KR100476827B1 - Blast resistant and blast directing container assemblies - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a storm resistant and storm induced container assembly for receiving explosive articles to prevent or minimize damage during explosion. The container assembly includes a container of storm mitigating material and storm resistant material located within the container. This container is collapsible for storage when empty. This container assembly has utility in aircraft where weight is a concern as a cargo holder or expansion restraint in the passenger compartment. They are also available as carriers for hazardous materials such as commitments and explosives, for example bombs and grenades.

Description

BLAST RESISTANT AND BLAST DIRECTING CONTAINER ASSEMBLIES

The present invention relates to a container assembly. More specifically, the present invention relates to various storm resistant and storm induced container assemblies that contain explosives and minimize and prevent damage in the event of an explosion. These container assemblies are used as devices for transporting hazardous materials, such as explosives and explosives, for example bombs and grenades, in aircraft hold and passenger compartments, particularly in aircraft where weight considerations are important. They are also particularly useful to batters who fight terrorists and other threats.

In response to the terrorist explosions of Pan American aircraft in Rockerby, Scotland in 1988, experts on explosives and aircraft survival techniques studied ways to make commercial aircraft more resistant to terrorist bombs. One of these findings is the development and adoption of a new generation of explosive detection devices. However, there is a problem in that the size of the bomb is relatively large, so that it is relatively easy to detect the size of the bomb, but the size of the bomb is less than the size of the bomb. Undetected bombs may be stored in cargo that is carried by passengers into the passenger compartment or in aircraft cargo containers. Cut edged cuboid cargo containers are typically made of aluminum, which is lightweight but not explosive. As a result, there has recently been a significant focus on redesigning containers that are lightweight and explosion-proof for bombs below the above-described limits.

A good overview of the redesigned aircraft cargo container is described in Ashley, S., SAFETY IN THE SKY; Designing Bomb-Resistant Baggage Containers, Mechanical Engineering, v 114, n 6, Jun 1992, pp81-86. One type of container disclosed in the article is designed to contain shock waves and contain explosion fragments while blowing or venting high pressure gas and the other type to guide explosives out of the body by inducing storms away from the aircraft body. have. Many new designs use lightweight yet powerful composites. In one such design, the hardened cargo containers are commercially available from Allied Signal Incorporated and have SPECTRA lined with perforated aluminum alloy sheets and rigid foamed polyurethane. Wrapped in a blanket woven from low density materials such as fibers. Sandwiches of this material cover the four sides of the container in a seamless shell. See US Pat. No. 5,267,665 for this.

Access inside the container is required for loading and unloading and is typically equipped with a door. The door provides a significant weak point for the container during the explosion since an explosion from within the container pushes the typical door outward. If the door is connected via a hinge and a metal pin device, the pin becomes a dangerous projectile. If the door slides in a groove or channel, the groove or channel is bent or distorted causing the container to fail. Therefore, it is desirable to have a container design with a door for access to the interior of the container from which the above problem is eliminated.

U. S. Patent No. 5,312, 182 discloses a hardened cargo container in which doors are joined by sliding in interlocks and grooves / tracks and interlocks are held more firmly to resist destruction of the device to respond to such bomb explosions. Other storm resistance and / or storm induction containers are described in European Patent Publications 0 572 965 A1 and US Patents 5,376,426; 5,249,534; And 5,170,690.

Containers for storing and / or transporting explosives such as bombs or suspected explosives are also known. See, for example, US Pat. No. 5,225,622; 4,889,258; 4,432,285; 4,055,247; 4,027,601; And 3,786,956. These containers are typically made of high-strength outer housings that have a uniform shape and contain structures to support the explosives from contacting the housing. The high strength materials taught to form the outer housing include metals such as stainless steel or steel plates and bulletproof fiberglass. The taught support structure includes vermiculite, foamed plastics (such as styrofoam), foam rubber, and cardboard in the binder. Containers generally have a constant shape or structure that is heavy and bulky.

The environment in which containers are used is often of limited weight and space, such as, for example, passenger compartments or cargo holders of aircraft. It is desirable to fold the container into a compact shape when not in use.

The present invention was developed to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art, to provide a collapsible storm resistance and storm induced container assembly.

The present invention will be fully understood and further seen from the accompanying drawings and from the following description of the preferred embodiment.

FIG. 1A is a three dimensional view of the band 11 forming part of the container assembly 10 of FIG. 1F;

1B is a three dimensional view of the band 12 forming part of the container assembly 10 of FIG. 1F;

FIG. 1C is a three dimensional view of the band 13 when assembled with the bands 11 and 12 constituting the container assembly 10 of FIG. 1F and filled with the storm mitigating material 14; FIG.

FIG. 1D is a three-dimensional subassembly diagram illustrating a continuous assembly of the container assembly 10 in conjunction with FIG. 1E; FIG.

FIG. 1E is a three-dimensional subassembly diagram illustrating a continuous assembly of container assembly 10 in conjunction with FIG. 1D; FIG.

1F is a three dimensional assembly view of the container assembly 10;

1G illustrates a three-dimensional view of an optional support structure 17 for inclusion in an assembly of container assembly 10.

2A is a three dimensional view of a replacement band 12 'with flaps X and Y;

FIG. 2B is a three-dimensional subassembly diagram illustrating the continuous assembly of the container assembly 10 '; FIG.

2C is a three-dimensional assembly view of the container assembly 10 ';

FIG. 3A is a three dimensional view of the replacement band 11 "cut at the corner 16 to make the part that makes the lip 18 when folded;

3B is a three dimensional view of a replacement band 11 "with a lip 18;

3C is a three-dimensional subassembly diagram illustrating the continuous assembly of a container assembly 10 ";

4 is a three dimensional view of the container assembly 10 "'.

FIG. 5A is a three dimensional view of a replacement band 11 "" with a hexagon in cross section; FIG.

5B is a three-dimensional subassembly view of replacement bands 11 "", 12 "";

5C is a three dimensional view of the container assembly 10 "";

FIG. 6A is a three-dimensional subassembly diagram illustrating two portions (M, N) equivalent to the band 12 for use with the container assembly 10 " '"

FIG. 6B is a three-dimensional subassembly view similar to FIG. 6A but with a third band 13 ″ ″ ′ added;

6C is a three dimensional view of the container assembly 10 "" '.

7A is a three dimensional view of the storm resistant container assembly 20 in the open and closed position;

7B is a three dimensional view of the container assembly 20 in the open and closed position;

FIG. 8A is a three dimensional view of the inner shell 31 for a storm resistant container with loading / unloading capability when the inner shell is in a confined space;

8B is a three-dimensional partial assembly view of the container assembly 30;

8C is a three-dimensional partial assembly view of the container assembly 30;

8D is a three dimensional view of bands 40 and 41 for use in assembly 30;

8E shows the container assembly 30 in the closed (loaded) position;

8F is a view of the container assembly 30 in the open (loaded / unloaded) position;

9A is a three dimensional view of band 50 with rigid inserts prior to folding to make lip 18 ';

9B is a three dimensional view of band 50 with rigid inserts prior to folding to make lip 18 ';

9C is a three-dimensional partial assembly view of the band 50 during folding;

9D is a three dimensional partial assembly view of the folded band 50;

9E is a three dimensional view of the folded band 50;

10A is an exploded three dimensional view in the passenger compartment container assembly kit 60;

10B is a three dimensional view of the partially open band 63;

10C is a three dimensional view of the band 63 fully open;

10D is a three dimensional view of the open inner band 62 in which the cargo 61 is located;

10E is a three dimensional view of the band 63 located in the loaded inner band 62;

10F is a three dimensional view of the band 64 positioned in the placed band 62;

10G is a three dimensional view assembled from the passenger compartment container assembly 70;

10H is a three dimensional view of band 62 with net 69 attached thereto;

10I shows a three dimensional view of a container assembly 70 with an optional transfer device.

11A is a three dimensional view of the storm induction tube 90 of the present invention with storm mitigating material 14;

11B is a three dimensional view of an alternative storm induction tube 95 of the present invention with storm mitigating material 14;

The present invention relates to a storm resistant container assembly for containing explosives. Container assemblies consist of a container that can be folded when empty with storm-resistant material. Explosion-proof material is located in the container.

In another embodiment, the storm resistant container assembly consists of at least three bands, one of which preferably consists of a storm resistant material and a storm mitigating material. The first inner band lies in a second band lying in the third band, all bands facing each other to form a container wall that is actually volumetric and substantially equal to the sum of the thicknesses of at least two bands. The storm buffer is located in the inner band.

In certain preferred embodiments, the storm resistant container assembly consists of at least three collapsible seamless bands of storm resistant material and aqueous foam. The storm resistant material consists of high strength fibers with a strength of at least about 10 g / d and a tensile modulus of at least about 200 g / d. The bands, when assembled with the longitudinal axis at right angles to one another, lie in one another to form a volume and form a container wall with a thickness that is actually equal to the sum of the thicknesses of at least two bands. The band can be folded for storage when disassembled. The inner band preferably includes a foldable flap that can be stabilized to prevent twisting and forms a lip in each face. The inner band can be stabilized by incorporation of composite materials or by rigid plates or other support structures if not suitable for incorporation. The aqueous foam located in the inner band has a density in the range of about 0.01 g / cm 3 to about 0.10 g / cm 3, more preferably about 0.03 g / cm 3 to about 0.08 g / cm 3. This embodiment is particularly useful in aircraft passenger compartment emergency containment systems.

In an alternative embodiment, the invention is a storm resistant container assembly for receiving explosives, the container assembly comprising: an access opening; A storm mitigating material located within the container; and a container with at least one band of storm resistant material. The band slides on the container in a first direction to surround the container and at least partially cover the access opening, and slides in a second direction to at least partially expose the access opening. The band or bands together preferably cover at least about 50 percent, more preferably about 80 percent, and most preferably all of the surface area of the access opening if there is no door for the access opening. If a door is included for the access opening, the band at least partially covers the surface area of the door when the door is closed on the access opening. At least about 20 percent, more preferably about 40 percent, and most preferably about 60 percent of the surface area of the door is preferably covered by the band or bands. This embodiment is particularly useful for the removal and containment of explosives found by, for example, detection or screening devices at airports.

In another aspect, the present invention is a storm-induced container assembly for receiving explosives, wherein the container assembly consists of a closed band of at least one storm resistant material and a storm mitigating material located within the band. The band has two open sides, and the storm resistant material consists of a network of high strength fibers wherein at least about 50, more preferably about 75 percent by weight of the fiber consists of a continuous length in the direction of the band. have.

The three band box design of the preferred container assembly of the present invention has several advantages over conventional containers. Access can be achieved through the side of the opening or the innermost band, thus eliminating the need for an entrance door. This eliminates one of the disadvantages of conventional containers: door and panel hinges with steel rods are no longer needed and no door-channel interlock system is needed. Another change is that, despite limited external space constraints, easy access inside the container for loading and unloading. The box is free of explosive gas and allows controlled release of gas through the corners contributing to the design function. Boxed products are cheap and simple technology. The band of the box can be made rigid or flexible as desired. If the bands of the boxes are made of flexible edges and rigid sides, they can be folded into three or more sets of basically flat parts (bands) for more efficient storage and transportation for continued assembly and for use with storm-mitigating materials. have.

Storm mitigating materials can absorb thermal energy from storms by changing phases, such as temperature increases and water evaporation. They can be folded and absorb energy by grinding and / or visco-elastic effects. Significant gas (in the foam) can condense under elevated pressure, so that the heat of condensation is liberated into the aqueous phase. Significant gases are caused to decrease at shock wave speeds and through condensation to transfer thermal energy. Dynamic energy can be imparted to all these materials.

The use of an aqueous foam with condensate gas as the blowing agent significantly prolongs the aeration time and reduces the risk. As such, this is the preferred storm mitigating material.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be well understood by those skilled in the art with reference to the above drawings. The preferred embodiments of the invention illustrated in the drawings do not limit or cover the invention to the precise form disclosed. The present invention and its application and practice have been selected to illustrate or to illustrate the present invention well to those skilled in the art. In particular, the band of storm resistant material is shown in the accompanying drawings in parallel lines representing a substantially continuous fiber / filament, for example a unidirectional fiber band, in the hoop direction of the band. This is easy to understand the present invention, which constitutes one fabric contemplated for use in the present invention, which is not an exclusive fabric.

The first description of the figures relates to the design leading to the description of suitable materials and how they affect the storm resistance and / or storm induction performance of the structure.

Referring to FIG. 1F, reference numeral 10 denotes a storm resistant container assembly. The construction of the container assembly 10 is critical to the advantages of the present invention. The container consists of at least three mutually reinforced four-sided continuous band materials 11, 12, 13 assembled into a set of cubes. See FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C. A "band" is a strip that surrounds a thin and flat volume. The cross section of the enclosed volume can vary, as shown, while polygons are preferred over circles, rectangles are more preferred, and squares are most preferred. 1D and 1E, the first inner band 11 is filled with storm mitigating material 14 (shown in the form of an aqueous foam) and lies in a slightly larger second band 12 and the second band is It lies in a slightly larger third band 13, with all bands having their respective longitudinal axes perpendicular to one another. In this format, each of the six panels forming the face of the cube container will have a thickness that is substantially equal to the sum of the thicknesses of the at least two bands 11, 12, 13 over which they overlap and all edges 15 of the container. Is covered by at least one band material (11, 12, 13). In other words, after the rod (explosive or cargo) is placed in the first band 11, the storm mitigating material 14 is located or distributed around the rod in the first band 11. A slightly larger dimension structurally similar second band 12 is located above the first band and its longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first band 11 (see FIG. 1D). A similar but larger third band 13 slides on the second band 12 so that its longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the axes of both bands 11 and 12 (see FIG. 1E). The third band 13 completes the preferred storm resistant container assembly 10. The fitting between the bands 11, 12 and 13 is not a seal of the gas seal but is forcibly fitted so that the gas is gradually vented from the corner 16 of the cube container in the event of an explosion. The bands are preferably slipped together and therefore the frictional properties of their surfaces need to be adjusted as described in detail later.

The container assembly 10 does not have a separate inlet door to avoid all of the limitations imposed by the limitations in the prior art. 1G shows a weight / load support frame 17 that can be selectively placed within the container assembly 10 when the container assembly 10 is insufficiently rigid to support the item to be loaded therein. The inner band 11 initially goes beyond the frame to proceed with assembly as previously described. The frame 17 can be made from metal or structural composite rods designed in a way that optimizes the load carrying capacity of the structure to minimize container weight.

