting on the first louver pattern having the first line of sight ratio as the reference base, the second louver pattern having a larger opening height 456 or larger louver height 462 is the Larger cover distances 454 will be needed to provide an equivalent degree of protection, ie the same line of sight. This condition can be obtained by changing the angle 350 for the same louver length 457 or increasing the louver length 459. All of these variants are considered to have a negative impact on the efficiency or cost of the Louver 455. Conversely, a reduction in louver height 462 can result in the maintenance of the first line of sight ratio, which is considered to provide a more compact louver structure 455. This bone louver structure 16 is operable over a range of eye ratios between 0.7 and 3.0.

However, in the present louver structure 16 or 455 shown in FIG. 5A, the contact surface 457 blends in the bevel area 464 from the full width of the surface 457 at point 463 at louver length 459 to the point contact 469 at the inner edge 145. In such a configuration, fluid droplets may fall into the louver structure or region from point 469 of the upper louver portion to the next lower point 469 on the adjacent louver portion 457. Thus, the maximum vertical distance at which fluid droplets can fall within the louver area is louver height 462. Consequently, as a second measure of design variable, the ratio of cover height 454 to louver height 462 is another appropriate descriptor or evaluation criterion of the level of protection provided by the water retaining louver. The cover ratio between approximately 0.7 and 3.0 is the cover range provided by the present invention to vary the contact height 470 and cover height 454.

FIG. 5A shows the current cellular type louver configuration shown in side view in FIG. 4D. Typical structural properties of the corrugation pattern 460 include slope lengths 466 and 468, such as vertical length 470. The vertical length 470 of this louver contacts the adjacent louver length of the adjacent fill sheet 14 when assembled into the louver pack or fill sheet pack 12. The louver structures 16 or 455 in the present disclosure are described as an integral component of the fill sheet 12 and are therefore included in the fill pack in the assembly in the top 10 in a preferred embodiment.

In the louver pack assembly, the vertical lengths 470 contact the adjacent louvers of adjacent fill sheets at their respective vertical lengths 470. In the fabricated structure of the member, adjacent inclined lengths 466,468 and vertical lengths 470 are identical to each other and cooperate with each other to provide a number of common equilateral hexagonal cells 472 in FIG. In this cellular structure of FIG. 4E, cell 472 has an open cell width 475 and an open cell height 476, with a width 475 ratio or aspect ratio for this height 476 being a louver structure and especially a louver structure having a cell type structure. Provides an additional descriptor of 16 or 455. In the present embodiment, this cell aspect ratio may be between 0.50 and 2.5. However, it is preferable that such aspect ratio is 1.0 or more, preferably about 2.0. In particular, the illustrated equilateral cell shape 472 of FIG. 4E causes actual contact area on the surface or blade 457 between adjacent louvers 16 or 455 of fill sheet 14. The adjacent louver contact area creates zones in which air and fluid flows are restricted, which requires little or no flushing action across cell 472. Limited flow areas across the packed sheet packs, or low cleaning operations, aid in mineral deposition and biomass growth, but all of these are undesirable conditions.

In the louver structure of the present disclosure, the aspect ratio is larger than 1.0, which means that the cell width 475 is always larger than the cell height 476. FIG. 4E shows a side view of a typical cellular louver structure with louver blades 451 and portions 457 tilted downward and inward toward fill sheet surfaces 151 and 153, as shown in FIG. 5A. The inclination of the portion 457 is described as an angle 350 from horizontal. It is preferable to minimize the value of the angle 350 to facilitate the inflow of air into the louver structure 16 and the filling seat pack 14. However, the louver structure 16 or 455 is intended to retain fluid in the top 10 by preventing the ejection or splash-out of fluid flowing through the surface of the fill sheet 14 or other cooling tower media and the louver blade 451. The length of the contact surface, or the louver blade 457, is multiplied by the geometric sine of the air inlet angle 350 to produce a close cover height 454. This is the magnitude or tolerance of the fluid vertical drop provided by each individual louver cell 472 for fluid discharge or 'bounce'.

