KR101907192B1 - Method for producing Jocheong using cultivated wild ginseng and Jocheong produced by same method - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for producing rice cakes, comprising the steps of: (a) adding malt to a mixed rice cakes mixed with white rice cakes and black rice cakes respectively made of white rice and black rice, and then saccharifying and concentrating the resulting saccharified cakes; (b) preparing a fermented livestock ginseng fermentation broth by fermenting and filtering the rice germ extract prepared in step (a), mixing the prepared ginseng ginseng, water, phosphorus bacterium and sun-dried salt prepared by mixing with a blender; (c) adding water to the residual ginseng residue of step (b) and extracting the ginseng residue by concentration, filtering and separating the ginseng ginseng mixture into a ginseng ginseng and a ginseng ginseng concentrate; (d) mixing the fermented product of the ginseng root prepared in step (b) and the separated ginseng ginseng concentrate of step (c) to prepare a concentrated ginseng mixture; (e) adding malt to a mixed rice mixed with rice white rice and black rice rice, each of which is made of white rice and black rice, and then saccharifying and concentrating the filtered saccharified liquid; And (f) concentrating the concentrated saccharified liquid obtained in step (e) by adding the concentrated ginseng mixed ginseng concentrate prepared in step (d) and concentrating the concentrate. Which is produced by the above method.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for preparing a crude oil using a wild ginseng and a method for producing the same,

The present invention relates to a fermented product of a fermented soybean ginseng fermented with a mixture of a mixture of a goat ginseng, a rice germ, a water, a phosphorus bacterium, and a salt of a goat, and a ginseng mixed with a concentrated soybean ginseng concentrate Which is characterized in that the concentrate is added to the saccharified liquid and then concentrated. The present invention also relates to a method for producing a ginseng ginseng root having excellent ginsenoside contents and preference, and to a ginseng root ginseng prepared by the above method.

It is a traditional food of Korea for a long time, and it is made of rice, sorghum, millet, corn, and so on. When the rice is hot, when it is hot, when the cold malt is poured, the rice is eaten and the rice is moved. This is put in a pot and put in a spatula, soaked in a spatula while putting it on a spatula, and when it is tilted, it slacks to a continuous state like a cicada. However, the taste and flavor of the traditional orchid has been reduced and the flavor of the orchid is lowered, and the effective ingredient in the body is lacking in the orchard itself, so that the taste of the modern consumer who needs the health improvement effect can not be met.

Goat ginseng is grown in mountain in the mountains for a long time as the seeds, young ginseng, or ginseng of natural ginseng are cultivated in the mountains. Recently, the value of ginseng has been reexamined and standardization studies and efficacy studies have been actively carried out. As the functional material of the ginseng, ginsenosides, polyacetylenes, acidic polysaccharides, polyphenols and the like are known.

The pharmacological actions of ginsenoside include enhancement of heart and blood vessels, recovery of blood function, improvement of blood flow, prevention of arteriosclerosis and hypertension, enhancement of gastrointestinal function, promotion of liver function and elimination of hangover, Anti-aging, brain activity, anti-inflammatory activity, allergic disease treatment, gynecological diseases, diabetes, anti-radiation effect, energetic enhancement, antitumor action, improvement of learning ability, inhibition of oxidative lipogenesis, improvement of immunity ability, inhibition of AIDS virus proliferation And promotion of protein synthesis ability.

Korean Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2016-0018078 discloses a method for producing chestnut jelly. Korean Patent No. 1125537 discloses a method for producing chestnut using mugwort and amber. However, Method.

The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned needs, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a ginseng preparation method, a ginseng preparation method and a ginseng preparation method, And a method for producing a soybean ginseng extract having increased side content.

