KR100312528B1 - Method for designing a tunnel-blasting pattern diagram and Recording medium with a program for providing a tunnel-blasting pattern diagram - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention records the blast pattern diagram automatic design method and the program providing the tunnel blast pattern diagram for automatically outputting the tunnel blast pattern and the primer / gunpowder history using various field conditions required for tunnel blasting as input data It relates to a recording medium. In the automatic design method of blasting pattern, the blasting pattern design can be done automatically by computer by making the modified Blasting theory and the modified design formula based on domestic explosives and geological rock condition based on Swedish method. Developed software. In addition, the blasting pattern calculation theory and the field situation were simultaneously considered by adding a manual correction step that can be applied to varying site specific situations and an experienced part of the site manager. In addition, it is possible to achieve safety blasting to prevent damage caused by blasting vibration by predicting blasting vibration value during blasting operation using input of mechanical properties of rock, etc. and modifying blasting pattern based on this. In addition, it solved the problems of inefficiency and inaccuracies caused by applying most of the standard blasting patterns based on personal empirical factors, and accurately identified the corrective factors caused by the variable field situation and effectively applied them in the field. It is now possible to automatically design modified blasting patterns that can be easily applied.

Description

Recording medium with a program for providing a tunnel-blasting pattern diagram and recording medium with a program for providing a tunnel-blasting pattern diagram

The present invention relates to a method for automatically designing a tunnel blasting method and a recording medium recording a program providing a tunnel blasting pattern diagram. In particular, the present invention relates to various conditions required for tunnel blasting, that is, various conditions related to rock conditions in the field, gunpowder or primer used. The present invention relates to a method for automatically designing a tunnel blasting pattern and a blasting pattern for obtaining a primer / powder usage and a recording medium recording a program providing such a tunnel blasting pattern.

The blasting work using gunpowder as a method of excavating rock in tunnel construction is still widely used because it is more economical than other construction methods. The blasting work that excavates the rock using explosive power of gunpowder should not only maximize the blasting efficiency from the design stage, but also consider the blasting pollution such as tunnel stability and blasting vibration.

However, as a tunnel design method used up to now, a method using a conventional standard blasting pattern diagram designed for each grade of rock with an emphasis on blasting efficiency has been mainly used, and this conventional method occurs as a tunnel is excavated. There was a problem that can not be applied uniformly to various rock conditions. Of course, for this reason, the blast pattern diagram actually used in most tunnel sites is applied by the site manager performing the blasting work by modifying the standard blast pattern diagram based on personal experience. However, depending on the experience, it is impossible to guarantee an appropriate and rapid modification of the blasting pattern in a situation where an objective test for the modification of the blasting pattern cannot be performed.

In addition, the blasting vibration generated by the blasting is a very important problem, and the vibration level to be generated as a result of the blasting operation must be predictable before the blasting operation is performed. However, it takes a lot of time and money, and in the case of many tunnel sites, there is a problem of causing environmental damage due to blasting vibration by designing and constructing an exaggerated blasting pattern considering only enough blasting effect without considering blasting vibration. .

As described above, in the tunnel blasting work, based on the standard blasting pattern determined by the theory, most of the standard blasting patterns are modified and applied depending on personal empirical factors. It is a technical problem of the present invention to provide a method for automatically designing a modified blasting pattern diagram that can be accurately identified and corrected in the field.

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to input a variety of field conditions necessary for tunnel blasting in the tunnel blasting operation, that is, rock conditions of the field, gunpowder or primer used, and the like, The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for designing a tunnel blast pattern to automatically form a blast pattern diagram that objectively and accurately reflects various various field situations by automatically outputting the primer / powder usage history.

In addition, another object of the present invention is to provide a tunnel blast pattern automatic design method for minimizing blast vibration by predicting the vibration value according to the blasting during blasting operation and modifying the blast pattern based on the blasting pattern. .

Another object of the present invention, by modifying the blasting pattern diagram by manually inputting the site conditions that are variable according to the changing site conditions during the blasting work to quickly and accurately modify the predetermined blasting pattern diagram according to the changing site conditions The tunnel blast pattern to provide an automatic design method.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a recording medium which records a design program which automatically calculates and outputs the above-described blasting pattern diagram through a computer and can be manually corrected as necessary.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention,

A tunnel cross section determining step 110 for determining a cross section shape of the tunnel to be blasted and inputting a variable corresponding to the selected tunnel cross section to determine the tunnel cross section;

Data input / storage step to select the type of heart, enter the tunnel information into the tunnel database, enter the information of the gunpowder into the gunpowder database, and input and store the primer information into the primer database. 120;

On the basis of one proposal formula selected for tunnel blasting and each data input in the data input / storage step, the design parameters used in the tunnel blast pattern diagram design directly, that is, rock coefficient, space spacing, resistance line Design parameter calculation step 130 for determining the length and type and number of gunpowder used; And

Blasting pattern determination step 140 for determining the location of the blast hole on the tunnel cross-section, the determination of the use of gunpowder, and determine the appropriate delay time for each blast hole based on the design parameters determined in the step; Patterns also provide a design method.

In addition, the present invention provides a blast vibration prediction step 150 for predicting the vibration value according to the blasting based on the blast pattern determined through the above steps, and when the predicted vibration value exceeds the reference vibration value, Positioning of the blasting hole on the tunnel cross section, determining the use history of gunpowder, and correcting the delay time appropriate for each blasting hole, thereby adding a blasting vibration correction step 160 to ensure that the vibration caused by the blasting pattern is located within the allowable vibration value. To perform.

In addition, the present invention may additionally include a manual change step (170) to manually change the blast pattern diagram automatically designed, thereby additionally appropriately reflect the site situation that the user does not consider in the automatic automatic design method. Make sure

In addition, the present invention,

A data input area for receiving or determining an input variable value as a material for blast pattern drawing, a design parameter calculation area for calculating a design parameter from the data input in the data input area, and a calculation parameter calculated in the design parameter calculation area. It includes an output area that visually shows the tunnel blast pattern from the design parameters,

The data input area includes a tunnel cross-sectional shape determining area, a field and blasting condition determining area, and a gunpowder and a primer determining area, and the tunnel cross-sectional shape determining area is divided into a plurality of tunnel shapes as a tunnel shape variable. A region selected by an input, a region receiving a detailed input variable according to the selected tunnel form variable, and a region completing the cross-sectional form through a function of drawing a cross-sectional form, wherein the field and the blasting condition determining region include a field and a blasting region. A condition into which a condition is input and stored as a variable, and the use gunpowder and primer deciding area includes an area where gunpowder and primer to be used are selected from gunpowder and primer database files and stored as a variable,

The design parameter calculation region uses a function formula in the form of a predetermined formula along with tunnel cross-sectional shape parameters, field and blasting condition variables, and gunpowder and primer variables determined in the data input region. It includes the area for calculating the design parameters related to the drilling position such as the resistance line of the ball, the bottom hole and the outermost hole, and the space spacing in each ball, and the gunpowder to be used for each ball, the gun charge, the primer used, and the detonation order. And an area for calculating a primer related design parameter, and

The blast pattern diagram output region is a region for visually outputting the blast pattern diagram based on the design parameter calculated in the design parameter calculation region, so that the design parameters are expressed in text form so that the output blast pattern diagram can be corrected. The pattern diagram output region includes a region for outputting usage history of the gunpowder and the primer calculated in the design parameter calculation region.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an automatic tunnel blast design method according to the present invention, and FIG. 1B is a block of an automatic tunnel blast design method further comprising a blast vibration prediction step and a blast vibration correction step for predicting and properly correcting a blast vibration. FIG. 1C is a block diagram of an automatic tunnel blast design method further comprising a manual correction step for manually correcting a site in response to a site situation.

2 is a view showing the shape of a plurality of standard tunnel cross-section;

Fig. 3a shows the names of the parts of the tunnel section, and Fig. 3b shows the four sections center cut.

Figure 4a is an illustration of the heart position, Figure 4b is another illustration of the heart position, Figure 4c is an illustration of the puncture position design of the heart, Figure 4d is an illustration of the puncture position design of the lower end of the heart and the outermost 4E is a schematic diagram of preparing a perforation design of the periphery of the heart, FIG. 4F is an illustration of a perimeter design of the periphery of the heart, and FIG. 4G is a schematic diagram for determining the perforation space of the periphery;

5 is a graph showing a general form of blast vibration;

6 is a block diagram illustrating a method for automatically designing a lower blast pattern diagram for bench blasting of a tunnel;

7 shows bench design parameters for bench blasting of tunnels; And

FIG. 8A illustrates a parallel multi-layer blasting pattern for bench blasting of a tunnel, FIG. 8B illustrates a first modified blasting pattern, and FIG. 8C illustrates a second modified blasting pattern.