The substrate, like its line of sight and aspect ratio, suggests that louver structures with larger opening heights 456 or drop distances 462 require proportionately larger cover distances 454 to provide even protection against fluid splashing. That broadly means.

6E and 6F, another structure of compressed trapezoidal cell louver structure 480 is shown with ribs 482 at the outer edge 24, which shows the louver structure 16 of the present disclosure. In FIG. 6E, the louver height 470 is shown to be significantly shorter in length than each inclined wall 466 or 468. This vertical side view of rib 482 is considered the central axis 467 and can be used as the reference plane. In this embodiment, the rib 482 provides stability and strength to promote alignment of the compact structure between adjacent louver structures 455 and provides a relatively small contact area along the rectangular portion 457 and the contact line 470. In FIG. 6F, the contact height 458 is shown to be significantly shorter than the opening height 456. As a result, for the same angle 350, the louver length 459 can be reduced, and the water retention performance of the louver 16 is at least comparable to the current preceding louver structures described above, and this improved structure saves space and costs. You get

The assembled high efficiency configuration of louver 16 is shown in side view in FIG. 7 and shows a hexagonal matrix, which is not made as an equilateral hexagonal cell. In particular, cell width 475 is greater than cell height 476. In this louver assembly 455, the essential water retention properties can be obtained while reducing the width of the louver assembly 455 between the outer edge 24 and the inner edge 145.

Fog Eliminator 28 has been described above with respect to FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D. 3F illustrates further features of eliminator 28, wherein the first mist eliminator sheet 510 and the second mist eliminator sheet 512 move air containing fluid from the cooling tower medium, such as fill sheet pack 12, to the center portion of the top 10. In order to provide a region or channel 514 to flow through fan 18 shown in FIGS. 1, 1A and 22. However, it is not desirable to move the cooling fluid from the medium of the cooling tower 10 to the surrounding environment. Thus, the mist eliminator 28 is utilized to cooperate with the medium or fill sheet 14 to trap moisture or fluid contained in the air and to redirect it to the fill sheet surfaces 151,153 and bath 20.

In a conventional bell remover of the prior art, the bell shape of the remover causes air flow across the channel 514 which is in contact with the same angle change whether moving from the first end 522 to the second end 524 or vice versa. do. These bell eliminators were to provide a functional and nominal degree of mist eliminator, not an optimal structure for trapping and controlling fluid droplets.

The figure shown in FIG. 3F depicts a large concept of a typical bell or curved mist eliminator 28 from the upper edge of the figure of FIG. 6A, which has been utilized in both counterflow and crossflow cooling towers 10. Although the fill sheet pack 12 is known to include a plurality of mist eliminators at the inner edge 26 that interact to form a plurality of channels 514, only one shaped channel 514 will be described below. In this configuration, moisture containing air is shown by arrow 532 at inlet 531 of channel 514 and exhaust air is shown by arrow 536 at outlet 534. Mist eliminator 28 is used to transfer fluidic droplets through cooling tower 10 or other types of liquid-to-gas interface devices, which are mostly water but may be other types of fluids. Remove from 532. The impact of more droplets on the seat sidewalls 526 or 528 of the eliminator after the change of direction of airflow 532 is considered as a result of the larger momentum of the more droplets. These droplets impact sidewalls 526 or 528 and condense and flow along sidewalls 526 or 528 and return to fill sheet surface 151 or 153 and bath 20 shown in FIGS. 1 and 1A.

