JPWO2012077542A1 - Glass substrate - Google Patents

Abstract

A glass substrate in which at least one surface is not expanded is provided. The plate thickness of the glass substrate 51 is T (μm). The distance from the surface 52 of the glass substrate 51 to the bubbles 57 existing in the glass substrate 51 is defined as D (μm). When the spherical equivalent diameter of the bubbles is e (μm), the spherical equivalent diameter e of the bubbles present in the layer within T / 2 (μm) from at least one surface 52 is e ≦ 0.01 × D1. Satisfies 6 + 15. When the glass substrate 51 is a glass substrate sampled from a glass ribbon manufactured by the float process, the distance D to the bubbles 57 is determined based on the surface corresponding to the bottom surface of the glass substrate.

Description

  The present invention relates to a glass substrate.

  Various methods for measuring the height direction position and the like of defects in a glass substrate have been proposed.

  As a general method of measuring the height direction position of the defect in the glass substrate, there is a method of measuring the height direction position of the defect by adjusting the focus of the camera when photographing the defect. This method will be referred to as a first measurement method for convenience. FIG. 13A is an explanatory view schematically showing the first measurement method. In the first measurement method, as shown in FIG. 13A, the glass substrate 82 is transported in a state where light is passed through the glass substrate 82. And the inside of the glass substrate 82 conveyed with the line camera 81 is image | photographed. If there is a defect 83 inside the glass substrate 82, the defect 83 is photographed. FIG. 13B shows an example of a captured defect image. In FIG. 13A, the defect 83 is schematically represented by a rectangle, and also in FIG. 13B, the defect image 86 that appears in the image of the glass substrate is represented by a rectangle. However, the shape of the defect is not necessarily rectangular. However, in FIG. 14A, FIG. 14B, FIG. 15A, FIG. 15B, FIG. 16, and FIG. In addition, the arrow shown to FIG. 13B is the conveyance direction of the glass substrate 82. FIG. When the inside of the glass substrate 82 is photographed by the line camera 81, the focal point of the camera is adjusted so that the position of the defect coincides with the focal point of the camera, and the absolute distance from the line camera 81 to the defect is measured. The height direction position of the defect is calculated based on the distance. There is a DFF (Depth from Focus) method or the like as a method of adjusting the focus of the camera so that the position of the defect coincides with the focus of the camera. Regarding the defect size, image processing is performed on the photographed image to measure the defect size.

  Methods and apparatuses for measuring the position in the height direction of the defect by adjusting the focus of the camera are described in, for example, Patent Documents 1 to 3.

  Further, as another general method for measuring the height position of the defect in the glass substrate, the same defect is photographed at two positions using reflected light of the light incident on the glass substrate, and the result is obtained. There is a method of measuring the height direction position of a defect from the positional relationship between two images. This method is referred to as a second measurement method for convenience. FIG. 14A is an explanatory view schematically showing a second measurement method. In the second measurement method, for example, as shown in FIG. 14A, light is incident on the same side of the glass substrate 82 as the line camera 81, and the reflected light reaches the line camera 81. Then, the glass substrate 82 is conveyed, and the inside of the glass substrate 82 is photographed by the line camera 81. The light path in the glass substrate will be described later with reference to the side view shown in the upper part of FIG. The defect 83 moves with the conveyance of the glass substrate 82 and is captured as an image by the line camera 81 when it overlaps the light path before reflection and when it overlaps the light path after reflection. As a result, even if there is one defect 83, two images appear in the photographed image. FIG. 14B is an example of an image captured by the second measurement method. As shown in FIG. 14B, two images 84 and 85 appear for the same defect. In the second measurement method, the height direction position of the defect 83 is calculated from the positional relationship between the two images in the image illustrated in FIG. 14B. Regarding the defect size, image processing is performed on the photographed image to measure the defect size. In addition, the arrow shown to FIG. 14B is the conveyance direction of the glass substrate 82. FIG.

  For example, Patent Document 4 discloses a method and apparatus for photographing the same defect at two positions using reflected light of light incident on a transparent substrate or the like and measuring the height position of the defect from the positional relationship between the two images. -6, 8 etc.

In addition, there is a method in which images are taken on both surfaces of the glass substrate in the same manner as in the second measuring method, and the height direction position of the defect is measured from the positional relationship of the images in the images taken on the respective surfaces of the glass substrate. . For convenience, this method is referred to as a third measurement method. FIG. 15A is an explanatory view schematically showing a third measurement method. In the third measuring method, for example, as shown in FIG. 15A, the glass substrate 82, light is incident on the same side as the first line camera 81 _a, so that the reflected light reaches the first line camera 81 _a To. Similarly, light is incident on the same side as the second line camera 81 _b, the reflected light to reach the second line camera 81 _b. Then, conveying the glass substrate 82, respectively photographing the inside of the glass substrate 82 in the first line camera 81 _a and the second line camera 81 _b. Then, in the first line camera 81 _a, likewise two images in the case of the second measurement method are captured. Further, in the second line camera 81 _b, 2 two images are captured. FIG. 15B is an example of an image captured by the third measurement method. In the third measurement method, as shown in FIG. 15B, an image taken by one line camera from the upper side of the glass substrate and an image taken by the other line camera from the lower side of the glass substrate are obtained. Two images are captured in each image. In the third measurement method, the height direction position of the defect 83 is calculated from the positional relationship of the images in each image taken from the upper side and the lower side of the glass substrate. Note that FIG. 15B illustrates a case where images are overlapped in an image taken from above. Regarding the defect size, image processing is performed on the photographed image to measure the defect size. In addition, the arrow shown to FIG. 15B is the conveyance direction of the glass substrate 82. FIG.

  For example, Patent Document 7 describes a method for obtaining the height direction position of a defect by taking images from both sides of a transparent substrate or the like.

  In the second measurement method and the third measurement method, the position in the height direction of the defect is calculated on condition that images of the same defect do not overlap in the image. In the third measurement method, when one image overlaps as illustrated in FIG. 15B, the height direction position of the defect may be calculated using the other image.

  Hereinafter, a specific example in which the height direction position of a defect is measured from the positional relationship between two images in an image photographed by the second measurement method will be described. FIG. 16 is an explanatory diagram showing positions when defects in the glass substrate being conveyed are photographed by the line camera. The figure shown in the upper part of FIG. 16 is a side view of the glass substrate, and the figure shown on the left side of the lower part of FIG. 16 is a top view corresponding to the side view shown in the upper part of FIG. Further, the diagram shown on the right side of the lower stage of FIG. 16 shows an image obtained when one defect 83 in the glass substrate 82 being conveyed is photographed.

  A rectangle shown in the side view and the top view shown in FIG. 16 represents a defect 83 in the glass substrate 82. In this example, there is one defect. One defect 83 moves with the glass substrate 82 being conveyed. In the side view and the top view shown in FIG. 16, the defect 83 when moved to the position 91 and the defect 83 when moved to the position 92 are respectively illustrated. In the side view and the top view shown in FIG. 16, there are not two defects themselves.

  As shown in the upper side view of FIG. 16, the light reaching the line camera 81 enters the glass substrate 82 being conveyed from the surface of the glass substrate 82 on the line camera side. Then, when the incident light reaches the interface on the opposite side to the incident side of the glass substrate 82, it is reflected at the interface, passes through the interface on the incident side, and reaches the line camera 81. The incident angle α of light reaching the line camera 81 depends on the installation position of the line camera 81. By fixing the installation position of the line camera 81, the incident angle α is determined as a fixed value. The light refraction angle β is determined depending on the light incident angle α and the refractive index n of the glass substrate 82. Here, it is assumed that the incident angle α and the refractive index n are known, and the refraction angle β is fixed as a fixed value. The relationship of the formula (1) is established between the refractive index n, the incident angle α, and the refractive angle β.

  n = sin α / sin β Formula (1)

  Therefore, if the incident angle α and the refractive index n are known, the refraction angle β can be obtained by solving the equation (1) with respect to β.

  Further, in the example shown in FIG. 16, the height direction position d from the surface of the glass substrate 82 opposite to the line camera 81 to the defect 83 is the measurement target.

  The line camera 81 continues to photograph the inside of the glass substrate 82. The defect 83 moves together with the glass substrate 82 in the transport direction. Then, when the defect 83 moves to the first intersection position 91 with the light path that reaches the line camera 81 after being incident on the glass substrate 82 and reflected at the interface, the line camera 81 displays the first image as the defect 83. An image (hereinafter referred to as a first image) is taken. Further, when the defect 83 moves to the second intersection position 92 with the light path, the line camera 81 captures a second image (hereinafter referred to as a second image) as an image of the defect 83. As a result, the first image 98 and the second image 99 appear in the captured image, as shown on the right side of the lower part of FIG.

  When the defect 83 is light transmissive, the light transmitted through the defect 83 reaches the line camera 81 and is captured as an image. When the defect 83 is a light shielding defect, the defect 83 appears on the image as a black image. The defect 83 is captured as an image when it moves to the positions 91 and 92 regardless of whether or not it is light-shielding.

Further, as shown in FIG. 16, the moving distance of the defect 83 from the first image photographing position 91 to the second image photographing position 92 is assumed to be _yd . A series of shooting positions in the front direction of the line camera 81 is referred to as a center line 95. More specifically, a straight line obtained by orthogonally projecting a series of shooting positions in the front direction of the line camera 81 onto the interface of the glass substrate 82 is the center line 95. y _d is the photographed image (see the lower right side of FIG. 16), the image when the first image 98 and second image 99, orthogonally projected to the line 96 in the image corresponding to the center line 95 Measurements can be made based on a distance of 98,99.

Based on the image, if the measured value of y _d, using the refraction angle beta, by calculating equation (2) shown below, can be determined the height direction position d of the defect 83.

d = y _d / (2 · tan β) Equation (2)

In addition, an angle formed by a straight line obtained by orthogonally projecting a straight line from the line camera 81 toward the photographing position 91 of the first image onto the interface of the glass substrate and the center line 95 is defined as θ. At this time, in the photographed image (refer to the lower right side of FIG. 16), the angle formed by the line 96 and the straight line passing through the centers of the first image 98 and the second image 99 is θ. At this time, tan θ can be calculated as follows. Hereinafter, calculation of tan θ will be described after describing y _c shown in the top view on the left side of the lower stage of FIG.