In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a method for producing rice culverts, comprising the steps of: (a) adding malt to a mixed rice mixed with rice white rice and black rice rice prepared by mixing white rice and black rice, ; (b) preparing a fermented livestock ginseng fermentation broth by fermenting and filtering the rice germ extract prepared in step (a), mixing the prepared ginseng ginseng, water, phosphorus bacterium and sun-dried salt prepared by mixing with a blender; (c) adding water to the residual ginseng residue of step (b) and extracting the ginseng residue by concentration, filtering and separating the ginseng ginseng mixture into a ginseng ginseng and a ginseng ginseng concentrate; (d) mixing the fermented product of the ginseng root prepared in step (b) and the separated ginseng ginseng concentrate of step (c) to prepare a concentrated ginseng mixture; (e) adding malt to a mixed rice mixed with rice white rice and black rice rice, each of which is made of white rice and black rice, and then saccharifying and concentrating the filtered saccharified liquid; And (f) adding to the concentrated saccharified liquid of step (e) the concentrated ginseng-mixed ginseng product prepared in step (d) and then concentrating the ginseng ginseng mixture concentrate. to provide.

In addition, the present invention provides a ginseng root prepared by the above method.

The ginsenosides prepared by the method of the present invention can be used as health food by adding pharmacological effects derived from ginseng root ginseng. Especially, ginsenoside contents can be increased and high quality preparations can be provided. In addition, the soft and unique flavor of Chochong is improved, and when it is added to the stewed or roasted dish instead of sugar, the taste of the food is revived.

In order to achieve the object of the present invention,

(a) adding malt to a mixed rice mixed with rice white rice and black rice rice mixed with white rice and black rice, respectively, and then saccharifying and concentrating the resulting saccharified liquid to prepare rice flour;

(b) preparing a fermented livestock ginseng fermentation broth by fermenting and filtering the rice germ extract prepared in step (a), mixing the prepared ginseng ginseng, water, phosphorus bacterium and sun-dried salt prepared by mixing with a blender;

(c) adding water to the residual ginseng residue of step (b) and extracting the ginseng residue by concentration, filtering and separating the ginseng ginseng mixture into a ginseng ginseng and a ginseng ginseng concentrate;

(d) mixing the fermented product of the ginseng root prepared in step (b) and the separated ginseng ginseng concentrate of step (c) to prepare a concentrated ginseng mixture;

(e) adding malt to a mixed rice mixed with rice white rice and black rice rice, each of which is made of white rice and black rice, and then saccharifying and concentrating the filtered saccharified liquid; And

(f) adding the concentrated ginseng-mixed ginseng concentrate prepared in step (d) to the concentrated glycation solution of step (e) and then concentrating the ginseng ginseng mixture concentrate. do.

In the method of manufacturing the ginseng root of the present invention, the mixed rice balls of the above steps (a) and (e) are preferably prepared by mixing rice bran rice and black rice rice, each of which is made of white rice and black rice, in a weight ratio of 2-4: 5-7 And more preferably, rice white rice and black rice white rice, each made of white rice and black rice, can be mixed in a weight ratio of 3: 6, but not limited thereto.

In addition, in the method of the present invention for producing ginseng root, the causative agent of step (b) is preferably Bacillus subtilis subtilis), Celebi as Saccharomyces My jiae access (Saccharomyces S. cerevisiae , Enterococcus faecalis ), Enterococcus sp. faecium , Lactobacillus brevis , Lactobacillus < RTI ID = 0.0 > casei , Lactobacillus plantarum , Lactobacillus sakei , Leuconostoc citreum , Leuconostoc, mesenteroides , Streptococcus thermophilus , and Weissella koreensis (10 ^{7 to 9} CFU / g or more). The inventors of the present invention have found that, in a preliminary experiment, , It was confirmed that the production of ginseng and ginsenoside can be further enhanced compared to the production of ginseng and ginseng products using different strains.

In addition, in the production method of the present invention, the addition of the step (f) is preferably carried out in a concentration of 8-12% (v / v), more preferably 10% (v / v). As a result, it was possible to improve the preference of the sweet potato, which was prepared by concentrating the saccharified ginseng mixed concentrate with the saccharified liquid at the above ratios.