3G shows the current structure of the mist eliminator 511, which implements a parallel straight wall portion to allow equalization and stabilization of the fluid-containing air flow 532 entering the inlet 531 and the channel 514. FIG. Channel 514 is formed by the upper sidewall 526, the front side of the first sheet 510, the lower side wall 528, and the rear side of the second sheet 512. In the configuration of FIG. 3G, airflow 532 obtains the first equalization and stabilization at base area 560 with typical parallel wall segments. The first change in the direction of airflow 532 is shown at an exemplary first inclination angle 516, which is + 40 ° from the vertical line 518, leading to an acceleration of the airflow velocity V. In this example, the accelerated velocity V-1 is shown as V / cosine at an angle 516 or as 1.305V in the first velocity equalization and acceleration region 520.

The positive and negative signs represent the opposite change in direction from the vertical reference line 518, i.e., the + sign means clockwise movement and the-sign means counterclockwise movement in the figure.

This airflow acceleration is induced into the trapped fluid droplets resulting in the same velocity for air and fluid. As described, if the inlet air flow rate V has a value of 1.00, it will typically be similar to a state of 700 feet per minute. After impact with the sidewalls, the air flow 532 will continue to flow through the channel 514. Airflow 532 exiting zone 520 is approximately 1.3 times the inlet velocity V downstream of the first impact zone 544, and does not achieve greater fluid drop recovery. The accelerated air flow proceeds through the channel 514 to contact the lower wall 528 in the second impact zone 546, resulting in the attachment of fluid particles of relaxed size on the wall 528. The next channel 514 is echoed in the negative direction at a second direction change angle 548 which is approximately -90 °. In this regard, the airflow 532 flows into the third velocity equalization and acceleration region 550 at a third inclination angle 530 which is approximately -50 ° from the vertical line 518, thus accelerating into the air flow V-2, i.e., V at an angle 530. Induces / cosine or 1.556V Air flow 532 is then echoed to outlet 534 at air deceleration area 554 and second end 524 at a third direction change angle 537 approximately + 35 ° from the direction of travel. The fluid-containing air flow continues downward in channel 514 and impinges again on top wall 526 in third impact zone 552 where finer and smaller fluid drift particles are attached to return to fill sheet surfaces 151 and 153 and the bath. . The airflow 532 at the outlet 534 is inclined at a slight angle 558 which is approximately -15 ° from the vertical line 518. The sum of the total angular changes experienced by the airflow 532 is, in particular, 40 ° at the first inclination angle 516, 90 ° at the second direction change angle 548 and 35 ° at the third direction change angle 537 to 35 °. 165 ° over length. Such eliminators are asymmetric with a second inclination angle greater than the first inclination angle, and thus can achieve continuous removal of smaller droplets. However, a further improvement in the eliminator structure is to further reduce the pressure drop through the channel 514 in order to promote fluid recovery and improve operating efficiency.

As a comparative reference condition, a typical bell or curved mist eliminator has a second inclination angle 530 which is approximately equal to the first inclination angle 516. Within the bell-shaped eliminator there were induced air accelerations and trapped fluid droplets with continuous changes in momentum with respect to airflow, and improvements were needed to improve these features. Removal of smaller sized droplets requires an increase in momentum between adjacent downstream portions of channel 514.

The mist eliminator 28 in FIG. 3F accepts the fundamental concept of asymmetry but reduces the pressure drop across the eliminator from inlet port 531 to outlet port 534. In particular, the improved eliminator 28 has an asymmetrical shape having a change in airflow of different angle values in proximity to the inlet port 531 and the outlet port 534; Three impact zones for impacting airflow and for gradually capturing smaller fluid particles; A second impact zone superimposed on the discharge zone to ensure complete collision of fluid from the second impact zone; Reduction of the overall angular change with respect to airflow 532 to achieve a more progressively changing airflow direction; and an outlet to the plane of inlet 531 that is essential for inducing exhaust airflow at a constant angle of 15 ° as described above. This includes avoiding offset 534. This improved structure includes a first inclination angle of approximately + 35 °, a second direction angle of change of 548 of approximately -75 °, a second angle of inclination of approximately -40 °, and a third angle of change of approximately + 40 °, and the like. A discharge angle 558 of 0 ° is calculated at the discharge port 534. The total angular changes made by the air flow 532 are, in particular, the sum of the first inclination angle 516, the second direction change angle 548, and the third direction change angle 537, resulting in an overall angle change of 150 °. This low overall angular change with gentle transitions results in a lower severe pressure drop in the eliminator. These changes, which include the S-shaped grooves 176 and the fine grooves 185 and the like, provide improved fluid retention and reverberation performance for fill sheet 12, improved directional control of airflow, and eliminator channel 514 from inlet 531 to outlet 534. Reduced pressure drop across and consequently improved flow of air through the eliminator 28.