FIG. 16 shows a case where the defect 83 is displaced from the front of the line camera 81. As shown in FIG. 17, when it is assumed that the defect 83 exists in front of the line camera 81, a position obtained by orthogonally projecting the position 92 where the second image is photographed on the interface of the glass substrate 82, and the line camera 81 the lens portion will be the distance between the position orthogonal projection on the interface of the glass substrate 82 is referred to as the imaging distance y _c. However, the imaging distance y _c varies depending on the height direction position d of the defect 83. When d is maximized, the imaging distance is the minimum value y ₁ becomes, when d is the minimum, the imaging distance y _c is the maximum value y ₂ (see a side view of the upper part of FIG. 17). That is, y ₁ ≦ y _c ≦ y ₂ . Thus, y _c depends strictly on d, but y _c may be determined in advance in the range of y ₁ ≦ y _c ≦ y ₂ , for example. not be a y _c accurate value, if a value in a range of _{y 1 ≦ y c ≦ y 2} , contains only error negligible in tan .theta.

Also, mark the deviation of the defect 83 from the front direction of the line camera and x _cc (see left side of the lower part of FIG. 16). x _cc can be specified based on the distance from the line 96 corresponding to the center line 95 to the second image 99 in the photographed image (see the lower right side in FIG. 16). That is, the number of pixels corresponding to the distance from the line 96 to the second image 99 in the image is counted. Since the position of the line camera 81 is fixed, the distance in real space per pixel is also determined as a fixed value. The length of x _cc can be calculated by multiplying the number of pixels corresponding to the distance from the line 96 to the second image 99 by the distance in real space per pixel.

Here, tan θ can be expressed by an approximate expression using y _c and x _cc as shown in the following expression (3). That is, tan θ can be obtained by the calculation of Equation (3) using y _c and x _cc .

  Patent Document 8 describes a method in which light is incident on a glass plate while moving the glass plate, a defect is detected by the incident light and reflected light, and the height direction position of the defect is calculated. . In the method described in Patent Document 8, when a defect pattern is detected, when there is no pattern of almost the same size in the moving direction of the glass plate, that is, when there is a defect near the back surface of the glass plate or there is a defect. If it is larger, the defect height position is determined to be zero. For this reason, the method described in Patent Document 8 cannot accurately determine the position of the defect in the height direction in the above case.

Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2001-305072 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-361384 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2008-76071 Japanese Patent No. 2920056 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-61139 Japanese National Table 2003-508786 International Publication No. 2006/057125 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2010-8177

  The surface of the glass substrate is preferably free from bulges due to defects. For example, a bubble is mentioned as an example of the defect in a glass substrate. If the bubbles are in the vicinity of the surface of the glass substrate, there arises a problem that the surface of the glass substrate is swollen.

  For example, when a glass substrate having a bulge on the surface is used as a transparent substrate in a liquid crystal display panel, the cell gap does not become uniform due to the bulge. In particular, in the case of a liquid crystal display panel that displays a three-dimensional image (three-dimensional image), two types of images, a left-eye image and a right-eye image, are handled. The amount of video information handled is doubled. And it is necessary to switch the image for left eyes and the image for right eyes at high speed, and it is necessary to make a cell gap into a narrow gap. For this reason, in the case of a liquid crystal display panel that displays a three-dimensional image (three-dimensional image), the uniformity of the cell gap is required more severely, which is caused by bubbles that exist in the vicinity of the surface of the glass substrate that has been conventionally allowed. Swelling of the minute surface of the glass substrate is no longer allowed.

  Further, when the surface bulge exceeds a certain limit, when the glass substrates are stacked, the load concentrates on the bulged portion, causing cracks.

  Therefore, in a glass substrate used in a liquid crystal display panel, it is preferable that at least one surface (a liquid crystal side surface) does not bulge.

  Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a glass substrate in which at least one surface is not expanded.

In the glass substrate according to the present invention, the thickness of the glass substrate is T (μm), the distance from the surface of the glass substrate to the bubbles present in the glass substrate is D (μm), and the spherical equivalent diameter of the bubbles is e. (Μm), the spherical equivalent diameter e of bubbles existing in a layer within T / 2 (μm) from at least one surface satisfies e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15. To do. The thickness T (μm) of the glass substrate according to the present invention is not particularly limited, but when bubbles are present in the glass substrate, the thinner the thickness T (μm) of the glass substrate, the smaller the glass substrate surface from the glass substrate surface. Since the distance to the bubble present in D becomes smaller (μm) and the glass substrate surface is more likely to swell, it is preferably 10 μm or more and 700 μm or less, more preferably 10 μm or more and 400 μm or less, further preferably 10 μm or more and 100 μm or less 10 micrometers or more and 50 micrometers or less are especially preferable.

For example, the glass substrate according to the present invention irradiates light from a light source (for example, the light source 2) onto the glass substrate conveyed along the grid direction, and imaging means (positioned at a position where the light reflected by the glass substrate reaches). For example, based on the photographing step of photographing the glass substrate by the line camera 3) and the positional relationship between two overlapping elliptical images caused by the same bubbles in the glass substrate in the image photographed by the photographing means. The calculation step for calculating the height direction position of the bubble in the glass substrate, the sphere conversion diameter calculation step for calculating the sphere conversion diameter e of the bubble, and from the surface of the glass substrate determined by the height direction position of the bubble to the bubble And a determination step of determining whether or not e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15 is satisfied between the distance D of the bubble and the spherical equivalent diameter e of the bubble, In both cases, it is determined that the sphere equivalent diameter e of bubbles present in the layer within T / 2 (μm) from the surface satisfies e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15.

In addition, for example, the glass substrate according to the present invention is parallel to a direction corresponding to the conveyance direction of the glass substrate in a circumscribed rectangle of two overlapping images (for example, images 21 and 22) caused by the same bubble in the calculation step. Calculate a value obtained by subtracting the length of the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction (eg, s) from the length in real space (eg, h) according to the number of pixels on the side, and the calculated value, The height direction position of the bubble in the glass substrate is calculated from the refraction angle of the light in the glass substrate, and the length of the bubble diameter in the direction perpendicular to the transport direction is calculated by the image taken by the photographing means. Including a step of calculating, in the spherical equivalent diameter calculating step, the length of the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction is s (μm), and the length of the bubble diameter in the direction perpendicular to the transport direction is t (μm). by calculating the (s × ^{t 2) 1/3} when, the Sphere-equivalent diameter e is calculated, and in the determination step, e ≦ 0.01 × between the distance D from the surface of the glass substrate determined by the height direction position of the bubble to the bubble and the bubble-equivalent diameter e of the bubble According to the glass substrate inspection method for determining whether or not D ^1.6 +15 is satisfied, the spherical equivalent diameter e of bubbles present in a layer within T / 2 (μm) at least from the surface is e ≦ 0.01 × D. It is determined that ^1.6 + 15 is satisfied.

Further, for example, the glass substrate according to the present invention can change the position of the image in the width direction of the glass substrate perpendicular to the transport direction from the positional relationship between two overlapping images caused by the same bubble in the calculation step (for example, the variable u), a feature value (for example, s or r) of a bubble is calculated using a predetermined calculation formula (for example, formula (6) or formula (7)) included as u), and using the feature value, In the circumscribed rectangle of the two overlapping images, the length of the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction is subtracted from the length in real space corresponding to the number of pixels on the side parallel to the direction corresponding to the transport direction of the glass substrate. Calculate the value, calculate the bubble height direction position in the glass substrate by the calculated value and the refraction angle of the light in the glass substrate, and in the transport direction by the image taken by the photographing means A step for calculating the length of the bubble diameter in the orthogonal direction. In the spherical diameter calculation step, the length of the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction is s (μm), and the length of the bubble diameter in the direction perpendicular to the transport direction is t (μm). And (s × t ² ) ^1/3 is calculated to calculate the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble, and in the determination step, the distance D from the surface of the glass substrate determined by the position of the bubble height direction to the bubble By the glass substrate inspection method for determining whether or not e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15 is satisfied between the bubble equivalent diameter e of the bubble, at least within T / 2 (μm) from the surface. It is determined that the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubbles present in the layer satisfies e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15.

In addition, for example, the glass substrate according to the present invention uses a predetermined calculation formula (for example, formula (6)) from the positional relationship between two overlapping images caused by the same bubble in the calculation step. Calculate the length of the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction (for example, s) and calculate the length in real space according to the number of pixels on the side parallel to the transport direction in the circumscribed rectangle of the two overlapping images Then, a value obtained by subtracting the length of the diameter from the calculated value is calculated, and the height direction position of the bubble in the glass substrate is calculated based on the calculated value and the refraction angle of the light in the glass substrate. And calculating a bubble diameter length in a direction orthogonal to the transport direction based on the image taken in step (b). In the spherical equivalent diameter calculation step, the length of the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction is s (μm). And the length of the bubble diameter in the direction perpendicular to the conveying direction is t (μ m), the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble is calculated by calculating (s × t ² ) ^1/3 , and the bubble is removed from the surface of the glass substrate determined by the height direction position of the bubble in the determination step. By the glass substrate inspection method for determining whether or not e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15 is satisfied between the distance D up to and the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble, at least from the surface, T / 2 It is determined that the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubbles existing in the layer within (μm) satisfies e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15.

In addition, for example, the glass substrate according to the present invention uses a predetermined calculation formula (for example, formula (7)) in a calculation step to calculate a feature amount from a positional relationship between two overlapping images caused by the same bubble. The ratio of the two diameters of bubbles (for example, r) is calculated, and the angle between the line in the image corresponding to the photographing position in the front direction of the photographing means and the line passing through the centers of the two images From the length in real space according to the number of pixels on the side parallel to the direction corresponding to the glass substrate transport direction in the circumscribed rectangle of the two overlapping images, the ratio of bubbles parallel to the transport direction The value obtained by subtracting the length of the diameter is calculated, and the position in the height direction of the bubble in the glass substrate is calculated based on the calculated value and the refraction angle of the light in the glass substrate. Depending on the image, the bubble diameter in the direction perpendicular to the transport direction A step of calculating a sphere equivalent diameter calculation step, wherein the bubble diameter length parallel to the transport direction is s (μm), and the bubble diameter length in the direction perpendicular to the transport direction is t (μm). ) To calculate the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble by calculating (s × t ² ) ^1/3, and in the determination step, from the surface of the glass substrate determined by the position in the height direction of the bubble to the bubble The glass substrate inspection method for determining whether or not e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15 is satisfied between the distance D of the bubble and the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble is at least T / 2 (from the surface). It is determined that the sphere equivalent diameter e of bubbles existing in the layer within μm) satisfies e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15.