In a modification to the basic design, the second band 12 is replaced by a band 12 ', which is a five side discontinuous strip (see Figure 2A), i.e. five rectangular, It preferably comprises a rectangular surface in series, as described, so that it is one or more than four sides forming its rectangular cross section. The bands 11, 13 and the storm mitigating material 14 are as in the basic design. Referring to Figure 2B, the band 12 'is wrapped around an inner band 11 filled with first and fifth sides overlapping on one of the open sides of the first band 11 so that the flaps X, Y ) The third band 13 makes the storm resistant container assembly 10 'complete. Access to one side of the cubic container assembly 10 'is achieved by the removal of the band 13 and the opening of the flaps X and Y. In the present embodiment, the band 12 'is preferably a band placed so as to prevent the flaps X and Y blown off in the event of an explosion. The container assembly 10 'does not have a separate inlet door to avoid all of the limitations presented by the prior art.

Referring to Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C, which illustrate other changes to the basic design, the inner band 11 is prior to being filled with the next assembly and storm mitigating material 14 with other bands 12,13. It is replaced by an inner band 11 "having ribs 18 formed on both sides thereof. The band 11" is made wider than necessary and cut at each corner 16, folded and lip on each side. 18, see Figs. 3A and 3B. Lip 18 is a small flap or protruding edge perpendicular to the plane of band 11 "in use-the next outermost band (in this case band 12) in relation to band 11". Will be maintained. The presence of the lip 18 during the explosion of the container functions to limit the rate at which hot gases escape from the container after the explosion; This not only avoids damage to nearby life and property, but also serves to reduce the risk of flame-enclosed containers. Certain inner bands may be formed of ribs; Best results are obtained with the lip 18 on the innermost band 11 ".

Many different container shapes have been contemplated by the present invention. For example, the container assembly 10 "'of Figure 4 encloses a non-cubic rectangular prism due to the different rectangular cross sections of the three bands. In Figure 5C, the first inner band 11" "(Fig. Container assembly 10 formed in a four-sided band 12 " '(FIG. 5B), which is formed of a four-sided band 14 " " The selection for the band to have a polygonal cross section is derived from the tendency for the container to deform to increase the internal volume upon explosion.

It should be appreciated that three or more bands may be utilized in the present invention while having the basic cubic (or rectangular prism) design of the container. Referring to Figures 6A, 6B, and 6C, which show a cube container assembly 10 "" ', the second band 12 ""' may be overlaid by the inner band 11 "" 'by design ( Or divided into two identical parallel and coaxial portions (M, N) (located on the inner band 11 "" '). The assembly of the band 11 "" 'has a smaller portion (band) M, N that is nested within the outer band 13 ""'. Such container assembly 10 "" 'facilitates loading and unloading than the comparable container assembly 10 of standard aircraft size, i.e., 6x6x6ft. By way of example, the loading occurs when the first band 11 "" 'is positioned on the beam by a conventional lifting fork. The first band 11 "" 'alternately changes with respect to the band M so that it is located around it. The band 11 ″ '′ is then stabilized with respect to the article 19 and loaded onto the first band 11 ″ ″ ′. After loading, the band 11 "" '"is alternating in the other direction to fill with the storm mitigating material 14 to allow the band N to be positioned around it. The assembly is then stabilized and the band 13 ″ ″ ′ is positioned on the assembled band as shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C. This procedure is reversed for the unloading container 10 "" '. The intermediate portions (bands M, N) need not be removed entirely for unloading and can slide in any direction, ie opposite each other or in the same direction as shown. This middle portion may also be arranged to slide elastically in the same direction. Likewise, the outer band 13 "" 'can be made of two or more parts as needed.

Theoretically, in order to be substituted for any one band in the basic three band container concept of the present invention, an unlimited number of coaxial bands may be used in parallel, preferably adjacent to each other. In inner band equivalents, all coaxial bands may have ribs (see, eg, FIG. 3B) or overlap flaps (see, eg, FIG. 2B). For midband equivalents, not only all coaxial bands may have flaps, but coaxial bands adjacent to the edges may have ribs on the side adjacent to the edges. Preferably the outermost band may be a single continuous band. Furthermore, in order to be replaced with any one band in the basic three-band container concept of the present invention, multiple coaxial bands may also coaxially nest one within another; The number of bands utilized as equivalents depends on the desired strength of the equivalents. It is possible to have a plurality of flexible bands so that the strength increases when they are coaxially nested.

7A and 7B illustrate a storm resistant container assembly 20 that addresses the problem of an effective closure. Container assembly 20 may be a prior art container having access openings on one or more sides, or may be a container having two bands of the three-band concept already discussed and having access openings on one or more sides. 7B shows the container assembly 20 in an open position for loading or unloading. The flap door 21 provides access from one side to the inside; Similar approaches are possible in one or more other aspects. In FIG. 7B, the explosive (not shown) and the explosion mitigating material 14 are already loaded. Both the door and the container are preferably formed of a rigid material, which will be described later. A band 22, preferably square in cross section, is slid in the container 20 to ensure the closure of the container 20 by surrounding the sides (see FIG. 7A). The band 22 may cover all or a small piece of the flap door 21 when closed. At least about 20, preferably at least about 40, more preferably at least about 60 percent of the surface area of the door 21 should be covered by the band 22. The band 22 is slid or completely peeled off to one side of the flap door 21 as shown in FIG. 7B to allow access through the door 21. The shape of the inner cross section of the band 22 coincides with the portion of the container that the band surrounds. Polygonal sections are preferred, rectangles are more preferred and squares (as shown) are most preferred. Closures through this design are achieved without hinges (and additional, potentially fatal pins) or channels. In the event of an explosion, the band 22 holds the door 21 in place. If there is no door 21 covering the access opening, at least approximately 50, preferably at least approximately 80, and more preferably the entire surface area of the surface area of the access opening is covered by the band 22.

8A-8F illustrate another storm resistant container assembly 30 with loading and unloading capabilities when in a confined space. This design is very similar to the three-band concept discussed previously, where the storm-blocking effect is very high. Due to the space limitations of air freight fixation, modifications to the 3-band concept are needed to provide convenient access inside the container. In FIG. 8A, a honeycomb core panel 31 is shown that provides structural rigidity to a fully assembled container assembly 30. The panel 31 is essentially a cube with an opening 33 and a cut edge 32 on one side which, when assembled, provide the basis for access to the interior of the container. The first inner band 34 is positioned around the panel 31 to cover the opening 33. As will be explained in detail later, the material forming the band 34 is flexible and can be cut to create the upper and lower access flaps 35 and 36 of the band 34 in the opening 33. Can be. The intermediate band 37 is a continuous strip / band to which the bottom panel 39 is attached (see FIG. 8C). The outer band is a two piece vertically slid band consisting of sections 40 and 41 that can slide and stretch one section 40 into another section 41 to open the container. It is preferable that these sections 40, 41 completely cover the flaps 35, 36 together when the container is closed, but it is still effective even if this section covers slightly less than all of this area. The interior of the section 41 has a size slightly wider than the exterior of the section 40 (see FIG. 8D) so that the section 41 has a section 40 with respect to the fully open access 33 as shown in FIG. 8F. Can be slid from above. A stop 38 is provided on the side of the container. The rim at the bottom of the stop 38 prevents the section 41 from falling to the bottom while the top of the stop 38 prevents the section 40 from falling into the interior of the section 41. 8E shows a closed fully assembled container assembly. The stretch feature of this design reduces the clearance required for loading or unloading to half that of a standard cube box container. In the case of three expansion sections, the required free space is reduced to one third. In theory, three or more sections could be utilized, but perhaps impractical. The stretch feature of this design can be used in the closure embodiment shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B utilizing prior art containers.

With reference to FIGS. 9A-9E, which show another variant of the basic design, the inner band 11 is replaced by an inner band 50 having ribs 18 'formed on both sides prior to assembly. Band 52 is made wider than required to fold at edge 15 to create a lip 18 'on each side. The lip 18 'is a small flap or protruding edge that is perpendicular to the face of the band 52 in use-the next outermost band holds the lip / flap 18' in this relationship to the band 52. . 9A shows the use of a reinforcement insert for an inner band, ie a cured square frame insert 51 on each of the four sides of the band, and a reinforcement insert, ie two cured rectangular inserts, for the flap on each side of the band. 52 and two trapezoidal inserts 53 are shown. These inserts 51, 52, 53 are spaced apart from one another to allow the flaps to be folded to form a lip 18 ′. The flaps with trapezoidal inserts 53 face each other and fold inward 90 degrees to form the sides of the cube without cutting tissue along the edges between the flaps. The flaps with the rectangular inserts 52 facing each other also fold 90 degrees inward into the tree, for example VELCRO It is attached to the other flap using the brand's hook and loop type fastener 54. The vane leaving the flaps / lips 18 'to which they are not cut is connected so that the flaps / lips are prevented from being flipped out by the explosive force in the container assembly.

10A-10I show an aircraft passenger compartment emergency container assembly, from disassembled kit form 60 (FIG. 10A), through an assembly (FIGS. B-F) to an emergency container assembly 70 (FIG. 10G). . Referring to FIG. 10A, kit 60 includes folding (folding) bands 62, 63, 64; Canister 66 of storm mitigating material, preferably an aqueous foam; Any stretchable pole 67; And a belt 68 that holds the kit 60 together upon storage. FIG. 10B shows the inner band 63 straightening at the edge 15 until it is fully upright in FIG. 10C. FIG. 10D shows the placement of the suspect baggage in an inner band 62 with a closureable flap 65. With reference to FIG. 10E, the storm mitigating material 14, depicted as an aqueous foam, is sprayed around the suspected baggage 61 through the canister 66 into the inner band 62. The flap 65 is closed to form a lip, and the inner band 62 is nested into a band 63 with longitudinal axes perpendicular to each other. Similar but large third band 64 is slid on second band 63 such that the longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the axes of both bands 62 and 63. The passenger compartment container assembly 70 is shown in FIG. 10G. FIG. 10H shows the use of an optional net 69 to keep the suspected luggage 61 ′ out of contact with the sides of the bands 62, 63. FIG. 10I shows an optional handle 71 in which a flexible pawl 67 is positioned to carry the assembly 70. The handle 71 is fixed with tape 72 in place after assembly of the container assembly 70.

The invention also relates to storm induced containers and tubes. 11A shows a tube 90 that is a rigid seamless cylindrical band of storm resistant material filled with storm mitigating material 14. The explosion of the filler located in the center of the tube 90 is released through the open end of the tube 90 in the direction of the arrow. The preferred cross section of the tube is rectangular, more preferably square. The following example is described with reference to the tube 96 of FIG. 11B. Multiple tubes / bands 96 of similar size and shape may be coaxially arranged in adjacency (see FIG. 11C) to guide the storm of explosion. The preferred structure is similar to the band 11 "of Figure 3B with a lip 18 on each open side. Optionally, a single larger band can be located around the entire tube / band, for example, A single tube / band similar to 11B may be located around the band similar to Figure 11C. Larger bands may be designed to surround the open ends and sides of the entire arrangement, if desired. As an alternative, one or more ropes (not shown) may be located around the entire tube In both of these optional arrangements, the properties of the storm resistant material are extremely important, as described below.

In the various embodiments shown, the rigid innerliner or band may be constructed using one or more of the following techniques and / or materials. The innerliner / band can be rotomolded using polyethylene, crosslinkable polyethylene, nylon 6, or nylon 6,6 powder. Techniques incorporated herein by reference, also described in Plastics World, page 60, July 1995, may also be used. Tubes, rods and connectors, preferably formed of thermoplastic or thermoset resins, optionally reinforced fibers, or low density metals such as aluminum, may be used. The innerliner / band can utilize a continuous four-sided metal band. Sandwich structures consisting of honeycomb, balsa wood or foam cores with rigid facings can be used. Honeycomb can be constructed from aluminum, cellulose products, or aramid polymers. The weight can be minimized by using structural techniques well known in the aerospace industry (which can be used as epoxy reinforced carbon fiber composites). Rigid inner shells / bands can be constructed of wood using techniques well known in the woodworking (flame-resistant paints can be usefully used). The rigid innerliner / band may function as a mandrel to which it is wound and may form part of the final storm container. Optionally, this inner liner can be inserted into the inner band after the band has been rescued.

As used herein with respect to a band, "rigid" means that the band is inflexible across its face. If a band includes multiple faces and edges, it may be substantially inflexible across those faces but may be flexible at those edges and still be considered "rigid". Such bands are also considered to be "foldable" because the flexible edge acts as a pinless hinge connecting the sides that are substantially inflexible, and the band can be essentially flattened by folding at least two edges. In this respect, flexibility is determined as follows. The length of the material is clamped horizontally along one side on a flat support surface with unsupported protrusions of length “L”. The vertical distance "D" at which the unclamped side of the projection falls below the flat support surface is measured. The ratio D / L gives a measure of drapeability. When this ratio approaches 1, the structure / face becomes very flexible, and when this ratio approaches 0, this structure / face is very rigid or inflexible. If D / L is less than approximately 0.2, more preferably less than approximately 0.1, the structure is considered to be rigid.

The structural design of the invention, in particular the three-band cube design, enhances the storm mitigation capacity of the container. Storm mitigation capacity is also enhanced as the area density of the container increases. As described in more detail in conjunction with the examples that follow, this "area density" is the weight of the structure per unit area of the structure having units of Kg / m ² . Preferred storm resistant materials are utilized to form the container and the band of the present invention consists of a directional film, a fibrous layer, and / or a combination thereof. The resin materix may optionally be used with a fibrous layer, and the film (oriented or non-directional) may comprise a resin matrix.

Uniaxial or biaxial films suitable for use as storm resistant materials include thermoplastic polyolefins, thermoplastic elastomers, crosslinkable elastomers, polyesters, polyamides, fluorocarbons, urethanes, epoxies, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl chloride, and the like. It may be a single layer, two layer, or multilayer film selected from the group consisting of homopolymers and copolymers of the mixture. Selected films are high density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene / elastomeric mixtures. The film thickness preferably ranges from approximately 0.2 to 40 mils, more preferably approximately 0.5 to 20 mils, most preferably approximately 1 to 15 mils.