9 is a schematic diagram of a program for designing a tunnel blast pattern recorded on a recording medium of the present invention;

10 is a diagram showing a program for analyzing blast vibration recorded on a recording medium of the present invention.

Explanation of symbols on the main parts of the drawings

110: tunnel section determination step 120: data input / storage step

130: design parameter calculation step 140: blast pattern determination step

150: blast vibration prediction step 160: blast vibration correction step

170: manual change step

Tunnel blast automatic design method according to the present invention basically comprises the following steps (see Fig. 1a, 1b, 1c, and 2).

1A is a block diagram of a basic tunnel blast automatic design method according to the present invention, and FIG. 1B is a tunnel blast automatic prediction method further comprising a blast vibration prediction step and a blast vibration correction step for predicting and properly correcting a blast vibration. FIG. 1C is a block diagram of an automatic tunnel blast design method further comprising a manual correction step for manually correcting a situation.

Basically, the steps according to the present invention are steps for providing a tunnel blast pattern for the upper section (when only one free surface and only the front surface is free) of the total cross section of the tunnel. The method may further include steps (210 to 240 of FIG. 6) for automatically calculating a bench blasting pattern for the lower end surface (when the free surface is two, that is, the front surface and the upper surface are free surfaces).

Hereinafter, the detailed description and preferred embodiments of each step of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

I. Tunnel Section Determination Step (110)

In the method according to the present invention, information on a cross section of a tunnel in which a blasting pattern is to be prepared as primary input data is required. For the section determination step 110, a predetermined standard section shape is selected from a database of a plurality of standard tunnel section shapes (eg, road tunnels, railway tunnels and entry tunnels) as shown in FIG. The tunnel section is determined by entering other variables such as the radius or length of the selected standard section.

II. Data Entry Steps (120)

In order to perform the blast pattern automatic design method according to the present invention, various databases such as a standard tunnel cross section, a tunnel field data database, a gunpowder database, and a primer database are required. Hereinafter, the data to be input to each database will be described.

If the blasting pattern is designed using only the theoretical suggestions presented in the literature, it will show some difference from the tunnel pattern used in the field. If the pattern diagram designed by applying the theory is impossible or difficult in the field, and the application is avoided in the field, the meaning of the pattern diagram by the automatic design method will be lost. In order to remove such a portion, the automatic blast pattern diagram design method according to the present invention is to properly apply the situation of the field, to calculate the blast pattern diagram that can be actually applied in the field.

First, let's look into the tunnel database.

For this purpose, each database is inputted with various values used in the blasting pattern diagram and site conditions affecting the blasting pattern diagram, and it corrects the value calculated by the formula when designing tunnel blasting pattern automatically. Will perform. Data to be entered into the database is as follows.

① Tunnel site conditions: rock strength, carcinoma, RMR value (Rock Mass Rating according to Bieniawski's rock class classification), drilling equipment, gunpowder, primer, test specimen seismic velocity, field seismic velocity, blasting result (blasting efficiency )

② Values applied to the blasting pattern diagram: the amount of cardiac charges used, the dosages per room for each part of the heart and surrounding holes, the minimum resistance line and space spacing, the maximum dosage per delay, total dosage

In the above data, the strength of the rock is calculated by three methods: Schmidt hammer, point load strength, and uniaxial compressive strength. This means that the Schmidt hammer cannot be measured even if the uniaxial compressive strength is not measured in the field when the tunnel blast pattern automatic design method is executed. This is to allow the use of a built database as a simple experiment that can infer strength, such as a repulsion experiment.

Based on the above data, the calculation of the pattern diagram is based on the input data (rock strength, carcinoma, etc.). It provides a process for doing so.

In addition, the database, like other databases (blasting vibration database, etc.), allows for continuous updating and further work, thereby continually improving the reliability of the results according to the method according to the invention.

Second, we will look at the gunpowder database.

The nature of the gunpowder used when designing the tunnel pattern is a very important variable. When the pattern is designed, various properties of gunpowder are used, and these properties are constructed by inputting and inputting all the gunpowders commonly used so far to build a gunpowder database.

Third, the primer database is used to assign blast hole delay time, the final stage of pattern design.

For reference, in order to predict and correct blasting vibration to be applied later, a blasting vibration database is required and will be described.

In order to predict blasting vibration when blasting by blasting pattern using blasting vibration analysis steps, the blasting vibration equation must be completed by measuring blasting vibration first. However, it is cost and time to derive the blasting vibration formula by conducting test blasting in the field before the work blasting is performed.In order to predict the blasting vibration and the blasting vibration without such measurement, the field conditions and the blasting vibration expression are inputted. You need a database.

The aim of the blasting vibration database is to infer the range of constants (n, k) needed for blasting vibration from various conditions in the field without determining the blasting vibration equation through test blasting and vibration measurement in the field.

Data to be entered into this database is measured and entered on site, and the contents are as follows.

① Site and rock conditions: compressive strength of rock, site and test specimen seismic velocity, gunpowder, type of heart used, RMR value (Bieniawski's rock mass classification: Rock Mass Rating)

② Blasting vibration constant: n, K

III. Design Parameter Calculation Step 130

Hereinafter, in order to automatically design a blasting pattern from each of the databases as described above, all the design parameters required for the blasting pattern (for example, rock coefficient, resistance line length, cloth spacing, type of gunpowder and charge amount, etc.) Should be calculated.

Quantitative equations are needed to calculate these design parameters. In the literature, these methods have been introduced by many scholars, and the Swedish method is usually the most useful.

In the present invention, first, a method of automatically designing a blast pattern is based on the Swedish method. In addition, many of these equations are not suitable for the target site. Therefore, in order to enable the empirical pattern design method of the site to be applied to the automatic design method, a modified proposal formula is provided in comparison with the theoretical proposal formula in the literature. Accordingly, a method of automatically designing a blast pattern diagram suitable for a site situation will also be described.

First, I will explain how to automatically design the blast pattern diagram based on the Swedish method.

Constants and Terms Used in Blasting Design

The constants and terminology used in designing such blasting are explained first as follows (a) to (bar). (A) Rock constant (unit: kg / ㎥) Although predominantly used for evaluating the ease of blasting, there is a constant used to calculate the dose in rock blasting, which is the rock coefficient (c). In general, the amount of gunpowder needed to break 1m3 of rock by empirical methods. Swedish rock blasting results are generally known to be around 0.4, and can be obtained by numerous blasts, usually by a vertical hole with a diameter of 32 mm. The upper bench is 0.5-1 m and the ball length is about 1.3 times the resistance. Resistance should be matched to bench height. In this method, the initial c value is assumed and blasted to determine the appropriate c value based on the degree of rock movement. The gunpowder starts with the expected drug charge and lasts until it is fully broken. If the rock's center of gravity is 0-1m, it is considered sufficient. If the center of gravity shifts to 2, 4, 6, 8m, this means that it is an exaggeration of 10, 20, 30 and 40%, respectively. The c value is often 1.2 times the amount of the spleen, which has come from numerous trials and errors. In the blasting of highly brittle crystalline granite, the c value is about 0.2kg / ㎥, and generally the c value is about 0.5-1.0, and in the case of rocky rocks with regular fissure, it is 0.4 from sandstone to granite. (B) Relative weight strength (Dimensional) Langfors-Kilhlstrom's concept of weight strength is known to correlate with blasting usability in rock blasting. The weight strength is as follows. Where s is relative to LFB-dynamite. Qv is the explosive energy for 1 kg of gunpowder and V is the volume of gas released when 1 kg is exploded in standard condition (STP). = 5MJ = 850 liters. The weight strength (explosion power) of ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate & Feul Oil) is 0.84, which is calculated based on ANFO rather than the weight strength, which is the relative weight strength. Assuming that the gunpowder weight of any gun powder is s, this value is converted to the relative weight strength (relative explosion power) relative to ANFO as follows: (C) Powder factor or specific charge (unit: kg / ㎥) It means the amount of charge to destroy 1㎥ of rock. The unit is identical to the rock coefficient described above, and the rock coefficient is a numerical value that expresses the characteristics of the rock (e. . This value is determined not only by the characteristics of the rock but also by the geometric shape of the ball and the state of charge. Spleen dose during blasting is, for example, an increase in blast pore size, an increase in rock strength, an improper arrangement of delay time when the dose of the dose is incorrect or not fully developed when the required degree of crushing or displacement of the blasting rock increases. And (e) fixation factor (dimensionless) is a variable related to the ease of blasting determined by the geometric shape of the rock to be removed. It is usually denoted as f and in the case of bench blasting, it is calculated as a function of the blast hole slope as follows: f = 3 / (3 + n) <n: gradation of blast hole> value of n when the blast hole is vertical Is 0 and f has a value of 1. On the other hand, in tunnel blasting, it is an empirical constant that is determined not only by the slope of the blast hole, but also by the position and shape of the blast hole and the geometric position and shape of the blast hole such as the direction of the free surface artificially generated by the heart attack. For example, after a heart attack is triggered in a tunnel blast, an artificial second free plane is generated. If the plane is in a position where blasting is performed downward, the correction factor is given as a value of 1.20. Drilling deviation or faculty drilling (F) This is an error that occurs when drilling the blast hole, and calculates how far the base part of the blast hole is from the planned place as a length or a percentage of the whole. (着 點) + perforation error per 1m × depth of drilling (bar) When drilling the boundary of the look-out tunnel, it is impossible to drill exactly in the boundary due to the shape of the perforator. To drill in a straight line, you have to drill a certain distance from the boundary. In this case, the profile of the tunnel is not straight and is reduced stepwise. For this reason, angles and perforations are made slightly outward from the boundary, which is called 'look-out'.

