KR101974992B1 - Electrochromic device and method of preparing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an electrochromic device and a method of manufacturing the electrochromic device, and more particularly, to an electrochromic device capable of exhibiting uniform discoloration characteristics by keeping a gap between electrolyte layers constant by providing a fixed spacer in an electrolyte layer, ≪ / RTI >

Description

ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICE AND METHOD OF PREPARING THE SAME [0002]

The present invention relates to an electrochromic device capable of uniformly coloring an entire device and a method of manufacturing the same.

Elctrochromic devices are devices that change the light transmission characteristics by using the principle that the electric oxidation-reduction reaction proceeds according to the application of the electric field to change the color of the electrochromic material. This is widely used not only for display devices such as mobile phones, camcorders, notebooks, but also for automobile room mirrors and window smart windows.

1, the electrochromic device generally includes first and second electrodes 10 and 20 formed with transparent electroconductive layers 12 and 22 on a substrate 11 and 21 to which an electric field is applied, The electrochromic material layer 31 and 32 are laminated on the conductive layers 12 and 22 and are changed in color by the applied electric current. The electrolyte 50 for ion conduction and the sealing material 40 for sealing the electrolyte layer 50, .

On the other hand, the size of the cell has become larger in accordance with the demand of the consumer in recent years. However, when the size of the cell is enlarged, the vicinity of the electrode of the cell is dense, but the color of the inside of the cell is weak or the color is not developed. In addition, the color of the entire cell is not uniformly developed, and a color density difference is generated in each region, a color development time difference occurs at each site, and a time for color development is prolonged.

An object of the present invention is to provide an electrochromic device capable of uniformly coloring the entire cell and a method of manufacturing the same.

An object of the present invention is to provide an electrochromic device capable of achieving uniform color development over a whole cell, and a manufacturing method thereof.

1. An electrochromic device comprising an electrolyte layer provided with spacers fixed on at least one of electrodes on both sides of an electrolyte.

2. The electrochromic device according to 2 above, wherein each of the electrodes has a grid pattern.

3. The electrochromic device according to 2 above, wherein the spacer is located at least in a region corresponding to a grid pattern of both electrodes of the electrolyte.

4. The electrochromic device according to 1 above, wherein the spacer is formed of a curable resin composition.

5. The electrochromic device according to 4 above, wherein the curable resin composition is a positive photoresist composition or a negative photoresist composition.

6. The electrochromic device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a curable resin composition is applied to at least one of the two electrodes of the electrochromic irradiation and cured to form a fixed spacer of a predetermined height, and the electrolyte is injected therebetween after opposing the two electrodes Way.

7. The method for producing an electrochromic device according to 6 above, wherein the application and curing of the curable resin composition are performed in a predetermined pattern and then cured.

8. The method for producing an electrochromic device according to 6 above, wherein the application and curing of the curable resin composition are carried out uniformly on the entire surface, and then only a predetermined pattern is cured.

9. The method of producing an electrochromic device according to 6 above, wherein said spacer is located at least in a region corresponding to a grid pattern of both side electrodes of the electrolyte.

10. The method for producing an electrochromic device according to 6 above, wherein the curing is photo-curing or thermosetting.

The electrochromic device of the present invention can prevent the contact between the first electrode and the second electrode by disposing a spacer fixed to at least one of the electrodes between the first electrode and the second electrode. This capability is particularly useful for large area modules.

Further, since the spacer according to the present invention can be fixed at a desired position, it is possible to uniformly arrange the spacers, so that a decrease in transmittance due to the bunching of the spacers can be prevented.

1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional electrochromic device.
2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the electrochromic device of the present invention.
3 is a photograph showing the degree of color development of the electrochromic device according to Examples and Comparative Examples according to the present invention.

The present invention relates to an electrochromic device capable of exhibiting uniform color fading characteristics by keeping a distance between electrolyte layers constant by providing a fixed spacer in an electrolyte layer, and a method of manufacturing the same.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electrochromic device 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention.

