JPWO2002092945A1 - Outdoor work, method for manufacturing snow-ice-like coating, and snow-ice-like coating - Google Patents

Abstract

Even when snow and ice are deposited on the outer surface of the outdoor workpiece, the snow and ice attached to the outer surface of the outdoor workpiece can be quickly slid down due to the snow and ice properties of the outer surface of the coating layer, thereby exhibiting a snow and ice prevention effect. Therefore, without the need for super-water-repellent water repellency to prevent snow and ice, the coating layer formed by a relatively inexpensive and simple method allows the attached snow and ice to be quickly slid down, and the adhesion of snow and ice. It is possible to suppress the adhesion of snow and ice at the same time as the snow and ice that have adhered slide down before growing on a snow lump or a snow cornice while keeping the time as short as possible.

Description

また前記被覆層は、コロナ放電処理、プラズマ放電処理、フレーム処理からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも１つの処理を施された無機系ベース膜上に形成されることを特徴とするものである。
無機系ベース膜の表面にはシロキサン結合末端の水酸基が配向されており、この水酸基が撥水性物質と反応することで滑雪氷性の被覆層は得られるものであるが、無機系ベース膜を形成した後、撥水性物質を反応させずに放置すると、その水酸基は空気中の水分や不純物等を吸着し、撥水性物質との反応性が低下する。上記の如き処理を行い、かかる吸着された水分や不純物等を除去すると共に、無機系ベース膜の表面に配向される水酸基を更に増加させることで、撥水性物質が反応できる箇所を増やして反応性を高めることができる。かかる無機系ベース膜上に形成された滑雪氷性の被覆層は初期の性能が高く、且つ耐久性も高いものとなり得る。
また本発明に係わる請求の範囲第２２項に記載の滑雪氷性被覆物は、請求の範囲第２０項又は第２１項に記載の製造方法により形成され、外面の表面張力が３５ｄｙｎｅ／ｃｍ以下の撥水性で、且つ水滴の滑落角度が４０度以下の滑水性を有する被覆層が設けられていることを特徴とするものである。
また本発明に係わる請求の範囲第２３項に記載の滑雪氷性被覆物は、基材の上に形成された被覆層の、促進耐候性試験が１０００時間行われた外面が、表面張力が３５ｄｙｎｅ／ｃｍ以下の撥水性で、且つ水滴の滑落角度が４０度以下の滑水性を有することを特徴とするものである。
ここで促進耐候性試験とは、ＪＩＳ−Ｋ５４００（塗料一般試験方法）に基づくサンシャインカーボンアーク灯によるもので、カーボンを燃焼させて発生した光線により太陽光の１０倍相当の紫外線を照射すると共に、一定時間毎に水をスプレーすることで被覆層を強制的に劣化させる試験方法である。
また本発明に係わる請求の範囲第２４項に記載の滑雪氷性被覆物は、基材の上に形成された被覆層の、屋外集光式促進暴露試験において５６０ＭＪ／ｍ２ＵＶが照射された外面が、表面張力が３５ｄｙｎｅ／ｃｍ以下の撥水性で、且つ水滴の滑落角度が４０度以下の滑水性を有することを特徴とするものである。
ここで屋外集光式促進暴露試験とは、ＡＳＴＭ−Ｇ９０に記載され、通称ＥＭＭＡＱＵＡと呼ばれる試験方法であり、実際に地平まで降り注がれる太陽光を反射鏡等により集光して照射していることから、通常の促進耐候性試験とは異なり、太陽光における全ての波長の光線を照射でき、実際の屋外設置と高い相関性が得られるものである。当該試験における５６０ＭＪ／ｍ２ＵＶというエネルギー量は、実際の屋外設置において約３年に相当するといわれるものである。
上記の如き滑雪氷性被覆物によれば、雪氷の付着が考え得る屋外に設置した場合においても、長期間に亘って優れた滑雪氷性を維持し、着雪氷による被害を未然に防止できると共に、性能の劣化に伴う取り替えに係わる手間や費用の軽減に繋げることができる。
また本発明に係わる請求の範囲第２５項に記載の滑雪氷性被覆物は、基材の上に中間材を介して、外面が、表面張力が３５ｄｙｎｅ／ｃｍ以下の撥水性で、且つ水滴の滑落角度が４０度以下の滑水性である被覆層が設けられたことを特徴とするものである。
本発明によれば、中間材を介することで、基材が既に設置されているものであっても、中間材に滑雪氷性の被覆層を形成して基材に取り付けることで容易に基材の上に滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けることができ、また中間材により基材の上に種々の意匠や色彩、光沢等を具備することが可能となる。
また前記中間材は、可視光を透過する合成樹脂からなることを特徴とするものである。
かかる中間材を用いることにより、基材が有する意匠や色彩、光沢や表示内容を損ねることなく滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けることができる。
また前記中間材は、可撓性を有することを特徴とするものである。
中間材が可撓性を有することで、中間材を追随させて種々の形状の基材の上に取り付けて滑雪氷性の被覆層を形成することが容易である。中間材に可撓性を具備させるには、可視光を透過するゴム、エラストマー等の可撓性の樹脂を用いて中間材を形成してもよく、更には可視光を透過する合成樹脂を０．０１ｍｍ〜２．０ｍｍ程度のフィルム状のものとして可撓性を具備させてもよい。
中間材への被覆層の形成に係わる撥水性物質を塗布液としたものの塗布方法としては、前述のコーティング法に加え、グラビアロールコーティング法、マイヤーバーコーティング法、ドクターブレードコーティング法、リバースロールコーティング法、エアーナイフコーティング法等の公知のフィルムコーティング法、または以上のコーティング法の併用により形成するものであってよいが、基材が合成樹脂であり、更に可撓性を有するものである場合もあることから、ディップコーティング法により形成するのが好ましい。
また本発明に係わる請求の範囲第２２項乃至第２６項のいずれかに記載の滑雪氷性被覆物の被覆層は、外面を水滴が前進接触角９０度以上、後退接触角が５０度以上で前進接触角以下で滑落することを特徴とするものである。
また本発明に係わる請求の範囲第２２項乃至第２７項のいずれかに記載の滑雪氷性被覆物の被覆層は、外面が水滴の滑落初期角度において、滑落初期地点から１０ｃｍ滑落するまでの水滴滑落速度が１０ｃｍ／分以下であることを特徴とするものである。
また本発明に係わる請求の範囲第２２項乃至第２８項のいずれかに記載の滑雪氷性被覆物の被覆層は、外面の最大表面粗さが１０μｍ以下であることを特徴とするものである。
また本発明に係わる請求の範囲第２２項乃至第２９項のいずれかに記載の滑雪氷性被覆物の被覆層は、外面に−２度から−５度の温度領域で凍着した氷が、被覆層と水平方向からの荷重により定荷重非破断的滑動することを特徴とするものである。
また本発明に係わる請求の範囲第２２乃至第３０項のいずれかに記載の滑雪氷性被覆物の被覆層は、基材の上に形成された無機系ベース膜上に形成されていることを特徴とするものである。
また前記無機系ベース膜は、シリコーンを主成分とするシリコーンコーティング剤を用いて形成されたことを特徴とするものである。
また本発明に係わる請求の範囲第２２項乃至第３２項のいずれかに記載の滑雪氷性被覆物の被覆層は、５Å（オングストローム）以上の長さの直鎖構造を有する撥水性物質を、その末端が被覆層外面に配向されて、基材の上の面に固定したものであることを特徴とするものである。
また前記直鎖構造を有する撥水性物質は、末端にトリフルオロメチル基及び／又はメチル基が配置され、該トリフルオロメチル基及び／又はメチル基が外面となるように配向されたことを特徴とするものである。
また前記直鎖構造を有する撥水性物質は、２０平方Åに１物質以上が略均一に分布していることを特徴とするものである。
また前記直鎖構造を有する撥水性物質は、基材の上の面上において該物質の固定が飽和状態となる密度に対し、１０〜９５％の密度で略均一に固定されていることを特徴とするものである。
また前記直鎖構造を有する撥水性物質は、基材の上の面上において該物質の固定が飽和状態となる密度に対し、１０〜９５％の密度で略均一に固定され、その他の部分に親水性の物質が存在していることを特徴とするものである。
また本発明に係わる請求の範囲第３３項乃至第３７項のいずれかに記載の滑雪氷性被覆物の被覆層は、フッ素含有シラン化合物、フッ素非含有シラン化合物、フルオロカーボン基を有するフッ素含有化合物から選ばれた１種あるいは２種以上の混合物を主成分とすることを特徴とするものである。
また前記フッ素非含有シラン化合物は、メチル基を有するフッ素非含有シラン化合物であることを特徴とするものである。
本発明に係わる請求の範囲第２７項乃至第３９項に記載の滑雪氷性被覆物により得られる作用効果については、本発明に係わる請求の範囲第２項乃至第１４項に記載の屋外工作物により得られるものと同様である。
また、請求の範囲第４０項に記載の屋外工作物は、滑雪氷性を有する被覆層が形成され、又は滑雪氷性を有する被覆層が形成された滑雪氷体が取付けられ、該被覆層は請求の範囲第２２項乃至第３９項に記載の被覆層であることを特徴とするものである。
発明を実施するための最良の形態
本発明に係わる屋外工作物の実施の形態について、以下の実施例及び比較例により説明する。
［第１の実施の形態］
（実施例１）
まず１００ｍｍ×１００ｍｍ、厚さ３．０ｍｍのシリコン系ベース膜被覆ポリカーボネート板を充分にコロナ放電処理し、外面を活性化状態（親水化）にして基材とする。次にフッ素シリコーンコーティング剤Ｘ−２４−７８９０（信越化学工業社製）を固形分比率を約２．０％になるように希釈し、被覆層形成用塗布液とした。そして基材を前記被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に浸漬し、約５ｍｍ／分の速度で引き上げ、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた後、約８０度で約３０分熱処理して、実施例１の本発明に係る屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例２）
実施例１と異なり、フッ素シリコーンコーティング剤Ｘ−２４−９２７０（信越化学工業社製）を固形分比率を約１．０％になるように希釈し、被覆層形成用塗布液とした以外は実施例１と同様にして、実施例２の本発明に係る屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例３）
次に前記と異なり、オクタデシルトリエトキシシラン〔ＯＤＴＥＳ〕であるＬＳ６９７０（信越化学工業社製）を主成分とする塗布液を用い、その被覆層形成用塗布液の混合割合として、Ｃ１８Ｈ３７Ｓｉ（ＯＣ２Ｈ５）３：エチルアルコール〔ＥｔＯＨ〕：水〔０．０１Ｎ ＨＮＯ３〕＝１：１５０：８前後とし、室温で５時間攪拌し、被覆層形成用塗布液とした。そして相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に、実施例１で用いたものと同一の基材を浸漬し、約１０ｍｍ／分の速度で引き上げ、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた後、約６０度で約３０分熱処理して、実施例３の本発明に係る屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例４）
さらに前記と異なり、被覆層形成用塗布液として、ヘプタデカフロロデシルトリエトキシシラン〔ＦＡＳ〕であるＴＳＬ８２３３（東芝シリコーン社製）を主成分とする塗布液を用い、その被覆層形成用塗布液の混合割合として、Ｃ８Ｆ１７Ｃ２Ｈ４Ｓｉ（ＯＣ２Ｈ５）３：エチルアルコール〔ＥｔＯＨ〕：水〔０．０１Ｎ，ＨＮＯ３〕＝１：３０：２前後とし、室温で５時間攪拌し、被覆層形成用塗布液とした。そして相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に、実施例１で用いたものと同一の基材を浸漬し、約１０ｍｍ／分の速度で引き上げ、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた後、約８０度で約３０分熱処理して、実施例４の本発明に係る屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例５）
さらに前記と異なり、被覆層形成用塗布液として、ヘプタデカフロロデシルトリクロロシラン〔ＨＤＦＤＴＣＳ〕であるＫＢＭ７８０３（信越化学工業社製）を主成分とする塗布液を用い、その被覆層形成用塗布液の混合割合は、Ｃ８Ｆ１７Ｃ２Ｈ４ＳｉＣｌ３：シリコーンオイル（ＫＦ９９４ 信越化学工業社製）＝１：９９前後とした。そして相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に、実施例１で用いたものと同一の基材を約４５分浸漬し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた後、約６０度で約３０分熱処理して、実施例５の本発明に係る屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例６）
被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に、基材を約２０分浸漬する以外は実施例５と同様にして、実施例６の本発明に係る屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例７）
被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に、基材を約１０分浸漬する以外は実施例５と同様にして、実施例７の本発明に係る屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例８）
１００ｍｍ×１００ｍｍ、厚さ１．５ｍｍのガラス板を基材とし、ガラス板は被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に浸漬する前に十分に超音波による洗浄を行う以外は実施例５と同様にして、実施例８の本発明に係る屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例９）
親水性被膜形成用塗布液として、テトラエトキシシラン〔ＴＥＯＳ〕であるＬＳ２３４０（信越化学工業社製）を主成分とする塗布液を用い、その親水膜用塗布液の混合割合として、Ｓｉ（ＯＣ２Ｈ５）４：エチルアルコール〔ＥｔＯＨ〕：水〔０．０１Ｎ，ＨＣｌ〕＝１：２０：８前後とし、室温で５時間攪拌し、親水膜用塗布液とした。そして相対湿度約１０％程度以下の雰囲気で、この親水性被膜形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に、実施例１で用いたものと同一の基材を浸漬し、約１０ｍｍ／分の速度で引き上げ、室温で乾燥後、約６０度で約３０分熱処理して外面に親水性被膜を形成したポリカーボネート板を得た。さらに次に、被覆層形成用塗布液として、ヘプタデカフロロデシルトリクロロシラン〔ＨＤＦＤＴＣＳ〕であるＫＢＭ７８０３（信越化学工業社製）を主成分とする塗布液を用い、その被覆層形成用塗布液の混合割合は、Ｃ８Ｆ１７Ｃ２Ｈ４ＳｉＣｌ３：シリコーンオイル（ＫＦ９９４ 信越化学工業社製）＝１：９９前後とした。そして相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に、前記の親水性被膜を形成したポリカーボネート板を実施例６と同様に約２０分浸漬し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた後、約６０度で約３０分熱処理して、実施例９の本発明に係る屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例１０）
クロロトリフルオロエチレン系フッ素樹脂（東亞合成社製 ザフロンＦＣ１１０）４０重量部を、キシレン：トルエン：酢酸エチル：メチルイソブチルケトンを３：１：１：１で配合した混合溶剤に溶解後、室温で２０分間撹拌した。その後イソシアネート硬化剤（東亞合成社製 コロネート２５１５）を５重量部添加し、さらに１０分間撹拌し、被覆層形成用塗布液とした。そして実施例１で用いたものと同一の基材を、前記被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に浸漬し、約５ｍｍ／分の速度で引き上げ、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた後、約１００度で約３０分熱処理して、実施例１０の本発明に係る屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例１１）
まず１００ｍｍ×１００ｍｍ、厚さ０．８ｍｍのアルミ板をクロメート処理し、その外面にエポキシ樹脂系プライマーをスプレー塗装して約１５０度で３０分加熱硬化させ、更にその外面にウレタン樹脂系塗料をスプレー塗装して約１５０度で３０分加熱硬化させ、更にその外面にシリコーンコーティング剤ＫＰ８５４（信越化学工業社製）をスプレー塗装して室温で溶媒を乾燥後約１００度で３０分加熱硬化させて、ウレタン塗装アルミ板上に無機系ベース膜を形成したものを基材とする。前記無機系ベース膜上に、実施例１で用いたものと同一の被覆層形成用塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くしてスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた後、約８０度で３０分熱処理して、実施例１１の本発明に係わる屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例１２）
実施例１１と異なり、実施例２で用いたものと同一の被覆層形成用塗布液を用いた以外は実施例１１と同様にして実施例１２の本発明に係わる屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例１３）
次に前記と異なり、実施例３で用いたものと同一の被覆層形成用塗布液を用い、相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして、実施例１１で用いたものと同一の基材上の無機系ベース膜上にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた後、約６０度で３０分熱処理して、実施例１３の本発明に係わる屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例１４）
更に前記と異なり、実施例４で用いたものと同一の被覆層形成用塗布液を用い、相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして実施例１１で用いたものと同一の基材上の無機系ベース膜上にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた後、約６０度で３０分熱処理して、実施例１４の本発明に係わる屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例１５）