Literary Theoretical Method: Swedish Method

Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, the Swedish method, which is usually most usefully used in the theoretical method in the literature, will be described.

Figure 3a is a view showing the name of each part of the tunnel cross-section, Figure 3b is a view showing the four-zone heart beat.

(A) Overview

The most distinctive feature of tunnel blasting is the fact that there is only one free plane. For this reason, the design of the tunnel blasting pattern is complicated. First of all, the tunnel plays a role in that the free plane creates an additional free plane in an individual environment. This heart hair has to have a certain amount of space in the rock with one free surface, so the amount of charge is increased compared to other parts and it is the biggest variable that determines the blasting result and the magnitude of vibration.

As shown in FIG. 3A, the blasting pattern of the tunnel is divided into four types of cuts, stopping holes, lifters, and contour holes by the mechanism and role of blasting. The blasting of the tunnel is completed by complementary design and sequential blasting of these four zones.

The hair is divided into two types, parallel hole cut and angled hole cut, depending on the inclination of the ball. The representative method of the former is burn-cut, and the latter is representative of the latter. Is V-Cut.

(B) Burn-cut design method

① Mill factory and excavation site

The excavation length is determined by the diameter of the empty hole or relief hole and the drilling error. The cloth mill (H) is expressed as follows for the four-section cut (see FIG. 3B) as a function of the diameter of the armed medicine (Φ), and the excavation length (X) is usually 95% of the cloth mill. Calculate to the extent.

Η = 0.15 + 34.1Φ-39.4Φ ²

Χ = 0.95Η

Where Φ is the diameter (m) of the holeless hole, Η is the mill (m), and Χ is the excavation length (m). The above equation is valid when the drilling deviation is 2% or less, and it is valid when 0.05m ≤ Φ ≤ 0.25m. If the use of a large diameter bit is difficult to use more than two armed holes, in this case the diameter of the armed holes used in the calculation is modified as follows.

Where Φ is the modified diameter, Φ 'is the diameter of the armed holes, and NB is the number of armed holes.

② cardiac and cardiac enlargement (cut and 'cut spreader')

The four sections shown in FIG. 3B are referred to as cut spreaders, and each quadrilateral is represented as a first quadrangle, a second quadrangle, etc. in the outer direction in the armed medicine. do.

a. First square: The resistance line from the first square to the center armed hole must not exceed 1.7 times the diameter of the armed arm. If this resistance line is more than doubled, the rock between the two blast holes causes only plastic deformation. On the other hand, if less than 1 times, crushed cancers accumulate, and heart blasting returns to failure. Most blasting designs use 1.5 times the armed hole pore resistance for the first heart hole.

That is, B = 1.5 Φ (drilling deviation is less than 1%)

If the drilling error is 1% or more, the value obtained by subtracting the drilling error (F) is used.

Actual resistance wire B ₁ = B-F = 1.5 Φ- F

Here, B ₁ is the resistance line (m) from the center of the armed hole to the first square, and F is the drilling error (m).

The linear dose used for the first rectangle is calculated as follows.

Where l is the linear dose (kg / m), d is the diameter of the blast hole (m), c is the rock coefficient (kg / m ³ ), B is the maximum resistance (m) and S _ANFO is the superexplosive It is the relative weight strength of explosives based on ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate & fuel oil).

b. Second rectangle: There are known resistance lines in the design and sometimes linear doses. If resistance line B is known, the linear dose can be designed using the equation

here, In other words, it means the length of the free surface that one ball of the second square can use (the length of one side of the rectangular cavity caused by the blasting of the first square, which acts as a free surface for the ball of the second square). If the linear dose ( l ) is known, the maximum resistance line can be designed as follows.

Again, the value of Α ' The actual resistance line uses the value obtained by subtracting this drilling error from this value in consideration of the drilling error. In other words, calculate B ₂ = B-F.

However, the value of B ₂ shall not exceed 2A, and the angle of the second square ball towards the free surface shall not exceed 90 °. To simplify the above two conditions,

0.5 A <B ₂ ≤ 2 A

The dose and resistance line determinations in the third and fourth rectangles can be performed in the same manner as the determination method of the second rectangle. In this case, the most important principle in determining the number of squares is that the side length A of the last square must be longer than the square root of the excavation field.

The general color length (T) for the blast hole is 10 times the diameter of the hole (d). In other words,

Τ = 10 d

③ Bottomers

The maximum resistance line is calculated as follows.

Here, f is a correction factor, and generally uses a value of about 1.45 in consideration of the influence of gravity. Is the modified rock coefficient, which can be calculated using the following equation.

(For B≥1.4m)

(When B <1.4m)

The actual resistance line is used to correct the values due to the look-out and the puncturing error.

Where γ is the angle of outward angle and H is the fabric mill.

The number of holes in the bottom hole is calculated as follows.

Except for both ends, the space is as follows

At both ends, a value obtained by subtracting the influence of the outward angle from the spatial spacing is used.

In order to improve the blasting efficiency of the air base part, the charge density of the base part is higher than the part close to the free surface, and the part charged on the base part is the bottom charge and the free side charge part is the column charge. ) And the remaining space toward the free surface except these two parts is colored. In this case, it is better to use 70% of the lower-injection drug compared to the empty storage drug, but the same value is used in the field because it is difficult to prepare. The bottom charge length (h _b ), the column charge length (h _c ) and the stemming length (T) can be calculated as follows.

T = 10d

④ stopping holes

It is almost identical to the design of the bottom hole, except that the correction factor according to the position change of the blast hole uses the following values.

When blasting in the upward, horizontal direction: f = 1.45

When blasting down: f = 1.2

The captive drug is selected to 50% of the density of preservatives, and the color is the same as the bottom hole. The formula for the determination of the spacing is as follows.

⑤ contour holes

If the control blasting (smooth blasting) is not carried out by calculating the correction factor (fixation factor) value of 1.2 and calculated in the same way as the design of the bottom hole, the claim drug is selected as 50% of the density of the stored chemical. In the case of smooth blasting, the optimal spacing is determined as follows.

, (15≤k≤16)

Normally, use k = 15.

The length of the resistance wire is calculated by the following equation.

When the minimum dose concentration for the clean blasting surface is expressed as the linear dose, it can be expressed by the following formula.

Where d is the pore diameter (m) and l is the linear dose (kg / m).

When using ANFO, a superexplosive, the above formula means that the diameter of the charge should be about 1/3 of the pore diameter to take advantage of the decoupling effect.

Here too, correction by puncturing error and outward angle is necessary, and the actual practical burden in case of correction is as follows.

To make a complete incision up to the collar, the ball is loaded over the entire length of the ball.

(C) V-cut design

① Introduction

V-cut is a representative method of oblique perforation has the advantage that it can produce a lot of effects with low energy consumption, but has the disadvantage that the oblique perforation of the exact angle is difficult and the excavation length is limited by the tunnel width.

Drilling site is usually selected about 45-50% of the tunnel width. If the drilling error is more than 5%, the drilling plant of the adjacent hole is too close and there is a risk of net width.

The angle of inclined perforated heart holes with the face is 60 ° or more in terms of energy efficiency.

② Heart rate calculation

Total heart part height: Η _c = 46 × d

Resistance wire length: Β = 34 × d

Bottom charge concentration: (d: m)

Bottom charge length:

Column charge concentration:

Stemming length:

Number of wedges in the floor plan: 3

③ Heart enlargement

Cardiac augmentations are also drilled inclined towards the tunnel axis.

Resistance wire length:

Bottom charge concentration: (d: m)

Bottom charge length:

Column charge concentration:

Stemming length:

On the floor plan, the resistance wire length should satisfy B ≤ 0.5L-0.2.