In addition, for example, the glass substrate according to the present invention is a glass substrate obtained from a glass ribbon manufactured by a float process, and a layer within T / 2 (μm) from the surface corresponding to the bottom surface of the glass ribbon. The glass substrate in which the sphere-equivalent diameter e of the bubbles present in e satisfies 0.01 ≦ D ^1.6 +15.

Further, for example, the glass substrate according to the present invention is a glass substrate of a liquid crystal display panel, and the spherical equivalent diameter e of bubbles existing in a layer within T / 2 (μm) from the surface directed toward the liquid crystal is e ≦ e. It may be a glass substrate satisfying 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15.

  According to the glass substrate of the present invention, it is possible to prevent swelling on the surface on at least one side.

Explanatory drawing which shows the example of the side view of the glass substrate of this invention. Explanatory drawing which shows the shape of foam. Explanatory drawing which shows the state which observed the bubble from upper direction. The schematic diagram which shows the structural example of the test | inspection system which test | inspects whether Formula (4) is materialized between the distance D from the surface in a glass substrate to a bubble, and the spherical equivalent diameter e of a bubble. Explanatory drawing which shows a center line. Explanatory drawing which shows the line corresponded in the center line in an image. Explanatory drawing which shows the relationship between the direction of the long diameter of the bubble in a glass substrate, and the conveyance direction by the conveyance roller 1. FIG. The flowchart which shows the example of the 1st glass substrate test | inspection method. Explanatory drawing which shows the area | region of the circumscribed rectangle of two overlapping images. The flowchart which shows the example of the 2nd glass substrate inspection method. Explanatory drawing which shows the example of the glass substrate imaged in an image. The flowchart which shows the example of the 3rd glass substrate test | inspection method. Explanatory drawing which shows the example of the glass substrate imaged in an image. Explanatory drawing which shows a 1st measuring method typically. Explanatory drawing which shows the example of the image of the defect image | photographed with the 1st measuring method. Explanatory drawing which shows a 2nd measuring method typically. Explanatory drawing which shows the example of the image of the defect image | photographed with the 2nd measuring method. Explanatory drawing which shows a 3rd measuring method typically. Explanatory drawing which shows the example of the image of the defect image | photographed with the 3rd measuring method. Explanatory drawing which shows a position when the defect in the glass substrate conveyed is image | photographed with a line camera. Illustration of imaging distance _{y c.}

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is an explanatory view showing an example of a side view of a glass substrate of the present invention. The glass substrate 51 of the present invention is a glass substrate that satisfies the following conditions. That is, in the glass substrate 51 of the present invention, the thickness of the glass substrate is T (μm), the distance from the surface of the glass substrate to the bubbles present in the glass substrate is D (μm), and the bubble sphere When the converted diameter is e (μm), the sphere converted diameter e of bubbles existing in a layer within T / 2 (μm) from at least one of the two surfaces of the glass substrate is expressed by the following formula: (4) Satisfy the condition of satisfying.

e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15 Formula (4)

  Here, D ≦ T / 2. Specifically, the distance from the surface of the glass substrate to the bubble is determined based on the surface closer to the bubble. In the example shown in FIG. 1, the distance D from the surface of the glass to the bubble 57 is based on the surface 52 closer to the bubble 57 out of the two surfaces 52 and 53 that are the main surfaces of the glass substrate. , The distance from the surface 52 to the bubble 57.

  Moreover, a bubble is a kind of defect in a glass substrate or a glass ribbon. In FIG. 1, the bubble 57 is illustrated in a spherical shape for the sake of convenience in order to show the spherical equivalent diameter e, but the actual bubble has a shape close to a spheroid obtained by rotating the ellipse around the major axis of the ellipse. It has become. Therefore, the bubbles in the glass can be regarded as a spheroid obtained by rotating the ellipse around the major axis of the ellipse. Further, the length of the minor axis of the ellipse is t (μm), and the length of the major axis is s (μm). FIG. 2 is an explanatory view showing the shape of such a bubble. Moreover, FIG. 3 is explanatory drawing which shows the state which observed such a bubble from upper direction. As shown in FIG. 2, the height of the bubble and the width of the bubble can be regarded as a common value, both of which are t. The bubble length is equal to the major axis of the ellipse and is s.

  If the sphere equivalent diameter of the bubbles is assumed to be e (μm), the sphere equivalent diameter e can be obtained by calculation of the following formula (5).

e = (s × t ² ) ^1/3 formula (5)

That is, the spherical equivalent diameter e is the cube root of (s × t ² ).

  For example, it is assumed that the glass substrate 51 is a glass substrate used as a transparent substrate of a liquid crystal display panel. In this case, when the distance from the surface to the bubble is defined as D (μm) with reference to at least the surface directed to the liquid crystal side among the two surfaces serving as the main surface of the glass substrate 51, the bubble It is only necessary that the equation (4) holds between the sphere equivalent diameter e and the distance D. However, this bubble is a bubble which exists in a layer within T / 2 (μm) from the surface directed to the liquid crystal side, and D ≦ T / 2. Even when the other surface of the glass substrate is used as a reference, a similar relationship may be established between the spherical equivalent diameter e and the distance D. Of the two surfaces serving as the main surfaces of the glass substrate, the surface directed toward the liquid crystal side can be said to be a surface on which a transparent electrode is disposed, for example.

  Therefore, if the glass substrate 51 shown in FIG. 1 is a glass substrate used for a liquid crystal display panel and the surface 52 is a surface directed to the liquid crystal side, the distance D from the surface to the bubble is measured on the basis of the surface 52. do it.

  In addition, when a glass substrate is sampled from a glass ribbon manufactured by the float process and a glass substrate used for a liquid crystal display panel is manufactured, the surface corresponding to the bottom surface of the glass ribbon is polished and the surface is polished. A liquid crystal display panel is manufactured as a configuration facing the liquid crystal side. Therefore, when a glass substrate is sampled from a glass ribbon manufactured by the float process and a glass substrate used for a liquid crystal display panel is manufactured, at least the glass ribbon of the two surfaces serving as the main surfaces of the glass substrate 51 is used. When the distance from the bottom surface to the bubble is defined as D (μm) with the surface corresponding to the bottom surface of the bubble as a reference, between the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble and the distance D, the formula (4) As long as is satisfied. However, this bubble is a bubble which exists in a layer within T / 2 (μm) from the surface corresponding to the bottom surface, and D ≦ T / 2. Even when the surface corresponding to the top surface of the glass ribbon is used as a reference, a similar relationship may be established between the spherical equivalent diameter e and the distance D. In addition, the lower surface of the glass ribbon manufactured by the float process is called a bottom surface, and the upper surface is called a top surface.

  Therefore, if the glass substrate 51 shown in FIG. 1 is a glass substrate obtained from a glass ribbon manufactured by the float process, and the surface 52 is a surface corresponding to the bottom surface, the surface is based on the surface 52. What is necessary is just to measure the distance D from a bubble to a bubble.

  Regarding bubbles present in a layer within T / 2 (μm) from the surface of the glass substrate (here, the surface 52 shown in FIG. 1), the distance D from the surface to the bubble and the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble The fact that the formula (4) is established between them means that the bubble equivalent to the surface 52 has a smaller spherical equivalent diameter. In other words, there is no bubble having a large sphere equivalent diameter near the surface 52. Therefore, swelling of the surface 52 due to the influence of bubbles can be prevented, and the quality of the glass substrate can be improved. Moreover, since the glass substrate 51 of the present invention can prevent the bulge of the surface 52 in this way, the cell gap can be made uniform when used as a transparent substrate in a liquid crystal display panel.

  In addition, when using the glass substrate sampled from the glass ribbon manufactured by the float process for the liquid crystal display panel, the surface corresponding to the bottom surface of the glass ribbon is polished, but the glass substrate 51 of the present invention is A glass substrate in which formula (4) is established between the distance D from the surface 52 to the bubble (where D ≦ T / 2) and the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble, with reference to the surface 52 before polishing. There may be.

  In addition, streaks along the main stretching direction of the glass ribbon are generated on the glass ribbon manufactured by the float method or the like, or on the glass substrate obtained from the glass ribbon. The main drawing direction of the glass ribbon means not the drawing of the glass ribbon in the width direction by the guide member, but the direction of drawing along the traveling direction of the glass ribbon. Hereinafter, the main drawing direction of the glass ribbon is simply referred to as the drawing direction of the glass ribbon. A streak is a line generated in the drawing direction of the glass ribbon due to fluctuations in plate thickness and waviness in a direction perpendicular to the drawing direction of the glass ribbon. Streaks have also occurred in glass substrates sampled from glass ribbons. Moreover, since the extending | stretching direction of a glass ribbon is the same as the advancing direction sent out from a glass ribbon manufacturing apparatus (not shown), the stretch direction of a glass ribbon, the extending | stretching direction of a glass ribbon, and the glass ribbon sent out at the time of manufacture The traveling directions are the same.

  Hereinafter, an inspection used for a glass substrate inspection method for inspecting whether the equation (4) is established by measuring the distance D from the surface to the bubble in the glass substrate or calculating the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble. An example of a system and a glass substrate inspection method will be described. Any glass substrate that is determined to satisfy Formula (4) by this glass substrate inspection method corresponds to the glass substrate 51 of the present invention.

  In this glass substrate inspection method, the distance D from the surface of the glass substrate to the bubbles is calculated for bubbles among various defects of the glass substrate. The bubbles in the glass ribbon and the glass substrate are ellipsoids. Therefore, in the image obtained by photographing bubbles in the glass substrate, the bubble image is an ellipse. In the bubble image (elliptical image) photographed as an image, the central portion is white. Therefore, the central portion of the bubble image shown in the image can be used as a characteristic point (hereinafter referred to as a characteristic point).

  First, the 1st glass substrate inspection method is demonstrated among the glass substrate inspection methods which test | inspect whether Formula (4) is materialized regarding a glass substrate. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration example of an inspection system that inspects whether or not the formula (4) is established between the distance D from the surface of the glass substrate to the bubble and the spherical equivalent diameter e of the bubble. . This inspection system includes a conveyance roller 1, a light source 2, a line camera 3, and a calculation device 4.