更に前記と異なり、実施例５で用いたものと同一の被覆層形成用塗布液を用い、相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして実施例１１で用いたものと同一の基材上の無機系ベース膜上にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることを５回繰り返した後、約６０度で３０分熱処理して、実施例１５の本発明に係わる屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例１６）
実施例１５において、塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして実施例１１で用いたものと同一の基材上の無機系ベース膜上にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることを３回繰り返す以外は同様にして、実施例１６の本発明に係わる屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例１７）
実施例１５において、塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして実施例１１で用いたものと同一の基材上の無機系ベース膜上にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることを２回繰り返す以外は同様にして、実施例１６の本発明に係わる屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例１８）
親水性被膜形成用塗布液として、実施例９で用いたものと同一の親水性被膜形成用塗布液を用い、相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして実施例１１で用いたものと同一の基材上の無機系ベース膜上にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた後、約６０度で３０分熱処理して外面に親水性被膜を形成した塗装板を得た。さらに次に、被覆層形成用塗布液として、実施例９で用いたものと同一の被覆層形成用塗布液を相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして前記塗装板の外面にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることを５回繰り返した後、約６０度で３０分熱処理して、実施例１８の本発明に係わる屋外工作物を得た。
（実施例１９）
更に前記と異なり、被覆層形成用塗布液として、アルキルシランであるＫＢＭ−７１０３（信越化学工業社製）を主成分とする塗布液を用い、前記被覆層形成用塗布液の混合割合は、ＣＦ３Ｃ２Ｈ４Ｓｉ（ＯＣＨ３）３：エチルアルコール〔ＥｔＯＨ〕：水〔０．０１Ｎ ＨＮＯ３〕＝１：１５０：８前後とし、室温で５時間攪拌し、被覆層形成用塗布液とした。相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして実施例１１で用いたものと同一の基材上の無機系ベース膜上にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた後、約６０度で３０分熱処理して、実施例１９の本発明に係わる屋外工作物を得た。
（比較例１）
アルミニウム−ｓｅｃ−ブトキシド〔Ａｌ（Ｏ−ｓｅｃ−Ｂｕ）３〕とイソプロピルアルコール〔ＩＰＡ〕とを、室温で約１時間攪拌した後、アセト酢酸エチル〔ＥＡｃＡｃ〕を添加し、約１時間攪拌した後、水〔０．０１Ｎ，ＨＮＯ３］とイソプロピルアルコール〔ＩＰＡ〕を加え、モル比で、Ａｌ（Ｏ−ｓｅｃ−Ｂｕ）３：ＩＰＡ：ＥＡｃＡｃ：０．０１Ｎ，ＨＮＯ３＝１：３０：１：２の割合とし、約５時間攪拌してアルミナゾル液である透明アルミナ膜形成用の塗布液を調整した。
次いで、この調整した透明アルミナ膜形成用の塗布液に、実施例１で用いたものと同一の基材を浸漬した後、約３００ｍｍ／分の速度で引き上げ、ポリカーボネート板に塗布膜を形成した。そしてこれを室温で約３０分養生した後、約８０度の温水に、約３０分浸漬し、浸漬漕から引き上げ後、約６０分室温で乾燥させ、透明アルミナ薄膜付きポリカーボネート板を得た。次に、フッ素シリコーンコーティング剤ＫＰ−８０１Ｍ（信越化学工業社製）を固形分比率を約０．５％になるように希釈し、被覆層形成用塗布液を得た。そして前記透明アルミナ薄膜付きポリカーボネート板を十分にコロナ放電処理し、水への接触角が約３度となった時点で、前記被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に浸漬し、約５ｍｍ／分で引き上げ、室温で乾燥後、約６０度で約３０分熱処理して花弁状透明アルミナ膜上に撥水性被膜を形成し、比較例１の屋外工作物を得た。
（比較例２）
フッ素シリコーンコーティング剤ＫＰ−８０１Ｍ（信越化学工業社製）を固形分比率を約０．５％になるように希釈し、被覆層形成用塗布液を得た。そして実施例１で用いたものと同一の基材を、前記被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に浸漬し、約５ｍｍ／分の速度で引き上げ、室温で乾燥後、約６０度で約３０分熱処理して、比較例２の屋外工作物を得た。
（比較例３）
基材を１００ｍｍ×１００ｍｍ、厚さ１．５ｍｍのガラス板とし、ガラス板は、被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に浸漬する前に十分に超音波による洗浄を行う以外は比較例２と同様にして、比較例３の屋外工作物を得た。
（比較例４）
被覆層形成用塗布液として、フッ化ピッチ（Ｃ６Ｆ６）１ｇに対し、１，１，２−トリクロロ−１，２，２−トリフルオロエタン（Ｃｌ２ＦＣＣＣｌＦ２）６６ｇを加え、室温で２４時間攪拌し、被覆層形成用塗布液とした。そして実施例１で用いたものと同一の基材を前記被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に浸漬し、約１ｍｍ／秒で引き上げ、室温で乾燥して比較例４の屋外工作物を得た。
（比較例５）
未結合フッ素含有量が３重量％以下で且つ平均粒径が５μｍのフッ化グラファイト粉末を、揮発成分揮発後の体積分率が６０％となるようにアクリルシリコーンと混合し、スプレーにより塗布が適正となるよう好適な有機溶剤により希釈し被覆層形成用塗布液とした。そして実施例１で用いたものと同一の基材に前記被覆層形成用塗布液をスプレーにより塗布し、室温で乾燥して比較例５の屋外工作物を得た。
（比較例６）
比較例２で用いたものと同一の被覆層形成用塗布液を、相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして実施例１１で用いたものと同一の基材上の無機系ベース膜上にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた後、約６０度で３０分熱処理して、比較例６の屋外工作物を得た。
（比較例７）
まず１００ｍｍ×１００ｍｍ、厚さ０．８ｍｍのアルミ板をクロメート処理し、その外面にエポキシ樹脂系プライマーをスプレー塗装して約１５０度で３０分加熱硬化させ、更にその外面にウレタン樹脂系塗料をスプレー塗装して約１５０度で３０分加熱硬化させたウレタン塗装アルミ板を基材とする。次に実施例５で用いたものと同一の被覆層形成用塗布液を用い、相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして前記基材上にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることを５回繰り返した後、約６０度で３０分熱処理して、比較例７の屋外工作物を得た。
（比較例８）
実施例１１で用いたものと同一の基材上の無機系ベース膜上に、比較例４で用いたものと同一の被覆層形成用塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くしてスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させて比較例８の屋外工作物を得た。
（比較例９）
実施例１１で用いたものと同一の基材上の無機系ベース膜上に、比較例５で用いたものと同一の被覆層形成用塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くしてスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させて比較例９の屋外工作物を得た。
（比較例１０）
実施例１１で用いたものと同一の基材上の無機系ベース膜上に、実施例１０で用いたものと同一の被覆層形成用塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くしてスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた後、約１００度で約３０分熱処理を行い比較例１０の屋外工作物を得た。
（比較例１１）
実施例１５において、実施例１１で用いたものと同一の基材上の無機系ベース膜上にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることを１回のみとした以外は同様にして、比較例１１の屋外工作物を得た。
（比較例１２）
１００ｍｍ×１００ｍｍ、厚さ０．８ｍｍのアルミ板をクロメート処理し、その外面にエポキシ樹脂系プライマーをスプレー塗装して約１５０度で３０分加熱硬化させ、更にその外面にウレタン樹脂系塗料をスプレー塗装して約１５０度で３０分加熱硬化させたウレタン塗装アルミ板を用いる。
（比較例１３）
外面を超音波により十分に洗浄した他は、特に処理を施していない１００ｍｍ×１００ｍｍ、厚さ１．５ｍｍのガラス板を用いる。
まず前記にて得られた実施例及び比較例のそれぞれについて、外面の物性を測定する。
外面の表面張力については、ＪＩＳ Ｋ６７６８に記載されている方法により、各屋外工作物外面の大気中での試薬の濡れ指数を測定することで行った。尚、表面張力は北海道における着雪氷試験の前後について行う。
また滑水性については、各屋外工作物の外面に水滴を落とし、水滴を静止させた後に該屋外工作物を徐々に傾斜させ、その屋外工作物外面において水滴が動き出したときの屋外工作物外面と水平面との角度を測定し滑落角度としている。水滴が屋外工作物外面を動いてゆく際の状態を観察し、水滴の被覆層外面に接触している部分が一定に保持された状態で水滴が動く場合を滑落、外面上を転がる状態で水滴が動く場合を転落として表す。
また前進接触角及び後退接触角は、水滴が屋外工作物外面を動く際の状況をビデオカメラにて記録し、その録画画像より水滴が動き出す直前の状態を観察することにより測定する。また滑落速度は、水滴が屋外工作物外面を動き出した後の任意の地点間を移動する距離及び時間を測定して算出する。
また前記にて得られた実施例及び比較例のそれぞれについて、氷の剥離又は滑りに要する荷重の測定及び氷の剥離、滑りの状態の確認を行った。前記試験の斜視図を図１、その断面を図２に示す。恒温槽内において屋外工作物１を水平試験台３上に固定して設置し、フッ素樹脂リング２を屋外工作物１上に置きフッ素樹脂リング２内に水を満たした状態で恒温槽内を−５度に冷却し屋外工作物１上に氷２１を凍着させる。一定時間放置したのち、−５度の雰囲気内で屋外工作物１上の氷２１をフッ素樹脂リング２ごと屋外工作物１外面と平行の方向４にロープ４１によって引っ張り、荷重の推移を観察する。荷重の推移の例が図３に示すものであり、着氷が動き出した時点５１に一気に荷重５２がなくなる場合が破断的剥離５、着氷が動き出した時点６１の荷重６２が以後も同程度で推移する場合が定荷重非破断的滑動６として表される荷重の推移である。
また前記にて得られた実施例及び比較例のそれぞれについて表面粗さ測定器を用いて最大表面粗さを測定した。
また前記にて得られた実施例及び比較例のそれぞれについての直鎖構造を有する撥水性物質長さは、被覆層形成用塗布液中の被覆層を形成する主成分の分子量より推定している。
また前記にて得られた実施例及び比較例のそれぞれについて、Ｘ線光電子分光器（アルバック−ファイ社製 ＥＳＣＡ５４００）により撥水性物質のモル比を測定してその数値を基に撥水性物質の面積占有率を算出し、面上において固定された直鎖構造を有する撥水性物質の密度を、その飽和状態となる密度に対する割合として求めた。
次に前記にて得られた実施例及び比較例のそれぞれの屋外工作物を冬期の北海道の同地点及び同時期に設置し、実際の着雪氷の度合いを確認する着雪氷性試験を行っている。屋外工作物は、その外面が地表面と垂直になるように設置している。その着雪氷の度合いを着雪氷率にて表し、その数値が低いほど優れた難着雪性を有すると判断できる。着雪氷率は、それぞれの測定材において、雪氷の付着が観測されている時間を着雪氷時間、雪、雨等の降水が観測されている時間を総降水時間として、着雪氷率＝（着雪氷時間／総降水時間）×１００として算出しており、数値の小さいもの程優れた難着雪氷性を有していると判断できる。今回の設置における総降水時間は約１０００時間で、そのほとんどが降雪によるものである。また着雪氷試験後の表面張力を測定し、試験前の表面張力と比較することで滑雪氷性の耐久性を確認している。
表１を参照して、本発明の第１の実施の形態における実施例及び比較例のそれぞれについて測定結果及び着雪氷率を示す。
【表１】

前記の着雪氷性試験においては、着雪氷率が１０％以下であれば優れた難着雪氷性の屋外工作物として評価できるが、表１において、本発明の表面張力が３５ｄｙｎｅ／ｃｍ以下で、且つ水滴の滑落角度が４０度以下の外面を有する屋外工作物は着雪氷率が低くなる結果が示されている。従って、本発明における滑雪氷性を有する被覆層外面は、優れた滑雪氷性を有し、着雪氷の防止効果に優れていることが表されている。
比較例１は高レベルの撥水性を有しており、現に設置当初は高い難着雪氷性を示していたが、時間の経過と共に着雪氷が見られるようになり、最終的な着雪氷率は実施例のいずれより高くなっている。前記の如く、汚染物質の付着等により高レベルの撥水性が失われることにより着雪氷の防止効果が維持できていないことが表されている。また屋外工作物外面は水滴が転落するものであることから、高レベルの撥水性が失われた後では滑雪氷性も期待できないことがわかる。
また高い難着雪性を示した実施例１〜１９については、いずれも屋外工作物外面において水滴が滑落するものであり、転落するものはいずれも３０％〜６０％と言った高い着雪氷率となっている。最大表面粗さが１２μｍである比較例５の着雪氷率は３５％と高く、被覆層外面は１０μｍ以下の最大表面粗さであることで更に優れた着雪氷の防止効果を発現することが判る。表１においては−５度において凍着させた氷にて評価試験を行ったが、評価試験における結果は実際の設置状況における着氷雪性と整合しており、雰囲気温度が−２度から−５度、好ましくは−５度で凍着した雪氷に対する滑雪氷性により、被覆層の着雪氷の防止効果を判断できることが判る。
また、滑落する水滴の前進接触角９０度以上、後退接触角５０度以上前進接触角以下については、実施例１〜１９全てがこの範囲に含まれ、実際の設置状況における着氷雪性と整合している。また水滴の滑落速度１０ｃｍ／分についても同様に実際の設置状況における着氷雪性と整合している。
また直鎖構造を有する撥水性物質の長さについて、実施例１〜１９はいずれも５Å以上であるが、比較例１０は３Åで着雪氷率は１５％となっており、比較例１０は他の比較例と比較すると難着雪性ではあるものの、各実施例と比較してはやや高い結果となっており、５Å以上が好ましいことが判る。
また撥水性物質の面積占有率について、比較例１１は８％、表面張力は３９ｄｙｎｅ／ｃｍであり、撥水性物質の面積占有率、すなわち直鎖構造を有する撥水性物質の、その飽和状態となる固定密度に対する割合が１０％を下回ると表面張力が十分に下がらないことが示されている。着雪氷率も比較例１１は１５％とやや高い結果となっている。
比較例７はウレタン樹脂系塗装上に直接滑雪氷性を有する被覆層を被覆したものであり、当初は実施例５と同程度の難着雪氷性を示したものの、劣化が早く最終的な着雪氷率は１５％とやや高いものとなっている。また着雪氷試験１０００時間後の表面張力は、試験前の２０ｄｙｎｅ／ｃｍから４５ｄｙｎｅ／ｃｍまで上昇しており、被覆層の劣化による早期の難着雪氷性の低下が顕著に見られる。
実施例１〜１９については、着雪氷試験１０００時間後の表面張力は初期のものとほとんど変化がなく若干上昇している程度であり、汚染物質の付着、被覆層の劣化等による滑雪氷性の低下度合いが小さく、長期に亘って難着雪氷性を維持できることが示されている。
次に、本発明に係わる滑雪氷性部材の水平面との傾斜角を変化させて着雪氷性を確認し、滑雪氷性の被覆層を形成していないものと比較を行う。
傾斜面は、その水平面となす角度が急であるほど難着雪性が良好であることは周知であり、粒子あるいはそれに近い形状のものが水平面上に積もる際には、その粒子間の結合力に起因してほぼ一定の角度の山となって積もり、その山の稜線と水平面とがなす角度は安息角と呼ばれる。雪の場合、その安息角は外気温が−３．５℃で約５０度、０℃で約５５度であることが公知である。
理論上はその安息角と同等の水平面との角度を持たせて傾斜面を形成することで傾斜面への着雪氷を防止できるが、実際には雪氷は傾斜面に凍着して剥がれ難くなることで着雪氷を防止するには安息角以上の水平面との角度を持たせることが必要であり、更に、特に外気温が低い場合には凍着を完全に防ぐことは不可能であることから、傾斜面の水平面との角度をある一定以上としても着雪氷の防止効果が向上しなくなる角度がある。
（実施例２０）
実施例１３と同様の滑雪氷性の屋外工作物を、１０００ｍｍ×１０００ｍｍ、厚さ３ｍｍのアルミ板を基材として形成したものを実施例２０として用いる。
（比較例１４）
１０００ｍｍ×１０００ｍｍ、厚さ３ｍｍのアルミ板をクロメート処理したものを比較例１４として用いる。
実施例２０及び比較例１４を、冬期の北海道の同地点及び同時期に設置し、実際の着雪氷の度合いを確認する着雪氷性試験を行っている。実施例２０及び比較例１４は、その外面の水平面との角度を変化させて各々別個の部材を設置している。その着雪氷の度合いを着雪氷率にて表し、その数値が低いほど優れた難着雪性を有すると判断できる。着雪氷率は前記と同様にして算出する。
実施例２０及び比較例１４の各々の傾斜面の水平面との角度における着雪氷率は表２に示すとおりである。
【表２】

比較例１４については、傾斜面の水平面との角度が７０度で、着雪氷率は４０％弱で一定となっているが、実施例２０については２０度の角度で着雪氷率は４０％程度となり、３０度の角度で比較例１４における７０度の角度での着雪氷率と同等の値となっている。従って、実施例２０では２０度程度の傾斜面で良好な滑雪氷性が発現され、更には比較例１４では７０度の傾斜面で得られる難着雪性が３０度の傾斜面で同等の効果が得られるということが判る。
次に、実施例１〜１０、比較例１〜５及び１３について、促進耐候性試験１０００時間後及び屋外集光式促進暴露試験における５６０ＭＪ／ｍ２ＵＶ照射後の表面張力の測定結果を表３に示す。
【表３】

実施例１〜１０、比較例１〜５及び１３は滑雪氷性の被覆層を形成した屋外工作物であり、滑雪氷性被覆物と見なすことができるものであるが、本発明に係わる実施例１〜１０の滑雪氷性被覆物は促進耐候性試験１０００時間後及び屋外集光型促進暴露試験における５６０ＭＪ／ｍ２ＵＶ照射後においても、外面の表面張力は３５ｄｙｎｅ／ｃｍを下回っており、良好な滑雪氷性の耐久性を有していると評価できる。
［第２の実施の形態］
（実施例２１）
基材の無機系ベース膜上にプラズマ放電処理を行い、水に対する濡れ性が約２度になるように活性化させた上で、被覆層形成用塗布液をスプレー塗装する以外は実施例１１と同様にして、実施例２１の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例２２）
実施例２１と異なり、実施例２で用いたものと同一の被覆層形成用塗布液を用いた以外は実施例１１と同様にして、実施例２２の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例２３）
基材の無機系ベース膜上にプラズマ放電処理を行い、水に対する濡れ性が約２度になるように活性化させた上で、被覆層形成用塗布液をスプレー塗装する以外は実施例１３と同様にして、実施例２３の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例２４）
