JPWO2017209130A1 - Conductive heating element and laminated glass - Google Patents

Abstract

An object of the present invention is to suppress heat unevenness while preventing light glare and flickering. A conductive heating element (5) includes a plurality of curved heating elements (32) that are spaced apart in a first direction (x) and extend in a second direction (y) that intersects the first direction. Each of the plurality of curve heating elements is formed by connecting a plurality of first period curves (30) of less than a half period, and the shape of each of the plurality of first period curves is irregular.

Description

  The present disclosure relates to a conductive heating element and a laminated glass.

  2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, as a defroster device used for a window glass such as a front window and a rear window of a vehicle, an apparatus in which a conductive heating element made of a heating wire is incorporated in the window glass is known. In such a defroster device, a conductive heating element incorporated in the window glass is energized, and the window glass is heated by resistance heating to remove fogging of the window glass or remove snow and ice adhering to the window glass. It can be melted to ensure the sight of the occupant. Such a conductive heating element is composed of a plurality of strips of conductors, and each strip is arranged in a direction orthogonal to the extending direction with a space between each other.

  Various materials have been conventionally used as the conductive heating element, but when the conductive heating element is regularly arranged on the window glass, the light reflected by the conductive heating element causes interference with each other, There is a problem of causing glare. Light glaze is a phenomenon in which streak-like light is visually recognized.

  In addition, when the conductive heating element extends in a straight line, external light incident on the conductive heating element is reflected in almost the same direction, and strong flickering (glare) is observed in the human eye located in this direction. ) Is felt.

  Patent Document 1 discloses that in order to prevent flickering, a conductive heating element is used as a wave line, and the curved shapes of a plurality of wave lines constituting each wave line are irregular for each half cycle. Has been.

JP 2011-210487A

  In the conductive film provided with the wave line disclosed in Patent Document 1, glare may certainly be reduced, but in order to make the shape of each wave line irregular, there are places where the temperature rises and where the temperature becomes low. And heat unevenness may occur. Therefore, for example, when the conductive film of Patent Document 1 is incorporated in a window glass of a vehicle, a place where fogging can be taken and a place where snow or ice can be melted and a place where the snow and ice are not melted are generated in the window glass. There is a possibility that the visibility cannot be secured satisfactorily.

  As shown in Patent Document 1, it is desirable to reduce the linear portion of the conductive heating element as much as possible in order to suppress light glare and flicker. However, as the linear portion of the conductive heating element is reduced, the entire length of the conductive heating element becomes longer. In general, the longer the overall length of the conductive heating element, the greater the electrical resistance of the conductive heating element and the lower the heat generation efficiency.

  Moreover, in patent document 1, the curve shape of several wavy lines is made irregular every half cycle, and when put the other way around, the curve shape of each wavy line will not change during a half cycle. Therefore, it cannot be said that the curved line shape of each wavy line is irregular and has a certain degree of periodicity, and thus it is not possible to completely eliminate light glare and flicker. In addition, since the curve shape of each wavy line does not change during a half cycle, for example, when a periodic curve having a very long half cycle and a very short periodic curve are arranged adjacent to each other, The variation in density becomes large, and heat unevenness and shading unevenness are likely to occur. Here, the heat unevenness means that the temperature varies depending on the place, and the lightness and darkness unevenness means that the difference in lightness and darkness depending on the place is visually recognized.

  The present disclosure has been made to solve the above-described problems, and an object of the present disclosure is to provide a conductive heating element and laminated glass capable of suppressing heat unevenness and shading unevenness while preventing glare and flickering. It is in.

In order to solve the above-described problem, according to one aspect of the present disclosure, a plurality of curved heating elements that are spaced apart in a first direction and extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction are provided.
Each of the plurality of curve heating elements is formed by connecting a plurality of first period curves less than a half period,
A conductive heating element is provided in which each of the plurality of first periodic curves has an irregular shape.

  Each of the plurality of first periodic curves may be irregular in at least one of the period and the amplitude.

  At least one of the period and the amplitude of the plurality of first periodic curves may not be constant.

  Each of the plurality of first periodic curves may have a length corresponding to ¼ period of the first periodic curve.

  The first periodic curve may be a sine wave.

  The end positions of the plurality of curved heating elements in the second direction may be irregular.

  Within a predetermined range from a joint between the two first periodic curves arranged adjacent to each other in the second direction, a smoothed shape may be formed.

  The shape subjected to the smoothing process may be a curved shape having no bending point.

  You may provide the bypass heat generating body which connects two said curve heat generating bodies adjacent to the said 1st direction.

  The same number of bypass heating elements may be connected to each of the plurality of curved heating elements.

  The connection position of the bypass heating element may be irregular for each of the plurality of curved heating elements.

The bypass heating element is formed by connecting a plurality of second periodic curves of less than a half cycle,
Each shape of the plurality of second periodic curves may be irregular.

It may comprise a plurality of heating element rows arranged side by side in the first direction and the second direction,
Each of the plurality of heating element rows may include the plurality of curved heating elements,
Corresponding ones may be connected to each of the curved heating elements in the two heating element arrays arranged adjacent to each other in the second direction.

A pair of bus bar electrodes that are spaced apart in the second direction and extend in the first direction;
A plurality of wavy heating elements disposed apart from each other in the first direction and extending in the second direction and connected to the pair of bus bar electrodes,
The plurality of wavy line heating elements may be formed by connecting the plurality of curved heating elements included in each of the plurality of heating element rows in the second direction.

  You may provide the transparent base material layer which has arrange | positioned the said some curve heating element on one main surface.

  You may provide the laminated glass provided with a pair of glass substrate opposingly arranged so that the electroconductive heat generating body mentioned above may be inserted | pinched.

  According to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a conductive heating element and a laminated glass capable of suppressing heat unevenness and shading unevenness while preventing glare and flickering.

The top view of the electroconductive heat generating body by one Embodiment of this indication. The top view which shows a heat generating body row | line | column. The figure which expanded a part of one curve heating element of FIG. (A) And (b) is a figure which shows the picked-up image of a light beam when the period and amplitude of the 1st period curve 30 are made random every 1/2 period and 1/4 period. The block diagram which shows schematic structure of the heat generating body production | generation apparatus which produces | generates a some curve heat generating body automatically. The flowchart which shows an example of the process sequence of the heat generating body generator of FIG. The flowchart which added the smoothing process to FIG. (A) is a figure which shows the mode of the joint vicinity before performing a smoothing process, (b) is a figure which shows the mode of the joint vicinity after performing a smoothing process. The top view of the electroconductive heat generating body which has a bypass heat generating body. The figure which shows the example which incorporated the electroconductive heat generating body of this embodiment in the front window of a passenger car. The top view of the electroconductive heat generating body which has arrange | positioned several wavy line heat generating elements along the longitudinal direction of a front window. The perspective view of a vehicle. Sectional drawing of the electroconductive heat generating body by which the some wavy line heat generating body and two bus-bar electrodes were integrally molded. (A)-(e) is sectional drawing which shows the manufacturing process of an electroconductive heat generating body. Sectional drawing of a heat generating body sheet | seat. Sectional drawing which shows an example of the manufacturing process of the laminated glass using a heat generating body sheet | seat. FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view following FIG. 16. FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view following FIG. Sectional drawing following FIG. The flowchart which shows the process sequence which judges whether each curve heating element in a heat generating body sheet | seat connected the some periodic curve from which a period and an amplitude differ for every 1/4 period.

  Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the drawings. In the drawings attached to the present specification, for the sake of illustration and ease of understanding, the scale, the vertical / horizontal dimension ratio, and the like are appropriately changed and exaggerated from those of the actual product.

  In this specification, the terms “plate”, “sheet”, and “film” are not distinguished from each other only based on the difference in designation. For example, “sheet” is a concept that includes a member that can be called a plate or a film. Therefore, a “pattern sheet” is a member called “pattern plate (substrate)” or “pattern film”. It cannot be distinguished only by differences.

  In addition, “sheet surface (plate surface, film surface)” means a target sheet-like member (plate-like) when the target sheet-like (plate-like, film-like) member is viewed as a whole and globally. It refers to the surface that coincides with the plane direction of the member or film-like member.

  Furthermore, as used in this specification, the shape and geometric conditions and the degree thereof are specified. For example, terms such as “parallel”, “orthogonal”, “identical”, length and angle values, etc. Without being bound by meaning, it should be interpreted including the extent to which similar functions can be expected. Further, in this specification, the term “resistance” refers to electrical resistance.

  FIG. 1 is a plan view of a conductive heating element 5 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The conductive heating element 5 of FIG. 1 includes a heating element row 33 having a plurality of curved heating elements 32 arranged in a range 31 of, for example, an 80 mm square. As shown in FIG. 2, a plurality of the heating element rows 33 can be arranged vertically and horizontally in a plane. 80 mm is an example, and the numerical value can be arbitrarily changed. As will be described later, in the present embodiment, the shape of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 included in one heating element row 33 is irregular. However, when the heating element rows 33 are arranged vertically and horizontally, Each curved heating element 32 has a periodic structure in units.

  It is known that even if each curved heating element 32 has a periodic structure, the size of the heating element array 33 may be increased to a certain extent so that light glare and flickering are not noticeable. Specifically, when one side of the heating element row 33 exceeds 50 mm, light glare and flickering are not noticeable even if the plurality of heating element rows 33 are arranged vertically and horizontally. Hereinafter, as an example, the vertical and horizontal sizes of the heating element rows 33 are set to 80 mm.

  Each curved heating element 32 included in the heating element array 33 is a linear heating wire made of a conductive material such as tungsten or copper. The line width of each curved heating element 32 is, for example, 5 to 20 μm, preferably 7 to 10 μm. In order to make it difficult to visually recognize the plurality of curved heating elements 32 arranged on the transparent substrate, it is desirable to set the line width of the curved heating elements 32 to 15 μm or less. However, the smaller the line width is, the easier it is to disconnect, so it is better to secure a line width of 10 μm or more from the viewpoint of preventing disconnection.

  1 are spaced apart from each other in the first direction x and extend in a second direction y that intersects the first direction x. Although FIG. 1 shows an example in which the first direction x and the second direction y are perpendicular to each other, they are not necessarily perpendicular.

  Each curve heating element 32 in FIG. 1 is formed by sequentially connecting a plurality of first periodic curves (for example, sine waves) having irregular periods and amplitudes every ¼ period in the second direction y. FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of a part of one curved heating element 32 of FIG. As shown in FIG. 3, each 1st period curve 30 which comprises the curve heat generating body 32 has the length of 1/4 period, and the period and amplitude of each 1st period curve 30 are irregular. That is, the period and amplitude of each first periodic curve 30 are not constant. The reason why each first periodic curve 30 has a length of ¼ period is to eliminate the periodicity of the curved heating element 32 as much as possible. Since the curve heating element 32 has a quarter period and the period and amplitude change randomly, the light reflected by the curve heating element 32 travels in an uncorrelated direction, and the light and flicker are less likely to be visually recognized.

  Here, the “period” means that when the curve advances in one direction (for example, the + direction of the y axis in FIG. 1) along the second direction y that is the extending direction thereof, In the case where the increase and decrease are repeated continuously and alternately in one direction of the first direction x orthogonal to the extending direction (the + direction in the x-axis direction in FIG. 1), the line whose amplitude is 0 This is the distance in the second direction (in the y-axis direction in FIG. 1) from first increasing from (y axis of x = 0 in FIG. 1) to decreasing and then increasing again.

  In addition, “irregular” means that at least one of the amplitude and period of the curve is different every period according to the above definition and does not repeat when each curve heating element 32 travels in the second direction. Say that.

  And, “a plurality of first periodic curves (for example, sine waves) 30 having irregular periods and amplitudes every ¼ period are sequentially connected in the second direction y” means the following (1) to (4 ), The period T1, T2, T3, and T4 of each sine wave used as the basis is different from each other, and the amplitude of each sine wave is defined. A1, A2, A3, and A4 all mean different from each other.

(1) Marshal, in the definition of the present disclosure of the curved heating element 32 by cutting out a quarter period of the sine wave having the period T1 and the amplitude A1, which is the first period curve 30 in the normal definition. Fit in the part corresponding to the first quarter period,
(2) Next, in the definition of the present disclosure, the curve heating element 32 is cut out by “1/4 period of the sine wave having the period T2 and the amplitude A2 which are the first period curve 30 in the normal definition. It fits in the part corresponding to the second quarter period,
(3) Next, according to the definition of the present disclosure of the curved heating element 32, “1/4 period of the sine wave having the period T3 and the amplitude A3 which is the first period curve 30 in the normal definition is cut out. It fits in the part corresponding to the third quarter period,
(4) Next, according to the definition of the present disclosure of the curved heating element 32, “1/4 period of the sine wave having the period T4 and the amplitude A4 which are the first period curve 30 in the normal definition is cut out. It fits into a portion corresponding to the fourth quarter period.

  In FIG. 3, the period and amplitude are irregular every quarter period, but this is only an example. However, it is desirable that the period and amplitude of the first periodic curve 30 be irregular with the length of the first periodic curve 30 being less than a half period as a unit. If the period and amplitude of the first periodic curve 30 are irregular with the length exceeding the half period as a unit, the periodic curve continues at least during the half period, and thus light glare and flickering are likely to occur. .

  Each curve heating element 32 may be formed by connecting a plurality of arbitrary first periodic curves 30 other than a sine wave. In addition, although the kind of the 1st period curve 30 is arbitrary, the kind of the 1st period curve 30 to connect two or more is the same, and makes a period and an amplitude irregular for every 1/4 period. In the coordinate system XY of FIG. 1, when expressed by a general formula, X = Asin {(2π / λ) X + α}. Here, A is the amplitude, λ is the wavelength (or period, α is the phase.) As the first periodic curve 30 other than the sine wave, an elliptic function curve, a Bessel function curve, and the like can be given. The first periodic curve 30 may be a curve of a modulated wave such as amplitude modulation or frequency modulation.

