KR101177889B1 - Measuring the vertical management of high-rise buildings - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: A method for measuring and managing the perpendicularity of skyscrapers is provided to prevent error generating factors in advance by using a proper measuring device based on properties of concrete and enable to suggest criteria for a numerical correction. CONSTITUTION: A method for measuring and managing the perpendicularity of skyscrapers(300) is as follows. An initial reference point(400) and a benchmark are measured. A grid line of a lowest story and a position of an outer line are measured. A setting position of an ACS(Auto Climbing System) foam is confirmed. Slab bench marks of each story are measured. The perpendicularity of a peripheral part is measured. The perpendicularity of super upper stories using a GPS is measured. The perpendicularity of a core and columns are measured. Altitude bench marks of each story are measured. The column shortening inspection is measured. The settlement extent of a front basement of the lowest story is measured.

Description

{Measuring the vertical management of high-rise buildings}

The present invention relates to a method for comprehensively managing the proper verticality of a building using cutting-edge surveying equipment such as GPS, vertical machine, total station, etc. in the construction of a high-rise building.

High-rise buildings are being built due to the rapid development of construction technology, land efficiency, and high demand for luxury housing.

In addition, the reality is that the skyscrapers are barking in front of each other as a landmark concept, as in competition.

Many new technologies are applied to the skyscrapers.

However, the vertical surveying field still adheres to conventional methods (ironing weights and tape measure). High-rise vertical surveying management is very important for determining the center baseline of the building and for subsequent processes (curtain wall, elevator, interior construction, etc.).

The biggest problem in the vertical survey management of tall buildings

Insecureness of the use of the vertical machine: Even when the horizontal plane of the vertical machine is precisely adjusted, the phenomenon of the laser bulge spreads as one side of the surveying machine or the distance increases.

In addition, unlike the total station, the vertical station does not perform the performance test of the surveying equipment, so even if a mechanical error occurs, it cannot be detected.

Shrinkage due to column shortening: A phenomenon in which the column is inevitably shrunk due to the vertical weight of the member itself.

The problem with column shortening is that not all of the arranged column members are reduced in the same amount, but the shrinkage is different for each column, so it is reduced to 50cm overall while building a 300m building. It cannot be formed.

When neglected, the slab deflection phenomenon (cracking) The curtain wall construction failure is very dangerous, such as window breakage due to shrinkage after completion of construction.

Therefore, from the reference level (TBM), the reduction of column shortening members must be measured, and the surveyed contents for each floor must be immediately corrected and constructed.

Steel tape temperature error: The steel tape used in the frame construction is determined by the length of the board in the field without any temperature correction, tension correction, and deflection correction.

The biggest error among the distance errors is due to temperature.

 Ct = a * L (t-to) where Ct: temperature correction L: observation length a: linear expansion coefficient

                         t: Temperature at measurement to: Standard temperature (15 ℃)

When measuring 50m distance at 35 ℃, the temperature compensation should be subtracted from 11.5mm.

At minus 5 ℃, 11.5mm should be added.

Assuming that the distance error is 5mm from the first floor, the higher the error, the greater the amount of error, which will cause enormous damage to the frame construction and problems of securing internal and external finishing quality.

Drying shrinkage of concrete: Drying shrinkage refers to the hardening of concrete caused by the evaporation of the number of voids remaining in the pores of the concrete due to differences in temperature and relative humidity.

 -Plastic shrinkage: caused by moisture evaporation and water loss before curing

 -Chemical shrinkage: It is caused by water loss due to hydration reaction.

 Drying shrinkage: Occurs due to moisture evaporation of the pore water due to temperature changes and differences in relative humidity.

 -Carbate shrinkage: Generated by the evaporation of water produced by neutralization of carbon dioxide gas and hardening cement pool in the atmosphere.

Concrete dry shrinkage is characterized by a higher shrinkage at higher temperatures.

Dry shrinkage of high-rise buildings over 300M

 -Slab shape: 40m * 20m * t250mm

Home condition: 7 days of wet curing, relative humidity of air 55%, slump 18㎝, fine aggregate 46%

          3% of air, 400kgf / m2 of cement, 60 days after pouring

Results of calculation of dry shrinkage strain: 1.223cm at 40m and 0.6114cm horizontal shrinkage at 20m.

Aging and primitive surveying methods: Surveying equipment used in framing works is very fragile and obsolete, such as transits, iron weights and steel tape.

The standard feeding method of one floor unit using the iron weight includes a large amount of error due to the influence of wind and personal error. For transits in the field, 5 and 10 reading instruments are most common.