  The transport roller 1 supports the glass substrate 5 to be inspected and transports the glass substrate 5 in a constant direction at a constant speed. The glass substrate 5 is conveyed in a direction along the direction of the lines of the glass substrate 5 itself. Therefore, the conveyance direction of the glass substrate 5 by the conveyance roller 1 is the same direction as the straight direction of the glass substrate 5. Moreover, in this example, the surface (referred to as the surface 52 in FIG. 1) that determines the distance to the bubble among the two surfaces of the glass substrate is directed to the side opposite to the light source 2 and the line camera 3. The case where the glass substrate 5 is supported by the transport roller 1 is taken as an example. For example, when the glass substrate 5 is a glass substrate sampled from a glass ribbon manufactured by the float process, the surface corresponding to the bottom surface of the glass ribbon is directed to the side opposite to the light source 2 and the line camera 3, The glass substrate 5 may be supported by the transport roller 1. Further, if the glass substrate 5 is used as a transparent substrate in the liquid crystal display panel, the glass substrate 5 is supported by the transport roller 1 with the surface directed toward the liquid crystal side facing away from the light source 2 and the line camera 3. Just do it. And in this glass substrate test | inspection method, the height direction position (distance) from the surface 52 by the side of the conveyance roller 1 in the glass substrate 5 to a bubble is measured. Here, the height direction position is a distance from the surface on the side of the conveying roller 1 to the foam. Therefore, when the reference surface is directed toward the conveying roller 1, the measured value in the height direction position means the distance D from the reference surface to the bubble.

  The glass substrate 5 may be supported by the transport roller 1 with the surface 52 serving as a reference for determining the distance to the foam facing the opposite side of the transport roller 1. In this case, the distance D from the reference surface to the bubble is a value obtained by subtracting the measured value in the height direction position from the thickness T of the glass substrate 5. The plate thickness T is known, and the distance D from the reference surface to the foam is the position in the height direction of the foam, regardless of which side the reference surface 52 that determines the distance to the foam is directed to which side. It is determined according to the measured value.

  As already described, here, the glass substrate 5 is conveyed to the conveying roller 1 with the surface 52 serving as a reference for determining the distance to the foam facing the light source 2 and the line camera 3 on the opposite side (that is, the conveying roller 1 side). Take as an example the case of supporting.

  The light source 2 is arranged on one side of the two surfaces of the glass substrate 5 and irradiates light toward the glass substrate 5. This light enters the glass substrate 5 from the interface 8, passes through the glass substrate, and is reflected by the surface 52 opposite to the incident side. The reflected light passes through the incident-side interface 8 and reaches the line camera 3. In FIG. 4, the light path is shown in a simplified manner. However, as shown in the side view in the upper part of FIG. 16, the light path is obtained when light enters the interface 8 and at the interface 52. Refraction occurs when passing through the interface 8 after reflection.

  The line camera 3 is arranged at a position where the light irradiated from the light source 2 and reflected by the glass substrate 5 reaches. Specifically, it is arranged on the same side as the light source 2 with respect to the glass substrate 5. For example, the line camera 3 is arranged in the transport direction of the glass substrate 5 with the light source 2 as a reference. And the line camera 3 image | photographs the inside of the glass substrate 5, and produces | generates an image as an imaging | photography result.

  Since the arrangement positions of the light source 2 and the line camera 3 are fixed, the incident angle α (see the upper part of FIG. 16) is fixed as a fixed value in the light path. Further, the refractive index n of the glass substrate 5 is also known, and the value of the refraction angle β in the light path from the light source 2 to the line camera 3 is determined as a fixed value by solving the equation (1). To do.

  The glass substrate 5 is conveyed, and the line camera 3 continues to photograph the glass substrate 5 at a fixed position. Therefore, the location where the image is taken on the glass substrate 5 changes with time. Therefore, a series of photographing positions in the front direction of the line camera 3 is orthogonally projected on the interface 8 of the glass substrate 5 and is represented as a straight line. This straight line is called a center line. FIG. 5A is an explanatory diagram showing a center line, and FIG. 5B is an explanatory diagram showing a line corresponding to the center line in the image. FIG. 5A is a top view of the glass substrate 5. The photographing position in front of the line camera 3 is changed with the conveyance of the glass substrate 5, and an orthogonal projection on the continuous interface is shown as a center line 95. FIG. 5B shows an image captured by the line camera 3. In the image, a line 96 corresponding to the center line 95 is indicated by a one-dot chain line. This line 96 can be said to be a series of pixels corresponding to the photographing position in the front direction of the line camera 3. The center line 95 is parallel to the transport direction of the glass substrate 5, and the line 96 in the image corresponding to the center line 95 represents the direction corresponding to the transport direction of the glass substrate 5 in the image. be able to. In addition, since the glass substrate 5 is conveyed along the line direction, it can also be said that the line 96 in the image represents a direction corresponding to the line direction. A line 96 in the image corresponding to the center line 95 is referred to as a conveyance direction line. In FIG. 5B, the conveyance direction line 96 is shown for explanation, but the conveyance direction line 96 is not shown in the image in the actual captured image.

  When bubbles are present in the glass substrate 5, two images of the bubbles appear in the image captured by the line camera 3 due to one bubble. Moreover, the image of the bubble appearing in the image obtained by photographing the bubble is an ellipse, and the center thereof is white.

  The arithmetic device 4 refers to the image taken by the line camera 3 and measures the height direction position of the bubbles. The height direction position of the bubble is the length indicated as “d” in the upper side view of FIG. That is, in the glass substrate 5, the distance from the surface 52 opposite to the light source 2 to the bubble. When the pair of elliptic images obtained by photographing a common bubble overlap, the arithmetic device 4 calculates the height of the bubbles in the glass substrate 5 based on the positional relationship of the pair of ellipses. The vertical position is calculated. Specifically, the arithmetic device 4 calculates the distance from the real space according to the number of pixels on the side parallel to the direction corresponding to the glass substrate transport direction in the circumscribed rectangle of two oval images that overlap in the image. The value obtained by subtracting the length of the diameter parallel to the conveying direction from the diameter of the bubbles is calculated. In the image, being parallel to the direction corresponding to the conveyance direction of the glass substrate is parallel to the conveyance direction line 96 (see FIG. 5B). The arithmetic device 4 calculates the height direction position of the bubble based on the value obtained by the above subtraction and the refraction angle β at the glass substrate 5. This calculation will be described later with reference to FIG.

  Moreover, when a glass substrate is conveyed along the grid direction of a glass substrate, the long diameter of the bubble in a glass substrate becomes substantially parallel with the conveyance direction by the conveyance roller 1 (in other words, the grid direction of the glass substrate 5). Yes. As shown in FIG. 6, the deviation between the direction of the major diameter 72 of the bubble and the conveyance direction 71 of the glass substrate 5 by the conveyance roller 1 is 10 ° at the maximum. Thus, since the bubble major axis 72 and the conveyance direction 71 by the conveyance roller 1 are substantially parallel to each other, even in the image captured by the line camera 3, the major axis of the bubble image that appears as an ellipse and the conveyance direction line 96 ( (See FIG. 5B) is also substantially parallel. Hereinafter, a case where the major axis of the bubble image and the conveyance direction line 96 are parallel in the photographed image will be described as an example.

  In addition, when the image which becomes a pair does not overlap, the arithmetic unit 4 should just calculate the height direction position of a bubble with a well-known method.

  Further, the arrangement position of the line camera 3 is fixed. Accordingly, the distance in the real space corresponding to one pixel in the image captured by the line camera 3 is also determined as a fixed value. The distance in the real space according to one pixel in the image is assumed to be known.

  FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing an example of the first glass substrate inspection method among the glass substrate inspection methods for inspecting whether or not the condition of the formula (4) is satisfied with respect to bubbles existing on the glass substrate.

  First, the light source 2 starts irradiating light to the glass substrate 5 to be inspected (step S1).

  And the conveyance roller 1 conveys the glass substrate 5 arrange | positioned on the conveyance roller 1 in a fixed direction, and the line camera 3 continues imaging | photography inside the glass substrate 5 conveyed. At this time, the glass substrate 5 is disposed on the transport roller 1 so that the grid direction of the glass substrate 5 itself is the same as the transport direction, and is transported along the grid direction. Then, the line camera 3 generates an image as a photographing result (step S2). The line camera 3 transmits an image obtained by photographing to the arithmetic device 4.

  When bubbles are present inside the glass substrate 5, the image obtained in step S2 includes an image of bubbles. Specifically, an oval image is copied as a bubble image in the image. Also, as described in FIG. 16, when the bubble moves to a position where it overlaps the light path before reflection (position 91 shown in the side view of the upper stage of FIG. 16), the bubble overlaps the light path after reflection. When moved to a position (position 92 shown in the upper side view of FIG. 16), each image is taken as an image. Therefore, when one bubble exists, two images appear in the image 2. When the bubbles are large or when bubbles are present near the surface 52 of the glass substrate 5 (see FIG. 4), the two images overlap.

  When the arithmetic device 4 receives the image generated in step S2, the arithmetic device 4 detects a circumscribed rectangular region of two overlapping images from the image. Then, among the sides of the circumscribed rectangle, the number of pixels on the side parallel to the direction corresponding to the transport direction of the glass substrate 5 in the image (that is, the side parallel to the transport direction line 96 in the image) is counted. Then, the arithmetic unit 4 multiplies the number of pixels on the side by the distance in the real space per pixel, thereby calculating the length in the real space according to the number of pixels on the side (step S3). .

  FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram showing a circumscribed rectangular region of two overlapping images. As shown in FIG. 8, a circumscribed rectangle 23 shown in FIG. 8 is determined as a circumscribed rectangle of the two overlapping images 21 and 22. Images 21 and 22 are elliptical and can be considered congruent. In the example shown in FIG. 8, it is assumed that the long side of the circumscribed rectangle 23 is parallel to the transport direction line 96 (see FIG. 5B). In this case, the arithmetic unit 4 counts the number of pixels of the long side 24 of the circumscribed rectangle 23 of the images 21 and 22 and multiplies the number of pixels by the distance in real space per pixel. The length in the real space corresponding to the long side 24 is represented by “h”. Here, the unit of h is assumed to be μm.

