JPWO2017047121A1 - Electrode and electrolyzer - Google Patents

Abstract

According to the embodiment, the electrolyzer includes an electrolytic cell having an anode chamber provided with an anode 18 and a cathode chamber provided with a cathode 20 facing the anode. The anode 18 has a first surface 18a on which a catalyst is supported. The anode 18 has a current density distribution generated when a voltage is applied, and the catalyst amount of the catalyst on the first surface 18a has a distribution corresponding to the current density distribution.

Description

  Embodiment described here is related with an electrode and an electrolysis device provided with this electrode.

  2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, electrolyzers have been provided that generate electrolyzed water having various functions by electrolyzing water, such as alkali ion water, ozone water, or hypochlorous acid water. As an electrolysis apparatus, an electrolysis apparatus having a one-chamber type, two-chamber type, or three-chamber type electrolytic cell (electrolysis cell) is known. For example, a three-chamber type electrolytic cell is partitioned into three chambers of an intermediate chamber and an anode chamber and a cathode chamber located on both sides of the intermediate chamber by a cation exchange membrane and an anion exchange membrane. An anode and a cathode are respectively disposed in the anode chamber and the cathode chamber.

  For example, as a general anode for electrolysis, a base material is a metal such as titanium, tantalum, chromium, aluminum or an alloy thereof, and the base material surface is a noble metal such as platinum, an oxide catalyst layer such as iridium oxide or ruthenium oxide. An electrode coated with is used.

  In an electrolysis apparatus having such a three-chamber type electrolytic cell, for example, salt water is allowed to flow through the intermediate chamber, and water is circulated through the anode chamber and the cathode chamber, respectively. By electrolyzing the salt water in the intermediate chamber at the cathode and the anode, hypochlorous acid water is generated from the chlorine gas generated at the anode, and sodium hydroxide water is generated in the cathode chamber. The produced hypochlorous acid water is used as sterilizing / disinfecting water, and sodium hydroxide water is used as washing water.

JP 2006-198562 A JP 05-148676 A

In the electrolysis apparatus as described above, it is known that when an electrode undergoes an electrolytic reaction for a long time, deterioration of the electrode surface proceeds and the initial electrolytic performance cannot be maintained. The elution of the catalyst layer and the separation of the catalyst layer due to long-term operation cause deterioration. The deterioration rate depends on the current density of the electrode when the voltage is applied, the electrolytic cell temperature, and the amount of catalyst.
The subject of embodiment is providing the electrode which can maintain electrolysis performance over a long period of time, and has high durability, and an electrolyzer provided with the same.

  According to the embodiment, the electrolysis apparatus includes an electrolytic cell having an anode chamber provided with an anode and a cathode chamber provided with a cathode facing the anode, and at least one of the anode and the cathode is a catalyst. The at least one of the anode and the cathode has a current density distribution generated when a voltage is applied, and the catalyst amount of the catalyst on the first surface is equal to the current density distribution. It has a corresponding distribution.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically showing an electrolyzed water generating apparatus according to the first embodiment. FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view showing an electrode unit of the electrolyzed water generating apparatus. FIG. 3 is a side view schematically showing electrodes of the electrode unit. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the electrolytic cell schematically showing a deformed state of the electrode when the water pressure in the intermediate chamber of the electrolytic cell is set high. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the electrolytic cell schematically showing a deformed state of the electrode when the water pressure in the intermediate chamber of the electrolytic cell is set low. FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the results of measuring the life of an electrode by variously changing the catalyst amount of the electrode and the water pressure in each chamber of the electrolytic cell in the electrolyzed water generating apparatus according to the first embodiment. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an electrolyzed water generating apparatus according to the second embodiment. FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view showing an electrode unit of the electrolyzed water generating apparatus according to the second embodiment.

  Various embodiments will be described below with reference to the drawings. In addition, the same code | symbol shall be attached | subjected to a common structure through embodiment, and the overlapping description is abbreviate | omitted. In addition, each drawing is a schematic diagram for promoting the embodiment and its understanding, and its shape, dimensions, ratio, etc. are different from the actual device, but these are considered in consideration of the following description and known techniques. The design can be changed as appropriate.

(First embodiment)
Drawing 1 is a figure showing roughly the composition of the electrolyzed water generating device concerning a 1st embodiment. An electrolyzed water generator 10 as an example of an electrolyzer includes a so-called three-chamber electrolyzer 11. The electrolytic cell 11 is formed in a flat rectangular box shape, and the inside thereof is constituted by an intermediate chamber 15a and an anode chamber 15b and a cathode chamber 15c located on both sides of the intermediate chamber 15a by a first diaphragm 16a and a second diaphragm 16b. It is divided into three rooms. That is, the electrolysis chamber is partitioned into an anode chamber 15b and an intermediate chamber 15a by a first diaphragm 16a, and is partitioned into an intermediate chamber 15a and a cathode chamber 15c by a second diaphragm 16b. The first diaphragm 16a and the second diaphragm 16b face each other substantially in parallel with a space therebetween. An anode (first electrode) 18 is provided in the anode chamber 15b and faces the first diaphragm 16a. A cathode (second electrode) 20 is provided in the cathode chamber 15c and faces the second diaphragm 16b. The anode 18 and the cathode 20 are formed in a rectangular plate shape having substantially the same size, and face each other with the first and second diaphragms and the intermediate chamber 15a interposed therebetween.