Concrete slab length: 50m * 50m If 10 seconds error occurs in SLAB,

tan 0 ° 0′10 ″ * 50m = 2.4mm error occurs and 9.6mm error may occur when closing via 4 vertices.

Error due to concrete smashing: Currently, the site is split crushing twice or four times for various reasons such as fast process cycle and limit of concrete pouring per day.

When the concrete is poured in a certain order, the order of drying shrinkage of the concrete is determined so that the concrete continues to deviate in one direction or the structure is warped like a spiral.

The present invention was created in order to solve the above problems, and the design position is determined by using high-tech equipment (vertical machine, total station, GPS VRS System) with high precision measurement method to achieve smooth construction in the construction of high-rise buildings. It aims to improve quality by preventing and supplementing construction and concrete error occurrence factors in advance and maintaining proper verticality (building section specification: high floor: within ± 6mm per floor within ± 25mm).

In addition, it aims to improve the quality by providing a quick and accurate result of various check results by presenting the methodology by systematically managing the ultra-high vertical surveying management workflow.

That is, the present invention is characterized by presenting the overall flow of the super vertical vertical surveying management from the point of time input to the completion of the frame construction, the key management matters for each item, and the detailed methodology in order to achieve the above object.

The present invention is a comprehensive vertical surveying management in the construction of high-rise buildings by presenting a work methodology using systematic work flow and state-of-the-art equipment. High precision quality construction can be enabled.

In addition, the use of concrete properties and the use of appropriate surveying equipment prevents the occurrence of errors in advance and suggests a standard for complementing numerical corrections when errors occur.

1 is a reference point and level point plan view showing an embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 2 is a perspective view of the method of moving the reference line showing an embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 3 is a partial detailed view of Figure 2 showing an embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 4 is a perspective view of the outer wall edge detection method from the external reference point showing an embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 5 is a side cross-sectional view showing the embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view showing the method after the site of the present invention showing the embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 7 is a side cross-sectional view of the lowest level surveying method showing an embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 8 is a floor-to-floor verticality measurement detection position plan to which the embodiment according to the present invention is applied.

Reference and Level Point (TBM) Survey Management:

Implementation Point: Immediately after on-site injection, it should be reconfirmed on a monthly basis.

Equipment: GPS, Total Station, Level

Surveying method: 1) Preempt the place where the internal and external ground is firm and there is no settlement or displacement. 2) Closed traverse survey using the intelligent approach point and the national level point. 3) Management of 4 lower floors and 4 higher floors And check it every month to find out whether it is displaced or not.

Critical Control Points: Minimize errors by using closed traverse when adjusting the reference network.

Expected effect: High quality precision construction is possible by establishing the reference point system and establishing the exact design position of the interworking structure and the structure of adjacent structures.

Lowermost gridline and outline position survey:

Implementation Point: Before and after Mat Foundation concrete casting

Equipment: Total Station

Surveying method: 1) Survey the grid line that is the basement level by using Total Station at the determined reference point. 2) Set up the total station at the installed point and install the standard feed in a square. Each reference distance is 30m or more. 4 points or more to be installed 3) Check that the building is correctly set at the design location by surveying each corner of the building outline from the installed point.

Critical Control Points: Surveying from ground level to ground level contains a number of errors and vertical error cannot be eliminated. Therefore, specular surveys should be performed to minimize errors.

In addition, the diagonal check and dimensions should be confirmed by the concept of cross check after coordinate surveying.

Expected Effect: High-quality precision construction is possible by confirming the exact design position of the structure.

Locate the ACS (Automatic Climbing System) Form Settings:

When to start: From the beginning (between 1st and 3rd floor) to the completion of the frame

Equipment: GPS, Total Station

Surveying method: 1) A screw is displayed at each corner of the ACS form. 2) At the determined reference point, the GPS and Total Station are used to check the horizontal position of the lower and upper corners of the ACS form. desirable.

Critical Control Points: Each corner of the ACS foam should be marked with screws to be a guideline for modification by the framing team. After initial ACS foam setting, errors will occur due to long-term use.

Expected Effect: High-quality precision construction is possible in the subsequent process (curtain wall) by precisely positioning the design of the structure and precisely the verticality of the exterior of the building.

Check the ink on each floor slab:

Implementation Point: Every floor after concrete pouring

Equipment: Vertical Machine, Total Station

Surveying method: 1) Using the vertical knitting machine through the frame open standard sleeve for each floor after concrete casting 2) Checking the standard feed from the reference layer reference line to the upper layer 3) Identifying the difference between the frame standard eating and the vertical knitting machine 4) Error It is desirable to correct and correct it immediately when it occurs.