基材の無機系ベース膜上にプラズマ放電処理を行い、水に対する濡れ性が約２度になるように活性化させた上で、被覆層形成用塗布液をスプレー塗装する以外は実施例１４と同様にして、実施例２４の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例２５）
基材の無機系ベース膜上にプラズマ放電処理を行い、水に対する濡れ性が約２度になるように活性化させた上で、被覆層形成用塗布液をスプレー塗装する以外は実施例１６と同様にして、実施例２５の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例２６）
実施例２５において、被覆層形成用塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして無機系ベース膜上にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させる繰り返しが２回である以外は同様にして、実施例２６の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例２７）
実施例２５において、被覆層形成用塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして無機系ベース膜上にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させる繰り返しが１回である以外は同様にして、実施例２７の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例２８）
基材の無機系ベース膜上にプラズマ放電処理を行い、水に対する濡れ性が約２度になるように活性化させた上で、被覆層形成用塗布液をスプレー塗装する以外は実施例１８と同様にして、実施例２８の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例２９）
実施例１０に示した被覆層形成用塗布液を、相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして、実施例２１に示した基材と同様の、無機系ベース膜上にプラズマ放電処理を行い水に対する濡れ性が約２度になるように活性化させた基材にスプレー塗装し、室温で乾燥後、約１００度で３０分熱処理して、実施例２９の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例３０）
基材の無機系ベース膜上にプラズマ放電処理を行い、水に対する濡れ性が約２度になるように活性化させた上で、被覆層形成用塗布液をスプレー塗装する以外は実施例１９と同様にして、実施例３０の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
まず前記にて得られた実施例それぞれについて、第１の実施の形態に示したものと同様の方法にて外面の物性を測定する。更に、北海道の同地点及び同時期に設置し、第１の実施の形態に示したものと同様の方法にて実際の着雪氷の度合いを確認する着雪氷性試験を行うと共に、３６ヶ月間屋外に設置した後の外面の表面張力を測定し、滑雪氷性の耐久性を確認している。
表４を参照して、本発明の第２の実施の形態における実施例それぞれについての測定結果及び着雪氷率を示す。
【表４】

実施例２１〜３０いずれの滑雪氷性被覆物についても、実施例１〜１９に示したものとは大差はないものの、初期において良好な滑雪氷性が得られていると評価できる。また、屋外設置３６ヶ月後において、実施例２１〜３０のいずれについても表面張力は３５ｄｙｎｅ／ｃｍを下回っていることから、プラズマ放電による処理を施された無機系ベース膜上に形成された滑雪氷性の被覆層は、初期の性能及び長期の使用においても高い滑雪氷性を維持することが可能であることが示されている。
［第３の実施の形態］
（実施例３１）
厚さ１００μｍのシリコーン系ベース膜被覆ポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルムを十分にコロナ放電処理し、外面を活性化状態にして基材とする。次に実施例１に用いたものと同一の被覆層形成用塗布液を用いて基材にアプリケーターロールにてディップコーティングした後、約１２０度で１分間熱処理して実施例３１の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例３２）
被覆層形成用塗布液に、実施例２に用いたものと同一のものを用いる以外は実施例３１と同様にして、実施例３２の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例３３）
基材に実施例３１に用いたものと同一のものを用い、被覆層形成用塗布液をディップコーティング法によりコーティングを行った後、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることなく熱処理を約１２０度で１分間熱処理する以外は実施例３と同様にして、実施例３３の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例３４）
基材に実施例３１に用いたものと同一のものを用い、被覆層形成用塗布液をディップコーティング法によりコーティングを行った後、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることなく熱処理を約１２０度で１分間熱処理する以外は実施例４と同様にして、実施例３４の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例３５）
基材に実施例３１に用いたものと同一のものを用い、コーティングを行った後、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることなく熱処理を約１２０度で１分間熱処理する以外は実施例５と同様にして、実施例３５の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例３６）
被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に、基材を約２０分浸漬する以外は実施例３５と同様にして、実施例３６の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例３７）
被覆層形成用塗布液を満たした槽内に、基材を約１０分浸漬する以外は実施例３５と同様にして、実施例３７の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例３８）
基材に実施例３１に用いたものと同一のものを用い、親水性皮膜形成用塗布液をディップコーティング法によりコーティングを行った後、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることなく熱処理を約１２０度で１分間熱処理し、また被覆層形成用塗布液をディップコーティング法によりコーティングを行った後、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることなく熱処理を約１２０度で１分間熱処理する以外は実施例９と同様にして、実施例３８の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（実施例３９）
基材に実施例３１に用いたものと同一のものを用い、被覆層形成用塗布液をディップコーティング法によりコーティングを行った後、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることなく熱処理を約１２０度で１分間熱処理する以外は実施例１０と同様にして、実施例３９の本発明に係わる被覆物を得た。
（比較例１５）
基材に実施例３１に用いたものと同一のものを用い、透明アルミナ膜形成用の塗布液をアプリケーターローラーで約３００ｍｍ／分の速度でディップコーティング法によりコーティングを行うことと、また被覆層形成用塗布液をアプリケーターローラーで約３００ｍｍ／分の速度でディップコーティング法によりコーティングを行った後、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることなく熱処理を約１２０度で１分間熱処理する以外は比較例１と同様にして、比較例１５の被覆物を得た。
（比較例１６）
基材に実施例３１に用いたものと同一のものを用い、被覆層形成用塗布液をアプリケーターローラーで約３００ｍｍ／分の速度でディップコーティング法によりコーティングを行った後、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることなく熱処理を約１２０度で５分間熱処理する以外は比較例２と同様にして、比較例１６の被覆物を得た。
（比較例１６）
基材に実施例３１に用いたものと同一のものを用い、被覆層形成用塗布液をアプリケーターローラーで約１ｍｍ／秒の速度で引き上げる以外は比較例４と同様にして、比較例１６の被覆物を得た。
（比較例１７）
基材に実施例３１に用いたものと同一のものを用いる以外は比較例５と同様にして、比較例１６の被覆物を得た。
（比較例１８）
基材に実施例３１に用いたものと同一のものを用い、コーティングを行った後、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることなく熱処理を約１２０度で１分間熱処理する以外は比較例７と同様にして、比較例１８の被覆物を得た。
（比較例１９）
被覆層形成用塗布液を、相対湿度が約１０％以下の雰囲気で、前記塗布液を吐出量、吐出圧力をできうる限り低くして基材にスプレー塗装し、室温で溶媒を乾燥させることを１回のみ行う以外は実施例５と同様にして、比較例１９の被覆物を得た。
まず前記にて得られた実施例及び比較例のそれぞれについて、第１の実施の形態に示したものと同様の方法にて外面の物性及び実際の着雪氷の度合いを測定し、表５を参照して、本発明の第３の実施の形態における実施例及び比較例のそれぞれについて測定結果及び着雪氷率を示す。
【表５】

実施例３１〜３９については、いずれも外面は表面張力３５ｄｙｎｅ／ｃｍ以下で水滴の滑落角度は４０度以下となり、また実際の設置における着雪氷率も１０％を下回っていることから、可撓性を有する合成樹脂であるポリエチレンテレフタレートによるフィルムを基材とした場合においても、形成された滑雪氷性の被覆層は良好な滑雪氷性を有していると評価できる。かかる可撓性の合成樹脂を中間材とし、外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層を形成したものを貼着、接着、締結等により対象物に取り付けることで、容易に滑雪氷性被覆物を形成することが可能となり得る。
比較例１５については、実施例３５と同様の被覆層形成用塗布液を用いたにも係わらず、スプレー法によりコーティングを行ったことで撥水性物質の面積占有率は８％となり、実施例と比較して滑雪氷性が劣るものとなっている。従って、コーティング法としてディップコーティング法が好適に用いることができることと、またスプレー法によりコーティングを行って良好な滑雪氷性を得るには、重ね塗りを行うのが確実ということが判る。
［第４の実施の形態］
（実施例４０）
無機系ベース膜上に被覆層形成用塗布液をフローコートした後、相対湿度１０％程度の雰囲気で電動摩擦振動装置に取り付けた清浄なウエスにより約２ｋｇ／ｃｍ２の圧力をかけつつ残余の被覆層形成用塗布液を除去する以外は実施例１１と同様にして実施例４０の本発明に係わる滑雪氷性被覆物を得た。
（実施例４１）
無機系ベース膜上に被覆層形成用塗布液をフローコートした後、相対湿度１０％程度の雰囲気で電動摩擦振動装置に取り付けた清浄なウエスにより約２ｋｇ／ｃｍ２の圧力をかけつつ残余の被覆層形成用塗布液を除去する以外は実施例１２と同様にして実施例４１の本発明に係わる滑雪氷性被覆物を得た。
（実施例４２）
無機系ベース膜上に被覆層形成用塗布液をフローコートした後、相対湿度１０％程度の雰囲気で電動摩擦振動装置に取り付けた清浄なウエスにより約２ｋｇ／ｃｍ２の圧力をかけつつ残余の被覆層形成用塗布液を除去する以外は実施例１３と同様にして実施例４２の本発明に係わる滑雪氷性被覆物を得た。
（実施例４３）
無機系ベース膜上に被覆層形成用塗布液をフローコートした後、相対湿度１０％程度の雰囲気で電動摩擦振動装置に取り付けた清浄なウエスにより約２ｋｇ／ｃｍ２の圧力をかけつつ残余の被覆層形成用塗布液を除去する以外は実施例１４と同様にして実施例４３の本発明に係わる滑雪氷性被覆物を得た。
前記にて得られた実施例４０〜４３について、第２の実施の形態に示したものと同様の方法にて外面の物性、北海道の同地点及び同時期に設置しての着雪氷性試験、及び３６ヶ月間屋外に設置した後の外面の表面張力を測定する。前記の測定結果を表６に示す。
【表６】

実施例４０〜４３のいずれについても、初期の段階で表面張力は３５ｄｙｎｅ／ｃｍ、滑水角度は４０度を大きく下回るものであり、且つ着雪氷率も２〜３％であることから優れた滑雪氷性を有していると評価できる。更に３６ヶ月間の設置後についても、外面の表面張力は３５ｄｙｎｅ／ｃｍを下回っており、本発明に係わる滑雪氷性被覆物の製造方法により得られた被覆物は、初期の滑雪氷性はもとより、滑雪氷性の耐久性にも優れると評価できるものである。
次に、本発明に係わる屋外工作物の実施の形態について、以下に図面に基づき具体的に説明する。
図４は本発明に係わる冠雪防止板による実施の一形態を示すものである。ａ）に示すとおり、屋外工作物である筺体１Ａ上に滑雪氷体である冠雪防止体２Ａが設けられ、冠雪防止体２Ａの外面にはｂ）に示すとおり基体２Ａ１の外面に滑雪氷性を有する被覆層Ｈが設けられている。降雪時に筺体１Ａ上に積もるべき積雪は冠雪防止体２Ａに付着するが、冠雪防止体２Ａの外縁に設けられた滑雪氷性の被覆層Ｈにより雪の塊となる前に滑落させられて筺体１Ａ上に積雪することがなくなる。冠雪防止体２Ａの傾斜面の角度は、雪の安息角と言われ雪の滑落が期待できる５５〜６０度よりはるかに小さい、２０度以上好ましくは３０度以上で着雪氷防止効果を得られることから、冠雪防止体２Ａを比較的小さいものとすることができ、冠雪防止体２Ａを形成する材料を節減したり、冠雪防止体２Ａが受ける風荷重を軽減することで、筺体１Ａが頑強なものでなくとも冠雪防止体２Ａを設置することが可能となるといった効果を奏する。また冠雪防止体２Ａは傾斜面α及びβの傾斜角度を異ならせることで冠雪防止体２Ａの頂点付近の積雪の状態を不安定なものとし、より雪氷が滑落しやすくされている。本実施形態に示す筺体１Ａを着雪氷が考え得るあらゆる屋外工作物に替えてかかる冠雪防止体２Ａの如き滑雪氷体を設けるか、または屋外工作物の上方をかかる冠雪防止体２Ａの如き傾斜面とすることで、あらゆる屋外工作物について積雪、冠雪及び雪庇の形成を防止することができる。
また被覆層Ｈは、図５に示す如く基材の上に中間材３を介して設けるものであってもよい。基体２Ａ１の上には滑雪氷性材３０が設けられ、滑雪氷性材３０には中間材３と、中間材３上に無機系ベース膜Ｂを介して滑雪氷性の被覆層Ｈが設けられている。中間材３を介することで、基体２Ａ１の外面が材質、汚染等の理由により無機系ベース膜Ｂを形成することが困難な状態であっても、中間材３上に無機系ベース膜Ｂを設けることで滑雪氷性の被覆層Ｈを形成することができる。また、無機系ベース膜Ｂ及び滑雪氷性の被覆層Ｈは可視光の透過を妨げないものであることから、中間材３に種々の意匠、色彩等を施しておくことで、冠雪防止体２Ａに種々の意匠、色彩等を具備させることができる。中間材３を形成する材料としては、特に限定されるものではないが、無機系ベース膜Ｂが形成可能なＰＥＴ、ＰＢＴ等の合成樹脂や、無機系ベース膜として機能するガラス等を用いるのが好ましい。
更に中間材３が可視光を透過する合成樹脂からなるものであれば、基体２Ａ１の外面に施されている意匠、色彩、光沢、表示内容等を損ねることなく滑雪氷性の被覆層Ｈを形成することが可能となり得る。また中間材３は、可撓性を有していれば、種々の形状の基材の上に滑雪氷性材３０を追随させて取り付けることで滑雪氷性の被覆層を容易に形成できる。更には図６に示す如く、滑雪氷性材３０を撓ませつつ取り付けることができ、滑雪氷性材３０の厚みが小さいものであっても、冠雪防止体２Ａの外面と滑雪氷性材３０との間に気泡を残すことなく取り付けを行うことができる。また滑雪氷性材３０をロール状にする等、保管に関して便宜を図ることが容易である。
滑雪氷性材３０の取り付けについては、溶着、接着剤等を用いてもよいが、粘着材や粘接着材を用いるのが取り付けに係わる手間を軽減でき好ましい。また中間材３の可視光を透過する合成樹脂としては、ポリカーボネート、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリブチレンテレフタレート、ポリエチレン、ポリエチレンナフタレート、ポリフェニレンサルファイド、ポリアミド、ポリウレタン、ポリメタクリレート、ポリプロピレン、アクリル樹脂、ポリ塩化ビニル、ＡＢＳ等の合成樹脂を用いてよく、それらを単独で用いるか、又は複数を用いて混合物、積層物を形成して用いてもよい。また中間材３の可撓性を有するものとしては、形状の基材の上に取り付けて滑雪氷性の被覆層を形成することが容易である。
中間材３に可撓性を具備させるには、可視光を透過するゴム、エラストマー等の可撓性の樹脂を用いて中間材を形成してもよく、更には前項に記載の合成樹脂を０．０１ｍｍ〜２．０ｍｍ程度のフィルム状のものとして可撓性を具備させたものを用いてもよい。
図７〜図８は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であって、トンネル坑口に設けられた滑雪氷体を示すものである。図７はトンネル孔口の正面図であり、トンネル坑口１Ｂ上に滑雪氷体２Ｂが設けられている。図８は側面図であり、トンネル坑口１Ｂの上方に設けられた冠雪防止体状の滑雪氷体２Ｂにより雪の塊や雪庇の形成を防止し、通行する車両Ｃに落下した雪の塊が衝突するのを未然に防止することができる。
従来は図９に示す如く、トンネル孔口１Ｂの上方に山Ｍ側からの積雪Ｓ１の滑落を防止する防雪フェンスＦが設置されていた。しかし、山Ｍ側からの風Ｗにより舞い上げられた雪Ｓが、防雪フェンスＦ近傍で渦状の風Ｗ１となり、防雪フェンスＦのトンネル孔口１Ｂ側に雪庇Ｓ３が生じることがある。この雪庇Ｓ３がある程度の大きさに成長した時点で突発的に落下し、トンネル孔口１Ｂ付近の歩行者や走行する車両Ｃを直撃することがあった。かかる雪庇Ｓ３の落下による被害は人命に関わるものとされ、その確実な防止方法が希求されていた。
そこでかかる雪庇を防止する方法として、特開平２−４７４０９号公報や特公平７−１８１３３号等、多数の発明が開示されている。しかしこれらに記載される発明はいずれも渦状の風Ｗ１の発生を防止するか、または山Ｍ側からの風による風圧を利用して付着した雪を払い落とすものであった。しかしながら、かかる風向を制御して雪庇の発生を防止する方法では、構造が複雑なものとなりがちであり、更に積雪の圧力により風向を制御する手段が変形又は破損したり、風向きが変わったりすることで雪庇が発生する恐れがあり、または意図する風圧が得られない場合には雪を払い落とすことができず、これらの理由から雪庇の発生を確実に防止することが困難なものであった。
本発明に係わる屋外工作物は、傾斜面となされた外縁に滑雪氷性の被覆層を形成することで付着した雪氷を滑落させるものであり、風向を制御するための複雑な構造を必要としない。また傾斜面が保持されるのみで雪庇の防止効果が得られることから、積雪の圧力による変形や破損により雪庇の防止効果が失われることがなく、雪庇の発生を確実に防止することができるものである。
図１０は、トンネル孔口１Ｂの上方に設けられる滑雪氷体２Ｂの他の実施形態を示す斜視図である。トンネル孔口１Ｂの上方に直角三角形型のアングル材２Ｂ２がアンカーボルト等の締結手段２Ｂ３により固定され、アングル材２Ｂ２の斜辺側に、外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層が設けられた傾斜面２Ｂ１が取り付けられて滑雪氷体２Ｂが形成されている。かかる滑雪氷体２Ｂを、雪庇の発生の恐れのある箇所に単独或いは複数並べて設置することで、傾斜面２Ｂ１に付着した雪氷は、傾斜面２Ｂ１の外面に形成された滑雪氷性の被覆層により、雪庇に成長する以前に滑落される。