  Here, the irregularity means that the period and amplitude of the first periodic curve 30 are random every ¼ period, and the period and amplitude of the plurality of first periodic curves 30 are within a range 31 of 80 mm square. It means that there is no periodicity. Further, the periods and amplitudes of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 that are spaced apart in the first direction x are also irregular.

  In this way, the plurality of curved heating elements 32 on each side of 80 mm has a plurality of first periodic curves 30 whose period and amplitude are irregular every ¼ period in both the first direction x and the second direction y. Are connected.

  If the lower left corner of FIG. 1 is the origin O (0, 0) and the start points (leading positions) of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 are the minimum coordinate positions in the second direction y, they are separated along the first direction x. The start positions of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 arranged in the second direction y are irregular. This indicates that the phases of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 are irregularly shifted.

  The reason why the phases of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 are irregularly shifted is as follows. For example, if the start points of the plurality of curve heating elements 32 are all at the coordinate position y = 0 in the second direction y, the amplitudes of the plurality of curve heating elements 32 are all zero at the coordinate position y = 0. Become. Therefore, if a plurality of 80 mm square heating element rows 33 are arranged side by side in the first direction x and the second direction y, the amplitude of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 is zero for each heating element row 33. This part may appear periodically, and this part may cause light glare and flickering. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the minimum coordinate positions in the second direction y of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 included in the 80 mm square square heating element array 33 are irregularly shifted, and the phases of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 are randomly selected. It has become.

  As described above, in the present embodiment, for example, in the range 31 of 80 mm square, the period and amplitude of the plurality of curve heating elements 32 are irregular in both the first direction x and the second direction y. There is less possibility that the reflected lights reflected by the heating element 32 will interfere with each other, and the light haze can be suppressed. Further, since each curved heating element 32 meanders and the meandering size is irregular, the traveling direction of the reflected light reflected by each curved heating element 32 is irregular, and strong flickering in a specific direction. The risk of feeling is reduced.

  In the present embodiment, since the cycle and the amplitude are irregular every quarter cycle of each first periodic curve 30 constituting the curved heating element 32, each of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 has each first periodic curve. The density of 30 can be made uniform. That is, there is a great difference in the density of the first periodic curve 30 within the range of ¼ period of each first periodic curve 30, but the period and amplitude of the first periodic curve 30 change in ¼ period. In the whole of the plurality of curve heating elements 32, the density of each first periodic curve 30 is averaged, and heat unevenness and shading unevenness are reduced.

  4 (a) and 4 (b) are photographed images of light beams when the period and amplitude of the first periodic curve 30 are made random every ½ period and ¼ period, respectively. These photographed images are images obtained by photographing the sample surface with a camera in a state where light from an LED (Light Emitting Device) light source is vertically incident on the sample surface on which the first periodic curve 30 is formed. More specifically, the LED light source, the sample surface, and the camera are linearly arranged in the dark room, the distance between the LED light source and the sample surface is 4 m, and the distance between the sample surface and the camera is 1 m. The camera was photographed so that the LED light source was in focus.

  If the period and amplitude are randomized every 1/2 period of the first periodic curve 30, the component of light reflected in a specific direction increases as shown in FIG. That is, the directivity of the reflected light becomes strong, and this is easily recognized as a light beam. On the other hand, when the period and the amplitude are randomized every quarter period of the first periodic curve 30, the reflected light is scattered in multiple directions as shown in FIG. Since it becomes small, it becomes difficult to visually recognize the light beam.

  In addition, when the period and amplitude are randomized every 1/2 period of the first periodic curve 30, there is no connection between the first periodic curve 30 during the 1/2 period, so If a shape close to a straight line is included in two cycles, light glare is likely to occur. On the other hand, when the period and amplitude are randomized every ¼ period of the first periodic curve 30, the length of the section without a joint is shortened, and a shape close to a straight line is included in this section. However, since its length is short, it is difficult for light glare to occur.

  As the line width of the curved heating element 32 becomes narrower, the curved heating element 32 becomes less visible and preferable when incorporated in a window glass or the like, but on the other hand, breakage easily occurs. Therefore, in the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 6 to be described later, two curved heating elements 32 adjacent in the first direction x may be connected by a bypass heating element 34. The same number of bypass heating elements 34 are connected to each curve heating element 32.

  In addition, if the location of the bypass heating element 34 is periodic, it may cause light glare and flickering. Therefore, the location of the bypass heating element 34 is set irregularly. Further, the bypass heat generator 34 is evenly arranged in the heat generator array 33 within a range 31 in each of 80 mm so that the bypass heat generator 34 does not cause heat unevenness.

  The period and amplitude of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 included in the heating element array 33 can be automatically generated using a computer. FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of a heating element generating device 41 that automatically generates a plurality of curved heating elements 32 included in the heating element array 33. The heating element generation device 41 of FIG. 5 includes a parameter acquisition unit 42, a curved heating element generation unit 43, a normalization unit 44, a periodic curve determination unit 45, a curved heating element storage unit 46, and a heating element group generation unit. 47, a phase adjustment unit 48, and a heating element array storage unit 49.

  5 can be realized as software executable by a computer. Or you may implement | achieve at least one component in the heat generating body production | generation apparatus 41 of FIG. 5 with a hardware. That is, the heating element generator 41 of FIG. 5 is not necessarily realized by a single computer.

  The parameter acquisition unit 42 acquires a parameter group composed of various parameters representing the shape characteristics of the plurality of curved heating elements 32. The parameter acquisition unit 42 may store a parameter group in a database or the like in advance and acquire necessary parameters from the parameter group. Alternatively, the parameter acquisition unit 42 may acquire each parameter input or selected by the operator using a keyboard or a mouse. Also good.

  As an example of parameters included in the parameter group, for example, the following 1) to 8) can be considered. Of the following, 5) to 8) are not necessarily essential.

1) The minimum distance and the maximum distance between two curved heating elements 32 adjacent in the first direction x.
2) The minimum value and the maximum value of the amplitude of each curve heating element 32.
3) The minimum value and the maximum value of the period of each curve heating element 32.
4) The minimum value and the maximum value of the phase of each curve heating element 32.
5) The minimum value and the maximum value of the amplitude of each first periodic curve 30 constituting each curve heating element 32.
6) The minimum value and the maximum value of the period of each first periodic curve 30 constituting each curve heating element 32.
7) The length of the heating element row 33 in the first direction x and the length in the second direction y.
8) The number of curved heating elements 32 included in the heating element row 33.

  The curved heating element generator 43 generates one curved heating element 32 extending in the second direction y. More specifically, the curve heating element generation unit 43 connects a plurality of first period curves 30 with irregular periods and amplitudes every quarter period in the second direction y, thereby generating one curve heat generation. A body 32 is generated.

  The normalization unit 44 includes a plurality of first periodic curves included in the curve heating element 32 so that the shortest distance between both ends in the second direction y of the curve heating element 32 generated by the curve heating element generation unit 43 is set to 80 mm. Adjust 30 periods.

