KR101467821B1 - Method for detecting hazardous and noxious substance comprised in sea water by using electric resistance - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method to detect hazardous and noxious substances capable of detecting hazardous and noxious substances flowing in the water by using an electric resistance value, and detecting a hazardous and noxious gas released into the air by evaporating hazardous and noxious substances in water. According to the present invention, the method to detect hazardous and noxious substances comprises: a first step of supplying power generated from a power supply module to a first electrode unit and a second electrode unit equipped in a hazardous and noxious substance detecting part arranged in water, and a third electrode unit and a fourth electrode unit equipped in a hazardous and noxious substance detecting part arranged above the water; a second step of measuring an electric resistance value of the first electrode unit and the second electrode unit wherein power is applied in a first electric resistance value measuring module; a third step of measuring an electric resistance value of the third electrode unit and the fourth electrode unit wherein power is applied in a second electric resistance value measuring module; a fourth step of storing each measured electric resistance value in a storage module; a fifth step of checking whether hazardous and noxious substances exist in the water based on variation of the measured electric resistance value of the first electrode unit and the second electrode unit by a control module, and of checking whether a hazardous and noxious gas generated by being evaporated from the hazardous and noxious substances exists based on the variation of the measured electric resistance value of the third electrode unit and the fourth electrode unit by the control module; and a sixth step of transferring an alarm signal to the central management server through a wireless communication module by generating the alarm signal when the hazardous and noxious substances or a hazardous and noxious gas exists by the control module.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The present invention relates to a method for detecting harmful substances using electrical resistance,

The present invention relates to a harmful substance detection method for detecting harmful substances (HNS, Hazardous and Noxious Substances) flowing into a river, a lake or sea, and more particularly, Detecting harmful substances flowing into the water by using the electric resistance value and detecting the harmful gas which is evaporated into harmful substances and discharged into the air by using the electric resistance value of the power source applied to the harmful gas detecting unit disposed on the water surface The present invention relates to a method for detecting a harmful substance using an electric resistance value.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the management of hazardous substances based on the increase of HNS (Hazardous and Noxious Substance) trade volume and the recognition of the risk of domestic and international pollution accidents.

Especially, more than 3,000 kinds of harmful substances transported by sea are very diverse, and the types and characteristics of accidents that may occur due to the leakage are complicated. Therefore, it is necessary to forecast and monitor the diffusion of harmful substances.

Remote Sensing and Lab Analysis are mainly used for the detection and analysis of harmful substances emitted from the sea, but it is necessary to perform rapid measurement in order to verify and correct the diffusion prediction of harmful substances in real time. Therefore, remote sensing methods need to be utilized.

Korean Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 10-2012-0067840 relates to a sensor chip for detecting a toxic substance. The sensor detects a heavy metal contained in a sample by using a voltage-current method and receives a variable voltage. A spectroscopic analysis unit for irradiating the sample with light and measuring the intensity of transmitted light at each wavelength to detect a toxic substance contained in the sample; A chemical sensing unit, and a platform housing for mounting the spectroscopic analysis unit, and measuring a potential difference of the sample to detect a heavy metal contained in the sample.

However, in the conventional technology relating to the detection of harmful substances, it is necessary to install a detection device on the sea where harmful substances are leaked for detection of harmful substances, collect seawater in the outflow area, and detect components such as harmful substances in a laboratory do.

At this time, when the toxic substances flowing out to the sea are highly volatile and contain colorless and odorless toxic substances, they can be evaporated from the seawater, so that there is a problem that safety for the operator can not be secured.

In addition, it is also difficult to pinpoint the exact location of harmful substances that have flowed out to sea due to the influence of currents or winds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been conceived to solve the problems described above, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for measuring a resistance value of a power source through a harmful substance detection unit coated with a semiconductor material or a conductive material, And a method for detecting a harmful substance using an electric resistance value capable of accurately detecting a harmful gas evaporated in seawater through a harmful gas detection unit.