The electrochromic device 100 of the present invention may include a first electrode 110, a second electrode 210, and an electrolyte layer 500 interposed therebetween.

The first electrode 110 and the second electrode 210 are formed with transparent conductive layers 120 and 220 on the substrates 111 and 211 and the grid pattern 700 is formed on the transparent conductive layers 210 and 220. [ And electrochromic material layers 310 and 320 may be formed.

The electrode substrates 111 and 211 are preferably made of a material having a high light transmittance. For example, glass or a transparent plastic (polymer) film. Since the polymer film usually has flexibility, it is suitable for applications requiring flexibility. In the case of a smart window electrochromic device, when used as a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) application installed on a structure such as a window frame, substrates 111 and 211 formed on both sides of the electrochromic device, Is preferably transparent.

The transparent conductive layers 120 and 220 are not particularly limited as long as they are well known in the art. Examples of the conductive material for forming the transparent conductive layer include indium doped tin oxide (ITO), antimony doped tin oxide (ATO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), indium doped zinc oxide (IZO), and ZnO. The transparent conductive layers 120 and 220 can be formed on the base materials 111 and 211 by depositing a conductive material by a known method such as sputtering, electron beam evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, or sol-gel coating.

The grid pattern 700 is in electrical contact with the transparent conductive layers 120 and 220 and the electrochrominist material layers 310 and 320 and the transparent conductive layers 120 and 220 and the electrochromic material layers 310 and 320 The resistance of the electrodes 110 and 210 can be lowered by supplementing a relatively low electrical conductivity. For example, the grid pattern 700 may be formed of gold (Ag), silver (Au), aluminum (Al), or the like, which is excellent in electrical conductivity, or a molybdenum (Mo) material that can be patterned by a photolithography process. . ≪ / RTI > Since the grid pattern 700 is formed of an opaque material such as a metal material, the aperture ratio is lowered by the area occupied by the grid pattern 700. Since the line width of the grid pattern 112 hinders the transmission performance, . The grid patterns 700 of the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 210 may be formed of the same material.

An electrode coloring material is deposited on the transparent conductive layers 120 and 220 on which the grid pattern 700 is formed to form the electrochromic material layers 310 and 320. The electrochromic material layers 310 and 320 prevent the grid pattern 700 from being corroded by the electrolyte and the electrochromic material is deposited between the grid patterns 700 to increase the efficiency of discoloration.

The kind of the electrochromic material of the first and second electrodes 310 and 320 is not particularly limited and WO ₃ , Ir (OH) _x , MoO ₃ , V ₂ O ₅ , TiO ₂ , NiO , And the like; Conductive polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, polyazulene, polypyridine, polyindole, polycarbazole, polyazine, and polythiophene; Organic coloring materials such as violon, anthraquinone, phenothiazine, and the like.

The method of laminating the electrochromic material on the electrode is not particularly limited as long as the thin film can be formed at a constant height from the basal plane along the surface profile. For example, a vacuum deposition method such as sputtering can be mentioned.

WO _{3, which} is a typical example of the electrochromic material of the first electrode, is a substance that is colored by a reduction reaction, and a representative example of an electrochromic material of the second electrode is a material that is colored by an oxidation reaction. The electrochemical mechanism by which electrochromism occurs in an electrochromic device containing such an inorganic metal oxide is explained as shown in the following reaction formula (1). Specifically, when a voltage is applied to the electrochromic device, the proton (H ⁺ ) or lithium ion (Li ⁺ ) contained in the electrolyte is inserted or eliminated as an electrochromic material depending on the polarity of the electric current. The change in the oxidation number of the transition metal contained in the electrochromic material changes the optical characteristic of the electrochromic material itself, for example, the transmittance (color).

 [Reaction Scheme 1]

WO ₃ (transparent) + xe + xM ↔ M _x WO ₃ (deep blue)

(Wherein M is a proton or an alkali metal cation such as Li ⁺ ; x is any integer).