For the purposes of the present invention, the fibrous layer comprises at least one network of fibers alone or in a matrix. The fibers are represented by elongated bodies, the length dimension of which is considerably larger than the transverse dimension of the width and thickness. Thus, the term fiber includes other shapes, such as monofilaments, multifilaments, ribbons, strips, staples and cut, cut or broken fibers having regular or irregular cross sections. The term fiber includes any one or combination of a plurality of the above.

The cross section of the filament for use in the present invention can vary widely. The cross section may be circular, flat or oval. This cross section may also be a cross-sectional shape of an irregular or regular multiple lobe having one or more regular or irregular lobes that protrude from the linear, ie longitudinal axis of the fiber. It is especially preferred that the filament is of circular, flat or oval cross section, most preferably circular.

A network refers to a plurality of fibers or a plurality of fibers arranged in a predetermined shape that are grouped together to form a twisted or untwisted spinning, wherein the spinning is arranged in a predetermined shape. For example, the fibers, or yarns, may be formed into reticular tissue by felt or other nonwovens, knits, knits (such as plains, baskets, satin and crow fit drapery), or may be formed into reticular tissue by any conventional technique. have. According to a particularly preferred network configuration, the fibers are unidirectionally aligned so that they are parallel to each other along a common fiber direction. Fibers that are directional and have a length of approximately 3 to 12 inches (approximately 7.6 to 30.4 centimeters) are also acceptable for the purposes of the present invention and fibers of continuous length are most preferred, even if considered to be "substantially continuous". Do.

At least about 10 weight percent, preferably at least about 50 weight percent, and most preferably at least about 75 weight percent of the fibers in the fibrous layer are substantially continuous lengths of fibers surrounding the volume enclosed by the container. It is preferable. Enclosing the volume means that the band is in the band or hoop direction, ie substantially parallel to the direction of the band or in the direction of the band, as previously defined and shown. Substantially parallel to the direction of the band or in the direction of the band means within ± 10 °. It is also preferred that the band of the invention is substantially seamless. Substantially seamless means that the band is seamless across each edge that joins adjacent faces for at least one or more entire wraps of the fibrous layer and also at least one seamless wrap / layer at any given point on the band It means. In this definition, the flaps X, Y are not coupled to each other, but the band 12 'of FIG. 2A is considered to be substantially seamless. Thus, each side of the band is preferably connected to another side at least one common edge with a fibrous material that functions as a hinge; Preferred fibrous materials include substantially continuous parallel lengths of fibers perpendicular to the edges.

This continuous band can be manufactured using many processes. In a preferred embodiment, the band, in particular the band without the resin matrix, is wrapped around the mandrel with a suitable fastening means, for example heat and / or pressure bonding, heat shrink, adhesives, staples, sewing and other fastening means known in the art. It is formed by fixing the shape. The stitch may be any of stitches, point stitches or stitches with a parallel set of parallel lines. Stitches are typically utilized in sewing, but the particular stitch type or method does not constitute a preferred fastening means for use in the present invention. The fibers used to form the stitches are also very wide. Useful fibers can have a relatively low modulus or a relatively high modulus, and can have a relatively low or relatively high adhesion. Preferably the fibers for use in the stitch may have a cohesion greater than or equal to about 2 g / d and a coefficient greater than or equal to about 20 g / d. All tensile properties are assessed by pulling 10 in (25.4 cm) of fiber length clamped between barrel clamps at 10 in / min (25.4 cm / min) on an Instron Tensile Tester. If it is desired to make a slightly more rigid band, the pocket can be sewn into the fiber into which the rigid plate can be inserted, or the plate itself can be sewn into the band between the wraps of material. This is another “foldable” embodiment of the rigid band, ie the faces become rigid due to the presence of the rigid plate, but the edges become flexible due to the flexible fibers forming the band or for example the rigid surface portion. It can be bent by the weight of. An advantage of the collapsible embodiment of the present invention is that the device can be transported flat and installed immediately before use. Another way to make a wrap of selectively rigid fabric in a band is by a stitch pattern, for example parallel rows of stitches can be used across the face of the band to make it rigid and another "foldable" Leave the unsewed joint / edge to create a rigid band.

The type of fibers used as the storm resistant material can vary widely and can be inorganic or organic fibers. Preferred fibers for use in the practice of the present invention, particularly fibers of substantially continuous length, have a cohesion greater than or equal to approximately 10 grams / denier (g / d) and tensile modulus greater than or less than approximately 200 g / d. Those measured by an Instron tensile tester. Particularly preferred fibers are those having a cohesion greater than or equal to about 20 g / d and a tensile modulus greater than or equal to about 500 g / d. Most preferred fibers are those having a cohesion greater than or equal to approximately 25 g / d and a tensile modulus greater than or equal to approximately 100 g / d. In the practice of the present invention, the selected fibers are those having a cohesion greater than or equal to approximately 30 g / d and a tensile modulus greater than or equal to approximately 1200 g / d.

High performance fibers can be incorporated into the band and / or combined with other fibers, which can be inorganic, organic or metal. Preferably the high performance fibers are continuous (wrap) fibers and the remaining fibers are fill fibers. Optionally, the remaining fibers can be incorporated into both wraps and fills. Such fibers are called hybrid cloth. Hybrid fabrics can be used to make up one or more bands of a container. Preferably, the hybrid fabric may be used to constitute part or all of the outer band. The band may also be produced by simultaneously or successively wrapping one or more fabrics made of conventional fibers with one or more fabrics made of high performance fibers.

The denier of the fiber is very wide. In general, the fiber denier is less than or equal to approximately 8000. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the fiber denier is approximately 10 to 4000, and in a more preferred embodiment of the invention the fiber denier is approximately 10 to 2000. In the most preferred embodiment of the invention, the fiber denier is approximately 10-1500. Fabrics made of coarser (higher) denier fibers better allow the release of gases that may be required in some cases.

Useful inorganic fibers include S-glass fibers, E-glass fibers, carbon fibers, boron fibers, alumina fibers, zirconia-silica fibers, alumina-silica fibers and the like.

Examples of inorganic filaments useful for use in the present invention include quartz, magnesia aluminosilicates, non-alkaline aluminoborosilicates, sodaborosilicates, sodasilicates, soda-lime aluminosilicates, lead silicates, non-alkaline nipboroaluminas, non-alkaline Glass fibers such as alkaline barium boroalumina, nonalkaline zinc boroalumina, nonalkaline iron aluminosilicate, cadmium borate, "saffil" fibers in eta, delta and theta, asbestos, boron, silicon carbide, graphite And carbon, polyaramid, nylon, polybenzimidazole, polyoxadiazole, polyphenylene, PPR, petroleum and coal pitch (isotropic), mesophase pitch, cellulose and Alumina fiber, ceramic fiber, steel, alumina including polyacrylonitrile A metal fiber or the like, such as a titanium metal alloy.

Examples of useful organic filaments include polyesters, polyolefins, polyetheramides, fluoropolymers, polyethers, celluloses, phenols, polyesteramides, polyurethanes, epoxides, amino resins, silicones, polysulfones, polyetherketones, polyetherethers Ketone, polyester imide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether acryl ketone, poly (amideimide), and polyimide may be used. Examples of other useful organic filaments include poly (m-xyleneadipamide), poly (p-xylenesevaamide), poly (2,2,2-trimethyl-hexamethylene terephthalamide), poly (perazinezevase) Amides), aramids (aromatic polyamides) such as poly (metaphenyleneisophthalamide) and poly (p-phenyleneterephthalamide); Copolyamide of 30% hexamethylene diammonium isophthalate and 70% hexamethylene diammonium adipate, copolyamide of bis- (amidocyclohexyl) methylene up to 30%, terephthalic acid and caprolactam, polyhexamethylene Adipamide (nylon 66), poly (butyrolactam) (nylon 4), poly (9-aminonoanoic acid) (nylon 9), poly (enantholactam) (nylon 7), poly (capryllactam) ( Nylon 8), polycaprolactam (nylon 6), poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide), polyhexamethylene seba amide (nylon 6,10), polyamino undecanamide (nylon 11), polydodecanolactam ( Nylon 12), polyhexamethyleneisophthalamide, polyhexamethylene terephthalamide, polycaproamide, poly (nonmethylene azelamide) (nylon 9,9), poly (decamethylene azelamide) (nylon 10,9), Poly (decamethylene sebaamide) (nylon 10,10), poly [bis (4-ami Aliphatic and alicyclic polyamides such as nocyclohexyl) methane 1,10-decanedicarboxamide] (Qiana) (trans) or combinations thereof; And poly (1,4-cyclohexylidenedimethyleneterephthalate) cis and trans, poly (ethylene-1,5-naphthalate), poly (ethylene-2,6-naphthalate), poly (1,4-cyclo Hexanedimethylene terephthalate) (trans), poly (decamethylene terephthalate), poly (ethylene terephthalate), poly (ethyleneisophthalate), poly (ethyleneoxybenzoate), poly (para-hydroxybenzoate), Poly (dimethylpropiolactone), poly (decamethylene adipate), poly (ethylenesuccinate), poly (ethylene azelate), poly (decamethylene sebacate), poly (α, α-dimethylpropiolactone) and the like Some are composed of the same aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic polyesters.

Also lyotropic liquid crystalline polymers such as polypeptides such as poly-α-benzyl L-glutamate and the like; Poly (1,4-benzamide), poly (chloro-1,4-phenyleneterephthalamide), poly (1,4-phenylenefumaramide), poly (chloro-1,4-phenylenefumaramide), Poly (4,4'-benzanilide trans, trans-muconamide), poly (1,4-phenylenemesaconamide), poly (1,4-phenylene) (trans-1,4-cyclohexyleneamide ), Poly (chloro-1,4-phenylene) (trans-1,4-cyclohexyleneamide), poly (1,4-phenylene 1,4-dimethyl-trans-1,4-cyclohexyleneamide ), Poly (1,4-phenylene 2,5-pyridinamide), poly (chloro-1,4-phenylene 2,5-pyridineamide), poly (3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'- Biphenylene 2,5-pyridinamide), poly (1,4-phenylene 4,4'-stilbenamide), poly (chloro-1,4-phenylene 4,4'-stilbenamide), poly (1,4-phenylene 4,4'-azobenzeneamide), poly (4,4'-azobenzene 4,4'-azobenzeneamide), poly (1,4-phenylene 4,4'-azoxybenzeneamide ), Poly (4,4'-azobenzene 4,4'-azoxybenzeneamide), poly (1 , 4-cyclohexylene 4,4'-azobenzeneamide), poly (4,4'-azobenzeneterephthalamide), poly (3,8-phenantridinone terephthalamide), poly (4,4'-biphenylene Terephthalamide), poly (4,4'-biphenylene 4,4'-bibenzoamide), poly (1,4-phenylene 4,4'-bibenzoamide), poly (1,4-phenylene 4,4'-terphenylenamide), poly (1,4-phenylene 2,6-naphthalamide), poly (1,5-naphthalene terephthalamide), poly (3,3'-dimethyl-4, 4'-biphenylene terephthalamide), poly (3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4'-biphenylene terephthalamide), poly (3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4'-biphenylene Aromatic polyamides such as 4,4'-bibenzoamide); Polyoxamides such as those derived from 2,2'-dimethyl-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl and chloro-1,4-phenylenediamine; Polyhydrazides such as polychloroterephthalic acid hydrazide, 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid hydrazide, poly (terephthalic acid hydrazide), poly (terephthalic acid chloroterephthalic acid hydrazide) and the like; Poly (terephthaloyl 1,4-amino-benzhydrazide) and poly (amide- such as those made from 4-aminobenzhydrazide, oxalic acid dihydrazide, terephthalic acid dihydrazide and para-aromatic diacid chloride Hydrazide); Poly (oxy-trans-1,4-cyclohexyleneoxycarbonyl-trans-1,4-cyclohexylenecarbonyl-β-oxy-1,4-phenyleneoxyterephthaloyl) and poly (oxy-cis -1,4-cyclohexyleneoxycarbonyl-trans-1,4-cyclohexylenecarbonyl-β-oxy-1,4-phenyleneoxyterephthaloyl) / methylene chloride-o-cresol poly (oxy -Trans-1,4-cyclohexyleneoxycarbonyl-trans-1,4-cyclohexylenecarbonyl-b-oxy (2-methyl-1,4-phenylene) oxy-terephthaloyl) / 1, 1,2,2-tetrachloroethane-o-chlorophenol-phenol (60:25:15 vol / vol / vol), poly [oxy-trans-1,4-cyclohexyleneoxycarbonyl-trans-1, Polyesters such as those of compositions comprising 4-cyclohexylenecarbonyl-b-oxy (2-methyl-1,3-phenylene) oxy-terephthaloyl] / o-chlorophenol and the like; Polyazomethines such as those prepared from 4,4'-diaminobenzanilide and terephthalaldehyde, methyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, terephthalaldehyde and the like; Polyisocyanides such as poly (phenylethyl isocyanide), poly (n-octyl isocyanide) and the like; Polyisocyanates such as poly (n-alkylisocyanates) such as poly (n-butylisocyanate), poly (n-hexyl isocyanate) and the like; Poly (1,4-phenylene-2,6-benzobisthiazole) (PBT), poly (1,4-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PEO), poly (1,4-phenyl Lene-1,3,4-oxadiazole), poly (1,4-phenylene-2,6-benzobisimidazole), poly [2,5 (6) -benzimidazole] (AB-PBI) , Poly [2,6- (1,4-phenylene-4-phenylquinoline], poly [1,1 '-(4,4'-biphenylene) -6,6'-bis (4-phenylquinoline Lyotropic crystalline polymers having heterocyclic units, such as;), and polyols such as polyphosphazine, polybisphenoxyphosphazine, poly [bis (2,2,2'-trifluoroethylene) phosphazine], and the like. Ganophosphazine; trans-bis (tri-n-butylphosphine) platinum dichloride with bisacetylene or trans-bis (tri-n-butylphosphine) bis (1,4-butadienyl) platinum and similar combinations Metal polymers such as those derived by condensation in the presence of cuprous iodide and amides; cellulose and cellulose derivatives, for example triacetate Esters of cellulose such as cellulose, acetate cellulose, acetate-butyrate cellulose, nitrate cellulose and sulfate cellulose, ethyl ether cellulose, hydroxymethyl ether cellulose, hydroxypropyl ether cellulose, carboxymethyl ether cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl ether Ethers of cellulose such as cellulose and cyanoethylethyl ether cellulose, ether-esters of cellulose such as acetoxyethyl ether cellulose and benzoyloxypropyl ether cellulose, and urethane cellulose such as, for example, phenyl urethane cellulose; cellulose and its derivatives, eg Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose, ethylcellulose propionoxypropylcellulose; copolymers of 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, terephthalic acidcopolymers of p-aminophenol, copolymers of 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, terephthalic acid and hydroquinone, copolymers of 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroquinone and terephthalic acid, 2, Copolymers of 6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid and hydroquinone, copolymers of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid and terephthalic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, terephthalic acid and 4,4'-dihydroxydi Copolymers of phenyl, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid and copolymers of 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, isophthalic acid, hydroquinone and 4,4'-dihydroxybenzo Copolymers of phenone, copolymers of phenylterephthalic acid and hydroquinone, copolymers of chlorohydroquinone, terephthalic acid and p-acetoxycinnamic acid, copolymers of chlorohydroquinone, terephthalic acid and ethylenedioxy-r, r'-dibenzoic acid, hydroquinone, Methylhydro Thermotropic aerials such as copolymers of quinones, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and isophthalic acid, copolymers of (1-phenylethyl) hydroquinone, terephthalic acid and hydroquinone, and copolymers of poly (ethylene terephthalate) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid coalescence; And also composed of liquid crystalline polymers such as thermotropic polyamides and thermotropic copoly (amide-esters) are examples of useful organic filaments.