The method of the present invention for producing a ginseng root is more specifically

(a) Malt was added to a mixed rice mixed with white rice and black rice, respectively, in a ratio of 8.5 to 9.5: 1.5 to 0.5, and saccharified at 55 to 60 ° C for 8 to 12 hours. Concentrating the solution to 75 to 85 brix to prepare rice flour;

(b) 260-340 g of the rice bran meal prepared in the step (a), 160-240 g of a soybean ginseng prepared by a blender, 1 ~ 1.4 L of water, 5 ~ 7 g of a rhizome and 1 ~ 3 g of a salt of Fermenting at 37 to 41 ° C for 44 to 52 hours and filtering to prepare a fermented solution of ginseng root ginseng;

(c) adding water to the residual ginseng residue of step (b) and extracting the ginseng residue by concentration, filtering and separating the ginseng ginseng mixture into a ginseng ginseng and a ginseng ginseng concentrate;

(d) mixing the fermented product of the ginseng root prepared in step (b) and the separated ginseng ginseng concentrate of step (c) to prepare a concentrated ginseng mixture;

(e) Malt was added to the mixed rice mixture prepared by mixing rice white rice and black rice rice, which were respectively made with white rice and black rice, at a ratio of 8.5 to 9.5: 1.5 to 0.5, and the sugar was saccharified. The volume of the filtered saccharified liquid became 40 to 60% Lt; / RTI > And

(f) adding 8 to 12% (v / v) to the concentrated saccharified liquid of step (e) with the saccharified ginseng mixed concentrate prepared in step (d) with respect to the saccharified liquid and then concentrating the mixture to 75 to 85 brix , ≪ / RTI >

More specifically,

(a) Malt was added to a mixed rice mixed with white rice and black rice mixed with white rice and black rice, respectively, at a weight ratio of 9: 1, saccharified at 55 to 60 ° C for 10 hours, and the filtered saccharified liquid was concentrated to 80 brix Thereby producing rice flour;

(b) 300 g of the rice bran meal prepared in the step (a), 200 g of the goat ginseng prepared by grinding with a blender, 1.2 L of water, 6 g of the causative bacteria and 2 g of the sun salt were mixed and incubated at 37-41 ° C for 44 to 52 hours Fermenting and filtering to prepare a fermented solution of ginseng ginseng;

(c) adding water to the residual ginseng residue of step (b) and extracting the ginseng residue by concentration, filtering and separating the ginseng ginseng mixture into a ginseng ginseng and a ginseng ginseng concentrate;

(d) mixing the fermented product of the ginseng root prepared in step (b) and the separated ginseng ginseng concentrate of step (c) to prepare a concentrated ginseng mixture;

(e) adding a malt into a mixed rice mixed with rice white rice and black rice rice mixed with white rice and black rice, respectively, and adding the maltose in a weight ratio of 9: 1, followed by saccharification and concentration until the volume of the filtered saccharified liquid becomes 50%; And

(f) adding 10% (v / v) to the concentrated saccharified liquid of step (e) with the saccharified ginseng mixed concentrate prepared in step (d) with respect to the saccharified liquid, followed by concentration at 80 brix have.

In the method for producing the goat's ginseng, the pre-treated ginseng mixed ginseng concentrate according to the present invention improves the nutrient absorption rate of the ginseng ginseng when added to the crude ginseng, In addition to enhancing the content of ginsenoside, the bitterness characteristic of the ginseng ginseng was removed and the taste and flavor of the ginseng ginseng, which was felt to be gentle, could be produced with good taste.

In addition, in the method of the present invention, it is possible to produce a saccharified liquid having a smooth taste without sacrificing the saccharification solution by sufficiently saccharifying the saccharified liquid by the addition amount of maltose and saccharification conditions as in the step (e) , And when the saccharification condition is out of the above range, the saccharified solution already has a problem that it is already mixed with the concentrated solution of the ginseng mixed ginseng.

The present invention also provides a ginseng root preparation prepared by the above method.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail. However, the following examples are illustrative of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

Manufacturing example  One: Goat ginseng  Chochung Manufacturing

(a) Malt was added to a mixed rice mixture prepared by mixing rice bran rice and black rice rice, which were respectively made of white rice and black rice, at a weight ratio of 3: 6, and the mixture was saccharified at 55 to 60 ° C for 10 hours. The rice juice was concentrated to 80 brix.