The present invention can increase the contact time of air and water to achieve an increase in flow and surface area, and to increase the thermal performance of the filler.

Although the present invention has been described and illustrated only as specific embodiments, it is to be understood that various modifications can be made within the present invention. Accordingly, the invention of the appended claims is intended to cover all such modifications and variations.

Claims (15)

A fluid bearing louver assembly for heat transfer and mass transfer devices having a cooling fluid and having a plurality of louver structures, each provided on a base material, With upper edge, lower edge, inner edge, outer edge, front and back sides, The inner and outer edges are generally parallel and cooperate with each other to form a reference plane between the inner and outer edges; A plurality of fluid bearing louver blades on each of the front and back surfaces, each louver blade having a first contact arm having a first arm length proximate the inner edge, an arm length proximate the outer edge And having opposite arms, each of the first contacting arms and the opposite arms having an upper end and a lower end, A first contact louver having a first louver portion length and a second louver portion length, wherein at least one of the first and second lengths of the louver portion comprises: an upper end of the arm facing the contact arm; Extends between opposite arm bottom pairs; The contact arm, the opposing arm and the contact louver portions are displaced from the reference plane at a distance perpendicular to the reference plane on either one of the front side and the rear side; A first wall having a first wall length inclined toward the reference plane at a first angle from the contact louver, and towards the reference plane at a second angle generally opposed to the first angle from the contact louver A second wall having an inclined second wall length, The second contact louver portion and the third contact louver portions are displaced from the reference plane at a second normal distance in the opposite direction from the first contact louver portion, The first sloping wall intersecting with one of the second and third contact louver portions, The second sloped wall intersects the rest of the second and third contact louver portions, The first and second slope walls and the first contact louver portions cooperate with each other to form a valley portion on the remainder of the front side and the rear side; The first wall length and the second wall length of the inclined wall are larger than the opposing arm length and the first arm length, The plurality of louver blades are arranged in an alternating array with valleys between each adjacent pair of louver contact surfaces, The contact louver portions, louver blades and valley portions are inclined downward from the outer edge at an inclined angle to capture and retain droplets of the fluid within the heat transfer and mass transfer device; Each of the louver structures cooperates with an adjacent louver structure to provide the contact lengths, wherein the contact louver portions of any one of the front and rear surfaces of the louver structure contact the louver portions, and the front of the adjacent louver structure. And the contact lengths of the other one of the back surfaces are configured to form an isosceles shaped cell matrix between adjacent and contacting louver blades and louver portions of the louver structure in the louver assembly. Further comprising the opposing length of each said louver blade having an upper vertical point proximate said outer edge, said first contact length of said louver having an upper vertical point proximate said inner edge; Vertical points of the opposing length and the contact length cooperate with each other to form a vertical distance that is a cover height therebetween; The length of the first louver portion of the first louver blade and the lengths of the second louver portions of the adjacent louver blades of the louver assembly cooperate with each other to form a vertical distance at an open height therebetween, The cover height of the louver assembly relative to the open height cooperates to form a line-of-sight ratio for the louver structure, And the louver structure has a line of sight between approximately 0.70 and 3.0. The fluid-bearing louver structure according to claim 2, wherein the gaze ratio is greater than 0.70. The method of claim 1, wherein the second contact louver portion and the third contact louver portions are separated by the cell height, The contact louver portions of adjacent louver structures of one cell of the matrix cooperate with each other to form a cell width, And the cell width to cell height cooperate to form an aspect ratio between approximately 0.50 to 3.0. The method of claim 1, wherein the second contact louver portion and the third contact louver portions are separated by the cell height, The contact louver portions of adjacent louver structures of one