④ other parts

The calculation method for the bottom hole, the surrounding hole, and the outermost hole is the same as the burn-cut.

(D) Detonation order

① Heart beat (but in the case of burn-cut, start from the first rectangle, and in the case of V-cut, start from the center)

② Stopping (However, proceed from horizontal blasting to downward blasting.)

③ bottom hole

④ Outermost work (ceiling)

⑤ Outermost work (wall surface)

In addition, the following points should be noted as limitations for successful smooth blasting. When the design of the outermost hole is perfected, sometimes the result of the poor dose due to the amount of charge of the closest blasting hole (the closest hole closest to the outermost hole) cannot be taken into account. Increasing the amount of charge in the hole near the end surface will cause the crack to penetrate deeper than the control blast surface. It is necessary to optimize the dosage after limiting the damage range of the periphery of the end face.

Ⅳ. Blasting pattern determination step (140)

In order to determine the blasting pattern, the position of the blasting hole on the tunnel cross section, each blasting space blasting parallax, and the use history of the gunpowder are determined.

Not all cases have been described, and only the case where the burn-cut is used in the road tunnel, for example, the process of determining the position and the blasting time difference of the blast hole in the method according to the present invention by using the information of the resistance line and the space spacing. Do it. For other tunnel sections and V-cuts, the basic decision principle is very similar, with some differences due to their morphological characteristics.

① Positioning and design of heart hair

Positioning: FIG. 4A shows only the bottom hole at the bottom of the heart, and FIG. 4B shows the bottom hole and the upper peripheral hole 1 row at the bottom of the heart. Figure 4a is the bottom of the heart is located 0.96m height from the floor, Figure 4b is located 2m from the floor. If the bottom hole and the peripheral hole 1 row is installed below the heart hair as shown in Figure 4b the position of the heart hair is somewhat higher. In the case of FIG. 4A, the position of the heart is shown to be more appropriate than that of FIG. 4B, and when the surrounding hole is blasted after the heart is blasted, the up-blasting is less than that of FIG. 4B, and the blasting efficiency can be further increased by inducing downward blasting as much as possible. . In addition, since the amount of buckle accumulated in front of the curtain surface during the blasting of the bottom hole is small, the success rate of the bottom hole blasting can be increased. In the program, the bottom of the core was kept at a height between 1 and 2 m from the bottom of the tunnel. If this was not the case, the core was designed to be placed in the next row of the bottom.

-Determination of the puncturing position (see Fig. 4c): Since there are two armed holes, if you arrange them vertically, you have to move the upper and lower corner balls of the first rectangle slightly. Other balls are placed in the manner calculated by the design. However, in the drawings, reference numerals denote numbers of squares.

② Determine the puncture position of the lower end of the heart (see Fig. 4d)

-Using the information about the minimum resistance line and space spacing of the balls to be installed at the bottom of the heart, determine the puncture position. In this test design, it was decided to install only the bottom hole at the lower end of the core, so the influence area of the bottom hole was constructed and only the position of the bottom hole was determined. If the program decides to arrange an additional row of peripheral holes at the bottom of the heart, the position of the blast hole is determined by considering the effect of the outermost hole.

③ outermost hole (see Fig. 4d)

-Balls are drilled along the circumference of the tunnel cross-section. In this case, dividing the length of the circumference by the space gap of the outermost hole becomes a real number rather than an integer. The spacing will not be as large or exceeded as much. To prevent this phenomenon, it is necessary to adjust the space spacing slightly so that an integer is calculated when dividing the length of the circumference by the space spacing. The process and result are as follows.

Length of tunnel section circumference = 7.5 × π = 23.56 m

Number of balls to be installed along the circumference = =

= 34

Space actually applied = 23.56 / (34-1) = 0.71 m

Number of outermost holes = 34-2 = 32 (first and last balls replaced by bottom holes)

In the present invention, the position of the outermost hole is determined by applying a new spacing through this process.

④ Peripheral hole (refer to FIGS. 4e and 4f)

-From the outermost sphere of influence curve, assume the curve of concentric circles toward the heart section at intervals of the length of the minimum resistance line determined for the neighboring holes in order. In this case, the resistance line was selected as the length of the resistance line for upward and horizontal blasting for convenience of drawing. (In the case of road tunnels, it is very difficult to distinguish the blast holes in the up and horizontal directions as the semi-circular holes are semicircular, so the resistance lines and the space spacing for the blast holes in the up and horizontal directions are relatively small in all cases. However, in railway tunnels and entry tunnels, it is easy to distinguish between up / horizontal and downward, so that the values for each are applied.)

If the last curve is too close to the heart, the last curve is corrected vertically and horizontally to prevent too close to the heart and to remove the voids on the left and right sides of the heart. (The distance between the blasting hole of the closest circular periphery of the heart and the outermost blasting hole of the heart is between 0.5 and 1.4 times the resistance of the perforation hole. Covered by)

As with the outermost hole, the neighboring hole needs to be calibrated for each curve when selecting the puncturing position along the constructed curve. The correction method and result are as follows.

Unlike the outermost hole, the circumferential angle does not become π by the balls to be installed at the lower end of the core. As shown in Fig. 4G, the length of the circumference is a portion drawn with a dark line, and the formula for calculating the length is as follows.

Since circumferential length =

The circumferential lengths and calibrated spacings calculated using this formula are shown in Table 1.

[Table 1] Peripheral hole design

In the above calculation, H is all the same as 0.96m, and when the hole position is determined on the curve, it fills the empty space on the left and right of the heart. (See Figure 4f)

The vertical hole calculates the appropriate number of rows according to the resistance of the peripheral hole in the space generated on the left and right sides of the heart, and then the number of blasting holes according to the space spacing of the peripheral hole at the place where the column is to be constructed. Calculate and correct the resistance line and space spacing according to the calculated value to determine the position for each blast hole.

⑤ Determination of detonation order and selection of primer used

-Basically, the delay time is allocated according to the design method proposed by the Swedish method.

-Different delays are allocated for the first and second square balls so that the crushed rock is sufficiently removed, followed by two pairs for the subsequent squares. The parallax of the first square blast holes is at least 40 ms. In the case of the V-cut, the heart was allowed to have a time difference of 40 ms or more in each row, so that the blast vibration could be suppressed as much as possible.

-Peripheral holes are to be blasted first near the heart, and concentric curves (1 outermost curve, 3 periphery curves) and the bottom line are divided into 3 parts. After that, give a delay to blast the center part. The primers were assigned one stage for each detonation order (detonation order: vertical or horizontal peripheral hole → circular peripheral hole → bottom horizontal peripheral hole → bottom hole → outermost hole → both ends of bottom hole).

-The two openings at each end of the floor give a delay time so that they can be blasted at the end, and in the use of primer and gunpowder, these two balls are divided into the outermost hole, not the bottom hole (but the amount of charge is calculated from the bottom hole. use.)

Ⅴ. Blasting vibration prediction step 150 and blasting vibration correction step 160

When blasting is performed with the blasting pattern determined by the blasting pattern design method, it is very important to predict and correct the magnitude of vibration according to the blasting.

Accordingly, in the method of the present invention, the vibration value according to the blasting is predicted in the blasting vibration prediction step 150 based on the blasting pattern diagram determined through the above steps, and the predicted vibration value V is the allowable vibration value. If exceeded (152), the position of the blast hole on the tunnel cross section, determination of the use history of the gunpowder, and correction of the appropriate delay time for each blast hole, the vibration value (V) by the blast pattern can be located within the allowable vibration value. A blasting vibration correction step 160 is further performed.

Hereinafter, the blast vibration prediction step 150 for analyzing and predicting the blast vibration and the blast vibration correction steps 160 according to the result will be described in detail.

Two functions are required for the blast vibration prediction step 150. Hereinafter, the basic theory, function, and method of performing the blasting vibration calculation step will be described.

First, the basic theory of blast vibration and blast vibration velocity will be discussed. The shock wave propagated from the width source into the rock mass is significantly attenuated with distance, so that a part of the energy due to the blast propagates in the rock outside the crack in the form of an elastic wave. These seismic waves propagate in the rock and generate vibrations in the ground and the structure above the ground, which is called blast vibration.

The seismic wave is mainly divided into P wave (long wave or compressed wave), S wave (horizontal wave or shear wave) propagating inside the rock, and Rayleigh wave (R wave), which is a surface wave propagating the rock surface. R wave is slower than P wave and S wave, but it is relatively low frequency vibration, so it has small amplitude attenuation and propagates far. This is well illustrated in Figure 5, which is a record of blasting vibrations. The farther the distance from the width source is, the more important Rayleigh wave (R wave) becomes.