In addition, the present invention is characterized in that the floating body fluid is equipped with a harmful substance detection unit for detecting the presence or absence of harmful substances on the lower side and a harmful gas detection unit for detecting the presence or absence of harmful gas on the upper side, It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for detecting a harmful substance using an electrical resistance value that can detect the presence of harmful gas and provide it to a central management server using wireless communication.

However, the object of the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned objects, and other objects not mentioned can be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the following description.

In order to accomplish the above object, a method for detecting a toxic substance using an electric resistance in a device for detecting a toxic substance placed on a water surface according to an embodiment of the present invention is characterized in that a toxic substance detection unit A first step of supplying the first electrode unit and the second electrode unit, the third electrode unit and the fourth electrode unit provided in the noxious gas detection unit disposed on the water surface, A second step of measuring an electric resistance value of the first electrode part and the second electrode part to which the power is applied and a second step of measuring an electric resistance value of the third electrode part and the fourth electrode part, A fourth step of storing the measured electrical resistance value in the storage module, and a fourth step of storing the measured electrical resistance value in the storage module based on the measured change in the electrical resistance value of the first electrode portion and the second electrode portion, The control module checks whether or not harmful substances are present and determines whether or not there is a noxious gas generated by evaporation from harmful substances based on the measured amount of change in the electric resistance value of the third electrode unit and the fourth electrode unit The fifth step and the sixth step are to generate an alarm signal when the existence of harmful substances or noxious gas is confirmed, and transmit the alarm signal to the central management server through the wireless communication module.

In the method for detecting harmful substances using electrical resistance according to the present invention, in the fifth step, when the measured electrical resistance value of the first electrode unit and the second electrode unit is decreased, harmful substances in the water Is determined to be present.

The method for detecting harmful substances using electrical resistance according to the present invention is characterized in that, in the fifth step, the control module measures electrical resistance of the third electrode part and the fourth electrode part measured through the second electrical resistance value measuring module When the value is decreased or increased, it is determined that there is a noxious gas which evaporates from harmful substances in the sea.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for detecting a harmful substance using an electrical resistance, comprising the steps of: when the control module increases an electrical resistance value measured through the second electrical resistance value measurement module, And when the electric resistance value is decreased, it is determined to be a reducing gas.

In the fourth step, when the electrical resistance value is stored in the storage module, the GPS module generates location information of the marine hazardous substance detection device, And storing it in a module.

In the fourth step, the wireless communication module provides the electric resistance value and the position information stored in the storage module to the central management server at predetermined time intervals .

The method for detecting a harmful substance using an electrical resistance according to the present invention is characterized in that the alarm signal generated through the control module in the sixth step includes the measured electrical resistance value and the positional information.

The method for detecting harmful substances using electrical resistance according to the present invention is characterized in that the first electrode unit to the fourth electrode unit to which power is supplied in the second step are formed in a concavo-convex pattern formed at regular intervals on one side, wherein the porous material is made of a semiconductor material made of any one of Si, SiO ₂ and ITO, or a conductive material containing Al or Fe.

According to the method for detecting a harmful substance using the electrical resistance value of the present invention, it is possible to detect in real time the electrical resistance value applied to the harmful substance detection unit coated with a semiconductor material or a conductive material, to detect the presence or absence of harmful substances contained in the water, The harmful gas which is evaporated from the harmful substances in the water can be accurately detected through the harmful gas detection unit, and there is an advantage that the operator can be protected from the discharged colorless odorless harmful gas.

In addition, according to the present invention, a harmful substance detection unit for detecting the presence or absence of harmful substances is mounted on the floatable float, and a harmful gas detection unit for detecting the presence or absence of the harmful gas is mounted on the upper side, It is possible to accurately identify the location of harmful substances moving by sea current and wind or the like at the sea by confirming the presence of substances and harmful gas and providing them to a central management server by using wireless communication.