It is also an example of a useful organic filament composed of a long chain polymer formed by polymerization of an α, β-unsaturated monomer of the following formula.

R ₁ R ₂ -C = CH ₂

Where

R ₁ and R ₂ is the same or different and is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, heterocycle, or alkoxy, cyano, hydroxy, alkyl and aryl Or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl. Examples of such polymers of α, β-unsaturated monomers include polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly (1-octadecene), polyisobutylene, poly (1-pentene), poly (2-methylstyrene), poly (4 -Methylstyrene), poly (1-hexene), poly (4-methoxystyrene), poly (5-methyl-1-hexene), poly (4-methylpentene), poly (1-butene), polyvinyl chloro Lead, polybutylene, polyacrylonitrile, poly (methylpentene-1), poly (vinyl alcohol), poly (vinylacetate), poly (vinylbutyral), poly (vinyl chloride), poly (vinylidene chloro) Lead), vinyl chloride-vinylacetate chloride copolymer, poly (vinylidene fluoride), poly (methyl acrylate), poly (methyl methacrylate), poly (methacrylonitrile), poly (acrylamide) , Poly (vinyl fluoride), poly (vinyl formal), poly (3-methyl-1-butene), poly (4-methyl-1-butene), poly (4-methyl-1-pentene), poly ( 1-hexane), poly (5-methyl-1 -Hexene), poly (1-octadecene), poly (vinylcyclopentane), poly (vinylcyclohexane), poly (a-vinylphthalene), poly (vinylmethyl ether), poly (vinylethyl ether), poly (Vinylpropyl ether), poly (vinylcarbazole), poly (vinylpyrrolidone), poly (2-chlorostyrene), poly (4-chlorostyrene), poly (vinyl formate), poly (vinylbutyl ether) Polymers such as poly (vinyl octyl ether), poly (vinyl methyl ketone), poly (methylisopropenyl ketone), and poly (4-phenylstyrene).

The most useful high strength fibers are elongated chain polyolefin fibers, especially elongated chain polyethylene (ECPE) fibers, aramid fibers, polyvinyl alcohol fibers, polyacrylonitrile fibers, liquid crystal copolyester fibers, polyamide fibers, glass fibers, carbon Fiber and / or mixtures thereof. Especially preferred are polyolefins and aramid fibers. If a blend of fibers is used, the fibers are preferably a blend of at least two of polyethylene fibers, aramid fibers, polyamide fibers, carbon fibers, and glass fibers.

U.S. Patent 4,457,985 discusses such extended chain polyethylene and polypropylene fibers, and the disclosure of this patent is incorporated by reference to the extent that there is no contradiction. In the case of polyethylene, suitable fibers are those having a weight average molar weight of at least 150,000, preferably at least 100,000 and more preferably between 200,000 and 500,000. Such extended chain polyethylene fibers have been developed into solutions as described in US Pat. No. 4,137,394 or US Pat. No. 4,356,138, or in German Off. As described in 3,004,699 and GB 2051667, and in particular, as described in US Pat. Nos. 4,413,110, 4,551,296, they may result from solutions to be formed into gel structures, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. As used herein, the term polyethylene may contain a minimum amount of chain branch or comonomer that does not exceed 5 modification units per 100 main chain carbon atoms, and also alkene-1-polymers, especially low One or more polymeric additives, such as polyethylene, polypropylene or polybutylenes of density, main monomers, oxidized polyolefins, graft polyolefin copolymers and copolymers containing mono-olefins as polyoxymethylene, or are commonly incorporated by reference It means that it can be mixed and contained no greater than approximately 50 weight percent of low molar weight additives such as antioxidants, lubricants, sunscreen agents, colorants and the like. Depending on the forming technique, draw ratio and temperature, and other conditions, various properties can be distributed to these filaments. The adhesive force of the filament is at least approximately 15 g / d, preferably at least 20 g / d, more preferably at least 25 g / d, most preferably at least 30 g / d. Likewise, as measured by an Instron tensile tester, the tensile modulus of the filament is at least approximately 200 g / d, preferably at least 500 g / d, more preferably at least 1,000 g / d, most preferably at least 1,200 g / d to be. These highest values of tensile modulus and cohesion can usually be obtained only by utilizing gel filament treatment or advanced solutions. Many filaments have a melting point higher than that of the polymer in which they are formed. Thus, for example, 150,000, 100,000 and 200,000 high molar weight polymers have a melting point in bulk at 138 ° C. Highly oriented polyethylene filaments made from these materials have a melting point of approximately 7 ° to 13 °. Thus, a slight increase in the melting point reflects higher crystal orientation and crystal completion of the filaments compared to bulk polymers.

Similarly, highly oriented elongated chain polypropylene fibers having a weight average molecular weight of at least 200,000, preferably at least one million, more preferably at least two million, can be used. Such extended chain polypropylenes are formed into filaments reasonably well oriented by the techniques described in the various references referenced above, in particular by the techniques of US Pat. Nos. 4,413,110, 4,551,296, 4,663,101 and 4,784,820. Can be. Since polypropylene is a smaller crystalline material than polyethylene and contains pendant methyl groups, the strength values achievable with polypropylene are typically smaller than the corresponding values of polyethylene. Thus, suitable strengths are at least about 8 g / d, and preferred strengths are at least about 11 g / d. The tensile modulus of the polypropylene is at least 160 g / d, preferably about 200 g / d. The melting point of the polypropylene is typically raised several steps by the orientation process, so that the polypropylene filament preferably has a major melting point of at least 168 ° C, more preferably at least 170 ° C. Particularly preferred ranges for the variables described above can advantageously provide improved performance in the final article. By employing a fiber having a weight average molecular weight of at least about 200,000 in conjunction with the preferred range for the variables described above (coefficient and strength), it is possible to provide advantageously improved performance in the final article.

High molecular weight polyvinyl alcohol fibers with high tensile modulus are described in US Pat. No. 4,440,711. High molecular weight PV-OH fibers should have a weight average molecular weight of at least about 200,000. Particularly useful PV-OH fibers have a modulus of at least about 300 g / d, a strength of at least about 7 g / d (preferably at least about 10 g / d, more preferably about 14 g / d), and at least about 8 It should have an energy-to-break joules / g. PV-OH fibers having a weight average molecular weight of at least about 200,000, strength of at least about 10 g / d, modulus of at least about 300 g / d, and breakage energy of about 8 joules / g are very useful for producing articles of the present invention. can do. PV-OH fibers having these properties can be produced, for example, by the process disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,599,267.

In the case of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), the PAN fibers used in the present invention have a molecular weight of at least about 400,000. Particularly useful PAN fibers should have a strength of at least about 10 g / d and break energy of at least about 8 joules / g. PAN fibers having a molecular weight of at least about 400,000, strengths of at least about 15 to about 20 g / d and breakage energy of at least about 8 joules / g are very useful; Such fibers are disclosed, for example, in US Pat. No. 4,535,027.

For aramid fibers, suitable aramid fibers mainly formed of aromatic polyamides are described in US Pat. No. 3,671,542. Preferred aramid fibers have a strength of at least about 20 g / d, a tensile modulus of at least about 400 g / d and a breakage energy of at least about 8 joules / g, particularly preferred fibers having a strength of at least about 20 g / d, at least about A coefficient of 480 g / d and breakage energy of at least about 20 joules / g. Most preferred aramid fibers will have a strength of at least about 20 g / d, a modulus of at least about 900 g / d and a break energy of at least about 30 joules / g. For example, a poly (phenylenediamine terephthalamide) filament commercially produced by Dupont Corporation under the trade names KEVLAR 29,49,129 and 149 and having an appropriately high modulus and strength value is It is particularly useful for forming articles. Kevlar 29 has 500 g / d and 22 g / d as modulus and intensity values and Kevlar 49 has 1000 g / d and 22 g / d, respectively. Also useful in the practice of the present invention are poly (methaphenylene isophthalamide) fibers commercially produced by DuPont under the tradename NOMEX.

In the case of liquid crystallized copolyesters, suitable fibers are disclosed, for example, in US Pat. Nos. 3,975,487 and 4,118,372 and 4,161,470. Particular preference is given to strengths of about 15 to 30 g / d and tensile modulus of about 500 to 1500 g / d, preferably about 1000 to about 1200 g / d.

If a matrix material is used in the practice of the present invention, the material may consist of one or more thermosetting resins, or one or more thermoplastic resins, or a mixture of such resins. The choice of matrix material will depend on how the band is formed and used. The desired stiffness of the band and / or ultimate container will greatly influence the choice of matrix material. As used herein, a "thermoplastic resin" is a resin that can be heated and softened several times without cooling, and cooled and hardened, and a "thermosetting resin" is softened again after molding, extrusion or casting and cannot be worked again. Thus, it is a resin having new and irreversible physical properties once set at a temperature that is critical for each resin.

The tensile modulus of the matrix material in the band (s) may be low (flexible) or high (rigid) depending on how the band is used. The key requirement of the matrix material is that it is elastic enough to be processed at any stage of the band forming step to which it is added. In this regard, the thermosetting resin in step B, which has not been fully cured or fully cured, is probably satisfactorily treated when fully cured of the thermosetting resin, which can be superimposed with a suitable adhesive. The heat added to this treatment allows the treatment of high modulus thermosetting materials that are too hard to be processed; Otherwise, the temperature and duration of exposure "represented" by the material should be such that the material becomes soft for processing without adversely affecting the saturated fibers.

With the above description in mind, thermosetting resins useful in the practice of the present invention include bismaleamides, alkyds, acrylics, amino resins, urethanes, unsaturated polyesters, silicones, epoxies, vinylesters, and mixtures thereof. It may include. More details on useful thermosets can be found in US Pat. No. 5,330,820. Particularly preferred thermosetting resins are epoxy, polyester and vinylester, and epoxy is a thermosetting resin selected from epoxy.

Thermosetting resins for use in the practice of the present invention may also be very broad. Examples of useful thermoplastics are polyactones, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polysulfones, polyester ether ketones, polyamides, polyesters, poly (arylenes), poly (arylene sulfides), vinyl polymers, polyacrylics, poly Acrylates, polyolefins, inomers, polyepichlorohydrin, polyetherimides, liquid crystallization resins, and elastomers and copolymers and mixtures thereof. More details on useful thermoplastics can be found in US Pat. No. 5,330,820. Particularly preferred small modulus thermoplastic (elastomer) resins are described in US Pat. No. 4,820,568, described in columns 6,7 of the "KRATON Thermoplastic Rubber" of SC-68-81, and shell chemical company Commercially produced in particular by (Shell Chemical Co.). Particularly preferred thermoplastic resins are those which are or are mixed with high density, low density, and linear low density polyethylene holes, as described in US Pat. No. 4,820,458. A wide range of elastomers can be used, including natural rubber, styrene-butadiene copolymers, polyisoprene, polychloroprene-butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers, ER rubbers, EPDM rubbers, and polybutylenes.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the matrix comprises low density polyethylene; Polyurethane, flexible epoxy; Filled elastomer vulcanizates; Thermoplastic elastomers; And a low density polymer matrix selected from the group consisting of modified nylon-6.

The ratio of matrix to filament in the band has no threshold and can vary widely. Typically, the matrix is formed from about 10% to 90% of fiber volume, preferably from about 10% to 80%, most preferably from about 10% to 30%.

If matrix resins are used, they can be applied to the fibers in a variety of ways, for example encapsulation, injection, lamination, extrusion coating, dissolution coating, solvent coating. Effective techniques for forming a coated fibrous layer suitable for use in the present invention are described in detail in US Pat. Nos. 4,820,568 and 4,916,000.

Storm resistance bands are made in the following way:

A. wrap at least one flexible sheet of high strength fiber material around the mandrel in the plurality of layers under tension sufficient to remove voids between successive layers;

B. fastening the layers of material together to form a seamless, at least partially rigid first band;

C. Remove the band from the mandrel.

The wrapping tension is in the range of about 0.1 to 50 pounds per linear inch, more specifically in the range of about 2 to 50 pounds per linear inch, most preferably in the range of about 2 to 20 pounds per linear inch. The fibrous layer can be fixed in various ways, for example by heat and / or pressure bonding, heat shrinkage, adhesives, staples and stitching, as described above. The fixing step is most preferably composed of contacting the fibrous material with the resin matrix and combining the layers of the high strength fibrous material and the resin matrix on or off the mandrel. The fiber material may be contacted with the resin matrix before, during or after the wrapping step. Some of the ways in which this can be done are described in more detail below. "Joining" means combining the matrix material and the fiber network into one single layer. Depending on the type of matrix material and how it is applied to the fibers, the bond occurs through drying, cooling, pressing, or a combination thereof, optionally in combination with the application of an adhesive. "Joining" also means including point bonding where the faces of the band are joined but the edges are not joined. In this fashion, the faces are made rigid while the edges retain their ability to be folded or folded to allow the band to collapse or collapse. "Sheet" is meant to include a single fiber or roving for the purposes of the present invention.