  The first and second diaphragms 16 a and 16 b, the anode 18 and the cathode 20 are fixed and supported on the electrolytic cell 11 at their outer peripheral edges.

  The electrolyzed water generating apparatus 10 supplies electrolyzed water, for example, water, to the electrolyte chamber 11, the electrolyte solution supply unit 31 that supplies an electrolyte, for example, saturated brine, to the intermediate chamber 15a, and the anode chamber 15b and the cathode chamber 15c. The water supply part 32 and the power supply 33 which applies a positive voltage and a negative voltage to the anode 18 and the cathode 20, respectively are provided.

  The electrolyte solution supply unit 31 includes a salt water tank 25 that generates saturated salt water, a supply pipe 31a that guides the saturated salt water from the salt water tank 25 to the lower portion of the intermediate chamber 15a, a liquid feeding pump 29 provided in the supply pipe 31a, And a drain pipe 31b for sending the electrolyte flowing through the intermediate chamber 15a from the upper portion of the intermediate chamber 15a to the salt water tank 25. The drain pipe 31b is provided with an adjusting valve (throttle valve) 30a.

  The water supply unit 32 includes a water supply source (not shown) for supplying water, a water supply pipe 32a for guiding water from the water supply source to the lower portions of the anode chamber 15b and the cathode chamber 15c, and water flowing through the anode chamber 15b from the upper portion of the anode chamber 15b. A first drain pipe 32b for discharging, a second drain pipe 32c for discharging water flowing through the cathode chamber 15c from the upper part of the cathode chamber 15c, and an adjusting valve (throttle valve) 30b provided in the first drain pipe 32b; And a regulating valve (throttle valve) 30c provided in the second drainage pipe 32c.

  The liquid feed pump 29 and the adjustment valves 30a, 30b, and 30c constitute a water pressure adjustment mechanism (pressure adjustment mechanism). That is, by adjusting the supply flow rate of the liquid feed pump 29 that supplies the electrolytic solution to the intermediate chamber 15a, or by adjusting the flow rate of water or the flow rate of the electrolytic solution by the adjusting valves 30a, 30b, and 30c, the anode chamber The water pressure in 15b, the water pressure in the cathode chamber 15c, and the water pressure in the intermediate chamber 15a can be adjusted. For example, the water pressure in the intermediate chamber 15a is adjusted to be higher than each water pressure in the anode chamber 15b and the cathode chamber 15c, or the water pressure in the intermediate chamber 15a is higher than each water pressure in the anode chamber 15b and the cathode chamber 15c. Can be adjusted. It is also possible to adjust the water pressure in the intermediate chamber 15a, the anode chamber 15b, and the cathode chamber 15c to be equal to each other.

An operation of electrolyzing the salt water to generate acidic water (hypochlorite water and hydrochloric acid) and alkaline water (sodium hydroxide) by the electrolyzed water generator 10 will be described.
As shown in FIG. 1, the liquid feeding pump 29 is operated to supply saturated salt water to the intermediate chamber 15a of the electrolytic cell 11, and water is supplied to the anode chamber 15b and the cathode chamber 15c. At the same time, a positive voltage and a negative voltage are applied from the power source 33 to the anode 18 and the cathode 20, respectively. Sodium ions ionized in the salt water flowing into the intermediate chamber 15a are attracted to the cathode 20, pass through the second diaphragm 16b, and flow into the cathode chamber 15c. In the cathode chamber 15c, water is electrolyzed at the cathode 20 to generate hydrogen gas and an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (alkaline water) and hydrogen gas thus generated flow out from the cathode chamber 15c to the second drain pipe 32c and are discharged through the second drain pipe 32c.

  Chlorine ions ionized in the salt water in the intermediate chamber 15a are attracted to the anode 18, pass through the first diaphragm 16a, and flow into the anode chamber 15b. In the anode chamber 15b, chlorine ions give electrons to the anode 18 to generate chlorine gas. Thereafter, the chlorine gas reacts with water in the anode chamber 15b to produce hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid. The acidic water (hypochlorous acid water and hydrochloric acid) produced in this way is discharged from the anode chamber 15b through the first drain pipe 32b.

  In the electrolyzed water generation described above, the following characteristics appear by applying pressure (water pressure) to the liquid supplied to each of the intermediate chamber 15a, the anode chamber 15b, and the cathode chamber 15c. For example, when the water pressure in the intermediate chamber 15a is set higher than the water pressure in the anode chamber 15b, the permeation of chlorine ions from the intermediate chamber 15a to the anode chamber 15b is promoted, so that the reaction at the anode 18 proceeds and hypochlorous acid is transmitted. Acid production efficiency increases. Conversely, when the water pressure in the intermediate chamber 15a is set lower than the water pressure in the anode chamber 15b, the generation efficiency of hypochlorous acid is reduced, but the amount of salt water that permeates into the anode chamber 15b is reduced. The effect of suppressing the occurrence of rust and reducing the influence of adding salty taste to foods can be obtained.