FIG. 1 is a side view schematically showing an apparatus for detecting a harmful substance using an electric resistance value according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view schematically showing a harmful substance detecting apparatus for detecting harmful substances using an electric resistance value according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG.
3 is a block diagram showing components of a toxic substance detection device for detecting toxic substances using an electric resistance value according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is an exemplary diagram illustrating a change in electrical resistance value measured by a harmful substance contained in water. Fig.
Fig. 5 is an exemplary diagram illustrating a change in the electrical resistance value measured by the noxious gas. Fig.
6 is a flowchart illustrating a method for detecting a toxic substance using an electric resistance value according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, a detailed description of preferred embodiments of the present invention will be given with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description of the present invention, detailed description of known functions and configurations incorporated herein will be omitted when it may make the subject matter of the present invention rather unclear.

Embodiments in accordance with the concepts of the present invention can make various changes and have various forms, so that specific embodiments are illustrated in the drawings and described in detail in this specification or application. It is to be understood, however, that it is not intended to limit the embodiments according to the concepts of the present invention to the particular forms of disclosure, but includes all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.

It is to be understood that when an element is referred to as being "connected" or "connected" to another element, it may be directly connected or connected to the other element, . On the other hand, when an element is referred to as being "directly connected" or "directly connected" to another element, it should be understood that there are no other elements in between. Other expressions that describe the relationship between components, such as "between" and "between" or "neighboring to" and "directly adjacent to" should be interpreted as well.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. The singular expressions include plural expressions unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In this specification, the terms "comprises ",or" having ", or the like, specify that there is a stated feature, number, step, operation, , Steps, operations, components, parts, or combinations thereof, as a matter of principle.

FIG. 1 is a side view schematically showing a harmful substance detection device for detecting harmful substances on the sea using an electric resistance value according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a perspective view schematically showing a harmful substance detection device.

Referring to FIG. 1, the apparatus for detecting harmful substances according to the present invention may include a body 100, a harmful substance detection unit 200, and a harmful gas detection unit 300.

The body part 100 is preferably made of a material that can float on the water surface 1 such as float or the like and the toxic substance detection part 200 is disposed on the lower side of the body part 100, And the noxious gas detection unit 300 may be mounted on the upper surface.

Particularly, the through hole 101 may be formed in the center of the body part 100 in a direction perpendicular to the water surface.

In order to detect hazardous substances (HNS, Hazardous and Noxious Substance) contained in water, the harmful substance detection unit 200 detects the harmful substances contained in the water in a direction perpendicular to the water surface on one side and one side of the lower surface of the body part 100 Each of which can be placed underwater.

The harmful substance detection unit 200 includes a first insulating substrate portion 210 made of an insulating material such as a glass material disposed on one side of a lower surface of the body portion 100, And a second insulating substrate portion 220 disposed at a position where the second insulating substrate portion 220 is disposed.

Particularly, it is preferable that the first insulating substrate portion 210 and the second insulating substrate portion 220 are disposed with a through hole 101 formed in the body portion 100 interposed therebetween, as shown in the figure.

A first concavo-convex pattern 211 is formed at a predetermined interval on one side of the first insulating substrate portion 210, and a semiconductor material composed of any one of Si, SiO _2, and ITO, The first electrode part 212 may be formed of a coating layer containing a porous material 201 made of a conductive material containing Fe.

A second concavo-convex pattern 221 is also formed on one side of the second insulating substrate portion 220 at regular intervals, and a coating layer including the porous material 201 on the second concavo- A portion 222 may be formed.

The first electrode unit 212 and the second electrode unit 222 may be formed by sintered nanocrystal or etching, or may be formed by various other methods.

A power source, for example, a DC power source, generated from the body 100 may be applied to the first electrode unit 212 and the second electrode unit 222 including the porous material 201.

The noxious gas detection unit 300 is for detecting noxious gas generated by evaporation of harmful substances contained in water through the through hole 101 of the body part 100 and includes one side of the upper surface of the body part 100, They may be respectively disposed on the water surface in the direction perpendicular to the water surface with the other side facing the one side, that is, the through hole 101 therebetween.

The noxious gas detection unit 300 includes a third insulating substrate portion 310 formed of an insulating material such as a glass material disposed on one side of the upper surface of the body portion 100, And a fourth insulating substrate portion 320 disposed at a position where the first insulating substrate portion 320 is disposed.

The third insulating substrate portion 310 and the fourth insulating substrate portion 420 are preferably disposed close to the through hole 101.