Another way to create a storm resistant container band is:

A. wrapping the first flexible sheet of high strength fibrous material around the mandrel in the plurality of layers under sufficient tensile force to remove voids between successive layers to form the first band;

B. contacting the high strength fibrous material of the first flexible sheet with a resin matrix;

C. disposing the spacer on the outside of the first band;

D. wrapping a second flexible sheet of high strength fibrous material around the spacer in the plurality of layers under sufficient tensile force to remove voids between successive layers to form a second band;

E. contacting the high strength fibrous material of the second flexible sheet with a resin matrix;

F. disposing a second spacing means on the outside of the second band;

G. wrapping a third flexible sheet of high-strength fibrous material around the second spacer under sufficient tension to remove void spaces between successive layers to form a third band;

H. contacting the high strength fibers of the third flexible sheet with a resin matrix;

I. repeating placing, wrapping, and contacting to produce the desired number of bands;

J. combining at least a portion of each band on the mandrel;

K. The band and the spacer are removed from the mandrel. This method allows the formation of all bands for a single container at a time.

In one preferred embodiment, the flexible sheet material is formed as follows. Yarn bundles of about 30 to about 2000 individual filaments smaller than about 12 denier, and more preferably about 100 individual filaments smaller than about 7 denier, are fed from the krill and immediately before coating through the guide and spreader bar. Guided to a parallelizing comb. The parallelizing combs align the filaments on the same plane, substantially parallel and in a single direction. Next, the filament is sandwiched between release papers, one of which is coated with a wet matrix resin. The system is then passed under a row of pressure rolls to complete the injection of the filament. The upper release paper is pulled and wound onto a winding reel while the injected network of filaments is processed through a heating tunnel to remove and wind up the solvent. Alternatively, a single release paper coated with a wet matrix resin can be used to create an implanted network of filaments. One such implanted network is called a unidirectional prepreg, tape or sheet material and is one of the preferred transport materials for making several bands in the following examples.

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, two such implanted reticular tissues are preferably contiguous by one of the reticular tissues to a length that can be placed continuously across the width of the other reticular tissue in the 0 ° / 90 ° direction. By cutting, they overlap in succession. This forms a continuous flexible sheet of high strength fibrous material. See US Pat. No. 5,173,138. Next, a flexible sheet (fibrous layer), optionally with a film, as described below, can be used to form one or more bands in accordance with the method of the present invention. This fibrous layer is flexible enough to wrap in accordance with the method of the present invention; If desired, it can be made rigid (with respect to the drainability test) by the number of sheets in the wrap or in a fixed manner. The weight percentage of the fiber in the hoop direction of the band can be varied by changing the number and orientation of the network. One way to achieve varying the weight percentage of fibers in the hoop direction can be made by a material that overlaps one or more layers of tape / material in a single direction (see example below). By way of example, two unidirectional sheets with one crossover sheet form an unbalanced fabric having about 75 weight percent fibers in the hoop direction.

In another embodiment, the at least one uncured thermosetting resin infused network of high strength filaments is similar to a flexible sheet for making bands or bands around a mandrel in accordance with the present invention performed by curing (or spot curing) of the resin. Is formed.

The film may optionally be used as one or more layers of band (s), preferably as an outer layer. The film or films may be added as matrix material (layer), either with or after the matrix material, as in the present case. When the film is added as a matrix material, it is preferably wound and integrated into fibers or fabrics (reticles) onto the mandrel; The mandrel may be optionally part of the structure. The film thickness is at least about 0.1 mil and can be as large as desired as long as the length is still flexible enough to allow band formation. Preferred films have a thickness in the range from 0.1 to 50 mils, with 0.35 to 10 mils being most preferred. The film can be used for a variety of reasons, for example to change frictional properties, to increase flame retardation, to increase chemical resistance, to increase resistance to radiation decomposition, and / or to prevent diffusion of a material into a matrix. It can also be used on the surface of the band to do so. The film may or may not be attached to the band depending on the choice of film, resin and filament. Heat and / or pressure cause the desired adhesion, and it may be necessary to use an adhesive that is sensitive heat and pressure between the film and the band to produce the desired adhesion. Examples of acceptable adhesives include polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene block copolymers, thermoplastic elastomers, thermoplastic and thermoset polyurethanes, thermoplastic and thermoset polysulfides, and conventional heat soluble adhesives.

Films that can be used as matrix materials in the present invention include thermoplastic polyolefm films, thermoplastic elastomer films, crosslinked thermoplastic films, crosslinked elastomer films, polyester films, polyamide films, fluorocarbon films, urethane films, Polyvinylidene chloride films, polyvinyl chloride films and multilayer films. Homopolymers or copolymers of these films can be used and the films can be unoriented, unidirectional or biaxial. The film may comprise a pigment or a plasticizer.

Useful thermoplastic polyolefinic films include films of low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, polybutylene, and copolymers of propylene and ethylene, which are crystals. Usable polyester films are used including films of polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate.

Pressure can be applied by trolling made from plastic film wrap that shrinks when the band is exposed to heat; By way of example, acceptable materials for the application are polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers.

The temperature and / or pressure to which the band of the present invention is exposed to cure the thermosetting resin or to cause adhesion of the network to each other and optionally to at least one sheet of film varies depending on the particular system used. . For example, for extended chain polyethylene filaments, the temperature is in the range of about 20 ° C. to about 150 ° C., preferably in the range of about 50 ° C. to about 145 ° C., depending on the type of matrix material selected. Preferably in the range of about 80 ° C to about 120 ° C. The pressure may range from about 10 psi (69 kPa) to about 10,000 psi (69,000 kPa). When combined at a temperature of about 100 ° C. or less for a period of time less than about 1.0 min, pressures between about 10 psi (69 kPa) and about 500 psi (3450 kPa) will cause the filaments to deform (usually in film form) together. Can be enclosed. When combined at temperatures in the range of about 150 ° C. to about 155 ° C. for a time between 1 and 5 min, the pressure between about 100 psi (690 kPa) and about 10,000 psi (69,000 kPa) will cause the film to be translucent or transparent. To be able. For polypropylene filaments, the upper limit of the temperature range is about 10 to about 20 ° C. larger than for ECPE filaments. For aramid filaments, particularly Kevlar filaments, the temperature is from about 149 ° C to 205 ° C (about 300 ° F to about 400 ° F).

Pressure is applied to the band on the mandrel in various ways. Shrink and wrap the plastic film wrap is mentioned above. Autoclave in this case is another way of applying pressure simultaneously with the application of heat. The exterior of each band is wrapped with a shrink wrapable material and then exposed to a temperature at which the material shrinks and wraps, thereby applying pressure to the band. The band may be shrunk and wrapped on the mandrel in the hoop direction joining the entire band, or the band may be shrunk and wrapped across the mandrel face with the band disposed around the banded mandrel perpendicular to the hoop direction of the band. ; In the latter case, the edges of the band may remain unjoined while the faces are joined.

Many bands formed of a fibrous layer using thermoplastic resin systems, thermoset resin systems, or resin systems in combination with elastomers or thermoset resins can be treated with pressure alone to join the bands. This is the preferred way to join the bands. However, many bands formed of continuous lengths / plies using a thermoplastic resin system can be treated with heat alone or in combination with pressure to join the bands.

In the most preferred embodiment, each fibrous layer has an area density of about 0.1 to 0.15 kg / m 2. The area density per band is in the range of about 1 to about 40 kg / m 2, preferably in the range of about 2 to about 20 kg / m 2, and more preferably in the range of about 4 to about 10 kg / m 2. . In embodiments in which the SPECTRA SHIELD composite nonwoven fabric forms a fibrous layer, these area densities range from about 10 to about 400, preferably from about 20 to about 200, more preferably from about 40 to about 100. Corresponds to the number of fiber layers per band. In a three band cube design of the most preferred embodiment of the present invention, each face of the cube consists of two bands of storm resistant material, effectively doubling the range for each face of the cube. Where fibers other than high strength, extended chain polyethylene, such as spectra polyethylene fibers, are used, the number of layers needs to be increased to achieve the high strength and modulus properties provided by the preferred embodiments.

Storm mitigating material is intended to be any material that functionally enhances the container's resistance to storms. Preferred storm mitigating materials used to form the container assembly of the present invention include polymeric foams; Particles such as vermiculite; Preferably condensable gsa; Heat sink material; Foamed glass; Microballoons; Balloons; Bladders; Preferably elastomer hollow spheres such as basketball balls and tennis balls; Wicking fibers; And combinations thereof. These materials are used to enclose explosive or explosive carry baggage in storm resistant containers and mitigate the impacts delivered by an explosion.

Chemical explosions are characterized by rapid auto propagation, which releases significant heat and develops sudden pressure effects through the action of heat generated or adjacent gas phases. Based on the weight, the heat of vaporization of the water is similar to the heat released by the explosion. If rapid heat transfer is achieved, the water has the potential to greatly reduce storm overpressure. One technique for achieving the desired effect is to surround the explosives with a heatsink material. Effective heat sink materials include aqueous foams; Aqueous solutions with antifreeze such as glycerin, ethylene glycol; Hydroxide hydroxide salts; Preferably a hardened, aqueous gel; Aqueous mist; Preferably elastomers, wet sponges; Wet fabrics; Wet felt; And mixtures thereof. Aqueous foams are most preferably aqueous foams having a density, particularly in the range of about 0.01 to about 0.10 g / cm 3, more preferably in the range of about 0.03 to about 0.08 g / cm 3.

Typically, through many mechanisms, the aqueous foam converts the explosive energy into thermal energy in the aqueous phase. After the explosion vent of gas has occurred in most containers and when the pressure drops below some threshold, the collapsed foam expands again to cause an additional slow release of the gas. The appearance of these foams reduces the rate at which energy is transferred from the container to the environment, thereby reducing the risk. Aqueous foams for use with the present invention are preferably prepared from condensable gases (foaming agents) that do not support combustion. Condensable means that the gas phase-converts from gas to liquid while releasing heat of condensation that heats the aqueous solution in which the gas is in intimate contact under pressure. The gas chosen for a particular application depends on the pressure and ambient temperature that the container (with gas) can withstand. Preferred gases include hydrocarbons such as propane, butane (proton isomers), and pentane (all isomers); Carbon dioxide; Inorganic gases such as ammonia and sulfur dioxide; Fluorocarbons, in particular hydrochlorofluoro, such as the Gennetron series of coolants commercially available from Allied Signal Inc., as described, for example, in the Allied Signal Genenet product brochure published in January 1995. Carbon and hydrofluorocarbons; And combinations thereof. Preferred gas is isobutane, so that it can be condensed at a suitable pressure of about 30 psi at room temperature. Composites of condensable and non-condensable gases can be used. For example, composites of isobutane and tetrafluoromethane can be used for room temperature applications. This explosion overpressure condenses isobutane but leaves tetrafluoromethane as a gas. Preferred gases have a low sound velocity.

In order to spread the aqueous foam rapidly, it is preferred to use a gas which does not condense in the pressure canister in conjunction with the condensation gas. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitros oxide or carbon tetrafluoride may function as such a gas. The gas that vaporizes to provide the propelling action cools the canister as it is spread and the release rate is lowered.

Considerations used in the selection of foaming agents for aqueous foams may also be used for the selection of condensable gases used as storm mitigating materials in foldable containers (without aqueous foam). Such gases can be conveniently confined within the bladder inside the container.

The following examples are described to provide a more complete understanding of the invention without being limited thereto. In this example the following technical terms are used:

(a) "Area density" is the weight of the structure per unit area of the structure, expressed in kg / m 2. Panel area density is determined by dividing the weight of the panel by the area of the panel. For bands with polygonal cross-sectional areas, the area density of each face is given by the weight of the face divided by the surface area of the face. In most cases, the area density of all faces is the same and one refers to the area density of the structure. However, in some cases the area density of the other side is different. For bands having a circular cross-sectional area, the area density is determined by dividing the weight of the band by the outer surface area of the band. For a cube box container, the area density is the area density of each of the six panels forming the box face and does not include any hinge or fin area density.

(b) "Fiber area density of the composite" corresponds to the weight of the fiber reinforcement per unit area of the composite.

(c) “C ₅₀ ”, a measure of explosion resistance is measured as the level of filling (in ounces), which will rupture the container / tube 50% of the time (where C ₀ indicates no fracture / rupture and C ₁₀₀ Represents 100% destruction of time). If destruction occurs at a constant level and does not occur at the next lower level, this C ₅₀ is calculated by averaging these two levels.

In Examples 1-9 and 18, unless otherwise indicated, the explosive used was TRENCHRITE 5, a Class A explosive made from Explosives Technologies International and having a shock wave speed of 5,900 m / sec (6,700 ft / sec). . In Examples 10-17, unless otherwise indicated, the explosives used were 90 percent RDX (cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitroamine) and 10 percent plasticizer (polyiso). Butylene), a product of Hitech Inc., and a Class A explosive C4 with a shock wave speed of 8,200 m / sec (26,900 ft / sec). In addition, regarding boxes and tubes in which high-speed video results are recorded, the video camera used to record the explosion event was vhs video, Sylvania Model VCC159 AV01. The camera was remotely operated and positioned so that the box or tube filled approximately 30% of the viewing area.

Certain techniques, conditions, materials, proportions, and recorded data set forth to explain the principles of the invention are illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

(1 example (comparative example))

Three cube boxes were rescued for testing, two SPECTRA SHIELD Composite panels are used for their sides and one is KEVLAR for its surfaces Composite panels are used.

The boxes made from the SPECTRA SHIELD composite are each 27 inches square and six flat SPECTRA SHIELD as its sides hinged with two sets of hinges and two pins per edge (24 pins and hinges in total). It was constructed using composite panels (31 inches per side). These panels, with a total area density of 1.14 lb / ft ² , were constructed in the following manner.