The electrochromic material layer 310 of the first electrode 110 and the electrochromic material layer 320 of the second electrode 210 are electrically connected to an external circuit using a lead wire. The electrodes of the electrochromic devices can be connected in series or in parallel and the first electrodes 110 and the second electrodes 210 of the plurality of electrochromic devices can be connected to each other in a configuration in which a plurality of electrochromic devices are connected in series / Can be connected to the external circuit.

The first electrode 110 and the second electrode 210 are bonded to each other with a predetermined gap therebetween through the sealing material 400. The electrolyte constituting the electrolyte layer 500 may be filled between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 210.

The electrolyte layer 500 may include a redox electrolyte including a pair of oxidized materials and a reducing material, and may be a solid electrolyte, a gelated electrolyte, a liquid electrolyte, or the like.

The electrochromic device 100 of the present invention is characterized by having a fixed spacer 600 inside an electrolyte layer 500.

Conventional electrochromic devices having no spacer do not uniformly discolor and decolor when the large area of the conventional electrochromic device is widened and the gap between the opposing electrodes becomes uneven, Contact between the electrodes may occur.

However, the spacer 600 according to the present invention maintains a gap between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 210, thereby enabling uniform coloring even when the electrochromic device 100 is manufactured in a large area .

Further, the spacer 600 according to the present invention is characterized by being fixed. The spacer 600 is formed to be fixed to at least one of the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 210. The conventional non-fixed type spacer is performed by simply dispersing the arrangement. However, since the fixed type spacer 600 of the present invention is fixedly formed at a specific position, the uniform arrangement of the spacers is possible. The uniform arrangement of the spacers in the electrochromic device can prevent a decrease in the transmittance that may occur due to the aggregation of the spacers.

The method of forming the spacer 600 is preferably a curable resin composition in consideration of processability, adhesiveness, and the like. As the curable resin composition, a thermosetting or photo-curable resin composition can be used without limitation, and it is preferable to use a photo-curable resin composition from the viewpoint of minimizing the influence on the electrochromic material during production.

Typical examples of the curable resin composition capable of forming the spacer 600 include a photoresist composition. The photoresist composition is preferable for forming the spacer 600 of the present invention because it can easily form a desired pattern. The photoresist composition used in this field can be used without any particular limitation, and can be used without limitation of positive or negative type.

Typically, the positive photoresist composition may include, but is not limited to, an alkali-soluble resin, a photosensitive compound, a polymerization initiator, an organic solvent, and the like.

The alkali-soluble resin can be used without limitation as long as it is an alkali-soluble resin commonly used in the art. Examples of usable alkali-soluble resins include novolak resins, vinyl polymers having a phenolic hydroxyl group, vinyl polymers having a carboxyl group, and the like, among which novolak resins are preferable. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

The novolak resin can be obtained by an addition-condensation reaction of a phenol compound and an aldehyde compound. The addition-condensation reaction between the phenolic compound and the aldehyde compound can be carried out in the usual manner in the presence of an acid catalyst.

The photosensitive compound is not particularly limited as long as it is a photosensitive compound ordinarily used in the art, but it is preferably an ester compound of a phenolic compound having a hydroxy group and a quinonediazide sulfonic acid compound.

Specific examples of the phenolic compound having a hydroxy group include 2,3,4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone, 2,3,4 ', 4-tetra Hydroxybenzophenone, 2,3,4,2 ', 4'-pentahydroxybenzophenone, tris (4-hydroxyphenyl) methane, 1,3,5-tris (4-hydroxy a- Benzene, 1,1-bis-4-hydroxyphenyl-1-4-1-4-hydroxyphenyl 1- methylethylphenyl ethane and 2- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) -2- Hydroxyphenyl) propane, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

The quinone diazide sulfonic acid compound is preferably o-quinonediazide sulfonic acid. Specific examples of the o-quinonediazidesulfonic acid include 1,2-naphthoquinonediazide-5-sulfonic acid, 1,2-naphthoquinonediazide-4-sulfonic acid, 1,2- 4-sulfonic acid, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

Specific examples of the ester compound of the phenolic compound having a hydroxy group and the quinonediazide sulfonic acid compound include phenolic polyhydroxy compounds having at least three hydroxyl groups, 1,2-naphthoquinonediazide-5-sulfonic acid, 1,2 -Naphthoquinonediazide-4-sulfonic acid, 1,2-benzoquinonediazide-4-sulfonic acid, and the like.