cell of the matrix cooperate with each other to form a cell width, And the cell width to cell height cooperate with each other to form an aspect ratio of greater than 1.0. The louver structure of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of said louver structures disposed as a stacked array, wherein said opposing lengths and said contact louver portion formed on a louver blade on the front side of a first louver structure are provided in said stacked louver structures. Contact the adjacent louver portions and the contact louver portions of the back side of the adjacent louver structure in the arrangement, The louver contacts, the inclined walls, the contact lengths and the opposing lengths cooperate with each other to cooperate with each other between the adjacent louver structures in the stacked arrangement for retention of fluid and communication of air through the matrix in the heat transfer and mass transfer device. Fluid-containing louver structure, characterized in that to form a cellular structure of. An asymmetric mist eliminator structure for trapping and retaining fluid contained in an air stream flowing through a mist eliminator of a heat transfer and mass transfer device, A plurality of mist eliminator elements, each of which has a front side, a back side, a curved cross section, an upper edge, a lower edge, an inner edge, and an outer edge, each of the elements being curved between the inner and outer edges; With contours, The inner and outer edges are generally parallel; The plurality of mist eliminator elements disposed in an adjacent and facing relationship provide the mist eliminator structure with the front side of each eliminator element parallel to the back side of the adjacent mist eliminator element in the structure, Adjacent curved contours of the adjacent eliminator elements cooperate to form an air movement channel therebetween, each channel having an inlet, a base region, a first acceleration and equalization region, a second acceleration and equalization region, a deceleration region, an outlet And at least three impact zones for collecting the contained cooling fluid to return to the tower, and downstream and upstream impact zones of each of the acceleration and equalization zones; The inlet and outlet have horizontal planes through the inlet and outlet, and a vertical axis extending between the horizontal planes, The channel includes a first angular change in air flow from the inlet and base regions inclined at a first inclination angle to the vertical axis from the inlet and base regions to the first acceleration and equalization regions, A second angle direction change for communication of the air flow downstream of the first acceleration and equalization region toward the second acceleration and equalization region in the channel, the second acceleration region comprising a second inclination angle Inclined toward the vertical axis at A third angular change for communication of air flow from said second acceleration and equalization zone to said deceleration zone and outlet in said channel, The second inclination angle is greater than the first inclination angle; Wherein the angular change angle values of the first, second and third channels summed to the total angular change have a value less than 160 ° with respect to the channel. 8. The device of claim 7, having a plurality of first grooves provided on the front and back surfaces of the element, each of the first grooves having a first groove depth, The first grooves are inclined downward from the outer edge toward the inner edge, The first grooves are generally arranged parallel from the upper edge toward the lower edge on the mist eliminator and at least one separation distance is provided between adjacent first grooves; A plurality of second grooves having a second groove depth smaller than the first groove depth; At least one second groove is provided between each adjacent pair of first grooves, the second grooves are provided in an approximately inclined portion of the first groove, and the grooves and the mist eliminators An asymmetric mist for trapping and retaining fluid contained in the air stream flowing through the mist eliminator of the heat transfer and mass transfer device, characterized in that it collects fluid and directs the collected fluid to the heat and mass transfer device. Eliminator structure. 9. The fluid retention mist eliminator structure according to claim 8, wherein said channel and said deceleration zones are generally perpendicular to said outer edge at said outlet. 9. A heat transfer and mass transfer device as recited in claim 8, wherein the first recess has an S shape and the first recess is configured to generally extend between the inner and outer edges on the curved contour of the eliminator element. Fluid retention mist eliminator structure. 9. The fluid retaining mist eliminator of claim 8, wherein the S-shape of the first recess extends between the inner and outer edges across each eliminator element to the upper side of the front and back surfaces. Structure. 