The fabric shape was partially wrapped around the perimeter rod of the aluminum frame. Enclosures were made along dotted lines having a total length of 27.25 ". Three fabric layers (shapes) were wrapped on each of the four peripheral rods. These fabric shapes were SPECTRA 1000 fabric, Style 904. (Plain weave, end per 34 × 34 inches, 650 denier SPECTRA 1000 yarns weighing 6 oz / yd ² ) This fabric was made from a sufficient amount of Dow XU71943.00L experimental vinyl ester resin (diallyl phthalate-6 wt.%, Methyl ethyl ketone-31 wt.% And vinyl ester resin-63 wt.%) Were injected to produce an injection fabric having 80 wt.% SPECTRA 1000 and 20 wt.% Resin. 1.0 wt.% Lupersol 256, a product of Lucidol Division of Ato Chem Corporation [2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis (2-ethylhexaneoilperoloxy) hexane].

This aluminum frame was also used to wrap square composite panels. Two rolls of unidirectional prepreg tape are placed on adjacent sides of the frame to selectively wrap around the frame to achieve placement of 0 ^o / 90 ^o / 0 ^o / 90 ^o / etc prepregs. This process was repeated until the desired area density was obtained. Each prepreg tape contains 7.6 ends per linear inch of 1500 denier SPECTRA 1000 yarn in the Dow Resin XU71943.00L experimental vinyl ester vinyl resin described above. Methyl ethyl ketone is volatilized before the composite cures. This prepreg was 76 wt.% SPECTRA 1000 fiber and 24 wt.% Resin.

After the wrapping was completed, the diagonal bars of the aluminum frame were removed and the central area (27 x 27 inches) was molded at 120 ° C. for 30 minutes under pressure of 150 tons. The peripheral aluminum rod 126 was then removed and left a peripheral loop. This peripheral loop was then cut at 3 inch intervals.

The cube box container was assembled from 1 inch diameter cold rolled steel fins. One half of the peripheral loop was folded to be on the outside of the container and one half of the peripheral loop was on the inside of the container. Nine loops per edge alternated internally and externally. Pins were placed in both the inner and outer loops, two per edge.

Boxes made of KEVLAR composites are constructed in a similar manner, except that KEVLAR 29 fabrics (Style 423-2X2 basket tissue from 1500 denier yarns, 14 oz / yd ² ) are used and only one layer of fabric is surrounded by Wrapped around the rod. The area density of the entire panel was 1.14 lb / ft ^{2, which} was the same as the SPECTRA SHIELD panel.

The first two boxes made from the SPECTRA SHIELD composite panel were tested using 8 oz and 16 oz explosive charges located at their respective geometric centers. The box was found to withstand storms from the 8 oz explosion; However, a fairly rapid leak occurred at the edges and corners of the box. The 16-ounce filling blown out the container, and the steel hinge pins became dangerous launches.

The third box, made from KEVLAR composite panels, was tested using an 8-ounce explosive filling located at its geometric center. The explosion caused massive rupture of the container, and the steel hinge pins became a dangerous projectile.

 (Example of 2)

SPECTRA SHIELD commercialized from AlliedSignal, Inc. The PCR composite roll was cut into four 15 inch wide strips, each approximately 330 inches long. SPECTRA SHIELD PCR composites were 80 weight percent SPECTRA in the state of 20 percent resin matrix of polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene block copolymer 1000 extended chain polyethylene fibers (also known as AlliedSignal, Inc., about 35 g / d of nominal strength, about 1150 g / d of tensile modulus, about 3,4% elongation to fracture rate) KRATON Useful by Shell Co. under D1107. SPECTRA fibers were arranged into composites in a 0 ^O / 90 ^O configuration. Each strip was wrapped in a series of layers around a mandrel on a rectangular cross section that formed a band with 22 wraps of SPECTRA SHIELD with a side length of 15 inches. Wrapping each series of strips began at the point where the previous strip ended, under sufficient tensile force (about 1 lb per linear inch) in line with the fiber arrangement to minimize gaps in the series of wraps. An adhesive solution consisting of 5 g of KRATON D1107 per 95 g of toluene is applied on the outer surface of the strip during wrapping to provide an adhesive between the series of wraps. Conventional rolling pins have been used to incorporate a series of adhesive wraps in band placement to minimize gaps in the series of wraps.

After the first band is completed, the thickness is 0.125 inch each and TEFLON Four 15 inch by 20 inch aluminum plates, wrapped in a coated glass fabric, were secured to the outside of the band with a 15 inch side length corresponding to the 15 inch side length of the mandrel, one plate per side of the band. The covering tape was wrapped around four aluminum plates to keep them in place, with the central area left without tape to surround the second band. The second band was formed by wrapping the SPECTRA SHIELD PCR composite strip in the same manner as used for the first band. A second set of four aluminum plates was fixed to the faces of the second band following the structure of the first band and the third band in the same manner as the second band. These three bands were removed from the mandrel and toluene was vaporized from the bands. Within each band, 50 weight percent of fibers continued and oriented in the hoop direction of the band.

These three bands were superimposed on each other as shown in FIG. 1F to make Box 1 for evaluation of the explosive charge. Each side of this box corresponds to 44 laps of 0 ^O / 90 ^O SPECTRA SHIELD PCR because there are two bands of sides covering each side of the box, each band consisting of 22 laps Because. Area density in box 1 = 0.13 X 44 = 5.72 kg / m ² or 1.17 lb / ft ² . Box 1 weighed 5.8 kg (12.6 lb).

Box 2 is structured in the same way as Box 1 with the following modifications. The first two strips of SPECTRA SHIELD composite used to construct the first band were 24 inches wide. After removal of the band and vaporization of toluene, the first band was cut within a distance of 4.5 inches from either side at each corner, so that eight flaps of 4.5 inches wide (two sides per side of a 15 inch wide band) 4 phases). These flaps were made by folding the cutout of the strip along the band width line. This plane of each flap was perpendicular to the plane of the side of the band to which it was attached. These flaps were held in place by the second band and the third band. Box 2 weighed 6.08 kg (13.4 lb). The area density of these faces was consistent with box 1, and the increase in weight was due to this flap.

Box 3 and Box 4 were prepared in the same manner as Box 2 and were essentially consistent in weight and area density.

Box 1 was tested using a 16 ounce explosive charge at its geometric center. During the explosion, the edges of all three bands were either completely or almost completely destroyed, creating numerous 15-inch square pieces, which were still intact and showed little damage.

Box 2 was tested using an 8 ounce filling in the same manner as the box 1 test. The high speed video shows the initial charge storage followed by the warping and breaking of band 3 at both edges (broken band 3 consists of two identical halves). Increased gas emissions have occurred. Band 1 and Band 2 remained intact.

Box 3 was tested using a 2 oz fill in the same manner as the box 1 test. High speed video showed less gas emissions during explosions and protruding sides. However, the box remained intact. All three bands were intact.

Box 4 was tested using a 4 oz fill. The high speed video showed increased emissions and torsion of band 1 when compared to box 3. All three bands were left intact without severe breakage.

(Example of 3)

One box was constructed in the same manner as box 2 of the above embodiment 2 with the following changes. The mandrel was modified so that the edges were curved with a 5/8 inch curvature. The area density of the bands was half the area density of box 2. The flap width on the inner band, Band 1, was increased to 6 inches. The band was strengthened to control strain and gas escape rates by explosion. This reinforcement consisted of first wrapping the mandrel with two complete wraps of 15-inch-wide S-2 glass fabric (Style 6781, area density 0.309 kg / m2, manufactured by Clark Schwebel). This glass fabric was infused with EPON 828 epoxy resin, commercialized by Shell Co., by using 8 pph Millamine, an alicyclic diamine practically employed by Milliken Chemical Co. as a room temperature treatment agent. The glass / resin ratio was 48/52 in weight. The SPECTRA SHIELD composite strip for band 1 was thus wound on top of the fiberglass to become an integral part of band 1.

To provide additional reinforcement, panels of glass / epoxy composites commercialized by 3M Corporation with Scotch Ply Type 1002 were attached to four respective inner surfaces of the glass fabric band (band 1). Each panel measured approximately 13.5 × 14.5 inches, weighed 340 g and was 56 mil thick. These panels were bonded with a total of 200 g of polysulfide adhesive PROSEAL 890-B1 / 2 manufactured by Courtaulds Aerospace Company. The inner surface of the eight flaps was also reinforced by attaching to each 3.75 × 13.75 inch piece of glass / epoxy panel using Scctch 410 Flat Stock linear double coated paper tape, which was utilized by 3M Corporation. The total weight of these eight fragments of the panel was 707 g. The assembled box weighed 6.17 kg (6.9 lb) consisting of 3.04 kg (6.7 lb) of SPECTRA SHIELD composite and 3.13 kg (6.9 lb) of glass fiber blend and adhesive.

This box was tested using 6 ounces of TRENCHRITE 5 filling in the same manner as the box test in the example of 2. The container contained the filling without any permanent damage visible to the structure without rapid release with minimal torsion.

(Example of 4)

One box was constructed identically to box 2 of the above embodiment 2 with the following modifications. For band 1, the first half of the composite strip length was 21 inches wide while the second half was 15 inches wide. This allowed eight flaps to be 3 inches by 15 inches each, 4 per side of the band, with an area density of 4.75 kg / m ² . Band 1 consisted of 70 SPECTRA SHIELD composite wraps and had a cross-sectional area of 9.5 kg / m ² . A 0.125 inch wide aluminum plate was placed around the band 1. Band 2 was formed by wrapping a 17 inch wide strip around the spacer. A 0.125 inch wide second spacer was positioned around band 2 and band 3 was formed by wrapping a 18 inch wide strip. These three bands were removed from the mandrel and from the spacer. For each band, about 50 weight percent of fiber was oriented continuously in the direction of the hoop.

Four 14-inch square fiberglass plates, commercialized by 3M Corporation as Scotch Ply Type 1002 and having an area density of 2.7 kg / m ² , are nearly 128 g (32 g / face) polysulfide total manufactured by Courtaulds Aerospace Company. The inner faces of band 1 were bonded using the adhesive PROSEAL 890-B1 / 2.

These three bands were assembled into band 1, which was nested inside band 2, nested inside band 3, with two band faces per side. The flap of band 1 was held in place by band 2 and band 3. The finished container had a side length of approximately 18 inches and weighed 24.06 kg (53 lb).

The M67 grenade was modified to explode electrically. The M67 grenade weighed 14 ounces and was used with 6.5 ounces of Compound B explosives. For a more detailed description of this standard grenade, see Reference Guide for Marines , 15th Revised Edition, Quantico, Virginia, p. 352,09 / 01/86. The grenade was located in the geometric center of the container and exploded. This container kept its shape and the shape of each band. The container was disassembled and examined. Numerous holes in the four inner fiberglass panels in Band 1, representing more than 1200 steel projectiles, were created by explosive grenades. Examination of the outer surfaces of the container indicated that 21 holes had occurred.

The results of this test proved that this basic suppression idea was valid and could protect against projectiles and storms.

(Example of 5)

A series of four identical tubes, 27 inches long at both ends and open, were prepared by wrapping a SPECTRA SHIELD PCR around a mandrel with rounded edges shown in FIG. 3. These tubes are square in cross section and have a lateral length of 15 inches. The strip 27 was 27 inches wide and a sufficient number of wraps were made to produce a tube with a wall area density of 2.85 kg / m 2 (0.585 lb / ft ² ). The area density of each tube is equal to the area density of each band for boxes 1-4 of the example of 2. In this configuration, 50% by weight of fiber is of continuous length in the hoop or band direction, ie surrounding the tube. In all respects, the configuration of the tube was identical to the wrapping of the first band for the box in the example of 2.

These tubes were constructed as follows. Fill A was placed in the geometric center of each of the four tubes (A, B, C, D) and exploded electronically. The weight of the charge was varied, as described in Table 1, and the results are shown. The evaluation of C ₅₀ values for tube design is described in Table 2.

(Example of 6)

A second series of four identical tubes were continuously used to create a composite strip having 0 ° / 0 ° / 90 ° / 0 ° fiber arrays with a 0 ° mark indicating continuous fiber length in the hoop or band direction. Prepared as in the example of 5 except that two layers of non-directional tape were attached to both sides of the conventional 0 ° / 90 ° SPECTRA SHIELD PCR composite strip. The continuous non-directional tape was the same as the cross-ply tape to construct a conventional SPECTRA SHIELD PCR, as described in more detail in the example of 2. With this arrangement, approximately 75% by weight of the fiber is a continuous length of fiber in the hoop or band direction, ie surrounding the tube. All other parameters are the same as in the example of 5.

These tubes are tested in the same manner as those of the example of 5. The data is described in Table 1 and the evaluation of C ₅₀ is described in Table 2.

(Example of 7)

A third series of four identical tubes were prepared as in the example of 5 except that these tubes were circular in cross-sectional area due to winding the composite strip around a round mandrel with a diameter of 16.375 inches. The cross sectional areas of these tubes are the same as the cross sectional areas of the tubes in the examples of 5 and 6. Approximately 50% by weight of the fiber is a continuous length of fiber in the hoop or band direction, ie surrounding the tube.

These tubes are tested in the same manner as those of the example of 5. The data is described in Table 1 and the evaluation of C ₅₀ is described in Table 2.

(Example of 8)

Each of four identical tubes of four or more series was prepared for testing. In all series the tubes were square in cross section, 7.5 inches in lateral length and open at both ends.

For the first and second series, the tubes were 15 and 22.5 inches in total tube length, respectively, and were prepared in the following manner. SPECTRA SHIELD PCR composite strips of specific width (15 or 22.5 inches) were wound around the mandrel with rounded edges as described in the example of 3. A sufficient number of wraps were made to create a tube with a wall density of 2.86 kg / m ² . In all other respects, the structure of the tube was the same as the wrapping of the band for box 1 in the example of 2. In other words, the KRATON adhesive solution was utilized and a continuous wrap was incorporated.

For the third and fourth series, the tubes were 15 and 22.5 inches in total tube length, respectively, and were prepared in the following manner. SPECTRA SHIELD PCR composite strips of specific width (15 or 22.5 inches) were wound around the mandrel with rounded edges as described in the example of 3. A sufficient number of wraps were made to create a tube with a wall density of 2.86 kg / m ² . Continuous wrap was incorporated using conventional rolling pins but no adhesive was used. The wound band / tube was placed between the platens of hydraulic pressure under low pressure and molded at 120 ° C. for 15 minutes. Because the edges of the mandrel are round, the SPECTRA SHIELD layer does not fully coalesce along the edge.