  When the water pressure in the intermediate chamber 15a is higher than the water pressure in the cathode chamber 15c, the permeation of sodium ions from the intermediate chamber 15a to the cathode chamber 15c is promoted, which contributes to a reduction in operating voltage. Conversely, when the water pressure in the intermediate chamber 15a is lower than the water pressure in the cathode chamber 15c, the electrolysis voltage increases, but the amount of salt water that permeates into the cathode chamber 15c is reduced. The generation | occurrence | production suppression effect is acquired.

Next, the electrode unit (diaphragm and electrode) 12 provided in the electrolytic cell 11 will be described in detail. FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view showing the electrode unit.
For example, the first diaphragm 16 a is formed in a rectangular shape having substantially the same dimensions as the anode 18, and is adjacent to or in contact with the surface of the anode 18. As the first diaphragm 16a, an anion exchange membrane, a reverse osmosis membrane, various electrolyte membranes, a porous membrane having nanopores, or the like can be used. An anion exchange membrane can be used as the anion exchange membrane, and an example is A201 manufactured by Tokuyama Corporation. As the reverse osmosis membrane, ROMEMBRA (Toray Industries, Inc.) or the like is used. Examples of the porous film having nanopores include porous ceramics such as porous glass, high-quality alumina, porous titania and porous zeolite, and porous polymers such as porous polyethylene and porous propylene.

  The second diaphragm 16b is formed in, for example, a rectangular shape having substantially the same dimensions as the cathode 20, and is adjacent to or in contact with the surface of the cathode 20. As the second diaphragm 16b, a cation exchange membrane, a reverse osmosis membrane, a porous membrane having nanopores, or the like can be used. As the cation exchange membrane, a cation exchange membrane can be used. For example, NAFION (AI DuPont: Trademark) 112, 115, 117, Flemion (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd .: Trademark), ACIPLEX (Asahi Kasei Corporation: Trademark) and Gore Select (W. El Gore and Associates: trademark).

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the anode (first electrode) 18 has a porous structure in which a large number of through holes 23 are formed in a base material 22 made of, for example, a rectangular metal plate. The base material 22 has a first surface 18a and a second surface 18b facing the first surface 18a substantially in parallel. The distance between the first surface 18a and the second surface 18b, that is, the plate thickness is formed at T1. The first surface 18a faces the first diaphragm 16a, and the second surface 18b faces the anode chamber 15b. A catalyst layer 19a is formed or supported over at least the entire first surface 18a. In the present embodiment, the catalyst layers 19a and 19b are formed on both the first surface 18a and the second surface 18b. A catalytic metal may be used as the substrate 22.

  The anode 18 integrally has a connection terminal 24 protruding from one side edge, for example, the upper edge. The anode 18 is connected to a power source via the connection terminal 24. It is possible to provide not only one electrode terminal but also a plurality of electrode terminals. When the plate thickness T1 of the base material 22 is thin, if a plurality of electrode terminals are provided, the movement resistance of electrons moving between the electrode terminals and the reaction part can be suppressed.

  A large number of through holes 23 are formed over almost the entire surface of the anode 18. Each through hole 23 opens to the first surface 18a and the second surface 18b. The through-hole 23 can use various shapes such as a square, a rectangle, a rhombus, a circle, and an ellipse. The vertices of squares, rectangles and rhombuses may be rounded. The through holes 23 are not limited to regular shapes, and may be formed side by side at random.

  As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in the present embodiment, the cathode (second electrode) 20 is configured in the same manner as the anode 18. That is, the cathode 20 has a porous structure in which a large number of through holes 27 are formed in a base material 26 made of, for example, a rectangular metal plate. The base material 26 has a first surface 20a and a second surface 20b facing the first surface 20a substantially in parallel. The first surface 20a faces the second diaphragm 16b, and the second surface 20b faces the cathode chamber 15c. The catalyst layer 21a is formed or supported on at least the entire surface of the first surface 20a. In the present embodiment, the catalyst layers 21a and 21b are formed on both the first surface 20a and the second surface 20b. A catalytic metal may be used as the substrate 26. Further, the cathode 20 integrally has a connection terminal 28 protruding from one side edge, for example, the upper edge. The cathode 20 is connected to a power source via the connection terminal 28.

As the base materials 22 and 26 of the anode 18 and the cathode 20, a valve metal such as titanium, chromium, aluminum, or an alloy thereof, or a conductive metal can be used. The plate thickness T1 of the base materials 22 and 26 is determined according to the current density of the voltage (current) applied to the electrodes. If the current density is several hundred mA per unit square centimeter, it is sufficient that the thickness T1 of the base materials 22 and 26 is 0.4 to 1 mm. In this embodiment, the board thickness T1 of the base materials 22 and 26 is, for example, about 500 μm.
Further, the opening diameter, the opening interval, and the opening ratio of the through holes 23 and 27 can be selected according to the current density of the electrodes 18 and 20. Furthermore, as will be described later, it is also possible to adopt so-called double mesh structure electrodes in which the opening diameters of the through holes are different between the front and back surfaces of one electrode.