Specific examples of the organic solvent include glycol ether esters such as ethyl cellosolve acetate, methyl cellosolve acetate and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate; Glycol ethers such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether; Esters such as ethyl lactate, butyl acetate, amyl acetate and ethyl pyruvate; Ketones such as acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 2-heptanone, and cyclohexanone; cyclic esters such as? -butyrolactone; 3-methoxy-1-butanol, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

As the polymerization initiator, a photopolymerization initiator or a thermal polymerization initiator used in the art can be selected and used without any particular limitation.

A typical negative type photoresist composition may include, but is not limited to, an alkali-soluble resin, a photopolymerizable compound, a polymerization initiator, an organic solvent and the like.

The alkali-soluble resin can be used without limitation as long as it is soluble in an alkaline developer. Preferably, the alkali-soluble resin is a copolymer of a polymerizable monomer having an ethylenic unsaturated bond containing an acid functional group and a polymerizable monomer having a copolymerizable unsaturated bond, a compound having an unsaturated bond and an epoxy group in addition to the copolymer A polymer containing a photopolymerizable unsaturated bond or a copolymer of the photopolymerizable unsaturated bond can be used.

The photopolymerizable compound is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound capable of polymerizing under the action of a photopolymerization initiator described later, but preferably a monofunctional photopolymerizable compound, a bifunctional photopolymerizable compound or a trifunctional or higher functional polyfunctional photopolymerizable compound .

The photopolymerization initiator is not limited, but includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a triazine-based compound, an acetophenone-based compound, a nonimidazole-based compound, and an oxime compound in addition to the compound having two or more photoactive oxime ester skeletons in the molecule can do. In this case, the photosensitive resin composition has high sensitivity, and the spacer formed using this composition has excellent thermal stability.

The organic solvent contained in the negative type photoresist composition is not particularly limited and various organic solvents used in the field of the photosensitive resin composition can be used. Specific examples include ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monopropyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol di Diethylene glycol dialkyl ethers such as propyl ether and diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol alkyl ether acetates such as methyl cellosolve acetate and ethyl cellosolve acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monoethyl Alkylene glycol alkyl ether acetates such as ether acetate, propylene glycol monopropyl ether acetate, 3-methoxy-1-butyl acetate and methoxypentyl acetate, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and mesitylene, Ketone, acetic acid , Ketones such as methyl amyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and cyclohexanone, alcohols such as ethanol, propanol, butanol, hexanol, cyclohexanol, ethylene glycol, glycerin and 3-methoxybutanol, 3-ethoxypropionic acid Ethyl and 3-methoxypropionate; cyclic esters such as? -Butyrolactone; and the like.

The spacer 600 may be formed by applying a curable resin composition to the surface of the first electrode 110 or the second electrode 210 facing the electrolyte layer 500 in a pattern shape and curing the same.

The application amount of the curable resin composition can be adjusted according to a predetermined height of the spacer 600. In this case, the spacers 600 may be fixed only to the electrode portion to be coated, spaced apart from the other electrodes, or may be made to contact other electrodes. Preferably, the electrochromic material layer is spaced apart from the other electrode so as to facilitate discoloration of the electrochromic material layer. The height of the spacer 600 is not particularly limited as it is only required to be positioned between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 210.