A third concavo-convex pattern 311 is formed at a predetermined interval on one side of the third insulating substrate portion 310, and a semiconductor material made of any one of Si, SiO _2, and ITO or a semiconductor material made of Al or Fe The third electrode part 312 may be formed of a coating layer including a porous material 301 made of a conductive material.

A fourth concave-convex pattern 321 is also formed at a predetermined interval on one side of the fourth insulating substrate portion 320 facing one side of the third insulating substrate portion 310, and a fourth concave- The fourth electrode part 322 may be formed of a coating layer containing the porous material 301. [

The third electrode part 312 and the fourth electrode part 322 may be formed through nano-crystal sintering or etching as in the case of the first electrode part 212 and the second electrode part 222, have.

A power source, for example, a DC power source, generated from the body 100 may be applied to the third electrode unit 312 and the fourth electrode unit 322.

In the apparatus for detecting harmful substances 10 of the present invention, the harmful gas detecting unit 300 is disposed on both sides of the through holes 101 formed in the body 100, but the upper and lower ends are cylindrical It is possible.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating components of a hazardous substance detection apparatus for detecting harmful substances in the sea using electrical resistance values according to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 3, the body 100 includes a power supply module 110 A first electrical resistance measurement module 120, a second electrical resistance measurement module 130, a storage module 140, a control module 150, a wireless communication module 160 and a GPS module 170 can do.

The power supply module 110 includes a solar cell 111 capable of generating power through solar power generation so as to apply power to the first electrode unit 212 to the fourth electrode unit 322, And a battery 112 that can store power generated by the battery 111, that is, a predetermined capacity.

Also, the power supply module 110 may be configured to supply a separate power source such as a battery, though it is not shown in detail.

The first electrical resistance value measuring module 120 may measure the electrical resistance value of the power source applied to the first and second electrode portions 212 and 222 located in the water.

The second electrical resistance value measuring module 130 may measure an electrical resistance value through a power source applied to the third electrode portion 312 and the fourth electrode portion 322.

The storage module 140 stores the electrical resistance value of each of the electrode units 212, 222, 312, and 322 measured through the first electrical resistance value measurement module 120 and the second electrical resistance value measurement module 130 in real time .

The control module 150 compares the respective electrical resistance values measured by the first electrical resistance value measurement module 120 and the second electrical resistance value measurement module 130 and outputs the harmful substances present in the water and the harmful substances The presence of harmful gas can be confirmed.

In general, the first electrode unit 212 and the second electrode unit 222 disposed in the water may have a constant electric resistance value. That is, the amount of change with respect to the electric resistance value may be extremely small or may not occur.

However, as shown in FIG. 4, since the harmful substance is composed of a component having many acid-based ions, as the concentration of the harmful substance (HNS) contained in the water increases, the first electrode unit 212 and the second electrode The control module 150 can detect the harmful substances included in the water based on the changed electrical resistance value.

delete

These harmful substances are highly volatile substances, and harmful substances may be evaporated and discharged as noxious gases. At this time, the noxious gas can be discharged through the through hole 101 formed at the center of the body part 100, and the harmful gas disposed on both sides of the through hole 101 is discharged through the detection part 300 Can be detected.

Oxidizing gas in the noxious gas is adsorbed on the surfaces of the third electrode part 312 and the fourth electrode part 322 made of the porous material 301 and the electrons of the respective electrode parts 312 and 322 The electric resistance value of the third electrode unit 312 and the fourth electrode unit 322 increases as shown in FIG. 5 because the amount of electrons decreases due to the movement .

Since the reducing gas reacts with the electrons on the surfaces of the electrode parts 312 and 322 and moves to the center in the opposite direction to the oxidizing gas, the third electrode part 312 and the fourth electrode part 322 The electric resistance value is decreased.

Therefore, as shown in FIG. 5, as the concentration of the reducing gas increases, the electric resistance value of the electrode portions 312 and 322 decreases

In the control module 150, the electrical resistance measured according to the concentration of the noxious gas can be checked to confirm whether or not the noxious gas is detected and the concentration.