When the defect is a bubble, the central portion _21a of the image 21 is white on the image. This central portion 21 _a is a feature point of the image 21. The arithmetic unit 4 counts the number of pixels from the central portion 21 _a of one image 21 to the shorter short side of the circumscribed rectangle 23. That is, the number of pixels in the portion indicated by the symbol A in FIG. 8 is counted. The arithmetic device 4 multiplies the number of pixels by the distance in real space per pixel. This multiplication result is the length in the real space corresponding to the portion corresponding to A shown in FIG. 8, and specifically, the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction (of the foam diameter, parallel to the transport direction). The diameter is half the diameter. In the example shown in FIG. 8, this diameter is the long diameter of the foam. The arithmetic device 4 calculates the length of the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction by doubling the multiplication result (step S4). The length of the bubble diameter corresponds to s shown in FIG. Here, the unit of s is assumed to be μm. A portion in the image corresponding to the length of s / 2 in the real space is a portion indicated by reference numeral A in FIG. Further, since the two images 21 and 22 can be regarded as being congruent, in FIG. 8, it can be regarded as A = A ′.

Here, the case where s is calculated using the central portion 21 _a of the image 21 has been described as an example, but s may be calculated using the central portion of the image 22.

  FIG. 8 illustrates an example in which the long diameter of the bubble image and the conveyance direction line are parallel to each other, but the long diameter of the bubble image and the conveyance direction line are completely parallel to each other. It may not be. However, the deviation between the long diameter of the bubbles in the glass substrate and the conveying direction of the glass substrate is only 10 ° at the maximum (see FIG. 6). Therefore, even if the major axis of the bubble image and the conveyance direction line are not completely parallel, they are regarded as being parallel, and h and s are calculated in the same manner as in steps S3 and S4. It's okay. That is, when obtaining h, the number of pixels on the long side of the circumscribed rectangle of two overlapping images may be counted, and the number of pixels may be multiplied by the distance in real space per pixel. When obtaining s, the number of pixels from the center of one image to the short side of the circumscribed rectangle is counted, and the distance in real space per pixel is counted as the number of pixels. And multiplying the multiplication result by two. Even if the major axis of the bubble image and the conveyance direction line are not completely parallel, h and s are calculated as described above, and the height direction position of the bubble is calculated using the h and s. However, only errors that can be ignored are included. Also in this case, s may be regarded as the long diameter of the bubble.

Next, the arithmetic unit 4 subtracts s calculated in step S4 from h calculated in step S3 (step S5). _Let this subtraction result be yd. y _d from the position of first image is captured, the second image is a moving distance of the bubble to the position taken. That, y _d calculated in step S5 is the distance between two points where the image of the bubbles are captured. Note that portions in the image corresponding to the length of y _d in the real space, a portion indicated by reference sign B in FIG. 8.

Calculation device 4 uses a y _d calculated in step S5, and a refraction angle β to a predetermined performs calculation of equation (2) to calculate the height direction position d of the foam. That is, y _d / (2 · tan β) is calculated, and the calculation result is set to d (step S6). The height direction position d of the foam is a distance from the surface 52 (see FIG. 4) on the side of the conveyance roller 1 in the glass substrate 5 to the foam.

  Next, the computing device 4 determines a distance D from the surface 52 as a reference to the bubble according to the height direction position d of the bubble (step S7). As in this example, when the glass substrate is disposed with the surface serving as a reference for determining the distance to the foam facing the transport roller 1, the distance D from the surface to the foam is the height of the foam calculated in step S6. It is equal to the direction position d. Therefore, what is necessary is just to let the value of the height direction position d of a bubble be the distance D from the surface 52 used as a reference | standard to a bubble. That is, the arithmetic unit 4 may determine the value of the distance D with D = d.

  In addition, when the glass substrate is disposed with the surface serving as a reference for determining the distance to the foam facing away from the conveying roller 1, the distance D from the surface to the foam is determined from the thickness T (μm) of the glass substrate. It is obtained by subtracting the value of the bubble height direction position d. In other words, in this case, the arithmetic unit 4 may determine the value of the distance D as D = T−d. However, the thickness T of the glass substrate is assumed to be known.

  After step S7, the arithmetic device 4 calculates the length of the bubble diameter in the direction orthogonal to the transport direction based on the image photographed in step S2 (step S8). In step S8, a circumscribed rectangular area (see FIG. 8) of the two overlapping images detected in step S3 is used. Specifically, the arithmetic unit counts the number of pixels from the center of one of the two overlapping images to the longer long side of the circumscribed rectangle, and calculates the number of pixels per pixel. Is multiplied by the distance in the real space and the multiplication result is doubled. This value is the width of the bubble and corresponds to t shown in FIG. Here, the unit of t is μm. Further, since the bubbles are spheroids, the height of the bubbles is t (μm) as well as the width of the bubbles.

Next, the computing device 4 uses the bubble diameter length s parallel to the transport direction calculated in step S4 and the bubble diameter length t in the direction orthogonal to the transport direction calculated in step S8. The sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble is calculated (step S9). The arithmetic device 4 may calculate the sphere equivalent diameter e by calculating the equation (5). That is, the arithmetic device 4 calculates the spherical equivalent diameter e by calculating the cube root of (s × t ² ). Here, the unit of e is assumed to be μm.

  Steps S3 to S9 are performed for each pair of elliptical images to be paired.

Next, the arithmetic device 4 detects bubbles whose distance D from the surface 52 of the glass substrate 5 is T / 2 or less. T is the thickness of the glass substrate 5. And the arithmetic unit 4 selects the bubble in order, and determines whether Formula (4) is materialized between the distance D calculated about the selected bubble, and the spherical conversion diameter e (step S10). The arithmetic unit calculates the distance D from the surface 52 and the spherical equivalent diameter e for each pair of elliptical images that form a pair. In step S10, the arithmetic unit 4 determines that there is one bubble for each elliptical group whose distance D is T / 2 or less, whereby the distance D from the surface 52 is T / 2 or less. What is necessary is just to detect the bubbles. Then, the detected bubbles are sequentially selected individually, and the relationship “e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15” is established between the distance D calculated for the selected bubbles and the sphere equivalent diameter e. It is determined whether or not. The glass substrate in which the relationship “e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15” is established for each of the bubbles whose distance D from the surface 52 is T / 2 or less corresponds to the glass substrate of the present invention. To do. On the other hand, when there is a bubble in which the relationship of “e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15” is not established among the bubbles whose distance D from the surface 52 is T / 2 or less, the glass The substrate does not correspond to the glass substrate of the present invention.

Therefore, when the above glass substrate inspection method (steps S1 to S10 shown in FIG. 7) is performed on the glass substrate 51 of the present invention (see FIG. 1), the distance D from the surface 52 is T / 2 or less. It is determined that the relationship of “e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15” is established for each of the formed bubbles.

  In an image obtained by photographing bubbles present in the vicinity of the surface 52 on the side of the conveying roller 1 (see FIG. 4), two images resulting from the bubbles appear overlapping. In addition, even when the bubble is large, in the image obtained by photographing the bubble, the two images appear to overlap each other. In the second measurement method described with reference to FIG. 14A, when two images resulting from the same defect overlap, the height direction position of the image cannot be measured. Further, in the third measurement method described with reference to FIG. 15A, the image from the upper side and the image from the lower side are photographed as shown in FIG. 15B. The position in the height direction of the defect can be measured. However, if the defect is large, the images may overlap in each image taken by the two line cameras. In this case, the height position of the defect cannot be measured. On the other hand, in the glass substrate inspection method (steps S1 to S10 shown in FIG. 7), the height direction position of the bubbles can be calculated even if the images due to the same bubbles overlap. Therefore, the distance D from the surface 52 can be determined, and for the foam whose distance D from the surface 52 is T / 2 or less, the formula (4) between the distance D and the spherical equivalent diameter e of the foam. Whether or not is established can be determined.

  Further, in the first measurement method described with reference to FIG. 14A, the measurement result of the position in the height direction of the defect is easily influenced by the vertical vibration of the glass substrate to be conveyed. The glass substrate inspection method shown in Fig. 5 is less susceptible to such influence, and the height direction position of the bubbles can be calculated with high accuracy. As a result, regarding the bubbles whose distance D from the surface 52 is T / 2 or less, it is accurately determined whether or not the equation (4) is established between the distance D and the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubbles. it can.

  For a bubble whose distance D from the reference surface 52 in the glass substrate is T / 2 or less, whether or not the equation (4) is established between the distance D and the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble. The glass substrate inspection method to be inspected is not limited to the method shown in FIG. 7 (steps S1 to S10). Hereinafter, the 2nd glass substrate inspection method and the 3rd glass substrate inspection method which perform the same inspection are explained. In either case, for example, the inspection can be performed using the inspection system illustrated in FIG. The positional relationship between the light source 2 and the line camera 3 with respect to the glass substrate 5 to be inspected is the same as in the first glass substrate inspection method, and a description thereof will be omitted. However, the method of measuring the height direction position d of the bubbles by the arithmetic device 4 is different from the first glass substrate inspection method.

  In the second glass substrate inspection method and the third glass substrate inspection method, the glass substrate is disposed and transported on the transport roller 1 so as to be transported in a direction along the straight direction of the glass substrate itself. .

  In the second glass substrate inspection method, the arithmetic device 4 calculates the feature amount of the bubbles in the glass substrate 5 to be inspected. Then, the arithmetic device 4 uses the feature amount to calculate the length in real space according to the number of pixels on the side parallel to the direction corresponding to the glass substrate transport direction in the circumscribed rectangle of the two overlapping images. A value obtained by subtracting the length of the bubble diameter parallel to the conveyance direction of the glass substrate (of the bubble diameters, the diameter parallel to the conveyance direction) is calculated. In addition, when calculating the above-described feature amount, the arithmetic device 4 calculates the feature amount using a predetermined calculation formula based on the positional relationship between two overlapping images.

  Moreover, in the 2nd glass substrate test | inspection method, the length of the diameter of the bubble parallel to the conveyance direction of a glass substrate is calculated as a feature-value.

  The above formula for calculating the feature amount is expressed by the coordinates of the position corresponding to the feature point of the image with reference to the edge of the glass substrate, h described in the first glass substrate inspection method, and two overlapping images. Is determined in advance as a function with the area as a variable. The calculation formula for determining this feature amount (the diameter parallel to the conveyance direction among the bubble diameters) can be expressed by, for example, the following formula (6).