The application and curing of the curable resin composition for forming the spacers 600 can be carried out without any particular limitation by applying and curing the curable resin composition for forming patterns known in the art. For example, the curable resin composition can be printed in a predetermined pattern and cured. In this case, the printing method can adopt any pattern printing method known in the art such as screen printing, offset printing, etc. without limitation. In another aspect, it is possible to uniformly coat the entire surface of the curable resin composition to be coated and then cure only a predetermined pattern. In this case, depending on the type of the curable resin composition, the uncured portion may be removed while leaving only the cured pattern portion, or the uncured portion may be removed and the uncured portion may be left.

The position where the spacer 600 is formed is not particularly limited, but it is preferable that the spacer 600 is formed in a region corresponding to the grid pattern 700 in order to prevent deterioration of transmittance of the color-changing element. May be formed on all of the regions corresponding to the grid pattern 700, or may be formed on a part of the regions.

The electrochromic device thus constructed can be manufactured using a conventional method known in the art, and includes, for example, (a) preparing a first electrode and a second electrode; (b) applying and curing a curable resin composition to at least one of the two electrodes to form a fixed spacer having a predetermined height; (c) injecting an electrolyte between the first electrode and the second electrode, and sealing the electrolyte; And (d) in the case of a curable electrolyte, polymerizing the injected electrolyte composition to form an electrolyte.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description of the present invention are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such variations and modifications are within the scope of the appended claims.

Example  One

An ITO transparent conductive layer was deposited on the glass substrate to a thickness of 150 nm, and a 200 nm thick WO ₃ electrochromic material thin film was formed thereon by a sputtering method to prepare a working electrode. Further, a counter electrode having a NiO thin film with a thickness of 300 nm was manufactured in the same manner as the working electrode.

A binder resin, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate as a photopolymerizable compound, 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-1 (4-morpholinophenyl) butanone (Irgacure 369 , N, N'-dimethylamino) -benzophenone (EAB-F, manufactured by Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd.) as an initiator for photopolymerization, propylene glycol monomethyl Ether acetate and 1,3,5-tris (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) -1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6 (1H , 3H, 5H) -thione (Irganox 3141, manufactured by Ciba Specialty Chemicals) was applied and cured to form a pattern according to the grid pattern of the counter electrode to form a fixed spacer. The height of the spacer was adjusted so as not to contact the working electrode.

The binder resin of the curable resin composition was prepared as follows.

First, 182 g of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate was introduced into a flask equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer reflux condenser, a dropping funnel and a nitrogen inlet tube, and the atmosphere in the flask was changed to nitrogen in air. After raising the temperature to 100 캜, 47.2 g 44.5 g (0.1 mole) of 2-hydroxypropyl dihydroabietic acid acrylate (Bimaseet 101, Arakawa Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and 136 g (0.1 mole) of propyleneglycol monomethyl ether acetate , 3.6 g of azobisisobutyronitrile was added dropwise to the flask over a period of 2 hours from the dropping funnel, and stirring was further continued at 100 占 폚 for 5 hours. Subsequently, the atmosphere in the flask was changed from nitrogen to air, and 30 g of glycidyl methacrylate (0.20 mol (40 mol% based on the methacrylic acid used in the present reaction)), 0.9 g of trisdimethylaminomethylphenol and 0.145 g of hydroquinone And the reaction was continued at 110 DEG C for 6 hours to obtain an unsaturated group-containing binder resin having an acid value of 99 mgKOH / g. The weight average molecular weight in terms of polystyrene measured by GPC was 28,000 and the molecular weight distribution (Mw / Mn) was 2.2. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) and the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the dispersion resin were measured by using HLC-8120GPC (manufactured by TOSOH CORPORATION), and the columns were TSK-GELG4000HXL and TSK-GELG2000HXL connected in series , The column temperature was 40 占 폚, the mobile phase solvent was tetrahydrofuran, the flow rate was 1.0 ml / min, the injection amount was 50 占, and the detector RI was used. The concentration of the test sample was 0.6 mass% (solvent = tetrahydrofuran) TSK STANDARD POLYSTYRENE F-40, F-4, F-1, A-2500 and A-500 (manufactured by TOSOH CORPORATION) were used.