図１１は、トンネル孔口１Ｂの上方に設けられる滑雪氷体２Ｂの、更に他の実施形態を示すもので、ａ）は斜視図、ｂ）はＡ−Ａ側断面図である。滑雪氷体２Ｂは、傾斜面２Ｂ１の両側側面に側面板２Ｂ４及び背後に背面板２Ｂ５が設けられ、断面三角形の箱状体となされている。更に側面板２Ｂ４に設けられた固定板２Ｂ６により、アンカーボルト等を用いてトンネル孔口１Ｂ上に設置される。かかる構造により、滑雪氷体２Ｂは構造体としての強度が向上され、図１０に示した如く支柱２Ｂ３等を用いることなく設置し、積雪の圧力等による変形や位置ずれを防止することができる。また背面板２Ｂ５は、トンネル孔口１Ｂ側への雪の滑落を抑止する雪止めとして機能することもできる。
図１２は中央分離帯壁高欄上に冠雪を防止する滑雪氷体を設けたものを示す説明図である。従来の中央分離帯壁高欄においては、その上面は比較的平坦なものとなされていることが多く、その上面に冠雪した雪の塊が大きく成長し、左右のいずれかの方向に倒れて交通路を閉塞させることがあった。従来の冠雪防止方法の内、風向を制御して冠雪を防止する方法では、交通路を走行する車両の走行風等によって冠雪防止手段が受ける風向が一定のものとならないことから十分な冠雪防止効果が得られ難く、また５５度以上の急角度の傾斜面を有する部材を壁高欄上に設ける方法では部材が受ける風圧が大きくなり、受ける風圧により外れた部材が車両に当たったりする恐れがあり、設置が躊躇されるものであった。
そこで本図に示す実施形態の如く、本発明に係わる滑雪氷性の被覆層が形成された滑雪氷体２Ｃを、道路１Ｃ１、１Ｃ２に挟まれた中央分離帯壁高欄１Ｃ上にを設けることで冠雪を防止し、交通路の閉塞が発生するのを防止できる。また、滑雪氷性の被覆層により、風向が一定でなくとも冠雪防止効果が得られ、且つ傾斜面を緩やかな傾斜とでき、滑雪氷体２Ｃが受ける風圧を低減して風圧により外れる恐れを極めて小さいものとできる。滑雪氷体２Ｃは、ａ）に示す如き平板を曲げて片流れ状の傾斜面２Ｃ１を形成したものを中央分離帯壁高欄１Ｃにアンカーボルト等の締結手段２Ｃ４にて取り付けてもよく、またｂ）の断面図に示す如き傾斜面を設けて雪の滑落を片側のみになされるようにしてもよく、更にｃ）に示す如き雪割部２Ｃ２を設けて雪を滑落させやすくしてもよい。
図１３は、中央分離帯壁高欄１Ｃ上に設置される傾斜面滑雪氷体２Ｃの他の実施形態を示すもので、ａ）は斜視図、ｂ）は取り付けに係わる断面図である。ａ）に示す如く、傾斜面滑雪氷体２Ｃは、傾斜面２Ｃ１、雪割部２Ｃ２及び取付部２Ｃ３から構成され、滑雪氷性の被覆層は傾斜面２Ｃ１に形成されるが、ほぼ垂直面となされた雪割部２Ｃ２、取付部２Ｃ３にも形成し、雪庇が生じるのを防止してもよい。雪割部２Ｃ２により、傾斜面滑雪氷体２Ｃ上の積雪は分断され、より滑落されやすくなされている。傾斜面２Ｃ１は滑雪氷性の被覆層が形成されていることで緩やかな傾斜となされて、またそのことで中央分離帯壁高欄１Ｃの上面１Ｃ３からの傾斜面滑雪氷体２Ｃの突出度合いが抑えられ、傾斜面滑雪氷体２Ｃが受ける風圧は低減される。
前項の傾斜面滑雪氷体２Ｃの取り付けの一例をｂ）に示すが、傾斜面滑雪氷体２Ｃは、部材２Ｃａ、２Ｃｂに分割され、部材２Ｃａは、ボルト、リベット等の締結手段２Ｃ４によって、取付部２Ｃ３が中央分離帯壁高欄１Ｃの取付孔１Ｃ４に、雪割部２Ｃ２が部材２Ｃｂ側の雪割部２Ｃ２に取り付けられる。かかる構造とすることで、傾斜面滑雪氷体２Ｃの強度は高められ、且つ壁高欄１Ｃに強固に固定される。
また、図１２及び図１３に示す如き中央分離帯壁高欄１Ｃ上に設けられる滑雪氷体２Ｃは、中央分離帯壁高欄１Ｃ上のみならず高架橋、高速道などの辺縁に設置される壁高欄、比較的厚みの大きい防護柵、高欄、防音壁などの屋外工作物上方に設置し、冠雪を防止するものであってもよい。
図１４は防音壁上に本発明に係わる防音壁笠木を設けたものである。従来の防音壁１Ｄでは、降雪時にその上面１Ｄ１に冠雪し、雪の塊として大きく成長したものが車道１Ｄ２側に倒れて車両に衝突又は交通路を閉塞させたり、車道１Ｄ２と反対側に倒れて民家などに落下して被害を及ぼすことがあった。防音壁１Ｄ上に笠木が設けられている場合でも、滑雪氷性でないものでは笠木の上面に冠雪していた。従来の冠雪防止の方法では前述の如く確実な冠雪防止効果が確実なものではなく、更に防音壁の上端部はスペースが小さく構造が複雑な冠雪防止手段が設置しづらいものであった。そこで道路１Ｄ２の側縁に設けられた防音壁１Ｄ１上に、本発明に係わる外縁に滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けた屋外工作物である防音壁笠木２Ｄを設置することで、防音壁１Ｄの上面１Ｄ１への冠雪を防止し、前記の如き交通路の閉塞や、雪の塊の民家側への落下等を未然に防止することができる。
図１５は、本発明に係わる防音壁笠木２Ｄの他の実施形態を示す説明図である。防音壁笠木２Ｄは、外縁に滑雪氷性の被覆層が設けられた傾斜面２Ｄ１が形成され、この傾斜面２Ｄ１により防音壁１Ｄの上面１Ｄ２への冠雪が防止される。傾斜面２Ｄ１は道路側に向けて設けるのが好ましいが、状況に応じて道路と反対側に向けてもよく、また図１３の傾斜面滑雪氷体２Ｃの如く両側に傾斜面を有するものであってもよい。また滑雪氷性の被覆層は、傾斜面２Ｄ１の外縁に設けておけばよいが、道路側の垂直面２Ｄ３や、道路と反対側の垂直面２Ｄ２の外縁に設けて雪庇の発生を防止してもよい。本実施形態に示した防音壁笠木２Ｄは、図１４に示したものと比較して傾斜面を設けたのみのものであることから、従来の笠木を取り付ける際に用いる笠木胴縁２Ｄ４をそのまま用いて取り付けることが可能であり、また既設の笠木を取り外し、本発明に係わる防音壁笠木２Ｄに取り替えることも容易に可能である。
図１６は本発明の実施の一形態であるサインを示すものである。従来のサインは、標示部に着雪したり、標示部の上方の庇に雪庇が形成されることで標示部が見づらくなったり、標示部を見ている人間の頭上に庇に付着していた雪の塊が落下する等の不具合が発生していた。サインは人が集まる場所や人通りの多い箇所に設置されるものであり、その意匠が重要視されることから、冠雪防止のために急角度の箇所を設けたり風向を制御する装置を設けてその意匠を損ねることは、設置者にとって躊躇されることであった。本発明に係わる滑雪氷性の被覆層を、屋外工作物であるサイン１Ｅの標示部１Ｅ１及び庇部１Ｅ２の外縁に形成することで着雪氷を防止し、サイン１Ｅの意匠を損ねることなく前記の如き問題点を解決することができる。更には、従来では冠雪することで設けることができなかった傾斜の緩い部材１Ｅ３も設けることができ、サインとしての機能に広がりを持たせることができる。更に、標示部１Ｅ１や部材１Ｅ３が取り付けられる支柱１Ｅ４は、その上面に冠雪が起こりやすいことから、傾斜面を有する冠雪防止板２Ｅを支柱の上方に設けておくのが好ましい。
図１７は本発明の実施の一形態であるミラーを示すもので、ａ）は正面図、ｂ）は側面図である。従来はミラーの反射面に着雪したり、庇が付けられていても庇に冠雪して雪庇が形成されることで反射面が見づらくなる等の不具合が発生していた。着雪や冠雪の防止方法として、従来の方法では確実に冠雪や積雪が防止できないのに加え、急角度の傾斜面を設ける方法ではミラー１Ｆの支柱１Ｆ３や取付部１Ｆ４への負荷が増大し、風圧や振動により破損しやすくなる恐れがあり、風向を制御する方法では反射面１Ｆ１の視野角が狭められる恐れがあった。ミラー１Ｆの反射面１Ｆ１や庇１Ｆ２の外面に滑雪氷性を有する被覆層を設けることで、前記の如き問題点を生じることなく冠雪や着雪を防止することができる。また、ミラー１Ｆについてもサイン１Ｅの場合と同様に、支柱１Ｆ３や取付部１Ｆ４への冠雪を防止するための冠雪防止板２Ｆを設けておくのが好ましい。
図１８は本発明の実施の一形態であるトラス橋を示すものである。トラス橋は道路Ｒの上方に鉄骨を組み合わせてトラスを形成するものであり、従来のトラス橋ではトラス上に積もった雪は容易に滑落せずにトラス上の、特にトラス橋入り口の上方やトラスが交差する箇所で大きな雪の塊に成長し、下方の道路に落下して通行人や車両等に衝突する被害が発生することがあった。トラス橋１Ｇの入り口上方に、外縁に滑雪氷性の被覆層が設けられた滑雪氷体２Ｇａを、またトラス１Ｇ１の交差する部分に同じく滑雪氷体２Ｇｂ、２Ｇｃ、２Ｇｄを設けて冠雪を抑制し、前記の如き道路Ｒへの雪の塊の落下を防止することができる。
図１９〜図２４は本発明の実施の一形態である道路標識板を示すものである。まず図１９において、標識板１Ｈ及びその上方に設けられた滑雪氷体である冠雪防止板２Ｈの外面に本発明に係わる滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けることで雪氷の付着により標識板１Ｈの標示情報が見づらくなるのと、冠雪防止板２Ｈ上に雪の塊が形成されるのを防止している。また冠雪防止板２Ｈ上には雪割板２Ｈ１が設けられ、雪の沈降により冠雪が分断されてより着雪氷が促進されるようになされている。
図２０は、図１９に示す形状の従来の冠雪防止板上に積雪した側面図である。標識板１Ｈは、垂直よりやや前面側に傾いた角度で横梁に固定されており、標識板の上方に冠雪防止板が設けられている。冠雪防止板２Ｈが形成する傾斜面は、前面側と背面側で角度を異ならせ積雪を不安定な状態として落下を促進する所謂片流れ構造とされ雪が落下し易くされている。冠雪防止板２Ｈを形成する傾斜面は、通常雪の安息角より大きい６０度以上で形成されるが、６０度以上であっても、降雪が大量である場合や外気温が低い場合には、積雪Ｓ１が落下しきらずに冠雪防止板２Ｈの外面に凍着し、大きな雪の塊Ｓ２となる。更には標識板１Ｈの標示面に着雪することや、標識板１Ｈの標示面の上の冠雪防止板２Ｈ上の積雪から雪庇Ｓ３が生成し、その雪庇Ｓ３が成長することで、前述の如く雪庇Ｓ３の突然の崩落により下方を走行する車両に被害を与えるのはもとより、標識板１Ｈに記載されている標示情報が見えなくなることがある。
図２１は図１９の背面側を示すものである。従来のこの様な冠雪防止板２Ｈは、構造が複雑である上に、それ自体の重量もさることながら標識板１Ｈの上方に張り出した冠雪防止板２Ｈが形成する傾斜面が風を受けることで風荷重の増加を考慮する必要があり、基礎、支柱１Ｈ１や横梁１Ｈ２の重量的な負担増を伴うことから、既設のもので、基礎、支柱や横梁の強度にそれほど余裕がない標識板には後付けができない場合があった。
図２２は本発明に係わる冠雪防止板の改良の一形態を示すもので、冠雪防止板２Ｈａは１枚の平板状とされており、標識板１Ｈより上方に傾斜面が張り出させることがなく風荷重による重量的な負担増を回避している。従来は横梁１Ｈ２が障害となり傾斜面を６０度以上の角度とすることができす、冠雪防止板２Ｈａをかような簡略化した形状とすることは着雪を防止する上で不可能であった。冠雪防止板２Ｈａの外面に滑雪氷性を有する被覆層を設けることで傾斜角度を緩和しても冠雪防止板としての機能を損なうことがなくなる。
図２３は図２２に示した冠雪防止板２Ｈａの改良の一例を示すものであり、冠雪防止板２Ｈａの下端に可とう性の面状部材２４を取り付けたものの側面図である。冠雪防止板２Ｈａ上の積雪で可とう性の面状部材２Ｈａ１上にある積雪Ｓ１は、その自重により可とう性の面状部材２Ｈａ１を下方にたわませ、その部分の傾斜角が大きくなることで積雪Ｓ１の滑落のきっかけとなる。また滑落を始めた積雪Ｓ１は、上方の積雪Ｓ１を引っ張ることで、冠雪防止板２Ｈａ上の積雪Ｓ１全体の滑落が促進されることになる。
可とう性の面状部材２Ｈａ１は、冠雪防止板２Ｈａよりたわみ易くすることが好ましく、その材質は特に限定されるものではなく積雪の滑落性及び荷重に対する強度により、適宜材質及び厚みを設定してよい。冠雪防止板２Ｈａは通常金属により形成されることから、材質としては金属より可とう性が高く、また繰り返し荷重の耐久性の高い合成樹脂等を用いて形成するのが好適である。また可とう性の面状部材２Ｈａ１の外面にも、滑雪氷性の被覆層を形成しておくのが好ましい。
図２４は本発明に係わる道路標識板における実施の一形態であり、標識板１Ｉを支持する横梁１Ｉ１上に冠雪防止板２Ｉ１、２Ｉ２を設けたものである。標識板１Ｉの外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けておけば標示面の視認性障害は回避できるが、横梁１Ｉ１上に積雪することで大きな雪の塊が生じる恐れがある。図１３や図１５に示すような冠雪防止板２Ｈ、２Ｈａでは、上方からの降雪が横梁１Ｉ１上に積雪するのは防止できるが、横や背面から雪が吹き付けた場合に横梁１Ｉ１上に積雪する恐れがあり、横梁１Ｉ１上を被覆するように冠雪防止板２Ｉ１、２Ｉ２を設けることで横梁１Ｉ１上への積雪を防止することができる。
図２５〜２６は本発明に係わる自発光体の実施の一形態を示すものであり、図２５は自発光道路標識で、ａ）はその斜視図、ｂ）は側面図である。本実施形態において、自発光道路標識１Ｊａは、自発光体１Ｊａ１の前面に透明板１Ｊａ２が設けられ、透明板１Ｊａ２の外面に滑雪氷性を有する被覆層が設けられることで着雪氷を防止し、自発光体１Ｊａ１の視認性を確保している。また、雪庇の形成を防止するために、屋根部１Ｊａ３にも滑雪氷性を有する被覆層を設けてもよい。更に、支柱１Ｊａ４や取付金具１Ｊａ５上への冠雪を防止するために冠雪防止板２Ｊａを設けておくのが好ましい。
図２６は本発明に係わる自発光体である自発光道路鋲を示すものであり、自発光道路鋲１Ｊｂは自発光体１Ｊｂ１及び反射体１Ｊｂ２の前面に透明板１Ｊｂ３が設けられ、透明板１Ｊｂ３の外面に滑雪氷性を有する被覆層が設けられることで着雪氷を防止し、自発光体１Ｊａ１の視認性を確保している。また、本実施形態においては、太陽電池１Ｊｂ４が設けられているが、その外面にも滑雪氷性を有する被覆層を設けて着雪による発電効率の低下を防止してもよい。
図２７は本発明に係わる実施の一形態であるシェルターを示すものである。シェルター１Ｋの屋根部１Ｋ１の外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けて、雪氷を滑落させることで積雪を防止し、積雪の荷重によりシェルター１Ｋの屋根部１Ｋ１や支柱１Ｋ３が変形等の不具合を起こすことを防止する。また壁面１Ｋ２の外面にも滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けてもよく、壁面１Ｋ２が透光性の材料により形成されていれば着雪を防止してシェルター１Ｋ内の視界や明るさを維持することができる。
図２８は本発明に係わる実施の一形態である自転車置き場を示すものである。自転車置き場１Ｌの屋根部１Ｌ１の外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けて、雪氷を滑落させることで積雪荷重を大幅に軽減することができ、自転車置き場１Ｌが変形等の不具合を起こすことを防止できる。自転車置き場１Ｌは通常片側のみの支柱１Ｌ２及びそれに連なる梁１Ｌ４により屋根部１Ｌ１を支える構造となっており、積雪荷重を考えて設計した場合には特に梁１Ｌ４、及び支柱１Ｌ２と梁１Ｌ４の接続部１Ｌ５の強度を高くする必要が出てくることから、積雪荷重を軽減することにより得られるメリットはシェルターなどと比較して大きなものとなり得る。またシェルター同様に壁面１Ｌ３の外面にも滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けてもよく、着雪を防止して壁面１Ｌ３が透光性の材料から形成されている場合の、自転車置き場１Ｌ内の視界や明るさを確保させてもよい。
図２９は従来の照明灯を示すものであり、ａ）は照明灯の斜視図、ｂ）は灯具のＡ−Ａ断面図である。照明灯１Ｍは、ａ）に示す如く支柱１Ｍ３に固定された梁１Ｍ１により灯具１Ｍ２が支持されることで形成されるが、灯具１Ｍ２は、ｂ）に示す如く、ランプ１Ｍ２１がカバー１Ｍ２２により覆われ、ランプ１Ｍ２１から発生する光線は透光性のカバー材１Ｍ２３を透過して周囲を照らす。カバー１Ｍ２２上に積雪Ｓ１が生じると、ランプ１Ｍ２１が点灯される夜間に、ランプ１Ｍ２１が発生する熱がカバー１Ｍ２２に伝導され、その熱により積雪Ｓ１が融解して融雪水Ｙが発生し、その融雪水Ｙが水滴Ｙ１となって落下するが、気温が氷点下より低い状況において、水滴がカバー１Ｍ２２の下面付近で再び氷結し氷柱Ｙ２が発生することがある。カバー１Ｍ２２は屋外に設置されるもので耐候性が必要であり、またランプ１Ｍ２１が発生する熱により変形しないように一般には塗装を施された金属により形成され、熱をよく伝導するものである。またランプ１Ｍ２１が点灯される夜間は特に気温が低く、氷柱Ｙ２の発生の恐れは大きなものとなる。この氷柱Ｙ２が落下して、灯具１Ｍ２の下方の歩行者や車両に衝突する被害が発生する恐れがある。かかる現象は以前から問題視されていたものの、特に有効な対策の手段はなかった。
図３０は本発明に係わる照明灯の灯具の、実施の形態を示す断面図である。灯具１Ｍ２のカバー１Ｍ２２の上面を傾斜面として、且つその傾斜面の外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けることでランプ１Ｍ２１により積雪Ｓ１が融解される以前に速やかに雪氷を滑落させ、前記の如き氷柱Ｙ２の発生を防止することができる。カバー１Ｍ２２に設けられる傾斜面は、ａ）に示す如く両側に左右対称に設けてもよく、ｂ）に示す如く片流れ形状としてもよく、更にはｃ）に示す如くカバー１Ｍ２２の上面全体が傾斜面となされたものであってもよい。
図３１は本発明に係わる照明灯の灯具の、他の実施形態を示す断面図である。灯具１Ｍ２の上方に、外縁が傾斜面となされ滑雪氷性の被覆層が設けられた滑雪氷体２Ｍを設けることで、灯具１Ｍ２への積雪を速やかに滑落させて氷柱Ｙ２を防止するものである。滑雪氷体２Ｍはカバー１Ｍ２２とは別部材となされ、照明灯１Ｍが既設のものであっても、滑雪氷体２Ｍを取り付けることで容易に氷柱Ｙ２の発生を防止することができる。滑雪氷体２Ｍは、ａ）に示す如く両側に傾斜面を形成したものであってもよく、傾斜面を片側のみに形成し、他方は垂直面となされていてもよい。またｂ）に示す如く、カバー１Ｍ２２と滑雪氷体２Ｍの間に断熱材２Ｍ１を介在させることで、ランプ１Ｍ２１が発生する熱の滑雪氷体２Ｍへの伝導を防ぎ、滑雪氷体２Ｍ上での融雪水Ｙの発生を抑制してより確実に氷柱Ｙ２の発生を防止するものであってもよい。
また滑雪氷体２Ｍは、図３２に示す如く灯具１Ｍ２の上方のみならず、梁１Ｍ１の上方に設けるものであってもよい。照明灯１Ｍの梁１Ｍ１や灯具１Ｍ２の外面に滑雪氷性を有する被覆層を設けて、雪氷を滑落させることで積雪荷重により照明灯１Ｍが変形等の不具合を起こすことを防止する。支柱１Ｍ３からより遠くへ張り出している灯具１Ｍ２は特に積雪荷重による弊害が大きくなることから、灯具１Ｍ２の積雪荷重を軽減することで大きなメリットが得られる。また本実施形態においては梁１Ｍ１上には滑雪氷体２Ｍを取り付けているが、積雪量に応じて滑雪氷体２Ｍを取り付けず、梁１Ｍ１に直接滑雪氷性を有する被覆層を形成してもよい。
更に滑雪氷体２Ｍは、図３３に示す如く灯具１Ｍ２の上方にステー２Ｍ２を介して取り付けられるものであってもよい。ステー２Ｍ２を介することで、ａ）に示す如く灯具１Ｍ２が滑雪氷体２Ｍに繋がる部位を小さくでき、ステー２Ｍ２を金属等の熱伝導率の高いもので形成しても、伝導する熱を低減することで滑雪氷体２Ｍ上での融雪を抑えることができる。またｂ）に示す如くステー２Ｍ２の間を風Ｗが通り抜けることで灯具１Ｍ２及び滑雪氷体２Ｍが冷却されて融雪を抑えることができ、更には暑い時期になっても、滑雪氷体２Ｍが上方を覆うことによる灯具１Ｍ２の温度上昇を防止でき、ランプ１Ｍ２１の寿命が短縮されるのを防ぐことができる。
図３４は本発明に係わる実施の一形態である東屋を示すものである。東屋１Ｎの屋根部１Ｎ１やパラペット１Ｎ２の外面に滑雪氷性を有する被覆層を設けて、雪氷を滑落させることで雪の塊や雪庇の形成を防止し、東屋１Ｎに出入りする人間の頭上に雪の塊が落下するのを防止できる。また、屋根部１Ｎ１に強度の低い材料を使用した場合でも、積雪荷重により変形する恐れを小さくできる。
図３５は本発明に係わる実施の一形態である投物防止柵を示すものである。投物防止柵１Ｐは橋梁上に設置され、その下には高速道路や鉄道が通行しているが、高欄部１Ｐ１や投物防止フェンス１Ｐ２の外面に滑雪氷性を有する被覆層を設けて雪の塊や雪庇の形成を防止し、橋梁下に雪の塊が落下するのを未然に防止する。また、投物防止フェンス１Ｐ２が透光性を有する場合には、明るさの確保や、交差点等において視界を確保することができ交通安全に寄与することもできる。
図３６は本発明に係わる実施の一形態である防風雪柵を示すものである。防風雪柵１Ｑの防風雪パネル１Ｑ１や支柱１Ｑ２の外面に滑雪氷性を有する被覆層を設けて着雪を防止し、防風雪パネル１Ｑ１間の隙間を維持することで風圧による吹き払い効果を低下させることがなくなる。
図３７及び図３８は本発明に係わる実施の一形態である防雪柵を示すもので、図３７のａ）に示す如く、防雪柵１Ｒは、山Ｍ側からの積雪Ｓ１が下方の道路Ｒへ滑落するのを防止するために設置されるものであるが、防雪柵１Ｒの道路Ｒ側に地覆部１Ｒ１が存在する場合、ｂ）に示す如くこの地覆部１Ｒ１に積雪Ｓ１ａが生じて道路Ｒに落下して被害を及ぼす恐れがある。