(b) 200 g of a goat ginseng prepared finely by a blender, 300 g of the crude rice bran prepared in the step (a), 1.2 L of water, 6 g of a causative organism (a bacterium beneficial to the human body) Fermented for 48 hours and filtered to prepare a fermented product of ginseng. The yuingyun has been provided by the Scientific Research Institute of Korea, Bacillus subtilis BSS09 (Bacillus subtilis BSS09), Bacillus subtilis BSS11 (Bacillus subtilis BSS11), Saccharomyces cerevisiae BSS01 ( Saccharomyces S. cerevisiae BSS01), Enterococcus faecalis BSS03 ( Enterococcus faecalis BSS03), enterococcus faecium BSS02 ( Enterococcus faecium BSS02), Lactobacillus brevis BSS04 ( Lactobacillus brevis BSS04), Lactobacillus casei BSS05 ( Lactobacillus casei BSS05), Lactobacillus planta HS729 ( Lactobacillus plantarum HS729), Lactobacillus sakei MG521, Leuconostoc citreum BSS07, Leuconostocceen terroidis SY1118 ( Leuconostoc mesenteroides SY1118), Streptococcus thermophilus BSS08 ( Streptococcus thermophilus BSS08) and Weissella coleensis BSS10 ( Weissella koreensis BSS10) mixed strains of 13 species (more than 10 ⁸ CFU / g).

(c) 2 L of water is added to the residue of the residue of the step (b) of the step (b), and the mixture is extracted with concentrated water at 100 ° C. until the amount of water becomes 1 L, Respectively.

(d) a fermentation product of the ginseng ginseng prepared in the step (b) and a ginseng ginseng concentrate obtained in the step (c) were mixed to prepare a mixed ginseng ginseng concentrate.

(e) Malt was added to a mixed rice cake mixed with white rice and black rice, respectively, in a ratio of 3: 6 by weight, and the malt was added at a weight ratio of 9: 1, saccharified at 55 to 60 ° C for 10 hours, Solution.

(f) concentrating the mixture until the volume of the saccharified liquid prepared in the step (e) is about 1/2, and mixing the concentrated soybean ginseng mixed concentrate prepared in the step (d) with the concentrated saccharified liquid at a concentration of 10% ) And concentrated to 80 brix.

Comparative Example  One: Goat ginseng  Chochung Manufacturing

200 g of the raw goat's ginseng and 200 g of sugar prepared with a blender were prepared by omitting the preparation of the concentrated ginseng-mixed ginseng product from steps (a) to (d) After mixing, the mixture was fermented at 25 ° C for 3 months and filtered. The fermented product of the ginseng was added to the saccharified solution in step (f) in an amount of 10% (v / v) and concentrated to 80 brix.

Comparative Example  2: Goat ginseng  Chochung Manufacturing

In step (b), 20 g of yeast was used in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1, except that 6 g of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not used.

Comparative Example  3: Goat ginseng  Chochung Manufacturing

The composition for the preparation of the ginseng mixed ginseng concentrate in steps (a) to (d) was omitted and the ginseng ginseng was dried in a drier at 50 ° C for 12 hours The crude ginseng powder was pulverized and added with 10% (w / v) of the ginseng powder concentrated in step (f) and concentrated to 80 brix to prepare the ginseng root.

Comparative Example  4: Goat ginseng  Chochung Manufacturing

The step (c) and (d) are omitted, and the fermented goat's ginseng fermentation broth prepared in step (b) is added to the saccharified solution concentrated in step (f) (v / v), and then concentrated to 80 brix to prepare a goat yams.

Comparative Example  5: Goat ginseng  Chochung Manufacturing

(a) Malt was added in a ratio of 9.7: 0.3 by weight to a mixed rice mixture prepared by mixing white rice black rice and black rice black rice, respectively, in a weight ratio of 3: 6, and the resulting mixture was saccharified at 55 to 60 ° C for 6 hours, The rice juice was concentrated to 80 brix.

(b) 300 g of goat mountain ginseng prepared finely by a blender, 200 g of the rice bran meal prepared in the step (a), 0.8 L of water, 10 g of the causative bacteria and 5 g of the sun salt were mixed and fermented at 39 ° C for 120 hours, And the fermentation broth of goat ginseng was prepared.

(c) 2 L of water was added to the remaining ginseng residue of step (b), and the mixture was extracted at 100 ° C. until the amount of water became 1 L, and then filtered to separate into a ginseng ginseng and a goat ginseng concentrate .

(d) a fermentation product of the ginseng ginseng prepared in the step (b) and a ginseng ginseng concentrate obtained in the step (c) were mixed to prepare a mixed ginseng ginseng concentrate.