IMPORTANT IMPORTANT: When using a vertical loom, the collimation angle from the reference layer to the upper layer through the open sleeve should be averaged four times at 0 °, 90 °, 180 °, and 270 ° to eliminate the relocation error.

In the installation of framed open sleeves, open cores should be installed at 4 cores and at least 4 outer periphery. The longer the angle is, the longer the angle is, and the better the design documents should be reviewed.

Before the standard feeding, the reference floor reference eating Total station is used to check the angle and distance to check for errors due to the shrinkage of concrete, and to carry out work. Check the angle and distance by using the station to see if an error occurred during relocation.

In addition, when the reference layer reference line is set, more than 15 layers should be staked directly from the reference layer through the mux box, and the reference layer is preferably relocated at intervals of 15 layers after 10 days of concrete shrinkage.

Expected Effect: By relocating the lower floor standard to the upper floor, it is possible to maintain the proper verticality of the skyscraper by using the same reference line as the lower floor.

Outer Perimeter Vertical Control:

Implementation Point: Every floor after concrete pouring

Equipment: GPS, Total Station, Tape Measure

Surveying method: 1) Check after slab reference. 2) Check the distance from the reference line to the end of the slab using a tape measure.

3) Reconfirm the slab end line by using Total Station or GPS at three floor intervals from the external reference point.

Critical Control Points: When coordinate surveying from the outside, install a total station on the side of the building's exterior wall to check the side wall line and survey at the same point every time to minimize the occurrence of errors.

Expected Effect: High-quality precision construction is possible in the subsequent process (curtain wall) by accurately determining the design position of the structure and precisely the verticality of the exterior of the building.

Tall vertical survey using Global Positioning System (GPS):

Implementation Point: Every 3 floors after concrete pouring

Equipment: VRS GPS (SOKKIA-GSR2700 ISX recommended)

Understanding GPS Surveying: VRS (Virtual Reference Station) is a new real-time GPS surveying method that allows RTK or DGPS surveys to be performed by receiving the mobile phone's position correction data provided by the VRS service center without using base station GPS. State-of-the-art techniques that can be performed.

Accuracy of VRS Positioning: 1) Precision Positioning: RTK-VRS Service in cm

                 2) General location: DGPS-VRS service below metric unit

                 3) Stopping location: Stop surveying VRS service with post-processing method within 10㎜

Surveying method: 1) Adjust the GPS reference network using the site reference point. 2) The GPS coordinates are converted to field coordinates because an error occurs between the GPS coordinates and the field reference point. 3) The converted coordinates are stored in the GPS receiver and always get almost the same result when working with the converted system. 4) Once the converted coordinate is confirmed, move to the internal / external reference point check point with GPS receiver. 5) Since it is possible to position one point per second, check about 30 minutes and program the measured coordinates using the program [SPECTRUM SURVEY] to obtain the average value. 6) It is preferable to perform numerical analysis by comparing and analyzing the result value between the GPS coordinates and the measured value of the weaving machine.

Critical Control Points: GPS surveys involve a large number of errors (satellite clocks, genealogies, atmospheric propagation delays, antenna centers, radio wave multipaths, satellite positioning, etc.). Therefore, one-stake out of the place must be measured for more than 30 minutes and twice more at 2 hour intervals.

It is advisable to proceed to the completion of framing machine and check it with GPS as a cross check concept and reconfirm it to the high floor part of the site reference line by using the weaving machine at the lower floor when an error occurs over 15MM.

Expected Effect: By analyzing, modifying and supplementing the vertical survey results and GPS survey results, it is possible to maintain structural stability and high-quality precision construction by maintaining proper verticality of skyscrapers.

Core and column verticality check:

Implementation Point: Every floor after concrete pouring

Equipment: GPS, Total Station, Tape Measure

Surveying method: 1) Check the angle and distance from the core reference line to the pillar eater for each floor, 2) Check the verticality of the core outer wall, and install vertical black wires by moving 20cm from the core end line on the core wall. 3) In order to check the verticality of the elevator pit inside the core, it is desirable to check the elevator pit square corner from the core reference line with a light drill.

Main point of care: Elevator Pit verticality is installed part of elevator (up to about middle floor) before construction of frame, so make sure to check distance and angle every floor immediately and correct any errors more than 30mm in one floor due to the characteristics of elevator pit form. Impossible to correct over several layers, 5 mm per layer.

Expected Effect: It is possible to maintain elevator's stability and precise construction by maintaining proper verticality in high-speed elevator construction of high-rise buildings by determining the exact design position of elevator pit.