In order to fully analyze the blasting vibration, as shown in FIG. 5, three components, a vertical component (V), a long component (L), and a tangential component (transverse, T) perpendicular to the direction of the two waves, are shown. All orthogonal components should be measured. In general, it is known that P waves, which are compressed waves, are S waves, which are shear waves, and R waves, which are surface waves, are vertical components.

The relative magnitude of these three components varies with the interaction of the seismic waves generated by the rock, topography and blasting. Usually, the largest component is the vertical component, and sometimes the traveling component is equal to or greater than the vertical component. The tangent component is known to be the smallest of the three components, but it does not show a constant tendency.

In general, measurement investigations on blast vibrations and studies on permissible vibration values have been conducted mainly on the maximum value of a single component regardless of the components. However, in the strict sense, the maximum value of the ground vibration due to blasting is not the maximum value of the single component but the maximum value of the vector sum of three components expressed by Equation (1.1), and the maximum value of the vector sum is about 10 than the maximum of the single component. % Is known to have a higher value. Therefore, the maximum value of the vector sum is mainly used in the measurement and analysis process according to the present invention in order to obtain a higher safety factor in the application.

(1.1)

Where V _L is the traveling component vibration velocity, V _V is the vertical component vibration velocity, and V _T is the tangential component vibration velocity.

Fig. 5 shows a general form of blasting vibration, where P denotes a compressed wave, S denotes a shear wave, R denotes a Rayleigh wave, and L denotes a traveling direction, V denotes a vertical direction and T denotes a tangential direction.

The conditions that determine the propagation characteristics of blasting vibration can be divided into location conditions and blasting conditions. Location conditions refer to the morphology of the blasting site and nearby structures, geological features and mechanical properties of the target rock, and blasting conditions include the type of explosives used, the dosage, the detonation method, the coloration, the number of free surfaces, the type of blasting, The distance between the explosion source and the point.

All of these factors have a significant effect on the magnitude and propagation characteristics of blast vibration, but among these, the geological characteristics of the ground and the use of delayed primers are deeply related to the propagation of seismic waves, such as the development of discontinuities in the rock and the strength of the rocks. As a result, the maximum dose per delay and the distance from the source are the most important factors affecting the magnitude and propagation characteristics of the blasting vibration.

However, due to the complexity of the discontinuity and the geological structure in the ground, the theoretical approach to the vibration propagation is accompanied by many difficulties, and the importance of empirical research has been highlighted because the propagation characteristics of the same rocks vary according to the blasting conditions of the site. . Many researchers, such as Hendron, Devine, and Oriad, have used the maximum vibration velocity, which is the basis for structural damage, as the main variable and the distance from the source of width based on the dimensional analysis of variables related to blasting phenomena and the measurement experience of many blasting vibrations. It is suggested that it can be represented by empirical relations such as (1.2).

(1.2)

Where V: ground velocity (particle velocity, cm / sec)

R: Distance from blast source (m)

W: charge per delay (charge per delay, kg)

K, n: Constants depending on geological rock conditions and blasting conditions

b: 1/2 or 1/3

In Equation (1.2), R / W ^b, which is the ratio of distance to maximum dose per delay, is called scaled distance (SD), and if b = 1/2, then square root scaled distance, b = 1/3 It is called cube root scaled distance. It is a form of converting the distance into the ratio of the square and the square of the dose, respectively, but both are used, but it is generally known that the triangular root at a relatively close distance and the square root at a far distance are better suited.

In the case of subway construction, in addition to (1.2), the empirical equation (1.3), which is proposed by Japan's Yoshigawa, is used to predict blasting vibration.

(1.3)

Where K is the constant, W is the dose per delay, and R is the distance from the blast source.

Equation (1.3) has a merit that it can be easily obtained in the field because there is only one constant to be obtained at the work site. However, this equation has limitations in its application because it is derived from a study of a specific area.

Therefore, in the present invention, as the empirical equation for the prediction of the blasting vibration, the most common equation (1.2) is calculated.

In the blasting vibration equation of (1.2), the vibration damping characteristics according to the properties of the ground and the blasting conditions are reflected in the constants K and n. Therefore, for the safety blasting design, the K and n constant values are determined through the test blasting in the target area. It becomes very important. Here, regression analysis is performed using the measured data to obtain the K and n constant values. At this time, at least 30 measured data are used, and the reliability of the vibration expression is higher as the correlation coefficient of the regression analysis increases. The value must be at least 0.8.

Once the K and n values are determined and the allowable vibration velocity is given, the conversion distance for the allowable vibration velocity can be obtained from equation (1.2), and the relationship between the distance from the source and the maximum dose per delay can be obtained using the converted conversion distance. You can create a nomogram that represents.

In order to apply the data obtained from the test blasting to the formula (1.2), the data should be regressed. To do this, log both sides of Equation (1.2) as shown in Equation (1.4), which follows the simple linear regression model shown in Equation (1.6).

(1.4)

(1.5)

( : error, = Number of materials, Is the y value of the data, : X value of the data)

In the simple model above, an unknown linear relationship Is called the population regression line, and the error that occurs when generating the ) Is called the method of least squares. In this program, the blast vibration equation is calculated using this method.

Α and β, which are obtained when the least square method is adopted, are called least square estimators, and can be obtained by the following equation. (Skip the induction process.)

(1.6)

Α, β, n, and K obtained in this way have the same relationship as in Equation (1.7).

n = β, (1.7)

In the blasting vibration equation calculated in the manner described above, 50% of the data is located at the top of the vibration, and the remaining 50% is located at the bottom of the vibration. That is, a vibration equation with 50% reliability is calculated.

In order to increase safety and reliability, it is necessary to calculate a blast vibration equation that can represent 95% of the data, that is, 95% reliability. This can be obtained by moving the y-intercept a with the same slope? Of the regression equation obtained above, to calculate the new y-intercept. The method of calculating this value is as follows.

The standard error SE (α) of the intercept α is calculated as shown in Equation (1.8).

(1.8)

In Eq. (1.8), σ is obtained as Eq. (1.9) as the standard deviation of the error term.

(1.9)

The intercept α follows the t distribution and the 95% confidence value is given by Eq. (1.10).

(1.10)

From the stomach Represents the value when n degrees of freedom and the confidence interval are (100-a)% in the t distribution table. Since the confidence value to be calculated is 95%, a becomes a 5% value, and the t value for this value is shown in Table 2.

Table 2 t Distribution Table (a = 5%)

That is, the method for calculating the blasting vibration equation according to the present invention is a method of outputting the blasting vibration equation (50%, 95% vibration) and the nomogram by inputting data on the vibration speed, the distance from the width source to the station, and the dosage. .

As described above, in order to perform the automatic tunnel blast pattern design method, the blast vibration prediction step for performing the pattern design steps that actually calculate and manufacture the pattern diagram and analyze the blast vibration effect of the designed pattern diagram (150) And blast vibration correction step 160 for correcting and supplementing the results of the calculation through various databases.

Ⅵ. Manual Change of Blasting Pattern (170)

In addition, the present invention may further include a manual blasting pattern change step 170, which can manually change the blasting pattern diagram designed automatically, thereby additionally appropriately reflect the site situation not considered by the automatic design method To help.

For example, the tunnel section determination step 110 may be selected to manually input and modify the shape of the tunnel section or the parameters of the tunnel section.

In addition, the data input / storage step 120 may be selected to manually modify and input data inputted into a heart shape, a tunnel field database, a gunpowder database, and a primer database.

By selecting the design parameter calculation step 130, the parameters directly used in the blasting pattern design, ie, the rock coefficient, the space spacing, the length of the resistance line, and the type and number of gunpowder used may be manually modified.

In addition, by selecting the blast pattern determination step 140, it is possible to manually correct and input data on the location of the specified blast hole on the tunnel cross section, the history of gunpowder, the delay time between each blast hole.

Iii. Lower half-section bench blasting pattern design step (200)

In the design of the tunnel blasting cross section, in addition to the design of the blasting pattern of the upper half section with one free surface as described above, the design of the blasting pattern of the lower half section with two free surfaces, that is, the front and upper free surfaces. Also needed. In consideration of this, the present invention further includes the steps of automatically designing a bench blasting pattern for the lower half-section bench blasting. Hereinafter, the lower half-section bench blasting pattern design steps 200 will be described.

Separate design formulas are required here than the design formulas for the upper half-section described above, which provide resistance lines and spacing as important design parameters. These bench design parameters are shown in FIG.

In the present invention, as a representative design formula, it is based on the variables frequently used in the field in the formula proposed by Langefors (1963) and Olofsson (1990), it is possible to additionally select other pattern formula.

As mentioned above, as the formulas for determining the most important and basic resistance line and spacing in the bench blasting pattern design formula, the following formula proposed by Langefors (1963) and Olofsson (1990) will be examined.