These tubes were evaluated as follows. The filling was placed in the geometric center of each tube and exploded electronically. The initial explosive charges evaluated were 1.5 ounces, withstanding all four different tube types. However, with two ounces of explosive charge, all four different tube types burst. Therefore, the C ₅₀ calculated for four different tube structures is 1.75 ounces. The data is described in Table 3.

(9 examples)

The same tube as that described in the example of 6 was constructed. Moreover, one inch wide bands of five unidirectional SPECTRA prepregs (equivalent to the non-directional prepreg added to 0 ° / 90 ° SPECTRA SHIELD PCR in the example of 6) were hoops at 4 inch intervals in each tube. Wound in the direction. Either adhesive or heat and pressure can be used to incorporate the unidirectional band, preferably the latter. Approx. 30 minutes are suitable at a temperature of approximately 120 ° C. and a pressure of approximately 5 psi. The area density of these bands is 50% of the area density of the tube. Since this covers 20% of the tube area, these bands add 10% to the weight of the tube. When these bands are evaluated in a similar manner to the examples of 5 and 6, it is envisaged that the bands are limited to 4 inches of torn length and control the rate of gas loss through such tears.

(10 examples)

In this example, two identical cube boxes A and B are constructed for testing as follows.

A 27-inch wide sheet, SPECTRA SHIELD PCR composite, with an area density of 0.135 kg / m ² , was wound in 18 successive layers around a square cross-section mandrel with a 15-inch side length. A 5 weight percent KRATON D1107 adhesive solution was applied with a paint roller on the outside of the sheet while continuing to wrap to provide adhesive material between successive wraps. A second 17 inch wide sheet of SPECTRA SHIELD PCR composite was centered on the wound first sheet and wrapped in the same manner for 18 consecutive wraps. The resulting band was dried overnight at room temperature (approximately 70 ° F.) on the mandrel and then removed. The 27 inch wide portion of the band was cut at a corner sufficient distance to produce one 17 inch wide band and eight 5 inch wide flaps (four on each side of the 17 inch wide band, two per side). This flap is made by folding the cut portion of the sheet along the band width line. The plane of each flap was perpendicular to the plane of the side of the band to which it was attached.

Four 15 inch by 14 inch rectangular fiberglass plates were bonded to the inside of the four sides / faces (one per side) of the band using polysulfide adhesive (PROSEAL 890 B-1 / 2, manufactured by Courtaulds Aerospace). Likewise, eight 3.5 inch by 15 inch rectangular fiberglass sheets were glued inside the flap (one per flap). The glass fiber reinforced epoxy sheet utilized was 3M's Scotsply Reinforced Composite, Type 1002, Crossply 0060 and had an area density of 2.69 kg / m ² . This band was foldable.

The second 17-inch wide band was likewise wound 35 times around a slightly larger mandrel. The 17 inch wide third band was likewise wound 35 times around another mandrel slightly larger than the mandrel used for the second band. All of these bands did not have flaps or fiberglass plates. Both bands were foldable. Three bands containing fiberglass plates weighed a total of 12.5 kg (27.5 lb). One band had an area density of 4.73 kg / m ² . Approximately 50 weight percent of the fibers were fibers of continuous length in the hoop or band direction.

The storm resistance test was performed as follows. The first band of box A was positioned sideways on the table, ie with sides open to the top and bottom. A thin low density polyethylene plastic bag was placed completely over the bottom open side of the band. An 8 oz. C4 explosive charge was placed in the geometric center. The rest of the internal cavity is Pfizer Inc. BARBASOL OF PRODUCTION Filled with the brand's shaving cream (foam density of approximately 0.053 g / c ³ , blowing additive isobutane). The slightly wider second band is then slid in the first band with two opposing faces covering the initial open side of the first band. The slightly wider third band is then slipped on this assembly. When the filling exploded, minimal torsion of the container occurred and aeration of the container occurred over several seconds. The container was emptied, dried and retested with 12 ounces of C4, with the cavities again (as before) filled with shaving cream. The filling grabbed the container and teared it.

Box B was similarly tested for 10 ounces of C4 with the cavity filled with shaving cream. Minimal container twist was caused and aeration occurred over a few seconds. The container was emptied, dried and retested for 6 oz. C4 without filling the cavity with shaving cream. In the explosion of C4, the flame spread out from the edge of the container. The container remained intact, but it began to burn and was destroyed by fire.

The C ₅₀ value for this container assembly (containing the aqueous foam) was 11 oz.

(11 examples)

The 15 inch inner side cubic container was constructed from three bands of SPECTRA 1000, 215 denier, 55 × 55 ends per inch, plain weave fabric, and an area density of 0.112 kg / m ² (3.30 oz / yd ² ). In the inner band the aluminum frame frames were incorporated into each face and flap to provide structural support, which was cut from 1/16 inch thick aluminum plates with an area density of 4.16 kg / m ² . This band was easily folded and the outer band could also be rolled into a cylinder.

On the inner band the first four plies were cut with extra width to form a flap. Two envelopes of 27 inch wide fabric were wound onto the mandrel. A square aluminum frame frame (creating a frame 1.5 inches wide), 14.75 inches outside and 11.75 inches inside, was attached to each of the four sides of the band with double stick tape. These frames served as supports for the four sides of the box. A solid piece of aluminum sheet was attached to the left and right sides of each framed frame with a half inch gap from the frame to give the flap some rigidity. Eight pieces of these were 14.75 × 3.0 inches in size. Four pieces of one set were located on each side of the band. In each set, the two plates on both sides of the mandrel were cut into trapezoids at a 45 degree angle with the short side facing away from the frame. This allowed to fold the flap 90 inwards (once removed from the mandrel) to form the sides of the cube without cutting the fabric along the edges between the flaps. See FIGS. 9A-9E and the paper attached above. Two additional sheaths of 27-inch wide fabric were wound around the frame to complete the inner band. Twenty-one sheaths of 15-inch wide fabrics centered on a 27-inch wide portion were wound onto a mandrel for a total of 25 plies. All fabrics are temporarily wound together with double stick tape as needed, peeled off the mandrel and sewn (manufactured by Advanced Fibers Technologies, three of the 215 denier SPECTRA 1000 yarns are made from fiber, hereinafter referred to as sewing thread) The fabric ply and the aluminum panel were held in place by manual stitching (FIG. 9A). The fitted VELCRO brand hook and loop fastening strips (1 inch x 6 inches) are sewn along the outer edges of the flaps to each other when the flaps in each of the four sets are folded inward by 90 degrees on two sides of the center panel. 9B, 9C and 9D. When this was done a free standing cubic structure was formed (Figure 9E). With the VELCRO fasteners released, the inner band easily folded flat.

The intermediate band was made by manually winding a 15 inch wide strip of fabric around an inner band set up in the form of a cube as described above. Twenty five envelopes of the fabric were wound. The winding direction was over two closed sides of the inner band and over two open sides (where the flap is located). Again the bands were temporarily taped together and followed by manual stitching with the sewing thread along one side and once across the width. This intermediate brand could easily be wrapped in the wrapped direction.

The outer band was made from 25 sheaths of the fabric, like the middle band, but the fabric strip was 16 inches wide for complete application of the underlying band. This was made by wrapping the fabric over the assembled inner and intermediate bands. The wrapping direction spans the two closed and two open sides of the inner band but is perpendicular to the middle band. Tape winding and stitching were done as for the middle band. The outer band could easily be wound in the wrapped direction.

The assembled cubic container had a fiber area density twice that of each of the bands except for the area density provided by the flaps. The final weight of the band was 3.75 kg inside, 1.77 kg and 1.87 kg outside for a total weight of 7.39 kg. An aluminum sheet was incorporated into the frame and flap of the inner band formed for 1.33 kg of this gross weight. About 50 weight percent fibers were fibers of continuous length in the hoop or band direction.

The inner band was filled with an aqueous foam (BARBASOL band shaving cream) as in the example of 10 after 113.5 grams (4 ounces) of C4 was placed in the geometric center of the band. Bands 2 and 3 were assembled across the inner band as in the example of 10 and Anderson Blastguage was placed parallel to two sides 2.5 and 5 feet from the center of the container assembly to measure excess pressure. {The Anderson blast gauge consists of two flat aluminum plates drilled into ten round holes of various diameters and is attached to four screws and wing nuts. Standard Xerox (# 20 lb) copy paper was inserted between the plates and held tight by screws and wing nuts to create a series of ten different diameter diaphragms of paper. Excess pressure is believed to damage the paper in several diaphragms.}

On explosion, the cube swelled and some foam escaped from the corners of the cube and was accompanied by a continuous hissing sound for about 1 second after the explosion. None of the holes in the Anderson gauge showed damage and the excess pressure of 2.5 feet and 5 feet from the container was found to be less than 0.9 psi. In contrast, the excess pressure for the unrestricted fill was greater than 6.5 psi at 5 feet, between 3.2 and 5.6 psi at 7.5 feet and between 2.0 and 3.7 psi at 10 feet. This foam did not penetrate the fabric side of the inner band.

The container was emptied, dried and retested with 6 ounces of C4 and the cavity refilled with shaving cream. This container assembly contained explosives. The container was emptied again, dried, retested to 10 ounces of C4 and the cavity was once again filled with shaving cream. The container was torn during the explosion.

The value of C ₅₀ for the container assembly (including the aqueous foam) was 8 ounces (note that the charge increments are typically smaller in this example).

(Example of 12-16)

In the example of 12-16, the comparative analysis uses different materials of the container structure but with the same three band design, i.e. with storm mitigating material (aqueous foam) and without this material, for the container and the container assembly. Was executed. In all of these examples, the area density of each of the three bands was 2.8 kg / m ² , the total container weight was 7.4 kg (16.3 lb), and the internal cavity (volume) was a cube with a side length of 15 inches.

Test is H.P. It was carried out in the White lab. When an aqueous foam was used, band 1 was placed on the table with a flap folded to provide rigidity and a set filler attached in place to the explosion wire (also the explosion wire acts to support this filler at the geometric center of the container). ). One open side of band 1 was in contact with the table and a low density polystyrene (LDPE) plastic bag was placed in band 1 and covered the bottom opening. BARBASOL brand shaving cream was discharged into the cavity as in the example of 10. Bands 2 and 3 were in place as in the previous example. The cube container was placed on a sawdust and the filling exploded. Video recordings were obtained and in some cases overpressure at 2.5 and 5.0 ft from the container was measured as in the 11 example. If no aqueous foam was used, the assembly proceeded without the use of LDPE bags and shaving cream.

The task was performed with each series of identical containers with varying fill weights for the purpose of establishing a C ₅₀ value. The sum of the storm data and the C ₅₀ values are described in Tables 4 and 5 respectively.

(12 examples)

The fabrics used in this example were fine denier SPECTRA 1000, 215 denier, 55 * 55 ends per inch, plain weave fabric, area density 0.112 kg / m ² (3.30 oz / yd ² ). A series of identical fine denier fabric containers were constructed in the following manner.

a. The inner shell for band 1 was constructed by wrapping a 27 inch wide layer of fabric around a 30 inch long plate. After wrapping twice, the aluminum frame frame and flap were secured with double stick tape as in the example of 11. Two additional envelopes were made and the flaps and framed frames were sewn and positioned as in the example of 11. Paired VELCRO brand hook and loop fasteners are attached to the outside of the flap. The inner shell became a free standing cube when the flaps were folded and the fasteners engaged. (A cubic mandrel was inserted into the cubic cavity for winding the band to improve stiffness in construction.) The aluminum frame frame had an outer side length of 14 inches and an inner side length of 11 inches. The two flaps were rectangular in shape and the side lengths were 14 × 3 inches. The other two flaps had a rectangle cut at 45 ° to form a trapezoid with the longest 14 inches of side length. The frame and flap weighed 1.65 kg (3.63 lb). The 15 inch wide fabric was wound around the inner shell to achieve an area density of 2.8 kg / m ^{2 on} the face (excluding the weight of aluminum). The fabric was stitched from one side to the other with sewing thread to form band 1.

b. Band 2 was wound around band 1 as in the example of 11 using a 15 inch wide strip of fabric. This band was sewn from one side to the other with a sewing thread as in the example of 11 to form a close band.

c. Band 3 was wound around bands 1 and 2 as in the example of 11 and sewn in a manner similar to band 2.

Test results and C ₅₀ values are described in Tables 4 and 5 respectively.

(13 examples)

The example of 12 was repeated with the following changes. The materials used to form the bands were coarse denier SPECTRA 900, denier of 1200, 21 × 21 ends per inch, plain weave fabric. To make the inner shell for this example, only one shell of the 27-inch wide strip was made before the framed frame and flap were attached. One or more outer shells of a 27 inch wide fabric were made and the framed frame and flap were sewn between the two layers. Test results and C ₅₀ values are described in Tables 4 and 5 respectively.

(14 examples)

The example of 12 was repeated with the following changes. The material used to form the band is the SPECTRA SHIELD composite described in the example of 2 above and having an area density of 0.134 kg / m ² . About 50 weight percent fibers were continuous length fibers in the hoop or band direction. Containers are structured in the following way:

a. The inner shell was constructed of fine denier fabric, framed frame and flap as in the example of 12.

b. Band 1 was constructed by wrapping a 15 inch wide SPECTRA SHIELD composite strip around a 30 inch long aluminum plate with a thickness of 0.125 inch. 14 x 18 inch aluminum plates were used to make the bands 18 inches of these plates overlapping with the 15 inch width of the composite strip. These plates were positioned on the strip with 0.5 inch gaps at both ends of their length and 1 inch gaps at their centers. These plates were positioned on both sides of the composite strip shell on the opposite side for forming.

c. The band is 15 inches wide by 14 inches long (in the hoop or band direction) and approximately 30 minutes of time to create four coalesced faces separated by four unincorporated edges (15 inches wide by 1 inch long). While hydraulically molded under a force of 10 tons at a temperature of about 125 ° C. Four unalloyed edges corresponded to the gap between the four plates.

d. Band 1 was removed from the aluminum plate and cut into cube shapes. The inner shell was inserted into band 1 coaxially.

e. Band 2 was wound around a 30.75 inch length plate and molded in the same manner as Band 1 except that the gap was correspondingly large.

f. Band 3 was wound around a 31.25 inch plate and molded in the same way as Band 1 except that the gap was correspondingly large.

Test results and C ₅₀ values are described in Tables 4 and 5 respectively.