The wireless communication module 160 wirelessly communicates with a central management server (not shown) located remotely or on the ground using a mobile communication network or a satellite communication network, It is possible to provide an electrical resistance value for the gas.

Particularly, when the existence and concentration of harmful substances and noxious gas are detected through the control module 150, the control module 150 generates an alarm signal and controls the wireless communication module 140 to generate an alarm signal An alarm signal can be transmitted.

The GPS module 170 provided in the body part 100 receives the GPS signal from a GPS satellite (not shown) to generate positional information of the hazardous substance detection device 10, It can be stored by matching with the resistance value.

Accordingly, the wireless communication module 160 can provide the centralized management server with the electric resistance value and the position information stored in the storage module 140 at the set time intervals. Also, the alarm signal generated by the control module 150 may include the electric resistance value to be measured and the position information generated by the GPS module 170.

As described above, in the case of providing the electric resistance value measured and stored in real time to the central management server through the wireless communication module 160 and the electric resistance value measured at the time of detecting the harmful substance and the harmful gas, 10) are also provided, so that it is possible to accurately determine the position where the harmful substance is detected and the path of movement or diffusion.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method for detecting a toxic substance using an electrical resistance value according to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIGS. 1 to 6, a power generated by a power supply module 110, for example, The first electrode part 212 and the second electrode part 222 provided in the harmful substance detection part 200 disposed in the water and the third electrode part 212 provided in the harmful gas detection part 300 disposed on the water surface, The first electric resistance value measuring module 120 measures the first electric resistance value from the power source applied through the first electrode portion 212 and the second electrode portion 222 to the first electrode portion 312 and the fourth electrode portion 322 The third electrode unit 312 and the fourth electrode unit 322 in the second electrical resistance value measurement module 130 are measured for the first electrode unit 212 and the second electrode unit 222, (S102) the electric resistance values of the third electrode unit 312 and the fourth electrode unit 322 from a power source applied through the first electrode unit 322 and the second electrode unit 322, (140).

The first electrode part 212, the second electrode part 222, the third electrode part 312 and the fourth electrode part 322 to which power is applied are formed in a concavo-convex pattern formed at regular intervals on one side surface , And a porous material. The porous material may be a semiconductor material made of any one of Si, SiO _2, and ITO, or a conductive material containing Al or Fe.

The control module 150 checks the electrical resistance value measured through the first electrical resistance value measurement module 120 to check whether the measured electrical resistance value is decreased (S103), and determines whether or not there is a harmful substance in the water (S104).

Generally, since harmful substances are composed of components having many acid-based ions, electricity can be conducted more efficiently than seawater. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 4, as the concentration of harmful substances contained in seawater increases, So that the control module 150 can detect the harmful substances included in the water based on the changed electrical resistance value.

In addition, the control module 150 checks the electrical resistance value measured through the second electrical resistance value measurement module 130 to check whether the measured electrical resistance value is decreased or increased (S105) (S106). ≪ / RTI >

Hazardous substances are highly volatile substances, and harmful substances contained in water can be evaporated and released as harmful gas in the air.

The oxidizing gas in the noxious gas is adsorbed on the surfaces of the third electrode part 312 and the fourth electrode part 322 which are made of the porous material 301 and the electrons of the electrode parts 312 and 322, And reacts with the oxidizing gas. As a result, the amount of electrons is reduced and the electric resistance value is increased as shown in Fig.

In addition, when the noxious gas to be evaporated is a reducing gas, the electrons on the surfaces of the electrode portions 312 and 322 react with each other and move to the center, thereby decreasing the electric resistance value.

Therefore, the control module 150 can check the electric resistance value measured according to the type and concentration of the noxious gas, and can check whether the noxious gas is detected or not.

The control module 150 can control the electric resistance value to be measured at predetermined time intervals through the first and second electrical resistance value measurement modules 120 and 130 when it is confirmed that harmful substances or noxious gases do not exist in the seawater have.

Then, the control module 150 generates an alarm signal related to the presence and concentration of harmful substances and noxious gas, and transmits an alarm signal generated in the central management server through the wireless communication module 160 (S107).