_{^{s = a 1 u 2 + a}} 2 h 2 + a 3 p 2 + a 4 uh + a 5 hp + a 6 up + a 7 u + a 8 h + a 9 p + a 10 Equation (6)

In Equation (6), “u” is the coordinates of the position corresponding to the feature point of the image with the edge of the glass substrate as a reference. Specifically, the bubble is formed from the side surface of the glass substrate parallel to the transport direction. The distance to the center. Here, the unit of u is assumed to be mm. “H” is a value obtained by the same calculation as in step S3 in the first glass substrate inspection method based on an image obtained by photographing bubbles. Here, the unit of h is assumed to be μm. p is the area of the area occupied by the two images (the union of the areas of the two images) in the image obtained by photographing the bubble, and is specifically represented by the number of pixels in the image. In formula (6), a _{1 to} a ₁₀ are coefficients. Moreover, s in Formula (6) is the diameter of the bubble parallel to the conveyance direction of a glass substrate.

  The diameter s as the feature amount is easily affected by the position of the bubble in the width direction in the glass ribbon. The position where the glass substrate is sampled from the belt-like glass ribbon is generally constant in the width direction of the glass ribbon. For example, if the distance from the side of the glass ribbon to the glass substrate sampling position is X, it is common to sample the glass substrate group sequentially with X being constant. From this, the diameter s, which is the feature amount, is also easily affected by the position of the bubble in the direction perpendicular to the conveyance direction in the glass substrate (in other words, the position of the bubble in the direction perpendicular to the streak direction in the glass substrate). I can say that. Therefore, a calculation formula including the variable u (for example, the above formula (6)) is used for the calculation of s.

  In the photographed image, when the major axis of the bubble image is parallel to the conveyance direction line, the above s corresponds to the major axis of the bubble. However, in the image, even if the major axis of the bubble image and the conveyance direction line are not completely parallel, since both are substantially parallel, the above feature quantity s is regarded as the major axis of the bubble. be able to. Thus, even if s is regarded as the long diameter of the bubble, only an error that can be ignored is included, and the calculation of the position in the height direction of the bubble is not affected.

Coefficients a _{1 to} a ₁₀ in equation (6) are obtained in advance by the method of least squares. Specifically, s and u are measured by using a sample foam. Moreover, h is obtained by performing the same processing as Steps S <b> 1 to S <b> 3 described in the first glass substrate inspection method for the glass substrate including bubbles to be a sample. At that time, the number of pixels p in the region that is the union of the two images is counted from the image obtained in step S2. A plurality of sample bubbles are prepared, and s, u, h, and p are obtained for each of these bubbles. If a plurality of sets of s, u, h, and p are obtained, the coefficients a _{1 to} a ₁₀ in Equation (6) may be obtained from the set of s, u, h, and p by the least square method. .

  s has a correlation with u, h, and p, and each coefficient in Expression (6) can be obtained by the least square method.

The arithmetic device 4 calculates s by obtaining u, h, and p from an image obtained by photographing the glass substrate that is the measurement target of the height direction position of the bubble, and substituting it into the equation (6). To do. Then, the arithmetic device 4 calculates hs (= y _d ), and calculates the height direction position of the bubble using the calculation result and the refraction angle β.

  FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing an example of the second glass substrate inspection method. About the process similar to a 1st glass substrate test | inspection method, the code | symbol same as FIG. 7 is attached | subjected and description is abbreviate | omitted.

  The operation until h is calculated in step S3 is the same as that in the first glass substrate inspection method.

FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram illustrating an example of a glass substrate that is captured in an image. If bubbles are present, bubble images 21 and 22 are also captured in the image. In the example shown in FIG. 10, the central portions 21 _a and 22 _a of the images 21 and 22 also appear as white areas in the image as image feature points. Although the circumscribed rectangle 23 of the images 21 and 22 is illustrated, the circumscribed rectangle 23 is not reflected in the image.

  After step S3, the arithmetic unit 4 counts the number of pixels from the end 31 of the glass substrate in the image to the feature point of the image. That is, the number of pixels in the portion indicated by the symbol C in FIG. 10 is counted. Then, the arithmetic device 4 multiplies the number of pixels by the distance in the real space per pixel (step S11). This multiplication result corresponds to the distance u from the end (side surface) of the glass substrate to the bubble in the real space. That is, in step S11, u is calculated.

However, in the description of step S11 above, the case where the end portion 31 of the glass substrate is reflected in the image has been described as an example in order to simplify the description. If the end 31 of the glass substrate is not reflected in the image, the distance u may be calculated as follows. Since the installation position of the line camera 3 is fixed, the distance (referred to as u ₀ ) in real space from the end of the glass substrate to the end on the side of the glass substrate in the image photographed by the line camera 3. Can be obtained in advance. Then, the arithmetic device 4 calculates the distance from the end portion of the photographed image to the feature point of the image. In this calculation, for example, the number of pixels from the edge of the image to the feature point may be counted, and the number of pixels may be multiplied by the distance in real space per pixel. The arithmetic device 4 may calculate the distance u from the end (side surface) of the glass substrate to the defect in the real space by adding u ₀ determined by the line camera installation position to this distance.

In the example shown in FIG. 10, with the central portion 21 _a of the image 21 as feature points, and as an example the case of obtaining the distance from the end 31 of the glass substrate in the image to the center portion 21 _a. As a feature point, it may be used a central portion 22 _a of the other image 22. Whichever central portion is used as the feature point, the distance u from the end (side surface) of the glass substrate to the bubble in the real space can be obtained. Although the count result of the number of pixels differs depending on which of the central portions 21 _a and 22 _a is used as the feature point, the difference is slight, and the distance u includes only a negligible error. Further, a characteristic point in the circumscribed rectangle 23 (for example, any vertex of the circumscribed rectangle 23) may be used as the feature point. Even in this case, the distance u includes only a negligible error.

  After step S11, the arithmetic unit 4 counts the number of pixels p in the area as the area of the area occupied by the two overlapping images 21 and 22 (the union of the areas of the two images) (step S12).

  And the arithmetic unit 4 calculates the diameter s parallel to a conveyance direction among the diameters of a bubble by substituting h, u, p calculated | required by step S3, S11, S12 to Formula (6) ( Step S13). When the major axis of the image is parallel to the conveyance direction line as shown in FIG. 10, the diameter s is the major axis of the bubble. As already described, in the captured image, even if the major axis of the image is not completely parallel to the conveyance direction line, both are substantially parallel, so the diameter s calculated in step S13 is the major axis of the bubble. Can be considered.

  The subsequent processing is the same as steps S5 to S10 in the first glass substrate inspection method.

That is, the arithmetic unit 4 from h calculated in step S3, by subtracting the s calculated in step S13, obtains the _{y d} (step S5). And the arithmetic unit 4 calculates Formula (2) using _yd and the refraction angle (beta), and calculates the height direction position d of a bubble (step S6).

  Further, the computing device 4 determines a distance D from the surface 52 as a reference to the bubble according to the height direction position d of the bubble (step S7). In the case where the glass substrate is disposed with the surface serving as a reference for determining the distance to the foam facing the conveying roller 1 side, D = d may be set. Further, when the glass substrate is arranged with the surface serving as a reference for determining the distance to the foam facing away from the conveying roller 1, the arithmetic device 4 determines the value of the distance D as D = T−d. Good.

Then, the computing device 4 calculates the bubble length t in the direction orthogonal to the transport direction based on the image photographed in step S2 (step S8). The calculation method of t may be the same as step S8 in the first glass substrate inspection method. Subsequently, the computing device 4 calculates the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble by calculating the cube root of (s × t ² ) (step S9).

  Note that the processing in steps S3 to S9 is performed for each pair of elliptical images to be paired.

Furthermore, the arithmetic device 4 detects bubbles whose distance D from the surface 52 of the glass substrate 5 is T / 2 or less. And the arithmetic unit 4 selects the bubble in order, and the relationship of Formula (4) between the distance D calculated about the selected bubble and the spherical conversion diameter e (namely, e <= 0.01 * ^D1.6). It is determined whether (+15) is established (step S10).

Even when the second glass substrate inspection method (steps S1 to S10 shown in FIG. 9) is performed on the glass substrate 51 of the present invention (see FIG. 1), the distance D from the surface 52 is T / 2 or less. For each of the bubbles, it is determined that the relationship “e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15” is established.

  Further, in the second glass substrate inspection method shown in FIG. 9, as in the first glass substrate inspection method (see FIG. 7), even if images caused by the same bubbles overlap, the height direction position of the bubbles Can be calculated. In addition, with respect to bubbles that are not easily affected by the vertical vibration of the glass substrate being conveyed and the distance D from the surface 52 is T / 2 or less, an equation between the distance D and the spherical equivalent diameter e of the bubbles is given. It can be accurately determined whether (4) is established.

  Next, a third glass substrate inspection method will be described. Also in the third glass substrate inspection method, the positional relationship between the light source 2 and the line camera 3 (see FIG. 4) with respect to the glass substrate 5 to be inspected is the same as that in the first glass substrate inspection method, and the description thereof is omitted. .

In the third glass substrate inspection method, the arithmetic unit 4 calculates the characteristic amount of foam in the glass substrate 5, by using the feature amount, calculates the y _d. However, in the second glass substrate inspection method, the bubble diameter s is calculated as the feature amount, but in the third glass substrate inspection method, the ratio of the two diameters of the bubbles is calculated. Specifically, the arithmetic device 4 calculates | requires the ratio of the diameter of a conveyance direction with respect to the diameter of the direction orthogonal to a conveyance direction among the diameters of a bubble as a feature-value of a bubble. That is, out of the bubble diameters, if the diameter in the direction orthogonal to the transport direction is r ₁ and the diameter in the transport direction is r ₂ , r ₂ / r ₁ is calculated as a feature amount. Hereinafter, r ₂ / r ₁ is denoted as r.

Incidentally, in the photographed image, if the major axis to the conveying direction line of the image of the bubbles are parallel, r ₁ above corresponds to the minor diameter of the bubbles, r ₂ corresponds to the major axis of the foam. That is, “major axis / minor axis” is calculated as the feature amount r. However, in the image, even if the major axis of the bubble image and the conveyance direction line are not completely parallel, since both are substantially parallel, the above r ₁ is regarded as the minor axis of the bubble, The above r ₂ can be regarded as the major axis of the foam. That is, in the image, even when the major axis of the bubble image and the conveyance direction line are not completely parallel, r calculated as the feature amount can be regarded as the “major axis / minor axis” of the bubble. . Even if considered in this way, r includes only a negligible error and does not affect the calculation of the height direction position d of the bubble.