  In the anode used for hydrochloric acid production and hypochlorous acid production, a noble metal such as platinum and an oxide such as iridium oxide and ruthenium oxide that can withstand acidity and high potential can be used as a catalyst. In the cathode used for generating hydrochloric acid, nickel or noble metal having alkali resistance can be used as a catalyst. In the cathode used for hypochlorous acid production, a noble metal catalyst such as platinum that can withstand acidity, copper, silver, stainless steel, or the like can be used as the catalyst.

The amount of catalyst supported on the electrode substrate is determined by the current density of the electrode and the required electrolysis time. In the present embodiment, the catalyst layer 19a formed on at least the first surface 18a of the anode 18 changes the amount of catalyst in the same plane according to the current density distribution of each part of the anode 18 generated when voltage is applied. . That is, in the first surface 18 a of the anode 18, the portion having a low current density has a small amount of catalyst, and the amount of catalyst is increased toward the portion having a high current density. Based on the catalyst, the minimum amount of the catalyst is 1 g / m ² or more, and the amount of the catalyst continuously slopes (changes) within 30% and within 300% of the minimum amount within the first surface 18a. It is applied to the material. In this case, the total amount of catalyst on the entire first surface 18a is constant and has a distribution of the amount of catalyst depending on the location.

  Usually, in the anode 18 and the cathode 20, current is likely to concentrate in the vicinity of the connection terminals 24 and 28 when a voltage is applied, the current density is increased, and at the same time, the catalyst is likely to be deteriorated. Thus, according to the present embodiment, the catalyst layer 19a is formed on the first surface 18a of the anode 18 so that the amount of catalyst in the vicinity of the root of the connection terminal 24 is increased. As shown in FIG. 3, for example, when a plurality of parts of the first surface 18a are indicated by points 1 to 9, a large amount of catalyst is formed in the vicinity part 3 of the connection terminal 24 and the parts 1 and 5, and then The catalyst amount in the parts 2 and 4 is large, and the catalyst amount in the parts 6, 7, 8 and 9 is set to the minimum amount (catalyst amount: parts 1, 3, 5> 2, 4> 6, 7, 8, 9 ).

  Further, in the above-described three-chamber type electrolytic cell 11, the shapes of the anode 18 and the cathode 20 slightly vary according to the water pressure in the anode chamber, the intermediate chamber, and the cathode chamber. As shown in FIG. 4, for example, when the water pressure in the intermediate chamber 15a is set to be higher than the water pressure in the anode chamber 15b and the cathode chamber 15c, the central portions of the anode 18 and the cathode 20 are separated from each other. Deform in the direction. As a result, the anode 18 and the cathode 20 each have a higher current density in the peripheral portion than the current density in the central portion when a voltage is applied.

  Therefore, in the case of such a water pressure setting, on the first surface 18a of the anode 18, the amount of catalyst at the central portion (site 5) is decreased, and the amount of catalyst at the peripheral portions (portions 1-4, 6-9) is increased. Thus, the catalyst layer 19a is formed.

  On the contrary, when the water pressure in the intermediate chamber 15a is set to be lower than the water pressure in the anode chamber 15b and the cathode chamber 15c, as shown in FIG. Deform in the direction of As a result, the anode 18 and the cathode 20 are closer to each other in the center, and the current density in the center is increased.

  Therefore, in the case of such a water pressure setting, on the first surface 18a of the anode 18, the amount of catalyst at the central portion (site 5) is increased and the amount of catalyst at the peripheral portions (portions 1, 4, 6-9) is reduced. Thus, the catalyst layer 19a is formed. However, a large amount of catalyst is set in the vicinity 3 of the connection terminal 24.

  As described above, in the electrodes 18 and 20, the electrodes having the same total catalyst amount can be obtained by applying a large amount of catalyst to a portion having a high current density, that is, a portion easily deteriorated, and reducing the amount of catalyst in other portions. Can extend the lifespan.

  In order to create a gradient structure of the catalyst amount of the electrode as described above, the catalyst can be applied to the surface of the substrate with a brush, and the number of applications can be changed depending on the location of the substrate surface. It is. In addition, when the catalyst is applied by sputtering or the like, the inclined structure can be manufactured by changing the position of the target. When the catalyst layer is formed by dipping the base material into the dipping solution (catalyst solution), the lifting speed from the dipping solution can be adjusted and the hanging position when dipping can be changed for each number of dippings. The amount of catalyst can be freely tilted within the same surface of the substrate.

  The deterioration state of the electrode can be grasped from the remaining amount of the catalyst applied on the electrode and the voltage fluctuation. However, it is known that even if the catalyst is consumed over time, there is almost no voltage fluctuation, and when the catalyst is consumed to some extent, the voltage tends to increase rapidly. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the lifetime of the electrode while observing both the consumption of the catalyst and the increase in voltage. The residual amount of the catalyst can be determined by fluorescent X-ray analysis or ICP emission analysis, but it is desirable to adopt fluorescent X-ray analysis for the amount of catalyst in the electrolysis process from a non-destructive viewpoint. Further, in order to observe the change of the catalyst amount with time in the electrode surface, the electrode is taken out once every several hundred hours, and for example, the catalyst amounts at a plurality of designated locations as indicated by points 1 to 9 in FIG. It is preferable to measure.