In addition, the wireless communication module 160 can provide the electric resistance value stored in the storage module 140 to the central management server at predetermined time intervals. In particular, when the electric resistance value is measured in step S102, The module 150 may control the position information of the toxic substance detection device 10 measured through the GPS module 170 to match with the electrical resistance value and store the information in the storage module 140. [

Also, the alarm signal generated by the control module 150 may include the electric resistance value to be measured and the position information generated by the GPS module 170.

As described above, in the case of providing the electric resistance value measured and stored in real time to the central management server through the wireless communication module 160 and the electric resistance value measured at the time of detecting the harmful substance and the harmful gas, 10) are also provided, so that it is possible to accurately determine the position where the harmful substance is detected and the path of movement or diffusion.

While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. will be. Accordingly, the true scope of the present invention should be determined by the technical idea of the appended claims.

10: Hazardous substance detection device
100:
110: Power supply module 111: Solar cell
112: Storage battery
120: first electric resistance value measuring module
130: second electric resistance value measuring module
140: storage module 150: control module
160: Wireless communication module 170: GPS module
200: Hazardous substance detection unit
210: first insulating substrate portion 211: first electrode portion
220: second insulating substrate portion 221: second electrode portion
300: noxious gas detection unit
310: third insulating substrate portion 311: third electrode portion
320: fourth insulating substrate portion 321: fourth electrode portion
201, 301: Porous material

Claims (9)

A method for detecting a harmful substance using electric resistance in a device for detecting a harmful substance placed on a water surface,
A first electrode unit and a second electrode unit provided in the harmful substance detection unit disposed in the water, the power generated by the power supply module, and a third electrode unit and a fourth electrode unit provided in the harmful gas detection unit disposed on the water surface, To the first step
A second step of measuring an electrical resistance value of the first electrode part and the second electrode part to which power is applied in the first electrical resistance value measurement module;
A third step of measuring an electrical resistance value of the third electrode part and the fourth electrode part to which power is applied in the second electrical resistance value measuring module;
A fourth step of storing the measured electrical resistance values in a storage module;
The control module checks whether or not a harmful substance exists in the water based on the measured change in the electrical resistance value of the first electrode portion and the second electrode portion, A fifth step of confirming whether or not a noxious gas generated by evaporation from harmful substances exists on the basis of the variation amount of the electric resistance value of the part;
And a sixth step of generating an alarm signal when the existence of a harmful substance or a harmful gas is confirmed and transmitting the generated alarm signal to a central management server through a wireless communication module. Detection method.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the control module determines that a harmful substance exists in the water when the measured electrical resistance value of the first electrode unit and the second electrode unit decreases, Detection method.
The method according to claim 1,
In the fifth step, when the electrical resistance value of the third electrode portion and the fourth electrode portion measured by the second electrical resistance value measuring module is decreased or increased, the control module determines that the harmful gas evaporated from harmful substances in the water And determining that there is an existing electrical resistance value.
The method of claim 3,
Wherein the control module determines that the discharged noxious gas is oxidizing gas when the electric resistance value measured through the second electric resistance value measuring module increases,
And determining that the reducing gas is a reducing gas when the electrical resistance value is decreased.
The method according to claim 1,
In the fourth step,
The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of, when the electrical resistance value is stored in the storage module, the GPS module generating location information of the hazardous substance detection device and storing the location information in the storage module.
6. The method of claim 5,
In the fourth step,
Wherein the wireless communication module provides the electric resistance value and the position information stored in the storage module to the central management server at predetermined time intervals.
6. The method of claim 5,
Wherein the alarm signal generated through the control module in the sixth step includes a measured electrical resistance value and position information.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the first electrode unit to the fourth electrode unit, which are supplied with power in the second step, comprise a concavo-convex pattern formed at regular intervals on one side, and include a porous material. Method of detecting harmful substances.
9. The method of claim 8,
Wherein the porous material is made of a semiconductor material made of any one of Si, SiO ₂ and ITO, or a conductive material containing Al or Fe.

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