Where B _max = maximum resistance line (m), D = blast pore diameter, = Rock coefficient, f = rock attachment constant (f = 1 for vertical workers, f = 0.9 for slopes 3: 1, f = 0.85 for slopes 2: 1), S / B = blast hole spacing / Resistance line ratio, = Charge density (kg / cm ³ ), PRP = relative weight violence of explosives (1-1.4)

The rock coefficient c is modified as follows.

-B = 1.4-15m

-If B <1.4m

The actual resistance line is as follows.

here, = Maximum resistance line (m), E = is the drilling error (m), d = the diameter error at the inlet and bottom at the drilling (mm) and H = bench height (m).

Olofsson also proposed the following equation based on Langefors' formula.

Here, K = a constant depending on the type of explosives is 1.47 for gelatin dynamite explosives, 1.45 for emulsions explosives, 1.36 for super-explosives ANFO.

(I _b ) = the rod load concentration of the selected explosive (kg / m)

Or table 3

Here, P is the packing degree (kg / m ³ ), d is the blast hole diameter (m).

If no loading density is given, the empirical relation I _b = 90d ^{2 is} used. Lifters multiply by 0.7 but use the same value in the field because of difficulty in preparation. The unit is the same as before.

R ₁ = Inclination Correction Factor (Table 4)

R ₂ = correction factor according to carcinoma (Table 5)

R ₃ = bench height correction factor

If the bench height is H <2B _max and the drilling diameter is smaller than 103mm, R ₃ is obtained by the following equation.

Where H ₁ = actual bench height, H ₂ = bench height = 2B _max (H ₂ H ₁ ).

The method of calculating the actual resistance is the same as that of Langefors.

[Table 3] Charge concentration of various blasting hole diameters and explosives

[Table 4] Slope Correction Factor

[Table 5] Correction coefficients according to carcinoma

As mentioned above, if there is no formula for calculating the bench design variables other than the resistance line in the pattern formula, the following design method is used.

Once the most basic resistance line (B) is determined in the bench design, the bench design parameters can be obtained by the following procedure.

(1) perforation pattern calculation

① Subdrilling: (m)

Additional drilling is theoretically necessary to remove residual rock at an angle of inclination.

② Fabric Mill = Addition of Blasting Hole Depth from 3: 1 Slope of Stair Height + Additional Drill + 5cm / m

H = K + U + 0.05 (K + U) = 1.05 (K + U) (m)

③ Punching error = diameter error of inlet and bottom part of the drilling part d (mm) + direction error (0.03m for 1m of blast hole depth)

E = d / 1000 + 0.03 × H (m)

④ Actual resistance line = Maximum resistance line-Drilling error

B = B _max -E (m)

⑤ actual ball spacing

S = 1.25 × B (m)

⑥ Adjustment of karate to rock width (W)

Number of intervals = maximum integer closest to W / S

S _adj = rock width (W) / number of intervals

In one column, the number of holes (n) is the number of spaces plus one.

⑦ Cloth factory per volume = drilling length required to blast 1m ³ of rock

b = (n × H) / (n × B × S × K) (m / m ³ )

(2) Dose calculation

① height of bottom charge h _b

h _b = 1.3 × B _max

② Preservation dose Q _b

Q _b = I _b × h _b

(Also obtain the charge, intensity I _b)

I _b = rod load concentration of the selected explosive (kg / m)

Or table 3

Where P is the packing degree (kg / m ³ ), d is the blast hole diameter (m).

If no loading density is given, the empirical relation I _b = 90d ^{2 is} used; in the case of a bottom hole, it is multiplied by 0.7, but the same value is used in the field because of difficulty in preparation. The unit is the same as before.

③ Color Length h _o = B

④ concentration of column charge

I _c = 40-60% of I _b

I _c = 0.5 I _b

⑤ Height of Claim

h _c = H-h _b -h _o

⑥ Claim amount

⑦ Total dose

⑧ Loading amount per volume

If the resistance line, spacing, dose, etc. are determined by the previous procedure, the primer array design should be designed by appropriate time difference between rows.

Fadeev et al. Proposed the following equation to calculate the delay time between blast holes.

Where TRB is the delay between blast holes (ms / m of burden), = Density of rock (t / m ³ ), CE = specific load (kg / m ³ ).

This equation gives the following guidelines.

-Delay time TRB between blast holes = 4 to 8 ms / m × resistance line B (m)

-Delay time difference between rupture TRF = 2-3 TRB

= 8 to 24 ms / m × resistance wire B (m)

Based on the above guidelines, once the resistance B is determined, the delay time between the bursts can be determined.

Konya and Walter have tested the different delay lags between rupture bursts.

[Table 6] Evaluation of blasting results according to delay time difference

As can be seen from the table above, the delay time between blasts seems to be 13-20 ms / m, and Larsson's research shows that the step time between rows varies from 10 ms / m (hard rock) to 30 ms / m (soft rock). In general, however, 15ms / m of resistance distance is best. Therefore, based on these results, the program was written so that the delay time between blasts was about 15ms / m.

After determining the delay time difference between the blast bursts, the ignition pattern should be determined. In general, in the field, the ignition pattern is triggered in the form of parallel burst rupture. However, as a result of the researches to date, as shown in FIG. 8B and FIG. 8C, it is reported that the first and second ignition patterns have advantages in terms of crushing and blasting efficiency. Therefore, in the method and program according to the present invention, a parallel blast pattern commonly used as shown in FIG. 8A is designated as a basic and an ignition pattern as shown in FIGS. 8B and 8C can be selected as an option. The blasting effect according to the parallax and the ignition pattern will be verified through the field test in the future.

8A is a simple sequence of detonation of the multi-row blasting constrained to the side. All holes drilled in the same row other than the periphery have the same step, which slows down one step to avoid over drilling to the limit of excavation.

The ignition pattern of FIG. 8B results in better fracture. The ratio of the actual space spacing to the actual resistance line, (S / B), is further advantageous. One drawback of the above ignition pattern is the risk that the central hole in the second row of blasting might explode ahead of the primer in the front row due to the same dispersion of delays of the same number of primers. The blast holes are then constrained so much that they are incompletely broken and cause failure.

8c actually provides each step time for every blast hole. And during blasting, not only does the base break well, but also breaks down well.

Hereinafter, the lower half-section bench blasting design method will be described in more detail at each step.

Tunnel blast pattern automatic design program can be divided into two parts. Blasting pattern program for upper half section and blast pattern program for lower half section. The lower half-section pattern design is not only designed through various variables (rock strength, rock type, rock coefficient, etc.) of the site, which is input data for the upper surface pattern design, but also in the most appropriate literature when the user enters the field conditions arbitrarily. The pattern design by the proposed formula is made possible. Of course, it is possible to perform the linkage with the blasting vibration analysis program and correction of the calculation result through the field database. The design steps are as follows.

First, the lower pattern diagram design step is selected (210).

Since the present invention enters as part of the tunnel blast pattern design program, the first input surface tunnel blast pattern described above is also received through the same process as in the design steps. Since the process of designing the upper pattern has already been described, only the lower half-section design process will be described.

a. Determination of Input Variables-Enter / Save Bench Data (220)

It is the part that decides the necessary variables to calculate the resistance wire spacing and the dose which are used directly in the lower bench design. The input variables are used as input variables in various design proposals.

-Variables related to field conditions: blasting pore, bench height, blasting pore length, color, additional perforation, length of blasting, blasting pore slope, resistance line and space ratio

-Parameters related to rock conditions: rock density, rock uniaxial strength, rock coefficient, seismic velocity of rock

Explosives-related variables: explosive density, bombing, detonation, rock-explosion factor, violence

b. Select Bench Design-Calculate Bench Design Parameters (230)

Once the input variables are determined, the appropriate design formula is selected to calculate the design parameters (rock coefficient, space spacing, resistance wire length, type and number of gunpowder used). The design formula used the formula shown in several literatures. If no design formula is selected, the pattern design process is performed using the parameters determined at the top surface. If the field database is complemented, values may be corrected from the database to increase applicability to the site.

c. Positioning of blast holes, determination of use history of gunpowder, and determination of usage history of primer such as blast space parallax-Bench blast pattern determination step (240)

The location of the blast hole is divided into a general bench ball and the outermost hole. Bench blasting in tunnels requires the design of the outermost perforations, since two free surfaces or outermost areas are constrained like a general bench. Blasting lag allowed the three methods presented above to be used selectively. The basic parallax design was designed so that the general bench blasted first and the outermost blasted last.

① General bench ball

-The bench height determined in the section type input window becomes the first bench line. Based on this, the location is determined by the resistance line and the space spacing presented in each method. The time difference is determined by three methods, starting from near the benchmark.