  FIG. 6 shows an example in which the relationship between the distribution of the catalyst amount and the lifetime is measured for a plurality of electrodes prepared by changing the catalyst amount in various ways. 6, Comparative Examples 1 to 4 each show an electrode example in which a catalyst is uniformly applied to the entire surface of the electrode. 1-30 have shown the electrode which has distribution of a catalyst amount. In FIG. 6, the ratio of the catalyst amount is expressed as (maximum catalyst amount / minimum amount × 100-100) among the points in the plane.

When the catalyst amount (g / m ² ) is uniform over the entire surface as in Comparative Examples 1 to 3 (average catalyst amount 50 g / m ² ), the life of the electrode is 2500 to 400 h. When the amount of the catalyst is doubled to 100 g / m ² as in Comparative Example 4, the life becomes 9000 h, which is not desirable in terms of production cost.

  On the other hand, in the case where the catalyst amount is distributed, the electrode No. 2-5, the life of the electrode can be reduced by decreasing the amount of catalyst in the order of the vicinity 1, 2, 3, the central portion 4, 5, 6, the lower end 7, 8, 9 of the connection terminal. You can see that it improves. However, electrode No. 1, No. 1 As shown in FIG. 6, when the ratio between the maximum amount of catalyst and the minimum amount of catalyst is 30% or less, or when it is 300% or more, the effect of extending the life of the electrode is lowered.

  When the water pressure in the intermediate chamber is set higher than the water pressure in the anode chamber and the cathode chamber, the electrode no. It can be seen that the life of the electrode is improved by reducing the amount of catalyst in the central portion 5 of the electrode and increasing the amount of catalyst in the peripheral portions 1 to 3, 4, 6, 7 to 9 as in 8 to 11. . However, electrode No. 7, no. When the ratio of the maximum catalyst amount to the minimum catalyst amount is 30% or less as shown in FIG.

  When the water pressure in the intermediate chamber is set lower than the water pressure in the anode chamber and the cathode chamber, the electrode no. 20-23, by maximizing the amount of catalyst in the central part 5 of the electrode, maximizing or slightly eliminating the neighboring parts 1, 2, 3 and further reducing the amount of catalyst in the lower ends 7, 8, 9 or The life of the electrode is improved by maximizing the amount of catalyst in the central portion 5 of the electrode and decreasing the amount of catalyst in the other portions 1 to 4 and 6 to 9. However, electrode No. 19, no. As in 24, when the ratio of the maximum amount of catalyst to the minimum amount of catalyst is 30% or less or 300% or more, the life extension effect is low.

According to the electrode configured as described above and the electrolyzed water generating apparatus including the electrode, by distributing the catalyst amount in accordance with the current density of each part of the electrode, that is, the amount of catalyst in a portion having a high current density can be obtained. By increasing the amount and reducing the amount of catalyst in the portion where the current density is low, it is possible to suppress the deterioration of the electrode and extend the life. Further, the total amount of catalyst applied or supported on the electrode surface can be made the same as in the prior art, and the life of the electrode can be improved without causing an increase in manufacturing cost. Thereby, a long-life electrode capable of maintaining the electrolysis performance for a long period of time and an electrolyzer provided with the same are obtained.
In the first embodiment, the anode 18 and the cathode 20 have a porous structure having a large number of through holes. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and may be a flat electrode having no through holes.
Next, an electrode and an electrolyzed water generating apparatus according to another embodiment will be described. In other embodiments described below, the same parts as those in the first embodiment described above are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description thereof is omitted, and the parts different from those in the first embodiment. Will be described in detail.

(Second Embodiment)
FIG. 7 is a sectional view schematically showing an electrolyzed water generating apparatus according to the second embodiment, and FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of the electrode unit.
According to the second embodiment, the anode 18 provided in the anode chamber 15b of the electrolytic cell 11 and the cathode 20 provided in the cathode chamber 15c are each configured as an electrode having a double mesh structure.
The anode 18 has a porous structure in which a large number of through holes are formed in a base material 22 made of, for example, a rectangular metal plate. The base material 22 has a first surface 18a and a second surface 18b facing the first surface 18a substantially in parallel. The distance between the first surface 18a and the second surface 18b, that is, the plate thickness is formed at T1. The first surface 18a faces the first diaphragm 16a, and the second surface 18b faces the anode chamber 15b.

  A plurality of first holes 40 are formed in the first surface 18a of the base material 22 and open to the first surface 18a. A plurality of second holes 42 are formed in the second surface 18b and open to the second surface 18b. Each first hole 40 communicates with the opposing second hole 42 and forms a through-hole penetrating the base material 22. The opening diameter R1 of the first hole 40 on the first diaphragm 16a side is smaller than the opening diameter R2 of the second hole 42, and the number of holes is such that the first hole 40 is the second hole 42. More are formed. The depth of the first hole 40 is T2, the depth of the second hole 42 is T3, and T2 + T3 = T1. In the present embodiment, T2 <T3.