Waist check on each floor:

Implementation Point: Every floor after concrete pouring

Equipment: Lever, Tape Measure

Surveying method: 1) Level survey from the level point of the site to the lowest floor of the building and install two or more waistline at the 1M upper point (Core wall surface) of the floor slab. 2) Relocate to the upper layer by using the newly installed waistband on the lower floor and mark the waistband. Each floor should be surveyed and installed in the same way.

Critical Control Points: It is advisable to check the waist line directly at the level (TBM) in 10-layer intervals to correct the column shortening incidence to the upper layer.

In addition, it is possible to use it as the reference level of the outer circumference only when it is installed on the wall of the core where the outer lap of the slab concrete is placed on the back of the core.

Expected effect: By installing floor-floor waistband, it is possible to design floors and household finish lines, and to design and high-quality precision construction as a standard for subsequent process (interior).

Column shortening inspection survey:

When to start: Survey once a month after initial establishment

Equipment: Lever, Tape Measure

Survey method: 1) Select a layer with a high strain rate and a strain over time.

2) At the bottom of the slab, select 5M core points and 10 column points at the top of the slab. 3) It is desirable to observe the relative deflection displacement in units of 1 month after the initial construction using the external level point (TBM) and compare it with the design value.

Critical Control Points: Direct leveling should be carried out using only levels and steel tape. Optical surveys should not be performed using Total Station. Due to vertical line error of Total Station, accurate level performance is not obtained.

Expected Effect: By checking the column shortening, the vertical contraction of high-rise buildings is identified and corrected in the construction of upper and slab frames.

Bottom MAT Settlement Check:

When to start: Survey once a month after initial establishment

Equipment: Lever, Tape Measure

Surveying method: 1) Four-point sinking pins should be installed on the base of the main eastern part by leveling directly from the site level point to the base MAT of the lowest floor of the building. 2) It is desirable to survey the settlement displacement and compare it with the design value in the same way as the newly established method on a monthly basis.

Critical Control Points: Direct leveling should be carried out using only levels and steel tape. Optical surveys should not be performed using Total Station. Due to vertical line error of Total Station, accurate level performance is not obtained.

In addition, the sinking pins may be lost due to the basement floor finishing, so when installing the sinking pins, they should be protruded 20cm above the floor.

Expected Effect: It is desirable to check the stability of high-rise buildings by installing the lowest base MAT settlement pins to determine whether the building is subsided and unevenly settled as the load increases.

S: Slab
T: Tower Crane (TOWER-CRANE)
E: Edge of building
C: Core Wall
100: laser plummet 110: total station 120: level 130: steel tape 140: stippling 150: precision target
200: site boundary
300: high-rise building 310: underground foundation MAT 320: subsidence pin
400: reference point
500: waistline
600: collimation line 610: reference
700: skeleton sleeve box (Open sleeve)
800: Location of internal reference point detection 810: Location of outer wall edge detection 820: Location of elevator pit detection

Claims (11)