そこで、かかる地覆部１Ｒ１に、図３８に示す如き滑雪氷性の被覆層が形成された傾斜面２Ｒ１を有する滑雪氷体２Ｒを設置することで、地覆部１Ｒ１への積雪Ｓ１ａは速やかに道路Ｒに落下して被害を及ぼさない範囲の大きさにて滑落される。滑雪氷体２Ｒは、ａ）に示す如き傾斜面を有する構造体を地覆部１Ｒ１や防雪柵１Ｒに固定するものであってもよく、またｂ）に示す如き平板を曲げ、固定部２Ｒ２に固定するものであってもよく、更に防雪柵１Ｒの上端部まで延長されたものであってもよく、更にはｃ）に示す如き、傾斜面２Ｒ１の下端を地覆部１Ｒ１からやや離しておくことで、滑落される雪氷に落ちる勢いをつけるようにしてもよい。
図３９は、本発明に係わる防護柵の実施の一形態を示すもので、立体交差している上側の道路側縁に設けられた防護柵の、ａ）は正面図、ｂ）は跨線橋の断面図、ｃ）は詳細な断面図である。ａ）に示す如く、切り通しとなされた高速道路等の下側の道路Ｒ１の上方に、道路Ｒ１を跨ぐ跨線橋Ｒ２が設けられている。跨線橋Ｒ２は、橋梁１Ｓ１、擁壁１Ｓ２とその上に設けられた防雪柵１Ｓにより構成されているが、ｂ）に示す如く防雪柵１Ｓ付近の擁壁１Ｓ２上の地覆部１Ｓ２１に雪庇Ｓ３が生じ、その雪庇Ｓ３が下側の道路Ｒ１に落下して走行車両に衝突し、被害を及ぼす恐れがある。従来の雪庇防止方法は前述の如く確実に雪庇の発生を防止できず、またとりわけ防雪柵１Ｓが既に設置されている状況に置いては、かかる狭い地覆部１Ｓ２１に設置するのが極めて困難なものであった。
そこで、ｃ）に示す如く、地覆部１Ｓ２１に本発明に係わる滑雪氷体２Ｓを設け、積雪が雪庇Ｓ３に成長する以前に滑落させることで前記の如き被害の発生を未然に防止することができる。また滑雪氷体２Ｓは、平板を折り曲げて傾斜面２Ｓ１及び取付部２Ｓ２を形成し、取付部２Ｓ２を用いてアンカーボルト２Ｓ３により地覆部１Ｓ２１に固着させることができ、構造が簡易なものであることから、滑雪氷体２Ｓの形成が容易であると共に、防雪柵１Ｓが既に設置されている状況においても地覆部１Ｓ２１へ取り付けるのが容易である。
図４０は本発明に係わる実施の一形態である料金所屋根を示す斜視図である。有料道路の途中や出口付近の車線Ｒ側縁に設けられ、料金を収受する料金所１Ｔ１には、特に雨天における料金収受の際に、収受係員や道路利用者が雨に曝されるのを防ぐために、通常料金所１Ｔ１上方には料金所屋根１Ｓが設置される。かかる料金所屋根１Ｔ上に積雪し、その積雪が雪の塊が車線Ｒに落下することで、車両に衝突したり、車線Ｒを閉塞させるといった障害が発生する恐れがある。従来の冠雪や雪庇を防止する装置を取り付けるのでは、前述の如く効果が疑問視されるものである。
そこで、かかる料金所屋根１Ｔの上方に、滑雪氷性の被覆層が形成された傾斜面２Ｔ１を有する滑雪氷体２Ｔを設置することで、料金所屋根１Ｔへの積雪は速やかに落下して被害を及ぼさない範囲の大きさにて滑落される。滑雪氷体２Ｔは、図１０及び図１１に示した如き形状の滑雪氷体を用いてもよく、更には料金所屋根１Ｔの端縁に外側に向かう傾斜面を形成し、その傾斜面に滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けるものであってもよい。
図４１は本発明に係わる実施の一形態である鉄道車両を示す説明図である。鉄道車両１Ｕは、窓１Ｕ１に着雪して乗客が景観を楽しむのを阻害したり、夜間や悪天候時に、列車運転手の視界を確保したり列車の存在を喚起したりするライト１Ｕ２に着雪することがある。積雪時には列車が接近する音が雪により吸収されることで、軌道上で作業する保線員が車両の接近に気付きにくくなることから、ライト１Ｕ２への着雪は、時には人命に関わる場合もある。
更に鉄道車両１Ｕに係わる着雪で問題視されているものとして、走行風により巻き上げられた雪氷が下面１Ｕ３への付着するものがある。新幹線等の高速列車については、車両の形状や走行時に発生する風圧により、前項の如き窓１Ｕ１やライト１Ｕ２への着雪は走行中に風圧により吹き飛ばされて特に問題にはならないものであるが、下面１Ｕ３に付着した雪氷は、積雪のない場所で軌道上に落下すると砂利をはね上げ、はね上げられた砂利が対向する列車の窓ガラスを破損することがあった。これらの対策として、風圧、融雪装置、撥水性塗装を施すことで雪氷の付着を防止する方法が従来用いられてきたが、これらは列車の速度に依存するか、耐久性に問題を抱えるものであり、その継続的な効果の発揮には信頼性が疑問視されるものであった。
そこで、かかる鉄道車両１Ｕの窓１Ｕ１、ライト１Ｕ２、下面１Ｕ３の外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けるか、または滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けたカバーを取り付けることで、付着した雪氷は外面に特に処理を施さないものと比較してはるかに小さい風圧により滑落させられ、例えば列車が積雪により低速走行をしている場合においても雪氷を滑落させることができるため、窓１Ｕ１やライト１Ｕ２に付着した雪氷は速やかに滑落され、また下面１Ｕ３に付着した雪氷は積雪のない場所に到達する以前に滑落させられ、列車の速度に依存することなく、且つ高い信頼性で継続的に前述の如き問題の発生を防止することができる。
図４２は本発明に係わる実施の一形態である信号機を示す説明図である。従来、信号機１Ｖは、着色された透明な発光部１Ｖ１を発光させる発光体（図示せず）には白熱灯等を使用しており、その発光体が発熱することで、積雪地域において発光部１Ｖ１の着雪は融解されて水滴として落下し、信号の表示を妨げることはなかったが、庇部１Ｖ２上の積雪は、発光体の熱により融解すると、前述の照明灯の如く氷柱となり、その落下により発生する被害が問題視されるものであった。
その対策として、実開平２−６７４９９号公報に記載される如き庇部１Ｖ２に面状発熱体を設けたり、実開昭５９−１２６３９９号公報に記載される如く、振動により積雪を落下させる方法などが開示されている。しかしながら、これらの方法はエネルギーや動力が必要なものであり、また装置のメンテナンスが必要なものであった。
更に、近年発光体として着色された透明なカバーが必要とされず、また白熱灯等と比較して格段に寿命が長く、信号機１Ｖのメンテナンスを大幅に軽減できる発光ダイオードが発光体として用いられつつあるが、発光ダイオードはほとんど発熱することがなく、発光部１Ｖ１に着雪すると氷着が起こり、信号の表示内容が見えなくなって信号機としての機能が損なわれることから、降雪の多い地域には設置できないものであった。
そこで、かかる信号機１Ｖの上方に、外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層が設けられ、且つ傾斜面となされた滑雪氷体２Ｖを取り付けることで、降雪による発光部１Ｖ１及び庇部１Ｖ２への積雪を防止する。滑雪氷体２Ｖ上への積雪は、滑雪氷性の被覆層によりは速やかに滑落されることで、前述の如き問題の発生を未然に防止できる。滑雪氷体２Ｖの傾斜面は片流れ形状であってもよい。更に発光部１Ｖ１の外面にも滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けることで、発光体に発熱のない発光ダイオードを用いた場合において、より確実に発光部１Ｖ１への着雪を防止することができる。
図４３は、本発明に係わる信号機の、他の実施形態を示す説明図である。信号機１Ｖの上方が傾斜面１Ｖ３となされ、その傾斜面１Ｖ３に滑雪氷性の被覆層が設けられていることで信号機１Ｖ上への積雪は速やかに滑落される。また庇部１Ｖ２の上面を傾斜面とし、且つ滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けることで、より確実に庇部１Ｖ２への冠雪を防止することができる。
図４４〜図５３は、本発明に係わる外縁に滑雪氷性の被覆層を形成した屋外工作物を、住宅に適用する実施の形態を説明するものであって、図４４〜図４６は従来の住宅を示す説明図、図４７〜図５３が本発明に係わる屋外工作物を示す説明図である。図４４は積雪の多い地域における住宅の屋根形状の一例であって、近年積雪の多い地域の住宅Ｊは屋根の積雪が崩落することで近隣へ被害を及ぼすことへの配慮や、屋根の構造が強固なものに改良されている等の理由から、通常の切妻形状の屋根ではなく平面な住宅屋根Ｊ１としてその上に雪を貯め、屋根の辺縁に傾斜面を有する同じく屋外工作物であるパラペット１Ｗを設け、パラペット１Ｗの傾斜面から積もった雪を順次落下させてゆく形状とされることが多い。
しかし図４５に示す如く、住宅屋根Ｊ１に積もった積雪Ｓ１はその積雪量がパラペットより高くなるとパラペット１Ｗ上にせり出した雪の塊Ｓ２となる。ある程度外気温が高い状態では、積雪Ｓ１は表面が融解した状態となりパラペット１Ｗの傾斜面を滑り落ちるが、外気温が低い場合はパラペット１Ｗに凍着し、滑り落とすことができなくなりパラペット上に雪の塊Ｓ２が生成する。更には屋根及び積雪の風下側には、図に示すような風が回り込む渦流、所謂カルマン渦Ｋが発生し、そのカルマン渦Ｋが、降雪Ｓを屋根Ｊ１及び積雪Ｓ１の端部に廻り込ませて付着させることで、雪の塊Ｓ２は更に成長させられ、場合によってはパラペット１Ｗの傾斜面からもはみ出して雪庇にまで成長することがある。
図４６に示すように、パラペット１Ｗ上に直立した雪庇防止板１Ｘを設けて、積雪Ｓ１を分断することでパラペット１Ｗ上を落下しやすくさせる方法も用いられるが、こちらも積雪Ｓ１がパラペット１Ｗ若しくは雪庇防止板１Ｘに凍着した場合には効果がなく、更には雪庇防止板１Ｘに風が当たることによりカルマン渦Ｋが発生し、雪庇防止板１Ｘの風下側に降雪Ｓが付着することで雪の塊Ｓ２は生成し雪庇へと成長してゆくことになる。
図４７は本発明に係わる実施の一形態で、パラペット１Ｗの外縁に、外面が滑雪氷性の被覆層Ｈを設けたものである。滑雪氷性の被覆層Ｈにより、パラペット１Ｗ上の積雪及び雪の塊は、パラペット１Ｗの面上をその自重により大きな雪の塊または雪庇に成長する以前に滑落する。本実施形態においては、傾斜面と水平面の角度は４５度とされているが、２０度以上であれば着雪防止効果が得られ、３０度以上とすることで更に優れた着雪防止効果が発現される。
滑雪氷性の被覆層Ｈは、その形成方法は特に限定されるものではなく、直接塗装してもよく、例えば外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層が形成されたフィルム状のものを貼着してもよく、外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層が形成された板状の部材を取り付ける等、中間材を介して滑雪氷性の被覆層を形成する方法を用いてもよい。
図４８は本発明に係わる他の実施形態を示す説明図であり、ａ）は側面図、ｂ）は詳細を示す断面図である。ａ）に示す如く、パラペット１Ｗ上には直立した雪庇防止板１Ｘが設けられ、パラペット１Ｗ及び雪庇防止板１Ｘの風下側αに滑雪氷性の被覆層Ｈを設けたものである。雪庇防止板１Ｘを設けることで雪の沈降により積雪は分断されて滑落されやすくなり、パラペット１Ｗの外面に、外面が滑雪氷性の被覆層Ｈを設けることで積雪及び雪の塊は自重により滑落させられる。また雪庇防止板１Ｘの風下側αにも外面が滑雪氷性の被覆層Ｈを設け、カルマン渦により雪が付着しても雪庇にまで成長する以前に滑落させることができる。雪庇防止板１Ｘの先端部１Ｘ１は、ｂ）に示す先端部１Ｘ１ａ、１Ｘ１ｂの如き尖ったものとしてもよい。先端を尖らすことで、雪の沈降による積雪の分断効果を増大させることができる。
図４９は本発明に係わる雪庇防止板の、他の実施形態を示す側面図であり、パラペット１Ｗの傾斜面に、雪庇の発生を抑制する滑雪氷体２Ｘを取り付けたものである。滑雪氷体２Ｘは平板状のものであり、図８のａ）に示したような形状と較べ、形状が簡潔で成形及び取付が容易であると同時に取り外しも容易である。雪庇は前記の如く風下側に発生するものであり、周囲の環境により気流が変化すると発生する場所も変わってくる。着脱可能とすることで、これら周囲の変化に容易に対応することができる。更には滑雪氷体２Ｘは、必要とされない時期には取り外しておくことができ、住宅の外観を損ねることがなくなる。また住宅の外観に配慮する上では、滑雪氷体２Ｘの基材は透光性のものが好ましく、滑雪氷性の被覆層は透光性を妨げるものではないことから、基材にガラス、ポリカーボネート、アクリル樹脂等透光性のものを用いることで形成が可能である。
図５０は本発明に係わる実施の一形態を示すものであり、雪庇防止板１Ｘａは先端だけを尖らせた形状の図５のｂ）とは異なり雪割板全体が先端に向かって尖ってゆく形状となされたものである。かような形状とすることで、雪の沈降により積雪を分断させやすくすると共に、降雪Ｓが風Ｗにより雪庇防止板１Ｘａの風下側αに廻り込んでもカルマン渦Ｋは雪庇防止板１Ｘａからより離れた場所で発生していることから、カルマン渦Ｋによる着雪を軽減することができる。
図５１は直立した雪庇防止板１Ｘへの滑雪氷性の被覆層の形成による屋根側への積雪の状態の違いを示すものである。ａ）は屋根側βに滑雪氷性の被覆層を形成していないものであり、雪庇防止板１Ｘに沿って積雪が高くなって行くことから、屋根上の積雪Ｓ１が雪庇防止板１Ｘを超える高さとなった時点で雪は雪割板を超えてしまうと共に、雪庇防止板１Ｘ上に雪の壁Ｓ１１が形成され雪庇が生成し易くなる。ｂ）は雪庇防止板１Ｘの屋根側βに滑雪氷性の被覆層を形成しているものであり、被覆層の撥水性によって積雪Ｓ１は雪庇防止板１Ｘから離れがちに高くなってゆき、ａ）の場合と同量の積雪であっても雪庇防止板１Ｘを超えにくくなり、更には積雪の端部は曲線となり、カルマン渦が発生しにくくなり好ましい。
図５２は本発明に係わる住宅屋根における、更に他の実施形態を示すものであり、パラペット及び雪庇防止板に太陽電池を組み合わせたものである。パラペット１Ｗや雪庇防止板１Ｘは、降雪のない時期は特に機能することはないが、本実施形態に示すとおり太陽電池１Ｙと組み合わせることで発電の機能を具備させることができ、スペースの有効活用及び電力の供給がなされる。通常の太陽電池は雪国の屋根の平面に置かれることとなるが、積雪した場合には積雪により太陽光が遮蔽され電力が供給されなくなる。本実施形態の如く、積雪が起こらず、且つ外面に形成された滑雪氷性の被覆層により雪庇や雪の塊も付着せず太陽光が遮蔽される恐れが小さい箇所に太陽電池１Ｙを設置することで冬期においても起電力を得ることが可能である。更には太陽電池１Ｙの色は通常暗色系であり、明色系のものより赤外線を吸収して発熱しやすいことから積雪が融解しやすくなる。
図５３は図５２に示したパラペット１Ｗや雪庇防止板１Ｘ又は滑雪氷体２Ｘ等の屋外工作物に適用できる太陽電池１Ｙの一例を示ず断面図である。太陽電池パネル１Ｙは、外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層Ｈが形成された透光性部材１Ｙ１の間に、ＥＶＡ等の透光性を有する充填材１Ｙ２を介して太陽電池セル１Ｙ３が設けられているものである。
図５４は本発明に係わる太陽電池の、他の実施形態を示す説明図である。住宅屋根等に置かれて電力を発生する太陽電池１Ｙは、本図の如き形状が汎用のものであり、受光面１Ｙ４は傾斜面となされているが、太陽電池１Ｙの受光面１Ｙ４に滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けて雪氷を滑落させることで太陽電池の発電効率の低下を防止できる。また太陽電池パネルの受光面１Ｙ４は通常太陽に向けた傾斜面となされており、積雪を滑落させることは容易である。
図５５は本発明に係わる実施の一形態であるベランダの目隠し板を示すものである。ベランダＢに通常設けられる目隠し板１Ｚは、着雪することで室内が暗くなったり、雪の塊に成長することが考えられる。目隠し板１Ｚの外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けてその着雪を防止することで、前記の如き問題を未然に防止することができる。
図５６は本発明に係わる実施の一形態である物置を示すものである。物置１Γの上面に、外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層を形成した滑雪氷体２Γを設けることで、雪氷を滑落させることで積雪荷重により物置１Γが変形等の不具合を起こすことや、雪の塊の落下、雪庇の形成といった問題の発生を防止できる。
図５７は本発明に係わる実施の一形態であるゴミ集積場構造体を示すものである。ゴミ集積場構造体１Δは支柱１Δ１、動物よけ等のために設けられるフェンス１Δ２及び屋根部１Δ３から形成されるものであるが、屋根部１Δ３の外面に滑雪氷性の被覆層を設けて、雪氷を滑落させることで積雪荷重によりゴミ集積場構造体１Δが変形等の不具合を起こすことや屋根部１Δ３からの雪の塊の落下や雪庇の形成を防止できる。
産業上の利用可能性
以上のように、本発明によれば、雪氷を被害を及ぼす以前の大きさでその自重により滑雪氷性を有する被覆層外面を滑落させることで、大きな雪氷の塊が落下して歩行者や車両等に衝突する等の被害の発生を未然に防止することができ、安全性の観点から有用である。また、比較的安価且つ簡便な方法で実現でき、経済性及び利便性の面においても有用である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
図１は滑氷に要する荷重の測定及び滑氷の状態の確認試験の斜視図を示すものである。
図２は図１のＡ−Ａ’断面図を示すものである。
図３は滑氷に要する荷重の推移による剥離状態の違いを示すグラフである。
図４は本発明に係わる屋外工作物の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図５は本発明に係わる中間材を設けた滑雪氷性被覆物の、実施の一形態を示す断面図である。
図６は図５に示す実施形態の、取り付けの一例を示す説明図である。
図７は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であるトンネル孔口の、実施の一形態を示す正面図である。
図８は図７に示す実施形態の側断面図である。
図９は従来のトンネル孔口を示す即断面図である。
図１０は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であるトンネル孔口の、他の実施形態を示す説明図である。
図１１は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であるトンネル孔口の、他の実施形態を示す説明図である。
図１２は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である中央分離帯壁高欄の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図１３は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である中央分離帯壁高欄の、他の実施形態を示す説明図である。
図１４は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である防音壁笠木の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図１５は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である防音壁笠木の、他の実施形態を示す説明図である。
図１６は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であるサインの、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図１７は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であるミラーの、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図１８は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であるトラス橋のトラスの、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図１９は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である道路標識の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図２０は従来の道路標識の、冠雪の状態を示す側面図である。