  The periodic curve determination unit 45 determines whether or not the period and amplitude of each first periodic curve 30 constituting the curved heating element 32 normalized by the normalization unit 44 are irregular every ¼ period.

  When the periodic curve determination unit 45 determines that the period and amplitude are not irregular, the curved heating element generation unit 43 generates the curved heating element 32 again. The curved heating element storage unit 46 stores the curved heating element 32 that has been determined to have irregular cycles and amplitudes.

  The heating element group generation unit 47 generates a plurality of curved heating elements 32 included in an 80 mm square area 31. More specifically, the heating element group generation unit 47 cooperates with the curve heating element generation unit 43, the periodic curve determination unit 45, and the unit pressure heating element storage unit in the first direction x within the 80 mm square range 31. A plurality of curved heating elements 32 that are spaced apart from each other are generated.

  The phase adjustment unit 48 performs processing for making the phases of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 generated by the heating element group generation unit 47 irregular. More specifically, the phase adjustment unit 48 makes the start positions (leading positions) of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 in the second direction y irregular within an 80 mm square range 31. The heating element array storage unit 49 stores a plurality of curved heating elements 32 whose phases are irregular by the phase adjustment unit 48.

  FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing an example of a processing procedure of the heating element generation device 41 of FIG. This flowchart shows a processing procedure for generating a plurality of curved heating elements 32 included in the heating element row 33 within a range 31 of 80 mm square. Hereinafter, an example in which the plurality of first periodic curves 30 included in the curved heating element 32 are sine waves will be described.

  First, the parameter acquisition unit 42 acquires the parameters 1) to 8) described above (step S1). Next, the curve heating element generator 43 sets the start point coordinates of the sine wave in the second direction y to zero (step S2). Next, the curve heating element generator 43 sets the starting point coordinates of the sine wave in the first direction x to zero (step S3). Then, the curve heating element generator 43 randomly sets the period and amplitude of the sine wave based on the acquired parameters, and generates a sine wave for ¼ period along the second direction y (step). S4).

  Next, the curve heating element generation unit 43 updates the coordinate position in the second direction y by adding the ¼ period set in step S4 (step S5). Next, the curve heating element generation unit 43 determines whether or not the length of the added second direction y exceeds 80 mm (step S6). If it does not exceed 80 mm, the processes in steps S4 to S6 are repeated.

  If it is determined in step S6 that the distance exceeds 80 mm, each normalization unit 44 includes each curve heating element 32 so that the shortest distance between both ends in the second direction y of the curve heating element 32 is 80 mm. The period of the sine wave is adjusted (step S7). This operation is called normalization processing. In the normalization process, the period of each sine wave included in the curved heating element 32 is reduced at the same ratio.

  Next, the periodic curve determination unit 45 determines whether or not the period and amplitude of each first periodic curve 30 constituting the normalized curve heating element 32 are irregular every ¼ period (step S8). ). Here, for example, when there is no correlation between the periods of the plurality of first periodic curves 30 constituting one curve heating element 32 and there is no correlation between the amplitudes, the periodic curve determination unit 45 is ineffective. Judge as a rule.

  If not irregular, the process returns to Step 2 to regenerate the curved heating element 32. If the irregular heating element 32 is not irregular, the reason for regenerating the curved heating element 32 is that if there is a correlation between the plurality of first periodic curves 30, light glare and flickering can be easily seen, and heat unevenness and shading unevenness are likely to occur. It is to become.

  If it is determined in step S8 that it is irregular, the normalized curve heating element 32 is stored in the curve heating element storage unit 46 (step S9).

  Next, the heating element group generation unit 47 sets a coordinate position shifted by one pitch in the first direction x based on the parameter acquired by the parameter acquisition unit 42 (step S10). The size of one pitch is set by the parameter acquired in step S1.

  Next, the heating element group generation unit 47 determines whether or not the length in the first direction x exceeds 80 mm (step S11). If it does not exceed 80 mm, the process after step S2 is repeated and the new curve heating element 32 is produced | generated.

  If it is determined in step S11 that it exceeds 80 mm, the phase adjustment unit 48 performs adjustment to make the phases of the plurality of curved heating elements 32 included in the heating element row 33 irregular (step S12). Next, the plurality of curved heating elements 32 subjected to phase adjustment are stored in the heating element array storage unit 49 (step S13).

  As shown in FIG. 3, when a plurality of first periodic curves 30 having irregular periods and amplitudes every ¼ period are connected in order in the second direction y, the joint becomes a bending point, and flicker may occur. . Therefore, it is desirable to perform the smoothing process so that the bending point is not noticeable in the vicinity of the joint between the two adjacent first periodic curves 30. Here, the bending point is a joint between two curves having different curvatures, that is, a point where the curves are connected discontinuously.

  FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing an example in which a smoothing process is added to the processing procedure of the heating element generating apparatus 41 of FIG. In FIG. 7, a smoothing process (step S14) is added between steps S4 and S5 in FIG. 6, and the other processing procedures are the same as those in FIG.

  In the smoothing process in step S14, for example, a polynomial curve approximation is performed in the vicinity of the joint between the two adjacent first periodic curves 30 so that the bending point is not noticeable. FIG. 8A is a diagram showing a state near the joint before performing the smoothing process, and FIG. 8B is a diagram showing a state near the joint after performing the smoothing process. Since the vicinity of the joints of the first periodic curves 30 has a shape close to a straight line, and the slopes near the joints of the first periodic curves 30 are different, as shown in FIG. A bending point is generated at the joint p0. Therefore, by performing polynomial curve approximation in the range of p1 to p2 in the vicinity of the joint between the two first periodic curves 30, the bending point of the joint p0 becomes almost inconspicuous as shown in FIG.

  It should be noted that the range of the curve approximation of the polynomial is arbitrary for the range in the 1/4 cycle. However, if the range of the curve approximation is long, the smoothing process takes time. As a percentage, it is desirable to perform curve approximation for a range p1 to p2 within ± 5% on both sides of the joint p0 within a quarter period (25%).

  As shown in FIG. 2, the 80 mm square square heating element array 33 generated by the processing procedure of FIG. 6 is arranged in an arbitrary number of rows and columns to arrange the conductive heating elements 5 of any size and shape. Can be produced. The conductive heating element 5 according to the present embodiment can be used for various purposes and applications. Hereinafter, an example in which the conductive heating element 5 of the present embodiment is incorporated in a front window, a rear window, a side window, etc. of a vehicle. explain.

  Although omitted in the flowchart of FIG. 6, the conductive heating element 5 is provided with a bypass heating element 34 for connecting two curved heating elements 32 adjacent to each other in the first direction x, as shown in FIG. Is desirable. The bypass heating element 34 is configured to allow a current to flow through an adjacent curved heating element 32 even if an arbitrary curved heating element 32 is disconnected. The bypass heating element 34 may be generated after generating a plurality of curved heating elements 32 within a range 31 of 80 mm each, or two curved heating elements 32 adjacent in the first direction x are generated. At this stage, a bypass heating element 34 connecting these two curved heating elements 32 may be generated.