In the vertical surveying management of tall buildings;
A first step of managing initial reference point and level point surveying;
A second step of measuring the lowest gridline and outline position surveying;
3rd step to confirm ACS (Automatic Climbing System) form setting position
A fourth step of managing each layer slab reference mud;
A fifth step of managing the outer circumference verticality measurement;
A sixth step of managing high-rise verticality surveying using a global positioning system (GPS);
A seventh step of measuring core and column verticality measurement;
An eighth step of managing each waist waist measurement;
A ninth step of managing a column shortening inspection;
A tenth step of surveying and managing a bottom foundation settlement of Mat Foundation;
High-rise vertical surveying management, characterized by overall flow, itemized control points and detailed methodology.
The method of claim 1, further comprising:
In the first step,
Minimizing an error amount by adjusting a closed traverse network when surveying a reference point using an cadastral point;
Establishing and managing four or more low-rise portions and four or more high-rise portions, and checking displacements every month for 1 month;
Skyscraper building vertical surveying management, characterized in that consisting of.
The method of claim 1, further comprising:
The second step comprises:
Establish a total station to install the standard food in the square, each standard food distance is installed more than four points so that the skeleton team can use more than 30m;
Survey the corners of the building outline from the installed point to verify the building accurately at the design location
Since the vertical line error is impossible to erase, minimizing the error by performing a specular measurement;
Confirming diagonal detection and dimensions with a cross check concept after coordinate surveying;
Ultra-high rise vertical surveying, characterized in that consisting of.
The method of claim 1, further comprising:
In the third step,
Marking screws at each corner of the ACS foam;
Checking the bottom and top horizontal positions of each corner of the ACS foam using GPS and Total Station at the determined reference point;
Comparing and comparing the design criteria with the ACS form number setting;
After the ACS foam setting, the error amount is generated due to long-term use, and reconfirming the information at 10-layer intervals;
Ultra-high rise vertical surveying, characterized in that consisting of.
The method of claim 1, further comprising:
In the fourth step,
Installing four open cores and four open outer peripheries in a framed open sleeve;
Confirming the angle and distance by using the total station to eat the reference layer before the reference feeding;
Checking the skeleton reference mud from the reference layer reference line to the upper layer using the weaving machine through the skeleton reference mud open sleeve;
Collimating the collimation angle of 0 °, 90 °, 180 °, and 270 ° four times, taking an average value to eliminate the relocation error;
Checking the angle and distance by using a total station that is moved to the upper layer by using a weaving machine and then moved by the reference layer of the upper layer;
Grasping the difference between the frame reference mud and the weaving machine measurement value and immediately correcting and correcting the error;
Stake out at least 15 floors from the reference layer through a mux box directly;
The reference layer is a dry shrinkage step of moving to 15 layers after 10 days of concrete pouring;
Ultra-high rise vertical surveying, characterized in that consisting of.
The method of claim 1, further comprising:
In the fifth step,
Executing after the fourth step;
Checking an angle and a distance from a reference line to a slab end line using a total station and a tape measure to determine a location of a corner of a building;
Reconfirming the slab end line using Total Station or GPS at three floor intervals from an external reference point;
Installing a total station at a point parallel to the outer wall of the building to check the side wall line and surveying the same point every time to minimize the occurrence of errors when coordinate surveying from the outside;
Ultra-high rise vertical surveying, characterized in that consisting of.
The method of claim 1, further comprising:
The sixth step,
Executing after the first step;
Converting the GPS coordinates into the field reference coordinates by adjusting the GPS reference network as an error occurs between the GPS coordinates and the field reference points;
Moving to a reference point check point in the building with a GPS receiver when the converted coordinate is confirmed;
Programing the measured coordinates using the program [SPECTRUM SURVEY] by positioning more than 30 minutes and positioning two more times at a time interval of 1 point when staked out;
Comparing and analyzing the result value between the GPS-determined coordinates and the weaving machine measurements;
Proceeding to the fourth step until the completion of the frame and confirming the fourth step in case of an error of 15 mm or more by checking with a GPS as a cross check concept;
Ultra-high rise vertical surveying, characterized in that consisting of.
The method of claim 1, further comprising:
The seventh step,
Executing after the fourth step;
Confirming the angle and distance from the core reference line to the pillar line using Total Station;
Installing vertical vertical lines on the core wall by moving 20 cm from the core end line;
Checking the elevator pit square corner from the core reference line to the total station;
When the error is corrected, the error of more than 30mm in one layer due to the characteristics of the elevator Pit form is impossible to correct the step of correcting over several layers by 5mm per floor;
Ultra-high rise vertical surveying, characterized in that consisting of.
The method of claim 1, further comprising:
The eighth step,
Executing after the first step;
Leveling up to the lowest floor of the building and installing two-point waistline at the 1M upper point (Core wall surface) on the floor slab;
Displaying the waist line by relocating to the upper layer by using the waist layer newly formed at the bottom layer;
Checking the waist line directly at the level (TBM) at intervals of 10 layers and correcting the amount of column shortening to the upper layer;
Preliminary work on the core wall surface of the outer periphery Slab concrete placing work information during the core leading work;
Ultra-high rise vertical surveying, characterized in that consisting of.
The method of claim 1, further comprising:
The ninth step,
Executing after the first step;
Selecting, from the lowest floor to the uppermost floor of the building, a building structure analysis to select a floor having the largest increase in load and strain over time;
Selecting a 1M upper point Core5 point and a column 10 point at the bottom of the slab to display a sword;
Performing a direct leveling using only the level and steel tape from an external level point;
Observing relative shrinkage displacements in units of one month after initial construction and comparing them with design values;
Identifying the vertical contraction of the skyscraper and correcting and working in the construction of the upper floor and the slab;
Ultra-high rise vertical surveying, characterized in that consisting of.
The method of claim 1, further comprising:
The tenth step,
Executing after the first step;
Performing direct level surveying using only the level and steel tape from the level point to the base MAT of the lowest floor of the building;
Since the sinking pins may be lost due to the bottom of the main eastern part, installing the sinking pins by protruding from the bottom 20 cm above the bottom when installing the sinking pins;
In the same way as the newly established method on a monthly basis, the step of observing settlement and unequal displacement, and comparing with the design value;
Ultra-high rise vertical surveying, characterized in that consisting of.

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