図２１は図１９に示した実施形態の背面を示す説明図である。
図２２は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である道路標識の、他の実施形態を示す説明図である。
図２３は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である道路標識の、更に他の実施形態を示す説明図である。
図２４は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である道路標識の、更に他の実施形態を示す説明図である。
図２５は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である自発光体の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図２６は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である自発光体の、他の実施形態を示す説明図である。
図２７は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であるシェルターの、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図２８は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である自転車置き場の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図２９は従来の照明灯及び氷柱の形成の状態を示す説明図である。
図３０は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である照明灯の、実施の一形態を示す断面図である。
図３１は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である照明灯の、他の実施形態を示す断面図である。
図３２は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である照明灯の、更に他の実施形態を示す断面図である。
図３３は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である照明灯の、更に他の実施形態を示す断面図である。
図３４は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である東屋の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図３５は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である投物防止柵の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図３６は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である防風雪柵の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図３７は従来の防雪柵を示す説明図である。
図３８は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である防雪柵の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図３９は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である防護柵の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図４０は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である料金所屋根の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図４１は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である鉄道車両の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図４２は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である信号機の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図４３は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である信号機の、他の実施形態を示す説明図である。
図４４は積雪の多い地域における一般的な住宅の、屋根の形状の一例を示す説明図である。
図４５は従来の住宅屋根における積雪の状態を示す説明図である。
図４６は従来の住宅屋根における積雪の状態を示す説明図である。
図４７は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であるパラペットの、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図４８は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であるパラペット及び雪庇防止板の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図４９は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であるパラペット及び雪庇防止板の、他の実施形態を示す説明図である。
図５０は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であるパラペット及び雪庇防止板の、更に他の実施形態を示す説明図である。
図５１は本発明に係わる滑雪氷性の被覆層の、形成箇所の違いによる積雪状態を示す説明図である。
図５２は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であるパラペット、雪庇防止板及び太陽電池の、実施の一形態を示す説明図である。
図５３は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である太陽電池の、実施の一形態を示す断面図である。
図５４は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である太陽電池の、他の実施形態を示す断面図である。
図５５は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である目隠し板の、実施の一形態を示す断面図である。
図５６は本発明に係わる屋外工作物である物置の、実施の一形態を示す断面図である。
図５７は本発明に係わる屋外工作物であるゴミ集積場構造体の、実施の一形態を示す断面図である。Technical field
The present invention relates to an outdoor work that can suppress snow formation, snow cover, and formation of a snow corn in snowy and cold regions, and can slide snow and ice adhered by forming snow icing and a snow corn on the outer edge of a work where formation of a snow corn is considered. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an article, a method for producing a snow-ice-ice coating, and a snow-ice-ice coating.
Background art
Snow accretion generated in snowy and cold areas causes various damages and obstacles to ordinary life and industrial activities. For example, the electric wire may break due to snow on the electric wire or the tower may collapse, causing a power outage accident in a wide area, or the snow that rolls up while the train is running may adhere to the pantograph or the underside of the vehicle, causing obstacles to the train operation. It is. Also, if it is a place related to the recognition of the external situation, it blocks or restricts the human visual field.For example, if the driver's visual field is obstructed by snow or ice on the vehicle window, collisions with structures and traffic accidents may occur. It can be a cause.
Also, when snow and ice arrive on road signs, bridges, and the like, the attached snow and ice gradually grows and increases in weight, and when the weight exceeds the adhesive force, it falls as a mass of snow and ice. Depending on the state in which snow and ice contain a small amount of water, snow and ice grow to a considerably large weight due to hydrogen bonding force, van der Waals force, etc. derived from water. When the snow and ice blocks fall off from road signs or bridges and fall, if vehicles or pedestrians pass under them, it may be catastrophic in some cases.
Other accidents such as bridge girder, steel towers, vehicles, aircraft, telecommunications facilities, road traffic signs, soundproof walls, roofs of buildings, side walls, snow covered ice on traffic lights, blockage due to icing on the inner walls of snow drifts and snow exits, etc. Obstacles may affect human life, and there is a demand for a technique for preventing snow and ice with high performance and reliability from various aspects.
The use of a heating element such as a heater as a measure to prevent snow and ice is an effective means, but the addition of equipment is not always inexpensive, and the cost and labor required to maintain energy such as electric power and equipment are extremely low. When a synthetic resin or the like that is vulnerable to heat is used, problems such as deformation due to heat may occur. Further, in a cold region, water generated by the melted snow and ice freezes again at a position distant from the heating element, which causes a new problem such as generation of an ice column and dropping of the ice column.
Also, in the method of physically wiping snow and ice, it is not possible to sufficiently wipe the snow and ice adhered firmly, and it takes time and effort to replace the wiping element because the wiping element is worn out. This has the problem that installation and maintenance are very complicated. Furthermore, since the water generated by snow melting forms icicles and snow adheres to the icicles, it is not possible to expect a sufficient effect not to install a heating element not only in necessary places but also around the structure. The use of such means has a problem that the installation and maintenance are very complicated.
In order to prevent snow and icing, various inventions have been proposed in which a base material is coated with a water-repellent paint containing a fluororesin or the like as a main component. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. In Japanese Patent No. 279056, JP-A-10-88061, JP-A-11-29722, etc., snow-ice which forms a super-water-repellent film on the outer surface of a base material by a technique for maximizing the water-repellent performance of paint is disclosed. Outdoor structures to prevent have been proposed. These occur between snow and ice and the outer surface of the coating layer, and minimize the hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces that cause snow and ice, that is, make the outer surface of the coating layer super water-repellent. In this way, we try to prevent snow and ice.
In addition, as a measure to prevent the formation of snow and ice or cornice on the outer edge of a workpiece installed outdoors, in addition to applying a surface treatment that makes the outer edge extremely water-repellent, the upper edge of the workpiece is covered with snow. By attaching a separate roof-like workpiece with a slope greater than the angle of repose of snow above the workpiece to prevent snow and ice, A method of dropping by its own weight is used.
However, although the above-mentioned snow-proofing outdoor work has a good snow-preventing effect at the beginning when it is installed outdoors, it adheres and coats contaminants to the outer surface of the coating layer approximately several weeks after installation. Due to the deterioration of the film itself, its water repellency is reduced, and the effect of preventing snow and ice is lost.
In the invention described in JP-A-10-237431, photocatalytic fine particles are blended into a water-repellent coating layer, and contaminants attached to the outer surface of the coating layer are decomposed by the oxidation-reduction reaction to maintain super-water-repellency. A method for maintaining the snow accumulation preventing effect has been proposed. However, the water-repellent coating layer itself is decomposed simultaneously with contaminants by the oxidation-reduction reaction of the photocatalyst particles, which causes early deterioration of the coating film itself, and further, the photocatalyst fine particles exposed on the outer surface of the coating layer become hydrophilic, and conversely, It leads to snow and ice.