(e) Malt was added to a mixed rice cake mixed with white rice and black rice, respectively, in a weight ratio of 3: 6, and the mixture was sacrificed at 55 to 60 ° C for 15 hours. Solution.

(f) concentrating the mixture until the volume of the saccharified liquid prepared in the step (e) is about 1/2, and mixing the concentrated soybean ginseng mixed concentrate prepared in the step (d) with the concentrated saccharified liquid at a concentration of 10% ) And concentrated to 80 brix.

Experimental Method

(1) Measurement of ginsenoside content

The content of ginsenoside was analyzed by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) equipped with UVD (Ultra Visible Detector). The analysis conditions are shown in Table 1 below.

Ginsenoside content (mg / g) = S x (a x b) / sample amount (g)

S: concentration of individual ginsenosides (mg / ml) in the test solution

a: total amount of test solution (ml)

b: Dilution factor

Ginsenoside analysis conditions equipment GILSON system Detector UV detector (203 nm) column Frontosil 120-5-C18-ace-EPS
(4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5.0 m) Column temperature 40 ℃ Mobile phase  Acetonitrile: D.W. (gradient) Flow rate 1.2 ml / min Injection capacity 20 μl

(2) Sensory evaluation

The sensory evaluation was carried out on 30 sensory test staffs. The sensory evaluation was performed by taking 9 kinds of scent with 9 points, which was 1 point for the incense, .

Example  One: Goat ginseng  Chochung Gin Senocide  content

The results of the analysis of the content of ginsenoside prepared by the method of Preparation Example 1 and Comparative Example are shown in Table 2 below. As a result, the content of ginsenoside Rb1 + Rg1 + Rg3 was 47.24 mg / 100 g prepared by the method of Preparation Example 1, which is the highest content of the ginsenosides Rb1 + Rg1 + Rg3.

The content of ginsenoside (㎎ / 100 g) division Ginsenoside Rb1 + Rg1 + Rg3 Production Example 1 47.24 + - 2.5 Comparative Example 1 32.58 ± 1.2 Comparative Example 2 35.27 ± 1.8 Comparative Example 3 18.41 ± 0.9 Comparative Example 4 40.21 ± 2.4 Comparative Example 5 42.25 + 1.4

Example  2: According to the manufacturing conditions Goat ginseng  Sensory evaluation of Chochung

The results of the sensory evaluation of the crude wort prepared by the method of Preparation Example 1 and Comparative Example are shown in Table 3 below. As a result, Comparative Example 3 in which the goat ginseng was added in the form of powder showed the lowest score in the preference for softness, and that the preparation in Example 1 was higher in flavor, taste, softness and overall acceptance It is judged to be more preferable.

Sensory Evaluation of Goat Yangsan Gamjang according to the Production Conditions Kinds incense flavor Softness Overall likelihood Production Example 1 7.35 7.24 7.02 7.30 Comparative Example 1 6.50 6.84 6.71 6.56 Comparative Example 2 6.23 6.42 5.48 5.98 Comparative Example 3 5.48 5.79 6.12 5.78 Comparative Example 4 7.02 6.90 6.68 6.82 Comparative Example 5 6.84 6.38 6.50 6.62

Example  3: Goat ginseng  Depending on the amount of mixed concentrate added Goat ginseng  Sensory evaluation of Chochung

In step (f), the soybean ginseng preparations prepared by the method of Preparation Example 1 and the method of Preparation Example 1 were prepared, and in the step (f) The results are shown in Table 4 below.

Sensory Evaluation of Goat Yangsan Gamjang with Different Amounts of Mixed Concentrated Soy Sauce Addition amount incense flavor Softness Overall likelihood 5% 7.02 7.08 7.00 7.06 10% (Production Example 1) 7.35 7.24 7.02 7.30 20% 6.94 6.87 6.98 6.96

As a result, there was no significant difference in preference for softness, but it was confirmed that aroma, flavor and overall acceptability were more preferable because they showed the highest score in the preparation of the concentrate after 10%

Claims (4)