② Contour

-Since the condition is the same as the upper surface, use the space spacing and resistance line of the upper surface as it is. Depending on the height of the bench, blasting or slow blasting is determined. It is designed to blast after blasting of general bench ball.

Iii. Design Method of Blasting Pattern Using Modified Proposal

In addition, in the automatic tunnel blasting pattern automatic design method according to the present invention, a more optimized preferred design formula modified by a test blasting design formula by the Swedish method used primarily in the step 130 of calculating the design parameters Can be used.

To this end, in the present invention, the test blasting was performed in the Yeongdong Expressway extension construction section, and the modification of the following design formula can be proposed to minimize the amount of overload by referring to the blasting efficiency and overburden shown in the test blasting. It became possible.

Under the assumption that the dosage is not modified in the design formula, the drilling pattern is changed while maintaining the linear dosage. This is because modifying the linear dose not only affects the area of rock damage but also changes the overall pattern. In fact, even the test blasting showed no significant problem in the linear dosage by the Swedish method. Therefore, the design formula will be described based on the drilling position.

① Heart part

a. In the case of V-Cut, the spacing of the first ventricular hole was similar to that of the site and showed good blasting results. However, the spacing of the cardiac augmentation hole was somewhat larger than the optimal blast pattern. As a result of changing the program on the basis of the optimal blasting pattern at the time of test blasting, the resistance line of the heart dilator was changed as follows.

Formula by the Swedish method: Β = 24 × d

Last modified expression: Β = 19 × d

In addition, the space spacing between the same parallaxes has been changed as follows.

Swedish formula: Β = 23 × d

Last modified expression: Β = 22 × d

b. The burn-cut heart was designed to be overly exaggerated by the Swedish method, and overall modification was inevitable. In particular, the resistance line from the third square was so small that it was designed to prevent the effect of 2 free surface blasting, which is the advantage of the burncut. In fact, the results based on the field test blasting showed that a sufficient blasting effect can be obtained even by reducing the airborne than the Swedish method. The following is the change formula changed to the domestic field burn cut design form which was already explained.

First square resistance wire: Β = 1.5 Φ

Rectangular resistance wire from the second by the Swedish method:

From the second modified last square resistance line:

② Floor hole

From the bottom hole, it is applied uniformly regardless of the V-cut or burn-cut.

In the Swedish method, the bottom line resistance

Here, f is a fixation factor, and generally uses a value of about 1.45 in consideration of the influence of gravity. However, it is better to use about 1.55 as the value obtained from the optimum pattern through test blasting. Therefore, in the method and program design formula according to the present invention, the correction coefficient was modified to 1.55.

In the case of spatial spacing, it was not modified because the blasting was well done by the Swedish method.

③ surrounding ball

The Swedish method is almost identical to the design of the bottom hole. The difference is that the correction coefficient according to the position change of the blast hole uses the following values.

When blasting in the upward, horizontal direction: f = 1.45

When blasting down: f = 1.2

The values modified by test blasting are as follows.

When blasting in the upward, horizontal direction: f = 1.55

When blasting down: f = 1.3

④ Outermost

The design by the Swedish method is as follows.

If control blasting is not carried out, the correction factor value should be calculated as 1.2 and calculated in the same way as the design of the bottom hole. In case of controlled blasting, the optimum spacing is determined as follows.

, (15≤k≤16)

Normally, use k = 15.

The length of the resistance wire is calculated by the following equation.

As a result of the test blasting, in order to obtain a clean blasting surface, the equation of the spacing was adjusted.

In the case of the most excavated surface came out clean. The ratio between the space spacing and the resistance was the best when the Swedish method was used. Therefore, the method and program design formula according to the present invention was modified to the above equation.

In addition, the present invention provides a computer-readable recording medium that records a program for automatically executing the method in addition to the blasting pattern design method described so far.

Hereinafter, a program for providing a blasting pattern diagram recorded on a computer-readable recording medium according to the present invention will be described. The program includes a data input area for receiving or determining an input variable value as data necessary for preparing a blast pattern, a design parameter calculation area for calculating a design parameter from data input in the data input area, and the design parameter calculation area. And an output area visually showing the tunnel blasting pattern diagram from the design parameter calculated in FIG. Detailed description of each area is as follows.

First, the data input area includes the tunnel cross-sectional shape determination area, the field and blasting condition determination area, and the gunpowder and primer determination area. In more detail, the tunnel cross-sectional shape determining region is divided into three types (eg, road tunnel, railway tunnel, entry tunnel) to select a tunnel type by input as a tunnel type variable and according to the selected tunnel type variable. It includes an area that receives detailed input variables (eg, radius, bench height, angle, etc.), and an area that completes the cross-sectional shape through a function of drawing the cross-sectional shape.

In addition, the site and the blasting condition determination area is inputted to the field and blasting conditions (for example, heart blast form, carcinoma, rock coefficient, blasting pore diameter, puncture error, outward angle, excavation length, armed medicinal pore diameter, armed medicinal number) It includes an area to store as.

The use gunpowder and primer determinant region includes an area in which the gunpowder and the primer to be used are selected from the gunpowder and the primer database file, and the gunpowder and the primer thus selected are stored as variables. Preferably the gunpowder and primer database is formed as a random access file in order to be able to be further entered, updated and deleted by the user.

The variable values of the variables determined in the data input area are provided in the design parameter calculation area as input data for calculating the design parameters for providing the tunnel blast pattern. Hereinafter, the design parameter calculation area will be described in more detail.

According to the present invention, the design parameter calculation area includes a predetermined proposal formula (e.g., Swedish design method) together with the values of the tunnel cross-sectional shape variables, the site and blasting condition variables, and the explosives and primer variables used in the data input area. A region for calculating puncture position-related design parameters and a region for calculating gunpowder and primer-related design parameters, using a function formula in the form of a formula provided in the present invention or optionally provided according to the present invention. It includes. That is, the puncturing position-related design parameter calculation region determines the resistance lines of the core ball, the surrounding hole, the bottom hole, and the outermost hole and the space spacing in each hole by using the function equation, and calculates the gunpowder and the primer related design parameters. Also, the area used to determine the amount of gunpowder and gunpowder to be used for each ball, the primer used, and the order of detonation are used. However, the resistance line, the space spacing, the linear dose, the detonation order, and the like of each part of the tunnel are primarily determined by the above function, and thus, the gunpowder that most closely matches the linear dose is determined. In the determination of the explosive charge, the linear dosage of the explosive charge of the data input area and the primer selected in the primer determination area is compared with the linear dosage according to the above function, and has the linear dosage of the value closest to the linear dosage according to the above function. Determine the gunpowder (eg, using the least squares method).

In addition, the detonation order is determined according to the order away from the position close to the heart in the order of the heart hole, the surrounding hole, the outermost hole, the bottom hole.

The blast pattern diagram output region is a region for visually outputting the blast pattern diagram based on the design parameter calculated in the design parameter calculation region. In the present invention, in order to modify the output blast pattern diagram, the design parameters are expressed in a text format, and by modifying and applying the contents of the text, a new pattern diagram can be output. Here, the blast pattern diagram output area outputs the shape of the tunnel cross section determined in the tunnel cross-sectional shape determining area of the data input area, and the holes in the tunnel cross section according to the design parameter calculated in the design parameter calculating area. It includes the area to output the position and the detonation order of. In the present invention, more preferably, it may include an area for outputting an enlarged view of the heart hair. Also, in the present invention, the pattern diagram output area may include a screen output area by a monitor and / or a printout area by a printer. In particular, the screen output area may additionally include an area for modifying the location of each ball and information of the balls on the output screen through a mouse and keyboard input. The pattern diagram output area, for example, the printed matter output area, may also include an area for outputting usage history of the gunpowder and the primer calculated in the design parameter calculation area.

In the present invention, in addition to the above program may further include a program for analyzing the blast vibration. The program for analyzing blasting vibration is divided into blasting vibration database and blasting vibration database.

Hereinafter, a detailed configuration and procedure of the area for analyzing the blast vibration will be described. First, when blasting vibration related data (vibration speed, distance from blasting source, dose) is loaded in the above program, a procedure for converting the blasting vibration related data into variables (vibration speed, conversion distance) for obtaining the blasting vibration equation is performed. When the vibration velocity and the conversion distance are obtained, the two values are displayed on the decimal logarithmic coordinate axis, and the blast vibration equation is obtained by calculating these values by linear regression equation. Once the blast vibration equation is obtained, a procedure is performed to calculate the amount of charge per delay that can be used when the user enters the allowable vibration speed. In the output area, it is the area to output the graph showing the blasting vibration expression so that the data and the blasting vibration expression can be output together on the coordinate axis output on the screen.

As an additional part of this program, the database area can receive and store the blast vibration equation from the user and is used as the basic data for estimating the blast vibration constant based on this database.