If the outer surface of the coating layer has a certain degree of smoothness, a water film is formed between the snow and ice and the outer surface of the coating layer when snow and ice begin to melt, so that the snow and ice slide down the outer surface of the coating layer, that is, snow sliding. It can be expected that snow and ice attached by ice will be removed from the outer surface of the coating layer.However, with a super water-repellent film, a water film is not formed on the outer surface due to its water repellency, and it is a discontinuous film having a large number of fine irregularities on the outer surface. Because of this, snow and ice do not run smoothly. In addition, it is necessary to mix fine particles and the like into the paint in order to form such an outer surface, so that handling during painting is difficult, and there are various problems such as a short pot life of the paint. Will also be very expensive.
Therefore, it is unavoidable to be exposed to severe conditions such as ultraviolet rays, wind and rain, snowfall, and temperature changes. Also, there are many large products, and the permissible range for quality variation is small even in a large target area. In order to form an outdoor workpiece that requires the above, it has been extremely difficult to cope with the above-mentioned coating layer due to problems in durability and manufacturing processes.
Furthermore, in the method of forming an inclined surface above the angle of repose of snow above an outdoor workpiece to suppress snow and ice, the inclined surface above the angle of repose of snow is as steep as 50 degrees or more. A workpiece having a large inclination angle needs to form a high and wide surface, which causes various restrictions such as an increase in a load of the workpiece itself and an increase in wind load, and a complicated mounting structure.
The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and forms a coating layer whose outer surface is snow-and-snow and ice-like by a relatively inexpensive and simple method, and allows the snow and ice to quickly slide down without growing. Accordingly, it is possible to provide an outdoor work, a method for manufacturing a snow-and-ice-like covering, and a snow-and-ice-like covering capable of preventing the occurrence of a disaster caused by falling snow and ice and maintaining such effects for a long period of time. is there.
Disclosure of the invention
As a result of intensive studies, the present inventors have found that an outdoor work having snow-snow and ice properties, wherein a snow-ice and ice-covered coating layer is formed on the outdoor work, or a snow-snow and ice-covered coating layer is formed on the outdoor work. An ice body is attached, and the coating layer has water repellency having an outer surface tension of 35 dyne / cm or less, and a snowdrop on the outer surface of the outdoor workpiece by making a waterdrop sliding angle of 40 degrees or less. It was found that snow and ice could be reduced and the attached snow and ice could be slid down, and the present invention was completed.
Snow-sliding property means that the snow and ice slide down while the part in contact with the outer surface of the snow layer is kept constant, that is, when the snow and ice are sled and the outer surface of the snow layer is regarded as the snow surface, This is the property of snow and ice sliding down as if gliding, which is clearly different from that of preventing the adhesion of snow and ice by forming a super water-repellent outer surface. The snow and ice attached to the outer surface having snow and ice properties slide down from the outer surface due to its own weight when a small amount of water existing on the surface of the snow and ice intervenes between the outer surface and the snow and ice.
In the present invention, when the surface tension of the outer surface of the coating layer is 35 dyne / cm or less, the force of the snow and ice to adhere to the outer surface of the coating layer, that is, the outer surface of the coating layer and the snow and ice caused by a small amount of moisture existing on the surface of the snow and ice. The hydrogen bonding force, van der Waals force, and the like generated during the above are reduced to reduce the adhesion of snow and ice and to bring the attached snow and ice close to the surface of the coating layer. Also, the sliding angle of the water droplet, that is, the water droplet was dropped on the outer surface of the coating layer, the water droplet was stopped, and then the coating layer was gradually inclined.If the inclination angle when the water droplet started to move was 40 degrees or less, the water droplet adhered to the outer surface of the coating layer. Snow and ice can slide down by their own weight due to the trace amount of water contained therein.
ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, even when it snows and ices, the snow and ice attached to the outer surface of the outdoor workpiece can be quickly slid down by the snow and ice properties of the outer surface of the coating layer, so that the snow and ice prevention effect can be exhibited. Therefore, without the need for super-water-repellent water repellency to prevent snow and ice, the coating layer formed by a relatively inexpensive and simple method allows the attached snow and ice to be quickly slid down, and the adhesion of snow and ice. It is possible to suppress the adhesion of snow and ice at the same time as the snow and ice that have adhered slide down before growing on a snow lump or a snow cornice while keeping the time as short as possible.
Furthermore, even if the contaminants adhere to the outer surface of the coating layer, the particles of the contaminants cannot be uniformly distributed on the entire outer surface of the coating layer. For this reason, the snow and ice properties are not significantly impaired. Further, the contaminants are removed together with the snow and ice sliding down the outer surface of the coating layer, and the snow and ice properties can be maintained without accumulating. Furthermore, even if the coating film deteriorates, the decrease in performance such as surface tension and water slippage related to snow and ice is much more gradual than the decrease in water repellency of super water repellency, It is possible to maintain the effect of preventing snow and ice for a much longer period of time.
The outer surface of the coating layer having snow and ice properties according to the present invention has a surface tension of 35 dyne / cm or less and a sliding angle of water droplets of 40 degrees or more. When the surface tension exceeds 35 dyne / cm, a strong hydrogen bonding force, a Van der Waals force, or the like is generated between a small amount of water contained in snow and ice and the outer surface of the coating layer, and the adhesion is snow and ice. Snow and ice are hard to slide down because they exceed the level that they can slide down by their own weight. Even if the surface tension is 35 dyne / cm or less, if the sliding angle of the water droplet exceeds 40 degrees, it is difficult for the snow and ice attached to the outer surface of the coating layer to slide down only by its own weight.
Further, even when the surface tension is 35 dyne / cm or less and the inclination angle at which the water droplet starts to move is 40 degrees or less, the outer surface of the coating layer has a property that the water droplet slides down, that is, when the water droplet moves on the outer surface of the coating layer, the water droplet and the outer surface of the coating layer move. It is necessary for the water droplet to move while the contacting part is kept constant. Moisture on the surface of snow and ice is very small and cannot be separated from snow and ice, and since there is almost no gap between the interface between snow and ice and the outdoor work, the water cannot be in the form of water droplets. On the surface in which water drops roll, that is, the water droplets roll on the outer surface, it is not possible to expect snow-sliding properties due to its own weight. Further, the surface tension is more preferably 20 dyne / cm or less, and the sliding angle of the water droplet is more preferably 30 degrees or less, whereby higher snow-and-snow properties can be exhibited.
Further, in the coating layer, when the water droplet slides down, it is preferable that the advancing contact angle of the water droplet is 90 degrees or more and the receding contact angle is 50 degrees or more and less than the advancing contact angle. The advancing contact angle and the receding contact angle when the water droplet slides down represent the balance between the water repellency of the outer surface of the coating layer and the bonding force between molecules possessed by the water droplet. Adhesion with water droplets exceeds bonding force between molecules in water droplets, and snow and ice are more likely to occur. Also, if the receding contact angle is less than 50 degrees, snow and ice are more likely to occur for the same reason as in the case of the advancing contact angle, and if the receding contact angle is greater than the advancing contact angle, the water droplets are likely to fall down and hardly slide down. However, snow and ice properties are reduced. Further, when the advancing contact angle is more preferably 100 degrees or more and the receding contact angle is more preferably 60 degrees or more and less than the advancing contact angle, more excellent snow and ice properties can be exhibited.
Further, it is preferable that the coating layer has a water droplet sliding speed of 10 cm / min or less from the initial sliding position to the sliding position of 10 cm at the initial falling angle of the water droplet. In order to develop snow and ice properties, it is necessary that a small amount of water existing on the surface of snow and ice be kept in stable contact with the interface between snow and ice and the outer surface of the coating layer. If it exists in a stable state, the contact between the moisture existing on the surface of snow and ice and the outer surface of the coating layer will be insufficient, and smooth snow and ice properties will not be exhibited. If the moisture is unstable on the outer surface of the coating layer, the water droplet cannot stably stay on the outer surface of the coating layer, and the sliding speed of the water droplet becomes high. Therefore, the water drop sliding speed is preferably 10 cm / min or less, more preferably 5 cm / min or less.
The maximum surface roughness of the outer surface of the coating layer having snow and ice properties according to the present invention is preferably 10 μm or less. The maximum surface roughness is the difference in the height of microscopic unevenness on the outer surface of the coating layer, and the maximum difference of 10 μm or less on the outer surface of the coating layer makes the snow and ice properties excellent. Can be. If there is a difference in the height of the microscopic unevenness exceeding 10 μm on the outer surface, the unevenness may cause the snow and ice to not slide smoothly, or the air may stay in the concave portion, and the air may cause a small amount of snow to be present on the snow and ice surface. Smooth water is absorbed into snow and ice by the water repellency of air, thereby inhibiting the development of snow and ice properties. If the maximum surface roughness is set to 10 μm or less, such influence on the snow and ice properties can be almost eliminated.
In addition, it is preferable that the ice frozen on the outer surface of the coating layer in a temperature range of −2 ° C. to −5 ° C. causes constant load non-breaking sliding due to a load from the horizontal direction with the coating layer. When snow and ice arrive in an actual installation environment, it is in the temperature region that the adhesion of snow and ice is maximum, and in the temperature region, the amount of water contained in the snow and ice is small, but the amount of water is maximum. Adhesion such as hydrogen bonding force and Van der Waals force derived from the particles is also maximized, so that snow and ice are more likely to occur. At an outside air temperature lower than the above temperature range, the amount of moisture existing on the surface of snow and ice is reduced, and the hydrogen bonding force, van der Waals force, etc. are reduced accordingly. Drops off easily from the outside. At an outside air temperature higher than the above-mentioned temperature range, the snow is not in a state of snow and ice, and slides down as water droplets without adhering to the outer surface.
The constant load non-breaking sliding means that frozen snow and ice slide on the outer surface of the coating layer without causing breakage of the freezing joint at the interface with the outer surface of the coating layer due to gravity or external force acting on itself. That is, when gravity or external force is applied, rather than suddenly breaking the freezing joint at a certain point and falling off the outer surface of the coating layer, from the point of time when the gravity or external force is applied at a certain point, approximately the gravity or external force is applied. This indicates that the snow and ice slide on the outer surface of the coating layer while being kept. When the snow and ice slide in a non-breaking manner with a constant load, the snow and ice can be made to slide by gravity or an external force smaller than the breakage of the freeze-bonded joint, and the snow and ice can easily slide down by their own weight.
Therefore, when snow and ice adhere to a surface that does not have snow and ice properties during snowfall, the attached snow and ice gradually grows and breaks off from the surface when the weight of the snow and ice exceeds the adhesive force between the surface and snow and ice. It falls as a large snow and ice mass, causing damage by colliding with pedestrians and vehicles, etc., but on the surface such as the outer surface of the coating layer in the present invention, snow and ice are broken by their own weight in a relatively small state. By sliding down without peeling, the above-mentioned damage can be prevented beforehand.
In addition, the coating layer may be formed on an inorganic base film on a base material, and may be formed on the inorganic base film. By forming an inorganic base film on a base material, it is possible to apply a surface treatment to any kind of base material, even if the base material has been subjected to surface treatment such as painting and plating. By forming an inorganic base film on the coating film and forming a coating layer on the inorganic base film, a snow-snow-ice coating layer can be easily formed on various substrates. Further, the inorganic base film functions as a hard coat layer, so that the base material can be hardly damaged.
The inorganic base film may be a transparent film, and by using such an inorganic base film, a coating layer is formed without impairing the appearance such as the color and gloss of a surface treatment film such as coating and plating. Can be. The inorganic base film has good adhesion to both organic and inorganic coatings, and is easily bonded chemically to the water-repellent substance by the functional group thereof. When the aqueous substance is firmly fixed, a coating layer with snow and ice resistance and high durability can be formed.
The inorganic base film formed on the outer surface of the base material according to the present invention may be a metal oxide itself such as glass, titanium oxide, and alumina, or may be formed using them, It is preferably formed using a silicone coating agent. Silicone, which is a main component of the silicone coating agent, can have relatively high adhesion to a substrate and bond to a water-repellent substance as described above, and can easily form an inorganic base film. Further, the film formed by the silicone coating agent is extremely strong as a film because the silicone substances are bonded together by siloxane bonds similar to glass. Further, the water-repellent substance can be easily and firmly fixed due to the high amount of the functional group of the silicone.
A known silicone coating agent for forming an inorganic base film containing silicone as a main component may be used. Examples of the coating method include dipping, spin coating, nozzle flow coating, spraying, and flow coating. , Brush coating, roller coating, wiping coating, etc., or a combination thereof, but spraying and dipping, which are easy to control the uniformity and thickness of the film, and provide smoothness, can be used. It is suitable.
Further, the coating layer is formed by directing a water-repellent substance having a linear structure having a length of 5 ° (angstrom) or more, more preferably a length of 10 ° or more to the outer surface of the coating layer, thereby forming Preferably, it is fixed to a surface. By immobilizing the water-repellent substance having a linear structure, the sliding angle of the water droplet on the outer surface of the coating layer can be reduced and the water droplet can exhibit the water-sliding property.
By fixing the water-repellent substance having a linear structure with the ends oriented to the outer surface and immobilizing it, the outer surface of the coating layer looks like a carpet with long hairs when viewed microscopically. When looking at the water-repellent substance having a linear structure as the hair foot of a carpet, the hair foot is water-repellent when water drops are placed on the surface of the carpet, and the water drops do not penetrate between the hair feet, It will be on top. When the entire carpet is tilted in that state, the upright hair feet tilt in the tilting direction with the weight of the water drop, helping the water drop to move, reducing the sliding angle of the water drop, and Snow and ice can be slid off at a much smaller inclination angle than when a smooth coating layer is formed on the outer surface. In addition, as the water drops slide down on the inclined carpet surface, the hairs on the locus of the carpet incline in the direction of inclination one after another, keeping the water drops sliding down and the water drops sliding down the carpet surface without having to fall down can do.
In addition, not only in the case of water droplets, but also in the case where contaminants adhere, the water-repellent material having a linear structure is much smaller than the particles of the contaminants, and the contaminants are placed on the outer surface without penetrating the coating layer Once in a state, even if it adheres, it easily slides down with water droplets and snow and ice. In addition, since the contaminant is only placed on the outer surface, the water repellent material having the linear structure does not hinder tilting, and therefore does not lead to a decrease in the snow-snow ability. If the length of the water-repellent substance having a linear structure is less than 5 °, it cannot be sufficiently tilted to exhibit snow and ice properties, and is preferably 5 ° or more, preferably 10 ° or more. Aqueous materials are more preferable because they are more easily inclined.
Further, the coating layer is a water-repellent substance having a linear structure in which a trifluoromethyl group or a methyl group is arranged at a terminal with a length of 5 ° or more, more preferably a length of 10 ° or more, on the upper surface of the substrate, It is preferable to fix the terminal to the outer surface of the coating layer so that the terminal is oriented. The trifluoromethyl group and the methyl group are each a water-repellent functional group and exhibit water repellency.
A water-repellent substance having a linear structure in which a trifluoromethyl group is disposed at the terminal has a trifluoromethyl group that is water-repellent, has high polarity as a functional group, and has a large functional group itself. The water-repellent substance having a chain structure repels the ends so that it is easy to be erected and works favorably on the snow and ice properties. In addition, since the ends of the water-repellent material having a linear structure repel each other, even when the density of the water-repellent material having a linear structure fixed due to deterioration over time or the like decreases, the water-repellent material having a linear structure also exists. Since it is difficult to fall down, the period during which the snow and ice properties are exhibited can be lengthened, and the durability becomes high.
In addition, a water-repellent substance having a linear structure in which a methyl group is disposed at a terminal has a methyl group that is water-repellent, a relatively small functional group, and a water-repellent substance having a linear structure on a substrate. It can be densely fixed on the surface, and since the terminal functional groups are small, the linear structure is easy to move, and high snow-and-ice properties can be exhibited in the initial stage. Each of the water-repellent substances having a linear structure in which a trifluoromethyl group or a methyl group is disposed at the terminal may be used alone, or may be used as an appropriate mixture.
Further, in the coating layer according to claim 8 or 9, the water-repellent substance having a linear structure fixed to the upper surface of the base material is substantially uniform at least one substance per 20 square centimeters. Is preferably distributed. If the area per molecule is more than 20 square centimeters, the number of hairs when the coating layer is compared to a carpet and its hair feet will be reduced, and the outer surface of the coating layer will have the above-mentioned effects on snow and ice. Cannot be fully expressed.
The coating layer according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the water-repellent substance having a linear structure is 10% less than the density at which fixation is saturated on the upper surface of the substrate. It is preferred to distribute them approximately uniformly at a density of ~ 95%. The density at which the fixation is in the saturated state means that the density at which the water-repellent substance is fixed microscopically due to the size of the molecules and the intermolecular energy is limited, but refers to the density in the maximum fixed state. is there. The water-repellent substance having the linear structure is water-repellent, and when the substance is fixed at a density at which the substance becomes saturated on the surface, the outer surface of the coating layer is entirely formed of a water-repellent substance when considering the size level of water molecules. It will be covered. Although water has a small binding force between molecules and tends to stay in place, a small amount of water contained in snow and ice stays on the surface on which only the water-repellent substance is placed. Snow and ice adhering to the outer surface of the coating layer becomes hard to snow and ice by trying to roll.