Except for a part of the rim of the working electrode and the counter electrode (electrolyte injection hole), a UV sealant was used to produce an electrochromic device intermediate without electrolyte. The gel polymer electrolyte composition was injected, the injection port was sealed with a UV sealing material, and then irradiated with light for 1 minute in an ultraviolet (UV) exposure apparatus to produce an electrochromic device having a size of 30 cm x 30 cm by in-situ polymerization.

Example  2

The electrochromic device was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the fixed spacer was made to contact the counter electrode.

Comparative Example  One

The electrochromic device was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that no spacer was used.

Comparative Example  2

An electrochromic device was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the bead type spacer was dispersed in the electrolyte layer instead of the fixed type spacer.

Test Example

The physical properties of the polymer electrolyte composition and the electrochromic device prepared in the above Examples and Comparative Examples were measured by using a colorimeter of OSP-200 manufactured by Olympus Co., Ltd. The transmittance at the time of electrochromism and decoloration was measured.

1. Electrochromism (staining / Decoloration ) Transmittance (%)

The electrochromic (coloring / decoloring) test of the electrochromic device was conducted for 2 hours or more, and then the transmittance in the visible light region was measured. At this time, the larger the difference in the transmittance value in the coloring / quenching, the better.

2. Color  Uniformity

The electrochromic (coloring / decoloring) test of the electrochromic device was conducted for 2 hours or more, and then the transmittance in the visible light region was measured. At this time, the transmittance of each part of the large area electrochromic device (30 cm x 30 cm) was measured 100 times, and the color uniformity was measured according to the deviation of the transmittance value.

?: Coloring deviation? 3%

?: 3% <coloring variation? 5%

×: 5% <Coloring Deviation

Transmittance (coloring / decoloring) Color uniformity Example 1 30/74 ○ Example 2 32/73 ○ Comparative Example 1 48/65 × Comparative Example 2 40/69 △

As shown in Table 1 above, it can be seen that Examples 1 and 2 have significantly higher permeability than Comparative Examples 1 and 2. In the case of Comparative Example 2 using the non-fixed spacer as compared with Comparative Example 1, the permeability is further reduced due to the aggregation of the spacers.

On the other hand, in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 2 using spacers, the gap between the electrodes was maintained, and it was confirmed that the coloring uniformity was superior to Comparative Example 1 in which no spacer was used.

For reference, photographs of the discolored state of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 are shown in Fig. Referring to FIG. 3, it can be confirmed that the discoloration uniformity of Example 1 is superior to that of Comparative Example 1.

110: first electrode 210: second electrode
111, 211: electrode substrate 120, 220: transparent conductive layer
310, 320: electrochromic material layer 700: grid pattern
400: Seal material 500: Electrolyte layer

Claims (10)

A first electrode layer including a first transparent conductive layer and first metal grid patterns arranged on the first transparent conductive layer;
A second electrode layer including a second transparent conductive layer and second metal grid patterns arranged on the second transparent conductive layer;
An electrolyte layer disposed between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer; And
The first electrode layer and the second electrode layer being fixed between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer in the electrolyte layer to support the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, And a spacer disposed so as to overlap in the vertical direction simultaneously with the second metal grid pattern included.
The organic electroluminescent device of claim 1, wherein the first electrode layer further comprises a first electrochrominist material layer formed on the first transparent conductive layer and disposed on the same layer as the first metal grid patterns,
Wherein the second electrode layer further comprises a second electrochromic material layer formed on the second transparent conductive layer and disposed in the same layer as the second metal grid patterns.
delete The electrochromic device according to claim 1, wherein the spacer is formed of a curable resin composition.
5. The electrochromic device according to claim 4, wherein the curable resin composition is a positive photoresist composition or a negative photoresist composition.
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