(a) adding malt to a mixed rice mixed with rice white rice and black rice rice mixed with white rice and black rice, respectively, and then saccharifying and concentrating the resulting saccharified liquid to prepare rice flour;
(b) preparing a fermented livestock ginseng fermentation broth by fermenting and filtering the rice germ extract prepared in step (a), mixing the prepared ginseng ginseng, water, phosphorus bacterium and sun-dried salt prepared by mixing with a blender;
(c) adding water to the residual ginseng residue of step (b) and extracting the ginseng residue by concentration, filtering and separating the ginseng ginseng mixture into a ginseng ginseng and a ginseng ginseng concentrate;
(d) mixing the fermented product of the ginseng root prepared in step (b) and the separated ginseng ginseng concentrate of step (c) to prepare a concentrated ginseng mixture;
(e) adding malt to a mixed rice mixed with rice white rice and black rice rice, each of which is made of white rice and black rice, and then saccharifying and concentrating the filtered saccharified liquid; And
(f) adding to the concentrated saccharified liquid of step (e) the concentrated ginseng mixed ginseng product prepared in step (d) and then concentrating the ginseng ginseng mixture concentrate. The method according to claim 1,
(a) adding a malt sugar to a mixed rice mixed with rice white rice and black rice rice prepared by mixing white rice and black rice, respectively, in a ratio of 8.5 to 9.5: 1.5 to 0.5 and then saccharifying and concentrating the resulting saccharified liquid to prepare rice flour ;
(b) 260-340 g of the rice bran meal prepared in the step (a), 160-240 g of a soybean ginseng prepared by a blender, 1 ~ 1.4 L of water, 5 ~ 7 g of a rhizome and 1 ~ 3 g of a salt of Fermenting and filtering to prepare a fermented solution of ginseng ginseng;
(c) adding water to the residual ginseng residue of step (b) and extracting the ginseng residue by concentration, filtering and separating the ginseng ginseng mixture into a ginseng ginseng and a ginseng ginseng concentrate;
(d) mixing the fermented product of the ginseng root prepared in step (b) and the separated ginseng ginseng concentrate of step (c) to prepare a concentrated ginseng mixture;
(e) Malt was added to the mixed rice mixture prepared by mixing rice white rice and black rice rice, which were respectively made from white rice and black rice, at a ratio of 8.5 to 9.5: 1.5 to 0.5, and saccharified. The volume of the filtered saccharified liquid became 40 to 60% Lt; / RTI > And
(f) adding 8 to 12% (v / v) to the concentrated saccharified liquid of step (e) with the saccharified mixed ginseng concentrate prepared in step (d) with respect to the saccharified liquid and then concentrating ≪ tb >< / TABLE > 3. The method of claim 2,
(a) Malt was added to a mixed rice mixed with white rice and black rice, respectively, in a ratio of 8.5 to 9.5: 1.5 to 0.5, and saccharified at 55 to 60 ° C for 8 to 12 hours. Concentrating the solution to 75 to 85 brix to prepare rice flour;
(b) 260-340 g of the rice bran meal prepared in the step (a), 160-240 g of a soybean ginseng prepared by a mixer, 1 ~ 1.4 L of water, 5 ~ 7 g of a kin, and 1 ~ 3 g of a salt of Fermenting at 37 to 41 ° C for 44 to 52 hours and filtering to prepare a fermented solution of ginseng root ginseng;
(c) adding water to the residual ginseng residue of step (b) and extracting the ginseng residue by concentration, filtering and separating the ginseng ginseng mixture into a ginseng ginseng and a ginseng ginseng concentrate;
(d) mixing the fermented product of the ginseng root prepared in step (b) and the separated ginseng ginseng concentrate of step (c) to prepare a concentrated ginseng mixture;
(e) Malt was added to the mixed rice mixture prepared by mixing rice white rice and black rice rice, which were respectively made from white rice and black rice, at a ratio of 8.5 to 9.5: 1.5 to 0.5, and saccharified. The volume of the filtered saccharified liquid became 40 to 60% Lt; / RTI > And
(f) adding 8 to 12% (v / v) to the concentrated saccharified liquid of step (e) with the saccharified ginseng mixed concentrate prepared in step (d) with respect to the saccharified liquid and then concentrating it to 75 to 85 brix Wherein the method comprises the steps of: A method for producing a soybean ganoderma lucidum prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 3.