The arithmetic device 4 calculates r as the feature amount of the bubble, and then uses the r to calculate y _d (the bubble from the position where the first image was taken to the position where the second image was taken) The travel distance).

  Further, when calculating the feature amount r, the arithmetic device 4 calculates the feature amount using a predetermined calculation formula based on the positional relationship between the two overlapping images.

  The formula for calculating the feature amount r is the coordinates of the position corresponding to the feature point of the image with the end of the glass substrate as a reference, h described in the first glass substrate inspection method, and two overlapping images. Is determined in advance as a function with the area as a variable. The calculation formula for obtaining the feature amount r can be expressed by the following formula (7), for example.

r = b ₁ u ² + b ₂ h ² + b ₃ p ² + b ₄ uh + b ₅ hp + b ₆ up + b ₇ u + b ₈ h + b ₉ p + b ₁₀ formula (7)

The variables u, h, and p in this function are the same as the variables u, h, and p in Expression (6) shown in the second glass substrate inspection method. That is, “u” is the distance from the side surface of the glass substrate parallel to the transport direction to the center of the bubble. “H” is a value obtained by the same calculation as in step S3 in the first glass substrate inspection method based on an image obtained by photographing bubbles. p is the area of the area occupied by the two images (the union of the areas of the two images) in the image obtained by photographing the bubble, and is specifically represented by the number of pixels in the image. In formula (7), b _{1 to} b ₁₀ are coefficients.

  The feature amount r is easily affected by the position of the bubble in the width direction in the glass ribbon. And as already demonstrated, it is common that the position which samples a glass substrate from a strip-shaped glass ribbon is constant in the width direction of a glass ribbon. Therefore, the feature amount r is easily affected by the position of bubbles in the direction perpendicular to the conveyance direction on the glass substrate (in other words, the position of bubbles in the direction perpendicular to the streak direction on the glass substrate). I can say that. Therefore, a calculation formula including the above variable u (for example, the above formula (7)) is used for the calculation of r.

The coefficients b _{1 to} b ₁₀ in Expression (7) are obtained in advance by the method of least squares. Specifically, r and u are actually measured using bubbles as samples. Moreover, h is obtained by performing the same processing as Steps S <b> 1 to S <b> 3 described in the first glass substrate inspection method for the glass substrate including bubbles to be a sample. At that time, the number of pixels p in the region that is the union of the two images is counted from the image obtained in step S2. A plurality of sample bubbles are prepared, and r, u, h, and p are obtained for each of these bubbles. If a plurality of sets of r, u, h, and p are obtained, the coefficients b _{1 to} b ₁₀ in Expression (7) may be obtained from the set of r, u, h, and p by the least square method. .

  r has a correlation with u, h, and p, and each coefficient in Expression (7) can be obtained by the least square method.

  The arithmetic unit 4 calculates u by obtaining u, h, and p from an image obtained by photographing the glass substrate that is the measurement target of the height direction position of the bubble, and substituting it into equation (7). .

Further, the arithmetic device 4 obtains the value of tan θ when the angle formed by the conveyance direction line 96 and the line passing through the center of the two images is θ in the photographed image. Then, the arithmetic unit 4 uses h, u, r, the tan .theta, calculates the _{y d.} The calculation device 4 calculates the height direction position d of the bubble using the _yd and the refraction angle β.

  FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing an example of a third glass substrate inspection method. Regarding the same processing as the first glass substrate inspection method and the second glass substrate inspection method, the same reference numerals as those in FIG. 7 and FIG.

  The operations (steps S1, S2, S3, S11, and S12) until obtaining p in step S12 are the same as those in the second glass substrate inspection method.

  After step S12, the arithmetic unit 4 substitutes h, u, and p obtained in steps S3, S11, and S12 into the equation (7) to obtain r (that is, out of the bubble diameter, orthogonal to the transport direction). The ratio of the length of the diameter in the conveyance direction to the length of the diameter in the direction to be performed is calculated (step S21).

  FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram illustrating an example of a glass substrate that is captured in an image. The same elements as those in FIG. 10 are denoted by the same reference numerals as those in FIG.

  After step S <b> 21, the arithmetic unit 4 out of the sides of the circumscribed rectangle 23 of the two overlapping images 21 and 22, the side orthogonal to the direction corresponding to the glass substrate transport direction (in other words, the transport direction line in the image) Count the number of pixels on the orthogonal sides. That is, the number of pixels in the portion indicated by the symbol D in FIG. 12 is counted. Then, the arithmetic unit 4 multiplies the number of pixels by the distance in real space per pixel (step S22). The resulting length is denoted as w. That is, w is the length in the real space corresponding to the portion indicated by the symbol D in FIG.

Moreover, the arithmetic unit 4 forms a side parallel to the direction corresponding to the conveyance direction of the glass substrate among the sides of the circumscribed rectangle and a line passing through the central portions 21 _a and 22 _a of the two images 21 and 22. Tan θ which is the tangent of the angle θ is obtained (step S23).

It can also be said that θ is an angle formed by a line passing through the central portions 21 _a and 22 _a of the two images 21 and 22 and a conveyance direction line. Therefore, for example, the arithmetic device 4 determines a value of y _c (see FIG. 17) in advance, calculates x _cc by the method already described, and calculates tan θ by calculating equation (3). Also good. Alternatively, tan θ may be calculated by another method.

Next, the arithmetic unit 4 uses h, r, w, a tanθ already been calculated in the process up to step S23, calculates the _{y d} (step S24). Specifically, the arithmetic unit 4, by performing the calculation of equation (8) shown below, may be calculated to y _d.

y _d = (hr · w) / (1−r · tan θ) Equation (8)

The arithmetic unit 4 calculates the formula (2) using the above _yd and the predetermined refraction angle β, and calculates the height direction position d of the bubble (step S25). This calculation is the same as step S6 in the first glass substrate inspection method.

  After step S25, the computing device 4 determines a distance D from the surface 52 as a reference to the bubble according to the height direction position d of the bubble (step S7). In the case where the glass substrate is disposed with the surface serving as a reference for determining the distance to the foam facing the conveying roller 1 side, D = d may be set. Further, when the glass substrate is arranged with the surface serving as a reference for determining the distance to the foam facing away from the conveying roller 1, the arithmetic device 4 determines the value of the distance D as D = T−d. Good. This process is the same as step S7 (see FIG. 9) in the first glass substrate inspection method (see FIG. 7) and the second glass inspection method (see FIG. 9).

  Subsequently, the arithmetic device 4 calculates the length s of the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction (step S4). The calculation of the bubble diameter length s parallel to the transport direction may be performed by the same method as step S4 in the first glass substrate inspection method (see FIG. 7). Or you may calculate the length s of the diameter of the bubble parallel to a conveyance direction by performing the process similar to the process of step S13 in a 2nd glass inspection method (refer FIG. 9).

  The subsequent processing is the same as steps S8 to S10 in the first glass substrate inspection method and the second glass substrate inspection method.

That is, the arithmetic device 4 calculates the bubble length t in the direction orthogonal to the transport direction based on the image photographed in step S2 (step S8). Subsequently, the computing device 4 calculates the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble by calculating the cube root of (s × t ² ) (step S9).

  Note that the processing in steps S3 to S9 is performed for each pair of elliptical images to be paired.

Furthermore, the arithmetic device 4 detects bubbles whose distance D from the surface 52 of the glass substrate 5 is T / 2 or less. And the arithmetic unit 4 selects the bubble in order, and the relationship of Formula (4) between the distance D calculated about the selected bubble and the spherical conversion diameter e (namely, e <= 0.01 * ^D1.6). It is determined whether (+15) is established (step S10).

Even when the third glass substrate inspection method (steps S1 to S10 shown in FIG. 11) is performed on the glass substrate 51 of the present invention (see FIG. 1), the distance D from the surface 52 is T / 2 or less. For each of the bubbles, it is determined that the relationship “e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15” is established.

  In the third glass substrate inspection method shown in FIG. 11 as well as the first glass substrate inspection method (see FIG. 7) and the second glass substrate inspection method (see FIG. 9), images caused by the same bubbles are used. Even if overlaps, the height direction position of the bubble can be calculated. In addition, with respect to bubbles that are not easily affected by the vertical vibration of the glass substrate being conveyed and the distance D from the surface 52 is T / 2 or less, an equation between the distance D and the spherical equivalent diameter e of the bubbles is given. It can be accurately determined whether (4) is established.

  In each of the glass substrate inspection methods described above, the arithmetic device 4 is realized by, for example, a computer that operates according to a program. For example, a computer may operate as the arithmetic device 4 according to a program.

  Next, the manufacturing method of the glass substrate 51 (refer FIG. 1) of this invention is demonstrated. The glass substrate 51 of the present invention shown in FIG. 1 is, for example, a first glass substrate inspection method (see FIG. 7) and a second glass substrate inspection method (see FIG. 7) for a glass ribbon manufactured by a float process. 9) and the third glass substrate inspection method (see FIG. 11), and the distance D from the bottom surface is about T / 2 or less when the distance D from the bottom surface is applied. The glass ribbon in which the formula (4) is established is selected between the sphere and the bubble equivalent diameter e, and the glass substrate is cut out from the glass ribbon. When any one of the first glass substrate inspection method, the second glass substrate inspection method, and the third glass substrate inspection method is applied to the glass ribbon, the glass ribbon is used instead of the glass substrate. Good. At this time, from any one of the first glass substrate inspection method, the second glass substrate inspection method, and the third glass substrate inspection method described above, from the bottom surface to the foam with reference to the bottom surface The distance D of the bubble is calculated, and the bubble equivalent diameter e of the bubble is calculated. For the bubbles whose distance D is T / 2 or less, the equation (4) is calculated between the distance D and the bubble equivalent diameter e of the bubble. What is necessary is just to sort the established glass ribbon.

  In the glass substrate sampled from the thus selected glass ribbon, the surface corresponding to the bottom surface can be prevented from bulging.

  When the glass substrate thus obtained is used as a transparent substrate for a liquid crystal display panel, the surface corresponding to the bottom surface of the glass ribbon is polished and the liquid crystal display panel is placed so that the surface faces the liquid crystal side. What is necessary is just to manufacture. As a result, a liquid crystal display panel having a uniform cell gap can be manufactured.

  Moreover, since the swelling of the surface by a bubble can be prevented, the glass substrate by this invention can be utilized suitably also for the liquid crystal display panel which displays a three-dimensional image.