9. The heat transfer and material of claim 8 wherein said first grooves inclined downwardly from said outer edge toward said inner edge form an acute angle from said inner and outer edges, said acute angle being between approximately 25 degrees and 75 degrees. Fluid retention mist eliminator structure for delivery devices. In the filling sheet used for the film filling pack of the heat transfer and mass transfer device, The apparatus has means for gas flow and fluid transfer through the fill pack, each fill pack having at least two fill sheets, and the fill sheet Each of them has a reference plane, Each of the filling sheets has a front and a back side, Having a plurality of ridges and grooves, each of the ridges and grooves having a first end and a second end, The plurality of ridges and grooves are disposed in a plurality of ranks of the ridges and grooves, Each of the front and back sides has a molded array having a repeating pattern of the rows of ridges and grooves, Each row having at least one apex above the reference plane and at least one valley below the reference plane, One of the first and second ends of each of the ridges and grooves terminates at the vertical upper side vertex of the reference plane on each of the front and back surfaces, The remainder of the first and second ends of each of the ridges and grooves extends into the at least one valley below the reference plane, Each of the filling sheets is located in a filling pack such that the vertices and valleys of any one of the front and back surfaces actually face the other vertices and valleys of the front and back sides of the adjacent filling sheet. Positioned in an array to form a plurality of channels between the front and back of the adjacent filling sheet, Each fill sheet has a first side edge, a second side edge, an upper edge and a lower edge, The rows of ridges and grooves generally extend between the first and second lateral edges, and each of the front and back sides of each row from the rows between the first and second corners on the respective surface. Having at least one discontinuity forming at least one offset, said offset forming at least one second discontinuity in a channel between said first and second edges, said second discontinuity in one channel And wherein the portion diverts at least a portion of the gas flow in the channel at an angle at the discontinuity having opposing rows of the aligned peaks separated by a separation interval. In the space structure for heat transfer and mass transfer device having a film filling pack, The filling packs have at least two adjacent filling sheets and placing means, Each of the fill sheets has a first side edge, a second side edge, an upper edge, a lower edge, a longitudinal axis, and a horizontal axis, wherein the spatial structure is Each said filling sheet has a front side and a back side, Equipped with a number of male and female separators, The male separators are located on either one of the front side and the back side, The arm separators are located on either one of the front side and the back side, The male and female separators on adjacent fill sheets are engageable at their seating positions, and cooperate with each other to form a predetermined offset distance between one of the adjacent male and female separators on the front and rear surfaces of the fill sheet. , The male and female separators on the front and rear surfaces of the respective filling sheets are respectively coupled to the male and female separators of the adjacent filling sheet at a seating position. The adjacent filling sheets are movable between a seating position and an operating position, The adjacent filling sheets are movable in the operating position such that the male and female separators on the front and back of the one filling sheet and the female separators are respectively separated on the other one of the front and rear of one of the adjacent filling sheets. Space structure for heat transfer and mass transfer devices, characterized in that arranged to align with a sphere. A space structure for a heat transfer and mass transfer device having a film fill pack having at least two adjacent fill sheets and placement means, Each of the filling sheets has a first side edge, a second side edge, an upper edge, a bottom edge, a longitudinal axis and a horizontal axis, wherein the space structure is Each said filling sheet has a front and a back side, A plurality of male spouts extending over the top of one of the front and back sides and opening on the remainder of the front and back sides, The male separators on the front and rear surfaces of each of the filling sheets are engageable with the male separators of the adjacent filling sheets at a seating position. The adjacent filling sheets are movable between a seating position and an operating position, And the male separators are configured to operate in contact with the rest of the front and back sides of the adjacent fill sheet to provide an offset spacing between the adjacent fill sheets.