  The bypass heating element 34 has the same line width as that of the curved heating element 32 (for example, 5 to 20 μm, preferably 7 to 10 μm), and is arranged at a uniform density in the 80 mm square heating element array 33. By disposing the bypass heating elements 34 with a uniform density, it is possible to prevent heat unevenness in the heating element array 33. The number of bypass heating elements 34 connected to each curved heating element 32 is the same, and the bypass heating elements 34 are arranged irregularly in the first direction x and the second direction y. The shape of the bypass heating element 34 is not particularly limited. It may be a curved line, a straight line, or a polygonal line. The shape of each bypass heating element 34 may be changed. In addition, the extending direction of at least some of the bypass heating elements 34 may be aligned in an arbitrary direction or may be randomly (irregularly) different. That is, the extending direction of each bypass heating element 4 may be arbitrarily inclined.

  In some cases, the bypass heating element 34 may be a cause of glare and flickering. Therefore, as with the curved heating element 32, at least some of the bypass heating elements 34 extend a plurality of second periodic curves (for example, sine waves) with irregular periods and amplitudes every quarter period in the extending direction (for example, sine waves). For example, it may be connected in order in the first direction x).

  FIG. 10 shows an example in which the conductive heating element 5 of this embodiment is incorporated in the front window 2 of a passenger car. The front window 2 is a laminated glass incorporating a conductive heating element 5.

  The front window 2 of FIG. 10 includes a pair of glass plates 3 and 4 and a conductive heating element 5 disposed between the pair of glass plates 3 and 4. The conductive heating element 5 includes two bus bar electrodes (a pair of electrodes) 6 and 7 and a plurality of wave line heating elements 8 connected to the bus bar electrodes. In FIG. 10, each wavy line heating element 8 is drawn with a straight line, but actually, as shown in FIG. 1, each wavy line heating element 8 is formed by connecting third periodic curves having irregular periods and amplitudes. Has been.

  More specifically, the plurality of wavy line heating elements 8 are formed by combining a plurality of the heating element rows 33 described above. That is, both ends of each wavy line heating element 8 are connected to two bus bar electrodes 6 and 7, and each wavy line heating element 8 includes a plurality of heating elements arranged in the first direction x as shown in FIG. Each curved heating element 32 in the row 33 is connected.

  In the example of FIG. 10, the two bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 are arranged along both longitudinal sides of the front window 2, but as shown in FIG. 11, both lateral sides of the front window 2. Two bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 may be arranged along the longitudinal direction of the front window 2, and a plurality of wave line heating elements 8 may be arranged along the longitudinal direction of the front window 2.

  The shape of each wavy heating element 8 in FIGS. 10 and 11 is irregular, but the interval (pitch) between the reference lines (broken lines 32a in FIG. 1) of each wavy heating element 8 is substantially constant, Are substantially parallel. For example, the wavy heating elements 8 are arranged in a number of 8 or less per 1 cm in the longitudinal direction of the front window 2. That is, the pitch of the wavy heating element 8 is desirably 0.125 cm or more.

  The plurality of wavy line heating elements 8 and the two bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 are integrally formed of a common conductive material. As the conductive material, for example, copper that is excellent in conductivity and can be easily etched is used. As will be described later, in the present embodiment, the plurality of wavy line heating elements 8 and the two bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 are integrally formed by photolithography. A conductive material other than copper may be used as long as it has excellent conductivity and can be easily processed by photolithography etching.

  By applying a predetermined voltage between the two bus bar electrodes 6, 7, a current flows through the plurality of wave line heating elements 8 between the bus bar electrodes 6, 7, and each wave line heat generation is caused by the resistance component of each wave line heating element 8. The body 8 is heated. Thereby, a pair of glass plates 3 and 4 are warmed, and the cloudiness by the dew condensation adhering to these glass plates can be removed. It is also possible to melt snow and ice adhering to the outer glass plate. Therefore, it becomes possible to ensure a good view of the occupant in the vehicle. Thus, the conductive heating element 5 functions as a defroster electrode.

  Since it is necessary to apply a voltage to each wave line heating element 8 to the bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 without power loss, the width in the short direction of each bus bar electrode 6 and 7 is set to the width direction of each wave line heating element 8. It is larger than the width. In this embodiment, the copper thin film is etched to form the pattern of the bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 and the wavy heating element 8. Therefore, the pattern width for the bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 is larger than the pattern width for the wavy heating element 8. Is also widely formed.

  The voltage applied to the two bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 is supplied from a battery 9 or a battery mounted on the vehicle, for example, as shown in FIG.

  A conductive heating element 5 in which a plurality of wavy line heating elements 8 and two bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 are integrally formed is formed on a transparent substrate 11 as shown in FIG. The transparent base material 11 may be sandwiched between the pair of glass plates 3 and 4 as it is without being peeled off, or only the conductive heating element 5 from which the transparent base material 11 has been peeled off is paired with the pair of glass plates 3 and 3. It may be sandwiched between four. In the present specification, the transparent substrate 11 on which the conductive heating element 5 is formed is referred to as a heating element sheet 12.

  The wavy heating element 8 is formed by connecting a plurality of sine waves with irregular periods and amplitudes in the second direction y, and is formed by etching a copper foil or by applying conductive ink. . For example, when the wavy line heating element 8 is formed by etching, the side surface of the wavy line heating element 8 is arranged in an angular direction near a right angle with respect to the upper surface and the bottom surface. For this reason, when the side surface is flat, the reflected light from the side surface travels in a specific direction, and a person in this direction feels a strong flicker. However, in the present embodiment, since the wavy heating element 8 has an irregular curved shape, its side surface also has an irregular shape, and there is no possibility of feeling a strong flicker in a specific direction.

  13 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA of FIG. 10 of the front window 2 in which the heating element sheet 12 having the conductive heating element 5 formed on the transparent substrate 11 is sandwiched between the pair of glass plates 3 and 4. . In the case of FIG. 13, the transparent base material 11 of the heating element sheet 12 is bonded onto one curved glass plate 3 via a bonding layer (first bonding layer) 13. On the conductive heating element 5 of the heating element sheet 12, the other glass plate 4 is bonded via a bonding layer (second bonding layer) 14.

  Since both the transparent base material 11 and the conductive heating element 5 of the heating element sheet 12 are sufficiently thin, the heating element sheet 12 itself has flexibility, and the heating element follows the curved shape of the curved glass plates 3 and 4. The sheet 12 can be stably bonded to the glass plates 3 and 4 in a curved state.

  In particular, when the glass plates 3 and 4 are used for the front window 2 of a vehicle, it is preferable to use a glass plate having a high visible light transmittance so as not to disturb the sight of the passenger. Examples of the material of the glass plates 3 and 4 include soda lime glass and blue plate glass. The glass plates 3 and 4 preferably have a transmittance of 90% or more in the visible light region. Here, the visible light transmittance of the glass plates 3 and 4 is measured within a measurement wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm using a spectrophotometer (for example, “UV-3100PC” manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, JISK0115 compliant product). Is specified as an average value of transmittance at each wavelength. The visible light transmittance may be lowered by coloring a part or the whole of the glass plates 3 and 4. In this case, it is possible to block direct sunlight and to make it difficult to visually recognize the inside of the vehicle from outside the vehicle.