The area for estimating blast vibration constant is as follows. Correlate the blasting vibration constants n and K in the vibration database contents with the compressive strength and the seismic velocity, which are the field conditions, and if the field conditions are input, compare them with the previously obtained correlations and statistical methods. The estimated range of the vibration constant is obtained.

According to the automatic tunnel blasting design method of the present invention as described above, in tunnel blasting operation, various field conditions necessary for tunnel blasting, that is, various conditions such as rock conditions in the field, gunpowder or primer used, Based on this, it is possible to automatically output the tunnel blasting pattern and the primer / gunpowder use history, thereby forming a blasting pattern that can objectively and accurately reflect a variety of different site conditions.

In addition, according to the automatic tunnel blasting design method of the present invention, it is possible to minimize the blasting vibration by predicting the vibration value according to the blasting operation and modifying the blasting pattern on the basis of the blasting operation.

In addition, according to the automatic tunnel blasting design method of the present invention, by modifying the blasting pattern diagram by manually inputting the field conditions, which are variable according to the changing site conditions during the blasting operation, the site situation of changing the predetermined blasting pattern diagram Can be quickly and accurately corrected.

While the invention has been shown and described with respect to certain preferred embodiments, the invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but the subject matter belongs without departing from the spirit of the invention as claimed in the claims. Anyone of ordinary skill in the art would be able to make various variations.

Therefore, the automatic design of the tunnel blasting method of the present invention is based on the standard blasting pattern determined by the theory. The problems of inaccuracy were solved, and the corrective factors caused by the variable site conditions were accurately identified to automatically design a modified blast pattern that can be effectively applied in the field.

Claims (10)

A tunnel cross section determining step 110 for determining a cross section shape of the tunnel to be blasted and inputting a variable corresponding to the selected tunnel cross section to determine the tunnel cross section; Data input / storage step to select the type of heart, enter the tunnel information into the tunnel database, enter the information of the gunpowder into the gunpowder database, and input and store the primer information into the primer database. 120; In the proposed equation selected for tunnel blasting, each inputted data in the data input / storage step is calculated as an input parameter, and output parameters that are directly used in tunnel blasting pattern design, ie, rock coefficient, space spacing, resistance line length and A design parameter calculating step (130) for calculating the type and number of gunpowder in use; And On the basis of the design parameters determined in the above step, positioning of the blast hole on the tunnel cross section, determination of the use history of the gunpowder, and determining the blast pattern for determining the usage history of the primer by the parallax and amplitude order appropriate for each blast hole (140) ); Tunnel blasting pattern is also an automatic design method comprising a. The method of claim 1, further comprising: a blast vibration prediction step (150) for predicting a vibration value according to the blasting based on the blast pattern determined through the above steps; And When the predicted vibration value exceeds the reference vibration value, positioning of the blast hole on the tunnel cross section, determination of the use history of the gunpowder and the primer, and correction of the amount of charge per delay caused by the parallax appropriate for each blast hole are performed. Blasting vibration correction step 160 to ensure that the vibration caused by the vibration within the allowable vibration value; Tunnel blasting pattern is also an automatic design method, characterized in that it further comprises. The method according to claim 1, wherein the designed blasting pattern diagram can be manually changed and inputted so that a user can appropriately reflect the variable on-site condition based on the blasting pattern diagram determined through the above steps. Tunnel blasting pattern is also an automatic design method, characterized in that it further comprises a step (170). The method of claim 1, further comprising: selecting a lower pattern diagram design process after performing the blast pattern diagram determination step 140; A bench data input / storage step 220 for inputting information of a tunnel site into a tunnel database, inputting information of a gunpowder into a gunpowder database, and inputting and storing information of a primer used in a primer database; Bench design parameters used directly in the design of the bench blasting pattern, ie, rock coefficient, spatial spacing, according to the proposed formula selected for bench blasting and based on each data input in the bench data input / storage step. A bench design parameter calculating step 230 for determining the length of the resistance wire and the type and number of gunpowder; And On the basis of the bench design parameters determined in the above step, determining the location of the blast hole, determination of the use history of the gunpowder, and determining the usage history of the primer according to the time difference and amplitude order appropriate for each blast hole, step 240 Bench blast pattern diagram automatic design method characterized in that it further comprises a bench blast pattern diagram design method comprising a. According to claim 1, according to the proposal formulated for tunnel blasting, ① Heart In the case of the V-cut, the resistance line of the cardiac enlargement hole is Β = 19 × d, and the spacing between the cardiac holes is Β = 22 × d, In the case of burn-cut, the first square resistance wire is Β = 1.5Φ and the second square resistance wire is Β _n = (1.5 × Φ × ) ⁿ ; ② Floor hole V-cut, burn-cut, bottom hole resistance wire (Same as Swedish) Where f (correction factor) is set to 1.55; ③ surrounding ball V-cut, burn-cut are the same as the resistance wire of the bottom hole, When blasting in the upward, horizontal direction: f = 1.55 When blasting downward: f = 1.3; ④ Outermost V-cut, burn-cut both F = 1.2 when no controlled blasting, Allergens are selected at 50% of the density of preservatives. In case of controlled blasting, the optimal space , (15≤k≤16), The length of the resistance wire , And Space space ; Tunnel blasting pattern is also an automatic design method characterized in that using the modified formula. A data input area for receiving or determining an input variable value as a material for blast pattern drawing, a design parameter calculation area for calculating a design parameter from the data input in the data input area, and a calculation parameter calculated in the design parameter calculation area. It includes an output area that visually shows the tunnel blast pattern from the design parameters, The data input area includes a tunnel cross-sectional shape determining area, a field and blasting condition determining area, and a gunpowder and a primer determining area, and the tunnel cross-sectional shape determining area is divided into a plurality of tunnel shapes as a tunnel shape variable. A region selected by an input, a region receiving a detailed input variable according to the selected tunnel form variable, and a region completing the cross-sectional form through a function of drawing a cross-sectional form, wherein the field and the blasting condition determining region include a field and a blasting region. A condition into which a condition is input and stored as a variable, and the use gunpowder and primer deciding area includes an area where gunpowder and primer to be used are selected from gunpowder and primer database files and stored as a variable, The design parameter calculation region uses a function formula in the form of a predetermined formula along with tunnel cross-sectional shape parameters, field and blasting condition variables, and gunpowder and primer variables determined in the data input region. It includes the area for calculating the design parameters related to the drilling position such as the resistance line of the ball, the bottom hole and the outermost hole, and the space spacing in each ball, and the gunpowder to be used for each ball, the gun charge, the primer used, and the detonation order. And an area for calculating a primer related design parameter, and The blast pattern diagram output region is a region for visually outputting the blast pattern diagram based on the design parameter calculated in the design parameter calculation region, so that the design parameters are expressed in text form so that the output blast pattern diagram can be corrected. And the pattern diagram output region includes a region for outputting the usage history of the gunpowder and the primer calculated in the design parameter calculation region, and records the program providing the tunnel blast pattern diagram. media. The display device of claim 6, wherein the pattern diagram output area includes a screen output area by a monitor and / or a print output area by a printer, wherein the screen output area is configured to display information of each ball position and balls on the output screen. And a tunnel blasting pattern diagram further including an area for modification through keyboard input. 8. The computer program according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the gunpowder and primer database is formed as a random access file to enable further input, update, and deletion. Recordable media. The method of claim 6 or 7, further comprising a blasting vibration analysis program for analyzing the blasting vibration according to the blasting pattern diagram provided with the program for providing the tunnel blasting pattern diagram, The blasting vibration analysis program receives an blasting vibration-related data (vibration speed, distance from the blasting source, dose) from the program and converts it into a variable (vibration speed, conversion distance) for obtaining a blasting vibration equation, vibration speed and conversion distance Is obtained, the two values are displayed on the decimal logarithmic coordinate axis, and these values are calculated by linear regression equation to obtain the blast vibration equation, and when the blast vibration equation is obtained in the above area, it is based on this. A computer-readable recording medium having recorded thereon a program providing a tunnel blasting pattern, characterized in that it comprises an area for performing a procedure for calculating the amount of charge per delay that can be used in the relationship. The method of claim 6, wherein the blasting vibration analysis program comprises a vibration database area, The vibration database area includes an input area for receiving and storing a blasting vibration formula in the field, and an estimation region for estimating the blasting vibration constant based on the input blasting vibration expression. The estimation area obtains the correlation between the blasting vibration constants n and K in the vibration database contents with the compressive strength and the elastic wave velocity, which are the field conditions. A computer-readable recording medium having recorded thereon a program for providing a tunnel blast pattern, characterized in that the area is obtained by comparing a method and obtaining an estimated range of blast vibration constants.