  The second hole portion 42 is formed in, for example, a rectangular shape, and is provided side by side in a matrix on the second surface 18b. The peripheral wall defining each second hole portion 42 is formed by a tapered surface or a curved surface whose diameter increases from the bottom of the hole portion toward the opening, that is, toward the second surface 18b side. Also good. The interval between the adjacent second hole portions 42, that is, the width of the linear portion of the electrode is set to W2. The second hole portion 42 is not limited to a rectangular shape, and may have other various shapes. Further, the second hole portions 42 are not limited to regular, and may be formed side by side at random.

  The first hole 40 is formed in, for example, a rectangular shape, and is provided side by side in a matrix on the first surface 18a. The peripheral wall defining each first hole 40 may be formed by a tapered surface or a curved surface whose diameter increases from the bottom of the hole toward the opening, that is, toward the first surface 18a. Good. In the present embodiment, a plurality of, for example, nine first hole portions 40 are provided so as to face one second hole portion 42. Each of these nine first holes 40 communicates with the second hole 42 to form a through hole that penetrates the base material 22 together with the second hole 42. The interval W1 between the adjacent first hole portions 40 is set to be smaller than the interval W2 between the second hole portions 42. Thereby, the number density of the 1st hole 40 in the 1st surface 18a is sufficiently larger than the number density of the 2nd hole 42 in the 2nd surface 18b.

  In addition, the 1st hole part 40 is good also as another shape, without being limited to a rectangular shape. The 1st hole part 40 may be formed not only regularly but in a line. Furthermore, not only the structure which all the 1st hole parts 40 are connected to the 2nd hole part 42 but the 1st hole part which is not connected to the 2nd hole part 42 may be included.

A smaller opening diameter of the first hole portion 40 is preferable in order to make the pressure uniform, but a certain size is necessary to inhibit the material diffusion. 1-2 mm is preferable, More preferably, it is 0.3-1 mm. As the opening, various shapes such as a square, a rectangle, a rhombus, a circle, an ellipse and the like can be used, but the opening area is preferably 0.01 to ⁴ mm ² which is the same as the opening area of the square. The ratio (opening ratio) of the opening area to the electrode area including the opening is preferably 0.05 to 0.5, and more preferably 0.1 to 0.3. If the aperture ratio is too small, it will be difficult to outgas. If the aperture ratio is too large, the electrode reaction is hindered.

Various shapes such as a square, a rectangle, a rhombus, a circle, and an ellipse can be used for the opening of the second hole portion 42. A larger opening diameter of the second hole portion 42 is preferable in order to improve gas escape, but it cannot be so large because electric resistance increases. When it is a square opening, one side is preferably 1 to 40 mm, and more preferably 2 to 20 mm. The opening square, rectangular, rhombic, circular, may be used an elliptical or the like and the various shapes, as the opening area equal to the opening area of the square, preferably those from 1 mm ² of 1600 mm ^2. An opening that extends in one direction and connects from one end of the electrode to the other is also possible, such as a rectangle or an ellipse.

  For example, the anode 18 is integrally provided with a connection terminal 24 protruding from the upper edge. In addition, catalyst layers 19a and 19b are formed on the entire surface of the first surface 18a and the entire surface of the second surface 18b of the substrate 22. At least on the first surface 18a, the catalyst amount of the catalyst layer 19a varies depending on each part of the electrode, and particularly varies depending on the current density, and has a distribution in the same plane. The distribution of the catalyst amount is set similarly to the first embodiment. Note that the catalyst layer 19b on the second surface 18b side may also have the same amount of catalyst as the catalyst layer 19a.

  According to the second embodiment, the cathode 20 is configured in the same manner as the anode 18. That is, the cathode 20 has a porous structure in which a large number of through holes are formed in a base material 26 made of, for example, a rectangular metal plate. The base material 26 has a first surface 20a and a second surface 20b facing the first surface 20a substantially in parallel. The first surface 20a faces the second diaphragm 16b, and the second surface 20b faces the cathode chamber 15c.

  A plurality of first holes 44 are formed in the first surface 20a of the base material 26 and open to the first surface 20a. A plurality of second holes 46 are formed in the second surface 20b and open to the second surface 20b. The opening diameter of the first hole 44 on the second diaphragm 16b side is smaller than the opening of the second hole 46, and the number of holes is larger in the first hole 44 than in the second hole 46. Is formed. The depth of the first hole 44 is formed to be smaller than the depth of the second hole 46.

  A plurality of, for example, nine first hole portions 44 are provided to face one second hole portion 46. Each of these nine first holes 44 communicates with the second hole 46 to form a through hole that penetrates the base material 26 together with the second hole 46. The interval between the adjacent first hole portions 44 is set to be smaller than the interval between the second hole portions 46. Thereby, the number density of the 1st hole 44 in the 1st surface 20a is sufficiently larger than the number density of the 2nd hole 46 in the 2nd surface 20b.