  Moreover, it is preferable that the glass plates 3 and 4 have thickness of 1 mm or more and 5 mm or less. With such a thickness, a glass plate excellent in strength and optical characteristics can be obtained.

  The glass plates 3 and 4 and the conductive heating element 5 formed on the transparent substrate 11 are bonded via bonding layers 13 and 14, respectively. As the bonding layers 13 and 14, layers made of materials having various adhesiveness or tackiness can be used. The bonding layers 13 and 14 preferably have a high visible light transmittance. As typical joining layers 13 and 14, the layer which consists of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) can be illustrated. The thickness of the bonding layers 13 and 14 is preferably 0.15 mm or more and 0.7 mm or less, respectively.

  The laminated glass such as the front window 2 is not limited to the illustrated example, and may be provided with other functional layers expected to exhibit a specific function. Further, one functional layer may exhibit two or more functions. For example, various functions may be applied to at least one of the glass plates 3 and 4 of the laminated glass 1, the bonding layers 13 and 14, and the transparent substrate 11. You may give the function of. Examples thereof include an antireflection (AR) function, a hard coat (HC) function having scratch resistance, an infrared shielding (reflection) function, an ultraviolet shielding (reflection) function, a polarization function, and an antifouling function.

  The transparent substrate 11 functions as a substrate that supports the conductive heating element 5. The transparent substrate 11 is an electrically insulating substrate that is transparent in general and transmits a wavelength in the visible light wavelength band (380 nm to 780 nm), and includes a thermoplastic resin.

  The thermoplastic resin contained as a main component in the transparent substrate 11 may be any resin as long as it is a thermoplastic resin that transmits visible light. For example, an acrylic resin such as polymethyl methacrylate, a polyolefin resin such as polypropylene, and polyethylene Examples thereof include polyester resins such as terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate, cellulose resins such as triacetyl cellulose (cellulose triacetate), polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polycarbonate resin, AS resin, and the like. In particular, acrylic resin and polyethylene terephthalate are preferable because they are excellent in optical properties and good in moldability.

  The transparent substrate 11 preferably has a thickness of 0.02 mm or more and 0.20 mm or less in consideration of retention of the conductive heating element 5 being manufactured, light transmittance, and the like.

  FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view showing a manufacturing process of the conductive heating element 5, and shows a cross-sectional structure in the direction of the AA line of FIG. First, as shown in FIG. 14A, a copper thin film 21 is formed on a transparent substrate 11. The thin film 21 can be formed by electrolytic copper foil, rolled copper foil, sputtering, vacuum deposition, or the like.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 14B, the upper surface of the copper thin film 21 is covered with a photoresist 22. The photoresist 22 is a resin layer having photosensitivity to, for example, light in a specific wavelength range, for example, ultraviolet rays. This resin layer may be formed by sticking a resin film, or may be formed by coating a fluid resin. Further, the specific photosensitive characteristics of the photoresist 22 are not particularly limited. For example, a photocurable photosensitive material may be used as the photoresist 22, or a photodissolvable photosensitive material may be used.

  Subsequently, as illustrated in FIG. 14C, the photoresist 22 is patterned to form a resist pattern 23. As a method for patterning the photoresist 22, various known methods can be adopted. In this example, a resin layer having photosensitivity to light in a specific wavelength region, for example, ultraviolet rays, is used as the photoresist 22. Patterning is performed using a known photolithography technique. First, on the photoresist 22, a mask in which a portion to be patterned is opened or a mask in which a portion to be patterned is shielded is disposed. As described above, the mask has a pattern in which both end surfaces extending in the longitudinal direction of the wavy heating element 8 meander. In some cases, a pattern in which the longitudinal direction of the wavy heating element 8 snakes as a whole may be drawn on the mask.

  Next, the photoresist 22 is irradiated with ultraviolet rays through this mask. Thereafter, the portion where the ultraviolet rays are shielded by the mask or the portion irradiated with the ultraviolet rays is removed by means such as development. Thereby, the patterned resist pattern 23 can be formed. A laser patterning method that does not use a mask can also be used.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 14 (d), an etching solution for wet etching is sprayed from above the resist pattern 23 to etch away the copper thin film 21 not covered with the resist pattern 23. The copper thin film 21 is left only in the region covered with. Next, as shown in FIG. 14E, the resist pattern 23 is peeled off, whereby a plurality of wavy line heating elements 8 and two bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 are produced. Thereafter, the plurality of wavy heating elements 8 and the two bus bar electrodes 6, 7 formed on the transparent substrate 11 are sandwiched and sealed between the pair of glass plates 3, 4.

  A dark color layer for suppressing the reflectance of the conductive heating element 5 may be formed on the surface of the patterned copper thin film 21 or on the lower surface side of the copper thin film 21. By forming the dark color layer, it is possible to suppress the reflected light when external light is applied to the surface of the wavy heating element 8 or the bus bar electrodes 6 and 7, and to further suppress the occurrence of flicker.

  When only the plurality of wave line heating elements 8 are formed by photolithography without integrally forming the bus bar electrodes 6, 7, both ends in the longitudinal direction of the wave line heating element 8 when the etching solution is injected in the photolithography etching process. Etching progresses more in the longitudinal direction than in the central portion in the longitudinal direction, the widths of both ends in the longitudinal direction of the wavy heating element 8 become too narrow, and the bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 are not electrically connected. The resistance of the part becomes abnormally high. On the other hand, when integrally forming the plurality of wave line heating elements 8 and the two bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 as in the present embodiment, both end portions from the longitudinal center part side of the plurality of wave line heating elements 8 are provided. Since the etching solution that has flowed to the side is dammed by the bus bar electrodes 6, 7, the wavy heating element 8 is uniformly immersed in the etching solution as a whole, and the longitudinal ends of the wavy heating element 8 are more etched away. Trouble will not occur.

  In the present embodiment, since the plurality of wave line heating elements 8 and the two bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 are integrally formed by photolithography, the plurality of wave line heating elements 8 are first formed by photolithography, and then separated. Compared with the case where the bus bar electrodes 6, 7 are joined to the wave line heating element 8, the contact property between the wave line heating element 8 and the bus bar electrodes 6, 7 is improved, and the bonding between the wave line heating element 8 and the bus bar electrodes 6, 7 is achieved. The power loss in the part is reduced and the heat generation efficiency is improved.

  The heating element sheet 12 produced by the manufacturing process of FIG. 14 is disposed between a pair of curved glass plates 3 and 4. In more detail, a laminated glass is produced by superposing one glass plate 3, the bonding layer 13, the heating element sheet 12, the bonding layer 14, and the glass plate 4 in this order and heating while pressing.