(15 examples)

Example 14 was repeated with the following changes. The material used to form the band was a SPECTRA prepreg sheet (unidirectional sheet commercially available from Allied Signal Incorporated, with an area density of 0.067 kg / m ² ). The container was constructed in the same way except that the two shells of the SPECTRA SHIELD composite strip were used at the beginning and end of each band. Band 1 contains 78 weight percent unidirectional tape and 22 weight percent SPECTRA SHIELD. Bands 2 and 3 contain 81 weight percent unidirectional tape and 19 weight percent SPECTRA SHIELD. About 90 weight percent of the fibers were continuous length fibers in the hoop or band direction. Test results and C ₅₀ values are described in Tables 4 and 5 respectively.

(16 examples)

The example of 12 was repeated with the following changes. The material used to form the inner shell and bands was rough (3000) denier KEVLAR with an area density of 0.446 kg / m ² , style 745, 17 × 17 ends per inch. 129 aramid fabric fibers. Test results and C ₅₀ values are described in Tables 4 and 5 respectively.

(17 examples)

In this example, a series of four boxes were made for comparative review as follows. A linear density rotary molded polystyrene cube having a weight of 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) and a side length of 17 inches was placed between two plates on an Entec filament winder. A 17 inch wide strip of unidirectional tape precursor for SPECTRA SHIELD PCR (area density 0.0675 kg / m ² with 80 weight percent SPECTRA 1000 fiber and 20 weight percent KRATON D1107 matrix) rotates the cube around its x axis It was wound nine times around the four sides of the cube. As the single sugar tape was wound the adhesive layer (5 weight percent KRATON D1107 in toluene) was applied to the surface with a paint roller. This cube was rotated at a rotation rate of 2 to 3 per minute and stopped intermittently to apply the adhesive as needed. This process was first repeated by rotating the cube around its y axis and by rotating the cube around its z axis. The second set of three bands of nine shells was repeated in the same sequence in the wrapping direction (x then y and then z). 2.5 square inches were cut from one side near one edge. The surfaces of the square holes were parallel to the sides of the face and 2 inches from two adjacent edges. The wrapped container weighed 7.6 kg (16.7) and the wrapping material had an area density of 2.43 kg / m ² . To close the hole in a storm, an aluminum plate 3 × 5 × 0.25 inches in size was inserted diagonally through the hole into the box. For alignment, the 2.4 × 2.4 × 025 inch square plywood was centrally fixed to aluminum with double stick tape. The paper clip loop penetrated two holes of 0.0625 inches in diameter drilled into plywood and aluminum plates. A 0.25 inch diameter nylon tube was inserted through this loop to hold the plate in place. A small hole (0.0625 inches) was drilled in the center of the adjacent side for positioning the explosion wire. Two strips of SPECTRA SHIELD (3 inches wide and equivalent to 9 shells in length) were wrapped around each cube over an aluminum plate held in a resistor in a square hole. These two strips were parallel to the edges of the cube and their length direction formed a right angle over the square hole. Duct tape was used to fix the resulting bands at the beginning, middle and end of each strip. Thus, there are bands perpendicular to each other located around the container, both of which cover the access holes.

Three of the containers were tested for C4 fillings of 28 (1 oz), 43 (1.5 oz), and 57 g (2 oz) each with no storm mitigating material placed inside. Each of the two containers tested at low fill weight contained its filling (passed), while the container tested at 57 g (2 oz) fill weight burst with 3.5 and 6 inch ribs on different edges of the cube. .

The fourth container was filled with GENETRON 134A, a condensable gas commercially available from Allied Signal Incorporated, and tested for 57 g (2 oz) of C4 charge. This container has been left intact.

(18 examples)

Two series of fiber tubes are available, one of which uses SPECTRA 1000 fiber (Style 952, Clark Schwebel, 34 × 34 ends per inch, plain weave, area density 0.204 kg / m ² ) and the other KEVLAR 29 (Style 728, Clark Schwebel, 17 × 17 ends per inch, plain weave, 1500 denier, area density 0.226 kg / m ² ). Each tube is prepared as follows.

a. A 36 x 15 inch wire mesh (0.5 inch mesh opening) was wrapped on a square wooden mandrel with a side length of 7.5 inches. The ends of the wire mesh were overlapped and tapped together.

b. The fabric, 15 inches in width, was wrapped around the wire mesh frame many times to achieve a fabric area density of 3.1 kg / m ² .

c. This assembly was stripped from the mandrel.

d. The fabric sheath was sewn together by sewing through all layers from one side of the tube to the other. KEVLAR 29 Sewing threads are used for manual stitching of continuous seams.

Four identical tubes made of SPECTRA fibers are represented as S1, S2, S3 and S4. Four identical tubes made of KEVLAR 29 fibers are represented by K1, K2, K3 and K4.

The test for the spherical filling of TRENCHRITE-5 at the geometric center of the tube was performed as in the example of 5. Both tubes S4 and K4 were filled with BARBASOL brand shaving cream, an aqueous foam with a specific weight of 0.053 g / cm ³ . The test results are shown in Table 6.

The C ₅₀ value for the SPECTRA fabric tube was calculated to be 2.63 ounces. A 3 ounce fill of TRENCHRITE-5 was used for tubes S2 and S4. Tube S4 is filled with aqueous foam and therefore offers significantly better storm resistance than S2. Precision testing of the videos of tubes S2 and S4 shows that the fireball observed with S2 is completely suppressed at S4 and the foam is blown out of the end of S4. After testing, the test of this tube showed less damage than all other tubes, including tube S1, with tube S1 with a 1.5 ounce fill that is half S4.

The C ₅₀ value for the KEVLAR fabric tube was calculated to be 2.5 ounces. A 4 ounce fill of TRENCHRITE-5 was used for tubes K2 and K4. Tube K4 showed significantly less damage than S2 because it was filled with aqueous foam.

(The conclusion of the example in 1-9)

These examples show that cubic containers constructed from three bands of four sides supporting each other provide significant storm resistance. Box 2 of 15 inches of side length in Example 2 can contain a large explosive charge and nearly the same density as the control cubic container of Example 1 of 31 inches in side length (using SPECTRA SHIELD composite panel). Created). Thus, similar performance is obtained by using a box that is considerably lighter and smaller than the box of the control cubic container, ie, containing a box of 1⁄4 medium and 1/8 volume of the control cubic container. In addition, the box designed according to the present invention does not have a steel hinge pin that can be opened and closed more easily and can act as a long rod intruder upon explosion. It is noted that the box of the comparative example using the SPECTRA SHIELD composite panel outperforms the box using the KEVLAR composite panel.

Experimenting with the box of Example 2 after the explosive test indicates that, in conjunction with the results of the high-speed photography, container breakage is not caused by shock hole (rupture caused by impulse of shock waves against the container wall). 쇽 Holing does not cause rupture of the container in the center of the cube's faces. In no case was the failure generated along the edge of the box observed. The bands of these boxes allowed the venting of the twisted gas during the explosion. The flaps of the box with flaps helped control but did not eliminate hot gas aeration. To further reduce this aeration, the inner band was made more rigid than in the example of 3 by incorporating a rigid epoxy inner shell. The container easily contained 6 ounces of explosives with minimal distortion, but without any breathing and no visual permanent damage to the structure.

Referring to the examples of 5-7 and the tables of 1 and 2, it can be seen that the fracture of the rectangular cross-sectional tube is caused by breaking the fibers along the length of the edge. These tears were oriented parallel to the length of the tube and perpendicular to the hoop direction of the tube. The ballistic performance of the tube was increased by increasing the segment of continuous fibers in the hoop direction of the tube (5 vs 6). A 50% increase in fiber fragments resulted in a 50% increase in C ₅₀ values.

The results described in Tables 1 and 2 also clearly demonstrated that the rectangular cross section tube is more storm resistant than the circular cross section tube. The rectangular cross-section tube was warped in a more nearly circular cross-section, resulting in an increase in cross-sectional area, increasing the internal volume of the tube by 30%. It is believed that this effectively lowered the strain that the fiber received and that the response reduced the application of high tensile forces, thereby reducing its size.

Referring to the data for the square cross-section tube and Table 3, it can be seen that less damage occurred with less overall tube length and that the SPECTRA SHIELD fibrous layer was strengthened using heat and pressure rather than adhesive solution.

For all tubes, the tearing direction was parallel to the length of the tube. As a result, in the example of 9, the tearing length is limited by winding the tube in the hoop direction together with the band (mini band) of the reinforced unidirectional strip. By limiting the length of the tears, this form is expected to create tubes and containers structured according to the principle of limiting the rate of gas release and thereby more resistant to very large breaks.

(Conclusion of examples of 10-16, 17 and 18)

In all cases, the storm mitigating material (aqueous foam) significantly improved the efficiency of the storm resistant container. The temperature of this constrained foam increased significantly above the critical temperature of about 25 ° C. Typically, the foam on was 70 ° C. when measured in a container assembly that resists an explosion of 170 g (6 ounces) of C4.

The example of 11 shows that the aqueous foam not only mitigates the storm but also prevents ignition. At about half the fill level of the C ₅₀ of the container plus foam assembly, there was noticeable container damage followed by ignition that destroyed the container.

Examples 12-16 show a very important role in providing storm protection, providing protection against explosive charges that are two to four times the weight of what can be contained without foam. These examples also show that coarse fibers constructed from higher denier SPECTRA 900 yarns provide storm protection similar to the fairly expensive delicate fibers using lower denier SPECTRA 1000 yarns. All of these examples include a container that is made collapsible when empty, ie without storm mitigating material therein. These are particularly useful in space constraints.

The example of 17 shows that the storm resistance is improved when the air is a condensable gas at low sound velocity in cooperation with a non-collapsible container with a closing door and band. In addition to mitigating shock waves from explosions, some of these gases also skip oxidation processes to prevent ignition.

The example of 18 shows that the advantages achieved in a closed container by the use of an aqueous foam can also be realized in storm induction tubes.

From the above description, those skilled in the art can easily identify the features of the present invention and can adapt to various uses and conditions by making various changes and modifications of the present invention without departing from the scope and scope thereof.

Storm data for tubes Yes tube Filling (oz) Result ^※ 5555 ABCD 8466 One break, no 6 "tear break on the edge One break, no 3" tear break on the edge 6666 ABCD 9131110 No breaks Two breaks, 11 "tear on edge and 12" tear on edge Two breaks, 6 "tear on edge and 4" tear on edge One tear, 6 "tear on edge 7777 ABCD 12842 Six breaks, 22 ", 20", 8 ", 8", 22 "and 5" tears Six breaks, 1 ", 3.5", 1.5 ", 15", 3 ", 13" tears 2.5 "no tearing ^※ All tears are oriented parallel to the length of the tube.

Comparison of Storm Resistance of Different Tubes Yes Section shape Short continuous fiber hoop direction C ₅₀ (oz) 5 square 0.50 6.5 6 square 0.75 9.5 7 circle 0.50 3.0

8 example storm data for a 2 oz filling series Tube length (inch) Result ^※ 1 (adhesive) 2 (adhesive) 3 (pressure) 4 (pressure) 1522.51522.5 One break, 4 "tear on edge Two tears, 3.5" tear on edge and 1.75 "tear One tear, 2.5" tear on edge One tear, 3.75 "tear on edge ^※ All tears are oriented parallel to the length of the tube.

Storm data for 12-18 examples Yes C4 Filling Weight (g / oz) Result ^※ 121212 Air Foam 85 / 3.0 --- --- 170 / 6.0 --- 227 / 8.0 Destruction 13131313 43 / 1.5 --- 71 / 2.5 --- --- 142 / 5.0 --- 170 / 6.0 Break through 14141414 43 / 1.5 --- 71 / 2.5 --- --- 199 / 7.0 --- 227 / 8.0 Break through 15151515 43 / 1.5 --- 71 / 2.5 --- --- 170 / 6.0 --- 227 / 8.0 Break through 1616 43 / 1.5 --- --- 170 / 6.0 Destruction ^The pass-container / container assembly included the filling.

Destruction-The container has been destroyed.

Comparison of Storm Resistance for the 12-16 Examples Yes Air / foam Short continuous fiber hoop direction C50 (g / oz) ※ 1212 Air foam 0.500.50 <85 / <3.0199 / 7.0 1313 Air foam 0.500.50 57 / 2.0156 / 5.5 1414 Air foam 0.901.00 57 / 2.0213 / 7.5 1515 Air foam 0.500.50 49.7 / 1.75199 / 7.0 1616 Air foam 0.500.50 <43 / <1.5> 170 /> 6.0 ^※ Average of the highest through filling weight and the lowest breaking filling weight

Storm data for 18 examples Yes Explosion Filling (oz) result S1S2S3S4 ^※ 1.53.02.253.0 Pass-through / no split / tear Destruction- 4 ”slit in corner seam Pass-through / no split / tear Pass-through / no split / tear K1K2K3K4 ^※ 2.04.03.04.0 Pass-through / no split / tear Destruction- Severe Slit / Tear Destruction- 5 "and 8" Slit / Tear Destruction- 3.5 "and 10.5" Slit / Tear ^※ Filled with Storm Mitigating Materials (Aqueous Foam)

Claims (18)

A storm resistant container assembly for storing explosives, the container assembly comprising: a. A container made of storm-resistant material and foldable for storage when empty, and b. A storm mitigating material located within the container, The container includes three or more bands oriented relative to one another when assembled to enclose a space to form a container wall, the bands being foldable for storage upon disassembly, the one or more such A band assembly comprising a storm resistant material comprising: The band includes a first inner band placed in a second band placed in a third band, the band being slidable relative to one another and having a thickness equal to the sum of the thicknesses of the two or more bands. A wall, each band comprising a plurality of faces, each face being connected with a fibrous material from one or more common edges to another face, said fibrous material being said Acting as a hinge between the faces, wherein the faces of the at least one band are rigid. The method of claim 1 wherein the storm mitigating material is polymeric foams, particles, condensable gases, heat sink material, foamed glass, microballoons ), A balloon assembly, ballooners, bladders, hollow spheres, wicking fibers, and combinations thereof. The container assembly of claim 1, wherein the storm mitigating material comprises an aqueous foam. The method of claim 1 wherein the storm resistant material comprises at least one network of fibers, wherein at least about 50 weight percent of the fibers are continuous length fibers surrounding the constant space. Container assembly. 5. The container assembly of claim 4, wherein the fibers of the network are in a resin materix. delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete delete