The cathode 20 is integrally provided with a connection terminal 28 that protrudes from the upper edge, for example. Further, catalyst layers 21 a and 21 b are formed on the entire first surface 20 a and the second surface 20 b of the base material 26. At least on the first surface 20a, the amount of catalyst in the catalyst layer 21a varies depending on each part of the electrode, particularly varies depending on the current density, and has a distribution in the same plane. The distribution of the catalyst amount is set similarly to the first embodiment. Note that the catalyst layer 21b on the second surface 20b side may also have the same amount of catalyst as the catalyst layer 19a.
In addition, the configurations of the water supply system, the salt water supply system, the power source, and the water pressure adjustment mechanism of the electrolyzed water generating device are the same as those of the first embodiment described above.

  Also in the second embodiment configured as described above, the distribution of the amount of catalyst according to the current density of each part of the electrode, that is, the amount of catalyst in a portion having a high current density is increased, and the current density is increased. By reducing the amount of catalyst at a low site, electrode deterioration can be suppressed and the life can be extended. Further, the total amount of catalyst applied or supported on the electrode surface can be made the same as in the prior art, and the life of the electrode can be improved without causing an increase in manufacturing cost. Thereby, a long-life electrode capable of maintaining the electrolysis performance for a long period of time and an electrolyzer provided with the same are obtained.

Next, various examples and comparative examples will be described.
Example 1
The base materials 22 and 26 of the anode 18 and the cathode 20 are formed by etching a flat titanium plate having a plate thickness of 0.5 mm to produce the electrodes 18 and 20 having a double mesh structure shown in FIG. The width W1 of the linear portion formed between the adjacent first hole portions 40 is 1 mm, and the width W2 of the wide linear portion formed between the adjacent second hole portions 42 is 2 mm. The opening angle of the 1st hole part 40 and the 2nd hole part 42 open | released by the rhombus is 120 degrees.

  The etched electrode substrate 22 is treated at 80 ° C. for 1 hour in a 10 wt% oxalic acid aqueous solution. A solution prepared by adding 1-butanol to iridium chloride (IrCl3 · nH2O) so as to be 0.25M (Ir), and adjusting the pulling speed and the hanging position, the first surface and the second surface of the electrode substrate 22 After dip coating, drying and baking are performed. Drying is performed at 80 ° C. for 10 minutes, and baking is performed at 450 ° C. for 10 minutes. The electrode base material 22 that has been repeatedly applied, dried, and fired a plurality of times is cut into a reaction electrode area of 15 cm × 20 cm, and used as the anode 18. A connecting terminal 24 having a width of 3 cm and a height of 3 cm is attached to the upper right portion of the anode 18 from the corner. The amount of catalyst applied is varied in the plane, and the details of the catalyst amount at each point are the 12 types shown in FIG. 6 (Nos. 7 to 18 in FIG. 6).

Moreover, it is set as the cathode 20 by sputter | spatterring platinum as a catalyst layer on the electrode base material 26 processed at 80 degreeC for 1 hour in 10 wt% oxalic acid aqueous solution.
A201 made by Tokuyama is used as the first diaphragm 16a that partitions the anode chamber and the intermediate chamber, and Nafion 117, a cation exchange membrane, is used as the second diaphragm 16b that partitions the cathode chamber and the intermediate chamber.
An electrolytic cell (electrolysis cell) is prepared using the anode 18, the cathode 20, the first and second diaphragms 16a and 16b, for example, a container made of vinyl chloride. A power source is connected to the connection terminals of the anode 18 and the cathode 20, and a pipe and a liquid feed pump are connected to the electrolytic cell.

Using such an electrolyzed water generating apparatus 10, pure water is supplied to the anode chamber 15b and the cathode chamber 15c, and saturated sodium chloride water is supplied to the intermediate chamber 15a. The water pressures in the anode chamber, intermediate chamber, and cathode chamber are controlled by a regulating valve and a liquid feed pump, and the water pressure in each chamber is set as shown in FIG. The current density of the anode and the cathode was fixed at 300 mA / cm ² , hypochlorous acid water was generated in the anode chamber 15b, and hydrogen and sodium hydroxide water were generated in the cathode chamber 15c. At this time, the life of the electrode was defined as the time when the electrolysis voltage increased to 8V.

  As shown in FIG. 6, when the water pressure in the intermediate chamber 15a is lower than the water pressure in the anode chamber 15b and the cathode chamber 15c, the consumption of the catalyst at the center of the electrode is accelerated. On the other hand, when the pressure in the intermediate chamber is high, the consumption in the central part is slower than in the peripheral part. The distance from the terminal to the reaction site is also a factor that affects the life. When the catalyst ratio is 30% or more and 300% or less, the life of the electrode is increased. On the other hand, when the catalyst ratio is less than 30% and 300% or more, the life is rapidly shortened.

(Comparative Example 1)
Although the structure of the electrolyzed water generating apparatus of Comparative Example 1 is the same as that of Example 1, the catalyst amount of the catalyst supported on the anode and the cathode is uniform in the plane. The reaction electrode area and operating conditions of each electrode are the same as in Example 1. From Comparative Examples 1 to 4 in FIG. 6, it can be seen that when the catalyst amount is uniform, the life of the electrode is short compared to Example 1 in which the average catalyst amount is the same.