  Although the manufacturing process of FIG. 14 mentioned above showed the example which forms the laminated glass by sealing with a pair of glass plates 3 and 4 after forming the wavy heat generating body 8 etc. by the etching etc. on the transparent base material 11, The transparent substrate 11 is also included between the pair of glass plates 3 and 4, and the number of layers between the pair of glass plates 3 and 4 increases, the thickness increases and the weight increases, and the optical characteristics of each layer increase. There is also a risk that visibility may be reduced due to the difference. Furthermore, by including the transparent base material 11, heat transfer characteristics also deteriorate. Further, since the pair of glass plates 3 and 4 are curved as shown in FIG. 13, wrinkles may occur in the transparent substrate 11.

  Therefore, as shown in FIG. 15, a heating element sheet 12 in which the conductive heating element 5 including the bus bar electrodes 6 and 7 and the wavy heating element 8 is formed on the transparent substrate 11 via the release layer 15 is manufactured. After the heating element sheet 12 is attached to one glass plate, the transparent base material may be peeled off, and then the other glass plate may be attached. 16-19 is sectional drawing which shows an example of the manufacturing process of the laminated glass using the heat generating body sheet | seat 12 of FIG.

  First, the bonding layer 14 and the glass plate 4 are laminated on the heating element sheet 12 from the heating element forming surface side (the upper side in FIG. 16), and then the heating element sheet 12, the bonding layer 14 and the glass plate 4 are bonded. The first intermediate member 17 is produced. For example, the heating element sheet 12 laminated with the bonding layer 14 and the glass plate 4 is carried into an autoclave apparatus, and the heating element sheet 12, the bonding layer 14 and the glass sheet 4 are heated and pressurized and taken out from the autoclave apparatus. be able to. In this case, if the inside of the autoclave apparatus is depressurized before heating and pressurizing the heating element sheet 12, the bonding layer 14, and the glass plate 4, the bonding layer 14 and the interface between the bonding layer 14 and the heating element sheet 12 can be used. It is possible to suppress bubbles from remaining at the interface between the bonding layer 14 and the glass plate 3.

  Thereby, as shown in FIG. 16, the first intermediate member 17 in which the transparent substrate 11, the release layer 15, the conductive heating element 5, the bonding layer 14, and the glass plate 4 are laminated is obtained. The bonding layer 14 of the first intermediate member 17 has a first surface 14 a and a second surface 14 b, and the conductive heating element 5 is at least partially on the first surface 14 a of the bonding layer 14. Embedded. In the illustrated example, the conductive heating element 5 is completely embedded in the bonding layer 14 from the first surface 14 a side of the bonding layer 14. As a result, the bonding layer 14 is in surface contact with the release layer 15 through the gap between the conductive heating elements 5. Further, the bonding layer 14 is in surface contact with the entire area of the release layer 15 exposed in the heating element 33.

  In the examples shown in FIGS. 16 to 19, the glass plates 3 and 4 are shown as flat for simplification of illustration, but actually, the glass plates 3 and 4 are curved as in FIG. 13. Since the first intermediate member 17 is bonded to the glass plate 4, the first intermediate member 17 also has a curved shape according to the shape of the glass plate 4.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 17, the transparent base material 11 of the heating element sheet 12 of the first intermediate member 17 is removed, and the second intermediate member 18 (intermediate member for laminated glass) is produced. In the example shown in FIG. 17, the transparent substrate 11 of the heating element sheet 12 is peeled off from the first intermediate member 17 using the release layer 15 and removed from the first intermediate member 17. When using an interfacial release type release layer 15 having a layer having relatively low adhesion to the bonding layer 14 and the conductive heating element 5 as compared to the adhesion to the transparent substrate 11 as the release layer 15, The peeling layer 15 is peeled between the bonding layer 14 and the conductive heating element 5. In this case, it is possible to prevent the release layer 15 from remaining on the bonding layer 14 and the conductive heating element 5 side. That is, the transparent substrate 11 is removed from the first intermediate member 17 together with the release layer 15. In the first intermediate member 17 from which the transparent substrate 11 and the release layer 15 have been removed in this way, the bonding layer 14 is exposed in the gaps between the conductive heating elements 5.

  On the other hand, when the peeling layer 15 is an interfacial peeling type peeling layer 15 that has relatively low adhesion to the transparent substrate 11 compared to the adhesion between the bonding layer 14 and the conductive heating element 5. In this case, peeling occurs between the peeling layer 15 and the transparent substrate 11. The release layer 15 has a plurality of layers of films, and has a relatively low adhesion between the plurality of layers compared to the adhesion with the bonding layer 14, the conductive heating element 5, and the transparent substrate 11. When the mold release layer 15 is used, peeling occurs between the plurality of layers. On the other hand, when the release layer 15 is a cohesive release type release layer 15 in which a filler as a dispersed phase is dispersed in a base resin as a continuous phase, release occurs due to cohesive failure in the release layer 15. .

  Also in the second intermediate member 18, the bonding layer 14 has a first surface 14 a and a second surface 14 b, and the conductive heating element 5 is at least partially on the first surface 14 a of the bonding layer 14. Embedded in.

  The laminated glass 10 manufactured as described above is shown in FIG. Laminated glass 10 is disposed between a pair of glass plates 3 and 4, a pair of glass plates 3 and 4, a bonding layer 14 that bonds the pair of glass plates 3 and 4, a bonding layer 14, and a pair of glass plates 3 and 4 and a conductive heating element 5 arranged between one of the three and the fourth. As described above, the laminated glass 10 can be manufactured using the heating element sheet 12. The conductive heating element 5 of the heating element sheet 12 can be produced on the transparent substrate 11 by using various materials and various methods, and a desired pattern can be given with high accuracy. Therefore, it is possible to reduce adverse effects on visibility due to light diffusion and diffraction in the wavy heating element 8 constituting the conductive heating element 5. Further, since the conductive heating element 5 and one of the pair of glass plates 3 and 4 are in contact, the heating efficiency of the glass plates 3 and 4 by the conductive heating element 5 can be increased. Furthermore, the number of interfaces in the laminated glass 10 can be reduced, and the thickness of the entire laminated glass 10 can be reduced. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress a decrease in optical characteristics, that is, a decrease in visibility. In addition, the weight of the laminated glass 10 as a whole can be reduced, which contributes to an improvement in the fuel consumption of the vehicle.

  The illustrated heating element sheet 12 is in surface contact with the glass plates 3 and 4. In such a laminated glass 10, the heating efficiency of the glass plate 11 by the heat generating sheet 12 can be further increased.

  Moreover, in the laminated glass 10 of FIG. 18, since the transparent base material 11 does not exist between the curved glass plates 3 and 4 and the heat generating sheet | seat 12, even if a pair of glass plates 3 and 4 are curving, it is joining The layer 14 and the conductive heating element 5 can easily follow the curvature of the glass plates 3 and 4. That is, the problem that the transparent substrate 11 causes wrinkles between the pair of glass plates 3 and 4 can be solved.