  Since swelling of the surface can be prevented, it is possible to prevent a load from being concentrated on a part of the glass substrate when the glass substrates are stacked. Therefore, even when the glass substrates are stacked, the glass substrate can be prevented from cracking.

  In addition, there exists a fusion method as a manufacturing method of a glass ribbon. With respect to the glass ribbon manufactured by the fusion method, either surface may be used as a reference surface for determining the distance D. And while calculating the distance D from the surface made into the reference | standard surface to a bubble, the sphere conversion diameter e of a bubble is calculated, and the distance D and the sphere conversion diameter of a bubble are calculated about the bubble whose distance D is T / 2 or less. If the glass ribbon in which the formula (4) is established with e is selected and the glass substrate is sampled in the same manner as described above, the glass substrate 51 (see FIG. 1) of the present invention is obtained. Even when a glass substrate sampled from a glass ribbon manufactured by the fusion method is used as a transparent substrate of a liquid crystal display panel, the liquid crystal display panel should be oriented so that the surface serving as a reference plane for determining the distance D faces the liquid crystal side. What is necessary is just to manufacture. Also in this case, a liquid crystal display panel having a uniform cell gap can be manufactured. In addition, when using the glass substrate sampled from the glass ribbon manufactured by the fusion method as a transparent substrate of a liquid crystal display panel, it is not necessary to grind | polish.

  Table 1 shows Examples 1 to 10 as examples of the present invention and Examples 11 to 20 as comparative examples, respectively.

The samples of Examples 1 to 20 used glass substrates (non-alkali glass “AN100” manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.) cut after being formed by the float method.
The column of f (D) in Table 1 describes the value of f (D) = 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15 with respect to the value of the distance D from the surface of the sample of Examples 1 to 20 to the bubble. .
The column of the bubble equivalent diameter e of Table 1 describes the bubble equivalent diameter e of the bubbles of the samples of Examples 1 to 20 calculated using the above-described method.
In the column of the surface bulge amount in Table 1, the bulge amount of the sample surface in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the samples of Examples 1 to 20 is a 3D laser microscope (model name: EXT OLS 3100 MODEL) manufactured by Olympus Corporation. The result measured using OLS31-SU) is described. N. in the table. The sample denoted as D indicates that the amount of bulging is below the measurement limit (0.1 μm or less).
The column of evaluation in Table 1 shows the result of determining whether e ≦ f (D) is satisfied between the distance D from the surface of the glass substrate to the bubble and the spherical equivalent diameter e of the bubble. It is written. When e ≦ f (D) is satisfied, “◯” is indicated, and when e ≦ f (D) is not satisfied, “×” is indicated.
As is clear from Table 1, in the samples of Examples 11 to 10 of Examples that satisfy e ≦ 0.01 × D1.6 + 15, the amount of bulging of the sample surface in the direction perpendicular to the sample surface is below the measurement limit. there were. On the other hand, in the samples of Examples 11 to 20 of Examples in which e ≦ 0.01 × D1.6 + 15 is not satisfied, the bulge amount of the sample surface in the direction perpendicular to the sample surface is 1.5 to 6.2 μm. Met.
Therefore, by making the distance D from the surface of the glass substrate to the bubble and the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble satisfy e ≦ 0.01 × D1.6 + 15, the amount of swelling on the surface of the glass substrate is below the measurement limit. It can be seen that.

Although this application has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application is based on a Japanese patent application (Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-275049) filed on Dec. 9, 2010, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

  The present invention is preferably applied to, for example, a glass substrate used as a transparent substrate of a liquid crystal display panel.

1 conveyor roller 2 light sources 3,81,81 _a, 81 _b line camera 4 arithmetic unit 5,51,82 glass substrate 57 bubbles

Claims (8)

When the thickness of the glass substrate is T (μm), the distance from the surface of the glass substrate to the bubbles present in the glass substrate is D (μm), and the spherical equivalent diameter of the bubbles is e (μm) Further, the sphere equivalent diameter e of bubbles existing in a layer within T / 2 (μm) from at least one surface is e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15.
A glass substrate characterized by satisfying A photographing step of photographing the glass substrate by photographing means arranged to irradiate light from a light source onto the glass substrate conveyed along the streak direction and the light reflected by the glass substrate reaches,
Based on the positional relationship between two overlapping elliptical images caused by the same bubble in the glass substrate in the image photographed by the photographing means, the height direction position of the bubble in the glass substrate is determined. A calculation step to calculate;
A sphere equivalent diameter calculating step for calculating a sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubbles;
Whether or not e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15 is satisfied between the distance D from the surface of the glass substrate determined by the height direction position of the bubble to the bubble and the spherical equivalent diameter e of the bubble A glass substrate inspection method including a determination step of determining whether
The sphere equivalent diameter e of bubbles present in at least a layer within T / 2 (μm) from the surface is e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15
The glass substrate according to claim 1, wherein the glass substrate is determined to satisfy the following. In the calculation step, in the circumscribed rectangle of the two overlapping images caused by the same bubble, from the length in real space according to the number of pixels on the side parallel to the direction corresponding to the direction of transport of the glass substrate, in the transport direction The value obtained by subtracting the length of the diameter of the parallel bubbles is calculated, and the height direction position of the bubbles in the glass substrate is calculated based on the calculated value and the light refraction angle in the glass substrate. And
A step of calculating the length of the diameter of the bubble in the direction orthogonal to the conveying direction by an image photographed by the photographing means;
In the sphere equivalent diameter calculation step, when the length of the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction is s (μm) and the length of the bubble diameter in the direction perpendicular to the transport direction is t (μm) ( s × t ² ) By calculating ^1/3 , the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble is calculated,
In the determination step, e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15 is satisfied between the distance D from the surface of the glass substrate to the bubble determined by the height direction position of the bubble and the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble. By the glass substrate inspection method to determine whether or not
The sphere equivalent diameter e of bubbles present in at least a layer within T / 2 (μm) from the surface is e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15
The glass substrate according to claim 2, wherein the glass substrate is determined to satisfy the following. In the calculation step, from the positional relationship between two overlapping images caused by the same bubble, the bubble is calculated using a predetermined calculation formula that includes, as a variable, the position of the image in the width direction of the glass substrate orthogonal to the transport direction. Is calculated from the length in real space according to the number of pixels on the side parallel to the direction corresponding to the transport direction of the glass substrate in the circumscribed rectangle of the two overlapping images. The value obtained by subtracting the length of the diameter of the bubble parallel to the transport direction is calculated, and the height of the bubble in the glass substrate is calculated based on the calculated value and the refraction angle of light in the glass substrate. Calculate the vertical position,
A step of calculating the length of the diameter of the bubble in the direction orthogonal to the conveying direction by an image photographed by the photographing means;
In the sphere equivalent diameter calculation step, when the length of the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction is s (μm) and the length of the bubble diameter in the direction perpendicular to the transport direction is t (μm) ( s × t ² ) By calculating ^1/3 , the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble is calculated,
In the determination step, e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15 is satisfied between the distance D from the surface of the glass substrate to the bubble determined by the height direction position of the bubble and the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble. By the glass substrate inspection method to determine whether or not
The sphere equivalent diameter e of bubbles present in at least a layer within T / 2 (μm) from the surface is e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15
The glass substrate according to claim 2, wherein the glass substrate is determined to satisfy the following. In the calculation step, from the positional relationship between two overlapping images caused by the same bubble, the length of the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction is calculated as a feature value using a predetermined calculation formula, and the two A value obtained by subtracting the length of the diameter from the length in real space according to the number of pixels parallel to the direction corresponding to the conveyance direction in the circumscribed rectangle of the overlapping image, and the calculated value, By calculating the refraction angle of light in the glass substrate, the height direction position of the bubbles in the glass substrate,
A step of calculating the length of the diameter of the bubble in the direction orthogonal to the conveying direction by an image photographed by the photographing means;
In the sphere equivalent diameter calculation step, when the length of the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction is s (μm) and the length of the bubble diameter in the direction perpendicular to the transport direction is t (μm) ( s × t ² ) By calculating ^1/3 , the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble is calculated,
In the determination step, e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15 is satisfied between the distance D from the surface of the glass substrate to the bubble determined by the height direction position of the bubble and the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble. By the glass substrate inspection method to determine whether or not
The sphere equivalent diameter e of bubbles present in at least a layer within T / 2 (μm) from the surface is e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15
The glass substrate according to claim 4, wherein the glass substrate is determined to satisfy the following. In a calculation step, a ratio of two diameters of bubbles is calculated as a feature amount from a positional relationship between two overlapping images caused by the same bubble using a predetermined calculation formula, Corresponding to the conveyance direction of the glass substrate in the circumscribed rectangle of the two overlapping images by the angle formed by the line in the image corresponding to the photographing position and the line passing through the center of the two images and the ratio The value obtained by subtracting the length of the diameter of the bubble parallel to the transport direction from the length in real space according to the number of pixels on the side parallel to the direction to be calculated, and the calculated value and the inside of the glass substrate By calculating the position of the bubble in the height direction in the glass substrate by the refraction angle of the light at
A step of calculating the length of the diameter of the bubble in the direction orthogonal to the conveying direction by an image photographed by the photographing means;
In the sphere equivalent diameter calculation step, when the length of the bubble diameter parallel to the transport direction is s (μm) and the length of the bubble diameter in the direction perpendicular to the transport direction is t (μm) ( s × t ² ) By calculating ^1/3 , the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble is calculated,
In the determination step, e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15 is satisfied between the distance D from the surface of the glass substrate to the bubble determined by the height direction position of the bubble and the sphere equivalent diameter e of the bubble. By the glass substrate inspection method to determine whether or not
The sphere equivalent diameter e of bubbles present in at least a layer within T / 2 (μm) from the surface is e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15
The glass substrate according to claim 4, wherein the glass substrate is determined to satisfy the following. It is a glass substrate sampled from a glass ribbon manufactured by the float process, and the spherical equivalent diameter e of bubbles existing in a layer within T / 2 (μm) from the surface corresponding to the bottom surface of the glass ribbon is e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15
The glass substrate according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the glass substrate is satisfied. It is a glass substrate of a liquid crystal display panel, and the sphere equivalent diameter e of bubbles existing in a layer within T / 2 (μm) from the surface facing the liquid crystal side is e ≦ 0.01 × D ^1.6 +15
The glass substrate according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the glass substrate is satisfied.

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