The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments as they are, and can be embodied by modifying the constituent elements without departing from the scope of the invention in the implementation stage. In addition, various inventions can be formed by appropriately combining a plurality of components disclosed in the embodiment. For example, some components may be deleted from all the components shown in the embodiment. Furthermore, constituent elements over different embodiments may be appropriately combined.
For example, the anode and the cathode are not limited to a rectangular shape, and various other shapes can be selected. The material of each constituent member is not limited to the above-described embodiments and examples, and other materials can be appropriately selected. Electrolytes and products are not limited to salts and hypochlorous acid, and may be applied to various electrolytes and products.

Claims (17)

An electrolytic cell having an anode chamber provided with an anode and a cathode chamber provided with a cathode facing the anode;
At least one of the anode and the cathode has a first surface on which a catalyst is supported, and at least one of the anode and the cathode has a distribution of current density generated when a voltage is applied,
The electrolysis apparatus, wherein the catalyst amount of the catalyst on the first surface has a distribution corresponding to the distribution of the current density.   2. The electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a portion of the first surface having a low current density has a small amount of catalyst, and the catalyst is supported such that the amount of catalyst increases toward a portion having a high current density. 3. The electrolysis according to claim 2, wherein a minimum amount of the catalyst is 1 g / m ² or more on the first surface, and the catalyst is supported by changing the amount of the catalyst within 30% to 300% of the minimum amount. apparatus.   4. The electrolysis according to claim 1, wherein each of the anode and the cathode has a connection terminal connected to a power source, and the amount of the catalyst is larger in a portion closer to the connection terminal on the first surface. apparatus. The electrolytic cell includes a first diaphragm and a second diaphragm facing each other, and an intermediate chamber that is partitioned between the anode chamber and the cathode chamber by the first diaphragm and the second diaphragm and stores an electrolytic solution,
The anode and the cathode are opposed to each other across the first diaphragm and the second diaphragm,
A pressure adjusting mechanism for setting the water pressure in the intermediate chamber to be lower than the water pressure in the anode chamber and the cathode chamber;
5. The electrolysis apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first surface has a larger amount of catalyst at a peripheral portion than a catalyst amount at a central portion. The electrolytic cell includes a first diaphragm and a second diaphragm facing each other, and an intermediate chamber that is partitioned between the anode chamber and the cathode chamber by the first diaphragm and the second diaphragm and stores an electrolytic solution,
The anode and the cathode are opposed to each other across the first diaphragm and the second diaphragm,
A pressure adjusting mechanism for setting the water pressure in the intermediate chamber higher than the water pressure in the anode chamber and the cathode chamber;
The electrolysis apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein, on the first surface, a catalyst amount at a peripheral portion is smaller than a catalyst amount at a central portion.   The anode includes a first surface facing the first diaphragm, a second surface located on the opposite side of the first surface, and a plurality of through holes opening in the first surface and the second surface. The electrolyzer according to claim 5 or 6.   The anode includes a first surface facing the first diaphragm or the second diaphragm, a second surface located opposite to the first surface, and a plurality of first holes opened in the first surface; A plurality of second holes having a diameter larger than that of the first hole, and the plurality of first holes communicating with one second hole. The electrolysis apparatus according to claim 6 or 7.   The electrolysis apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the catalyst includes at least one of a noble metal, iridium oxide, and ruthenium oxide. An electrode used in an electrolysis device,
A metal base material having a first surface; and a catalyst layer supported on at least the first surface of the base material, wherein the amount of catalyst in each part of the catalyst layer is a current density of the electrode generated when a voltage is applied. Electrodes distributed within the first surface according to the distribution of   The electrode according to claim 10, wherein a portion of the first surface having a low current density has a small amount of catalyst, and a catalyst is supported so that the amount of catalyst increases toward a portion having a high current density. 12. The electrode according to claim 11, wherein the first surface has a minimum amount of catalyst of 1 g / m ² or more, and the catalyst amount is changed within 30% to 300% of the minimum amount, and the catalyst is supported. .   13. The electrode according to claim 10, further comprising a connection terminal connected to a power source, wherein a greater amount of catalyst is supported on a portion closer to the connection terminal on the first surface.   The electrode according to any one of claims 10 to 13, wherein, on the first surface, the amount of catalyst in the peripheral portion is larger than the amount of catalyst in the central portion.   The electrode according to any one of claims 10 to 13, wherein, on the first surface, the amount of catalyst at the peripheral portion is smaller than the amount of catalyst at the central portion. An electrolytic cell having an anode chamber provided with an anode and a cathode chamber provided with a cathode facing the anode;
At least one of the anode and the cathode has a first surface on which a catalyst is supported, and the supported catalyst has a catalyst amount different depending on a portion of the first surface, and the catalyst is within the first surface. An electrolyzer having a distribution of quantities.   The at least one of the anode and the cathode has a distribution of current density generated when a voltage is applied, and the catalyst amount of the catalyst on the first surface has a distribution corresponding to the distribution of the current density. The electrolyzer described.

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