  Moreover, the manufacturing method shown in FIGS. 16 to 18 includes the transparent base material 11, the release layer 15 provided on the transparent base material 11, and the conductive heating element 5 provided on the release layer 15. The step of bonding the glass plate 4 to the heating element sheet 12 having the bonding layer 14 from the conductive heating element 5 side, the step of removing the transparent substrate 11, the bonding layer 14, and the glass plate 4 A step of joining another glass plate 3 from the side opposite to the facing side. In this example, when the transparent base material 11 is peeled from the first intermediate member 17, since the bonding layer 14 and the conductive heating element 5 are held by the glass plate 4, the transparent base material 11 can be easily peeled off. . Moreover, since the joining layer 14 and the glass plate 4 are joined to the heating element sheet 12 at once, there is an advantage that the number of processes can be reduced.

  As described above, as the release layer 15, an interfacial release type release layer having relatively low adhesion to the transparent substrate 11 compared to the adhesion to the bonding layer 14 and the heating element sheet 12 was used. In some cases, peeling occurs between the peeling layer 15 and the transparent substrate 11. As the release layer 15, an interlayer release type having a plurality of layers and having relatively low adhesiveness between the plurality of layers as compared with the adhesiveness with the bonding layer 14, the heating element sheet 12, and the transparent substrate 11. When the peeling layer is used, peeling occurs between the plurality of layers. When a cohesive peeling type release layer in which a filler as a dispersed phase is dispersed in a base resin as a continuous phase is used as the peeling layer 15, peeling due to cohesive failure occurs in the peeling layer 15. When these peeling layers 15 are used, in the 2nd intermediate member 18 from which the transparent base material 11 was removed using the peeling layer 15, at least one part of the peeling layer 15 remains in the joining layer 14 and the heat generating sheet 12 side. . Therefore, the bonding layer 14 is not exposed in the gap between the wavy heating elements 8. In this case, when the glass plate 4 is laminated on the second intermediate member 18, the further bonding layer 13 is provided between the second intermediate member 18 and the glass plate 4 to ensure the reliable bonding of the glass plate 11. Preferred above. In this case, the release layer 15 remaining on the bonding layer 14 and the heating element sheet 12 side becomes a support layer 19 that supports the heating element sheet 12. As shown in FIG. 19, the laminated glass 10 obtained as a result is a pair of glass plates 3 and 4, a pair of bonding layers 14 and 13 disposed between the pair of glass plates 3 and 4, and a pair of bondings. A support layer 19 disposed between the layers 14 and 13, and a heating element sheet 12 disposed between one of the pair of bonding layers 14 and 13 and the support layer 19 and supported by the support layer 19. It becomes like this.

  As described above, the curved heating element 32 according to the present embodiment is formed by connecting a plurality of first periodic curves 30 having different periods and amplitudes every ¼ period. Whether or not each curve heating element 32 in the heating element sheet 12 is connected to a plurality of first period curves 30 having different periods and amplitudes every ¼ period is determined by, for example, the processing procedure of FIG. it can.

  First, an external appearance of a heating element in a heating element sheet (hereinafter referred to as an object) is captured with a two-dimensional scanner (step S21). Next, individual heating elements are extracted from the captured image data, and the line width of the extracted heating elements is minimized (thinned) (step S22). Next, a plurality of first periodic curves 30 constituting the thinned heating element are extracted (step S23). Next, the length and amplitude of the quarter period of each first periodic curve 30 are detected (step S24). Next, it is determined whether or not the length and amplitude of the quarter period of each first periodic curve 30 detected in step S23 is irregular (step S25). The determination process in step S24 may be simply determined to be irregular if the amplitudes of a plurality of continuous first periodic curves 30 do not match and the length of a quarter cycle does not match.

  Thus, in this embodiment, in order to form each curve heating element by connecting a plurality of first period curves 30 of less than a half cycle, and to make the shape of each first period curve 30 irregular, each curve heating element The periodicity of the light becomes weak, so that light glare and flickering can be suppressed, and heat unevenness and shading unevenness can also be suppressed.

2 front window, 3, 4 glass plate, 5 conductive heating element, 6, 7 bus bar electrode, 8 wavy heating element, 11 transparent substrate, 12 heating element sheet, 13, 14 bonding layer, 13
Thin film, 22 photoresist, 23 resist pattern, 32 curved heating element, 33 heating element array, 34 bypass heating element, 41 heating element generator, 42 parameter acquisition unit, 43
Curve heating element generation unit, 44 normalization unit, 45 periodic curve determination unit, 46 curve heating element storage unit, 47 heating element generation unit, 48 phase adjustment unit, 49 heating element storage unit

Claims (16)

A plurality of curved heating elements that are spaced apart in the first direction and extend in a second direction intersecting the first direction;
Each of the plurality of curve heating elements is formed by connecting a plurality of first period curves less than a half period,
Each of the plurality of first periodic curves has an irregular shape and is a conductive heating element.   2. The conductive heating element according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of first periodic curves is irregular in at least one of a period and an amplitude.   The conductive heating element according to claim 2, wherein at least one of a period and an amplitude of the plurality of first periodic curves is not constant.   4. The conductive heating element according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of first periodic curves has a length corresponding to ¼ period of the first periodic curve. 5.   The conductive heating element according to claim 4, wherein the first periodic curve is a sine wave.   The conductive heating element according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein end positions of the plurality of curved heating elements in the second direction are irregular.   The conductive according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein a smoothing process is performed within a predetermined range from a joint between the two first periodic curves arranged adjacent to each other in the second direction. Sex heating element.   The conductive heating element according to claim 7, wherein the shape subjected to the smoothing process is a curved shape having no bending point.   The conductive heating element according to any one of claims 1 to 8, further comprising a bypass heating element that connects the two curved heating elements adjacent to each other in the first direction.   The conductive heating element according to claim 9, wherein the same number of bypass heating elements are connected to each of the plurality of curved heating elements.   The conductive heating element according to claim 9 or 10, wherein a connection position of the bypass heating element is irregular for each of the plurality of curved heating elements. The bypass heating element is formed by connecting a plurality of second periodic curves of less than a half cycle,
The conductive heating element according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein each of the plurality of second periodic curves has an irregular shape. A plurality of heating element rows arranged side by side in the first direction and the second direction,
Each of the plurality of heating element rows has the plurality of curved heating elements,
13. The conductive heating element according to claim 1, wherein corresponding ones of the curved heating elements in the two heating element arrays arranged adjacent to each other in the second direction are connected to each other. A pair of bus bar electrodes that are spaced apart in the second direction and extend in the first direction;
A plurality of wavy heating elements disposed apart from each other in the first direction and extending in the second direction and connected to the pair of bus bar electrodes,
The conductive heating element according to claim 13, wherein the plurality of wavy line heating elements are obtained by connecting the plurality of curved heating elements included in each of the plurality of heating element rows in the second direction.   The electroconductive heat generating body of any one of Claims 1 thru | or 14 provided with the transparent base material layer which has arrange | positioned these curve heat generating bodies on one main surface.   A laminated glass provided with a pair of glass substrate opposingly arranged so that the electroconductive heat generating body of any one of Claims 1 thru | or 14 may be pinched | interposed.