Therefore, by providing a non-water-repellent portion in addition to the water-repellent portion, hydrogen between the snow and ice and the outer surface of the coating layer generated due to a small amount of water contained in the snow and ice between the two portions is provided. Differences occur in the bonding force, van der Waals force, etc., and this difference breaks the balance of the force of adhesion between snow and ice and the outer surface of the coating layer, and promotes snow-snow ice by becoming the starting point for moving moisture. be able to. If the distribution of the water-repellent substance having a linear structure can be fixed only to a portion of less than 10%, it is difficult to reduce the surface tension to 35 dyne / cm or less. It is difficult to achieve the effect of promoting snow and ice without breaking the balance.
Further, by distributing the hydrophilic substance in a portion other than the area where the water-repellent substance is distributed, a greater difference in hydrogen bonding force, van der Waals force, and the like can be generated, and the snow and ice properties can be improved. . Further, the contaminants and the like adhering to the outer surface of the coating layer due to the hydrophilicity are easily washed away by rainfall and the like, and the contaminants are removed, which leads to prevention of a decrease in the effect of preventing snow and ice.
The substance exhibiting water repellency according to the present invention can be formed by any water repellent, but when the substrate is made of a polymer such as a synthetic resin which is vulnerable to heat, 80 ° which does not adversely affect the substrate. It is preferable to use a water-repellent substance which can form a film at a low temperature and can be fixed to a hydroxyl group as described below, and it is preferable to use one or a mixture of two or more kinds selected from the following examples as a main component. For example, pitch fluoride (CFmm: 1.1 to 1.6 manufactured by Osaka Gas Co., Ltd.), or fluororesin, specifically, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetraethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PFEP), Fluorine based on them, such as ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (PETFE), tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkylvinyl ether copolymer (PFA), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), etc. As the resin coating agent or the like, a fluorine-containing compound having a fluorocarbon group or a fluororesin coating agent based on them can be used.
The coating layer according to any one of claims 8 to 12, wherein the coating layer is a fluorine-containing silane compound, a fluorine-free silane compound, or a mixture of two or more fluorine-containing compounds having a fluorocarbon group. In the formation of the coating layer, it is preferable to apply these prepared as coating liquids for forming a coating film, and to dry and cure the coating liquid. The compound is a water-repellent substance having a straight-chain structure and has a functional group having a high binding force, so that the coating layer can have good snow and ice durability. Further, when these coating liquids are applied on an inorganic base film containing silicone as a main component, the silicone and the three kinds of water-repellent substances are bonded by a siloxane bond, and an extremely strong bonding force is developed. It is preferable because it can have the durability of snow and ice.
Further, the fluorine-free silane compound according to claim 13 may be a fluorine-free silane compound having a methyl group. As described above, a water-repellent substance having a linear structure in which a methyl group is disposed at a terminal has a relatively small functional group of a methyl group, and a water-repellent substance having a linear structure is densely fixed to the upper surface of a substrate. In addition, since the terminal functional group is small, the linear structure is easy to move, and high snow-and-snow properties can be exhibited in the initial stage.
As a coating method related to the formation of the coating layer, a water-repellent substance as described above is used as a coating liquid, and for example, a dipping method, a spin coating method, a nozzle flow coating method, a spray method, a flow coating method, a brush coating method, a roller coating method It can be applied by a wiping coat method or the like or a combination of these methods. However, a spray method and a dipping method, which can easily control the uniformity of the film and the film thickness and obtain smoothness in order to exhibit water slip, can be used. It is suitable. In the case of coating by a spray method, it is preferable that the discharge amount and the discharge pressure of the paint be as small as possible, depending on the water-repellent substance to be coated. If the discharge amount is increased, a curing reaction proceeds between the water-repellent substances, so that a uniform coating film is hardly formed.
In addition, the substance to be distributed to the other part of the part where the water repellent substance is distributed is preferably hydrophilic for the above-mentioned reason, and the substance for exhibiting hydrophilicity may be formed by an optional hydrophilizing agent. In addition, if the base material itself is a hydrophilic substance such as glass or metal oxide, the portion that is exposed on the outer surface may be used as the hydrophilic substance.
Examples of the hydrophilizing agent that forms the substance exhibiting the above-mentioned hydrophilization include R1aR2bR3cSiX4-abc [R1, R2, R3: an aliphatic hydrocarbon group and / or an aromatic hydrocarbon group. a, b, c: 0-3. a + b + c: 0-3. X: a hydroxyl group or a hydrolyzable functional group (halogen element, alkoxy group, isocyanate group)]. For example, in the case of a tetrafunctional silane of a + b + c = 0, a silica-based thin film is obtained at room temperature or / and calcination. When, for example, a + b + c = 1, 2, 3 (R is a methyl group, an ethyl group, a phenyl group, or the like), the film is baked at a high temperature to bake and oxidize the hydrocarbon group: R to obtain a silica-based compound. It can be a thin film.
Further, for example, a hydrophilic silica-based thin film can be obtained by coating with a coating solution comprising a silicone coating agent based on the above silane compound. Specifically, for example, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetra-n-propoxysilane, tetra-iso-propoxysilane, tetra-n-butoxysilane, tetra-iso-butoxysilane, tetra-sec-butoxysilane, tetra -Tert-butoxysilane and the like. In addition, tetrachlorosilane, tetraisocyanatesilane, ethoxysilane triisocyanate and the like can be mentioned. Further, for example, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, methyltrichlorosilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, ethyltrichlorosilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, phenyltrichlorosilane, propyltrimethoxysilane, propyltriethoxysilane Propyltrichlorosilane, butyltrimethoxysilane, butyltriethoxysilane, butyltrichlorosilane, hexyltrimethoxysilane, methylsilyltriisocyanate, dimethylsilyldiisocyanate, vinylsilyltriisocyanate and the like.
Further, for example, dimethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, dimethylvinylmethoxysilane, dimethylvinylchlorosilane and the like. 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N- (2-aminoethyl) -3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane Silane and the like. Further, polysilazanes and silazane compounds are exemplified. Further, a silicone coating agent based on the above-mentioned silane compound may, for example, be mentioned.
As a coating method relating to the formation of a substance exhibiting hydrophilicity, a hydrophilic substance as described above is used as a coating liquid, and for example, a dipping method, a spin coating method, a nozzle flow coating method, a spray method, a flow coating method, a brush coating method , Roller coating method, wiping coating method, etc., or a combination thereof. However, similar to the coating of a water-repellent substance, the uniformity of the film, the control of the film thickness, etc. are easy, and the spray which can obtain the smoothness is obtained. And the dipping method are preferable. When the spraying method is used, it is preferable to form a uniform coating film by suppressing the progress of the curing of the hydrophilizing agent by setting the discharge amount and the discharge pressure as low as possible.
The outdoor work according to the present invention includes a tunnel entrance, a central partition wall railing, a soundproof wall sill, a truss of a truss bridge, a sign board, a snow protection board, a sign, a mirror, a self-luminous body, a shelter, a bicycle storage, and a lighting lamp. , Arbor, protective fence, wind and snow fence, snow fence, anti-projectile fence, traffic light, tollgate roof such as toll roads, railway cars, housing roof snow eaves prevention board, housing roof parapet, solar battery, housing exterior It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a blindboard such as a veranda, a storage room, and a garbage collection site structure.
A coating layer having snow-and-ice properties is formed on such an outdoor work, or a snow-and-ice body on which a coating layer having snow-and-ice properties is formed is provided with snow-and-ice properties, and the attached snow and ice is quickly slid down. Thus, safety of traffic routes, lighting, visibility, and the like are ensured.
Further, the illumination lamp is characterized in that a member having an inclined surface is provided above the lamp, and a snow-snow-and-ice coating layer is provided on an outer surface of the inclined surface.
Further, the member is characterized in that a heat insulating material is provided between the member and the lamp.
Further, the traffic signal transmits light relating to traffic to a road user by transmitting light from the light emitting diode through the cover, and a snow-snow-and-ice coating layer is provided on an outer surface of the cover. It is a feature.
Further, the outdoor workpiece is characterized in that an outer edge is an inclined surface of 20 degrees or more with respect to a horizontal plane.
Further, the outdoor workpiece is characterized in that the outer edge is inclined at an angle of 20 to 45 degrees with respect to a horizontal plane.
According to the present invention, since the outer surface is provided with a snow-snow / ice-repellent coating layer, the outer edge cannot be formed by the conventional hydrophilic, water-repellent and super-water-repellent coating layers. Sliding of snow and ice at an angle of about 20 to 45 degrees is realized. More preferably, it is 30 degrees or more with respect to the horizontal plane. In addition, since the horizontal plane is set at 20 to 45 degrees, it is possible to reduce the wind load applied to the outer edge which is inevitable for the outdoor workpiece, and to form the outdoor workpiece, the strength and outer edge of the workpiece are sharply reduced. Restrictions such as the necessity of setting an angle can be reduced.
Incidentally, the inclined surface is not limited to the inclination by a continuous straight line, and may be one in which the inclination angle changes in the middle or one formed by a curve. A combination of straight lines may be used. Also, the upright surface may be formed in the middle of the inclined surface, or may be present in the middle of the curve.
Further, the method for producing a snow-and-ice coating according to the present invention has a linear structure of 5 ° or more, and trimethoxysilane, triethoxysilane, dimethoxysilane, diethoxysilane, methoxysilane or ethoxysilane is provided at one end. A water-repellent substance in which at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluorocarbon group and a methyl group is disposed at the other end, and the water-repellent substance is placed in an appropriate solvent. Disperse to form a water-repellent composition, apply the water-repellent composition onto a substrate, and remove the remaining water-repellent composition while applying pressure while the solvent remains. A coating layer is formed thereon.
According to the present invention, a hydroxyl group disposed on the upper surface of the substrate reacts with one end, and the other end is oriented on the outer surface of the coating layer, and is provided by the coating layer according to claim 8. The same operation and effect as described above can be obtained. The water-repellent substance contained in the water-repellent composition reacts with and binds to the hydroxyl group arranged on the upper surface of the base material during application, but the water-repellent substance is forcibly applied by applying pressure while the solvent remains. The reaction and the bond are promoted by being brought close to the hydroxyl group in a specific manner, the number of hair feet in the above-described example of the carpet can be increased, and the snow-and-ice property of the obtained snow-and-ice coating can be improved. In addition, by removing the remaining water-repellent composition, not only a coating layer formed of a smooth water-repellent substance is formed on the outer surface, but also an unreacted water-repellent substance does not remain on the outer surface of the coating layer. The movement of the hair foot is not hindered by the water-repellent substance remaining near the tip of the hair foot in the example of the carpet.
As a method for removing the remaining water-repellent composition while applying pressure in a state where the solvent remains, a method using an air blow or the like may be used, but a rag using a means such as a rag, a rasha, a sponge, a buff, a brush, etc. The method is preferred. Further, it is preferable to perform the friction by fixing the means used for the friction to a friction device, a vibration device or the like. In the method for producing a snow-and-ice coating according to the present invention, the water-repellent composition is applied and rubbed, but after the friction is started, the remaining water-repellent composition is fixed to the base material. Although it is repelled by the substance, the friction is preferably set to a time of about 0.1 to 10 seconds before being repelled, and more preferably about 2 seconds. If the time is too short, the water-repellent composition is removed before the water-repellent substance is sufficiently fixed on the base material, and if the time is too long, the water-repellent composition in which the solvent is volatilized and repelled is applied to the surface of the coating layer. Many will remain.
The pressure applied by friction is not particularly limited as long as the inorganic base film is not damaged, but is preferably about 0.1 to 2 kg / cm 2. The reaction and bonding to the hydroxyl group can be promoted, and the remaining water-repellent composition can be sufficiently removed.
At least one selected from the group consisting of trimethoxysilane, triethoxysilane, dimethoxysilane, diethoxysilane, methoxysilane or ethoxysilane is disposed at one end, and a group consisting of a fluorocarbon group and a methyl group at the other end. As the water-repellent substance on which at least one selected from the above is disposed, for example, a water-repellent substance as shown in Chemical formula 1 can be suitably used.
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The coating layer is formed on an inorganic base film that has been subjected to at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of a corona discharge treatment, a plasma discharge treatment, and a flame treatment.
Hydroxyl groups at the siloxane bond end are oriented on the surface of the inorganic base film, and this hydroxyl group reacts with the water-repellent substance to obtain a snow-snow-ice coating layer. After that, if the water-repellent substance is left without reacting, the hydroxyl groups adsorb moisture and impurities in the air, and the reactivity with the water-repellent substance decreases. Performing the above treatment to remove such adsorbed moisture and impurities, and further increase the number of hydroxyl groups oriented on the surface of the inorganic base film, thereby increasing the number of places where the water-repellent substance can react, thereby increasing the reactivity. Can be increased. The snow-snow-ice coating layer formed on such an inorganic base film can have high initial performance and high durability.
Further, the snow-and-ice coating according to claim 22 according to the present invention is formed by the manufacturing method according to claim 20 or 21, and has an outer surface with a surface tension of 35 dyne / cm or less. A water-repellent coating layer having a water-sliding angle of 40 degrees or less is provided.
The snow-and-ice coating according to claim 23 according to the present invention is characterized in that the outer surface of the coating layer formed on the base material after the accelerated weathering test has been performed for 1000 hours has a surface tension of 35 dyne. / Cm or less, and a water droplet having a sliding angle of 40 degrees or less.
Here, the accelerated weather resistance test is based on a sunshine carbon arc lamp based on JIS-K5400 (a general test method for paint), and irradiates ultraviolet rays equivalent to 10 times the sunlight with light rays generated by burning carbon. This is a test method in which the coating layer is forcibly deteriorated by spraying water at regular intervals.
In addition, the snow-and-ice coating according to claim 24 according to the present invention is characterized in that the outer surface of the coating layer formed on the substrate, which is irradiated with 560 MJ / m2UV in an outdoor condensing type accelerated exposure test, is formed. It is characterized by having water repellency with a surface tension of 35 dyne / cm or less and a water-sliding property with a water drop sliding angle of 40 degrees or less.
Here, the outdoor condensing accelerated exposure test is a test method described in ASTM-G90, which is generally called EMMAQUA. The sunlight that actually falls to the horizon is condensed by a reflecting mirror or the like and irradiated. Therefore, unlike the normal accelerated weathering test, it is possible to irradiate light rays of all wavelengths in sunlight and obtain a high correlation with actual outdoor installation. The energy amount of 560 MJ / m2UV in the test is said to correspond to about three years in actual outdoor installation.
According to the above-mentioned snow-snow-ice coating, even when installed outdoors where snow and ice can be attached, excellent snow-snow and ice properties can be maintained over a long period of time, and damage due to snow and ice can be prevented beforehand. In addition, it is possible to reduce labor and cost related to replacement due to performance degradation.
Further, the snow-and-ice coating according to claim 25 according to the present invention is characterized in that the outer surface has a water repellency having a surface tension of 35 dyne / cm or less and an intermediate material on a base material via an intermediate material. A sliding layer having a sliding angle of 40 degrees or less is provided.
According to the present invention, even if the base material has already been installed, the base material can be easily attached to the base material by forming a snow-snow-ice coating layer on the intermediate material even though the base material has already been installed. A snow- and ice-like coating layer can be provided on the base material, and the intermediate material allows the base material to have various designs, colors, gloss, and the like.
The intermediate material is made of a synthetic resin that transmits visible light.
By using such an intermediate material, it is possible to provide a snow-snow-ice coating layer without impairing the design, color, gloss and display content of the substrate.
The intermediate member has flexibility.
Since the intermediate member has flexibility, it is easy to form the snow-snow-ice coating layer by attaching the intermediate member to substrates having various shapes following the intermediate member. In order to provide the intermediate material with flexibility, the intermediate material may be formed using a flexible resin such as a rubber or an elastomer that transmits visible light. You may provide flexibility as a film-like thing of about 0.01 mm-2.0 mm.
The coating method using a water-repellent substance relating to the formation of the coating layer on the intermediate material as a coating liquid, in addition to the above-mentioned coating method, gravure roll coating method, Meyer bar coating method, doctor blade coating method, reverse roll coating method It may be formed by a known film coating method such as an air knife coating method, or a combination of the above coating methods. However, the base material may be a synthetic resin and may have more flexibility. For this reason, it is preferable to form by a dip coating method.
Further, in the coating layer of the snow-and-ice-like coating according to any one of claims 22 to 26 according to the present invention, a water droplet on the outer surface has a forward contact angle of 90 ° or more and a receding contact angle of 50 ° or more. It is characterized in that it slides down at an advancing contact angle or less.
The coating layer of the snow-and-ice coating according to any one of claims 22 to 27 according to the present invention, wherein the outer surface has a water droplet until the outer surface slides down 10 cm from the initial sliding point at the initial angle of sliding of the water droplet. The sliding speed is 10 cm / min or less.
The coating layer of the snow-and-ice coating according to any one of claims 22 to 28 according to the present invention is characterized in that the outermost surface has a maximum surface roughness of 10 µm or less. .
In addition, the coating layer of the snow-and-ice-like coating according to any one of claims 22 to 29 according to the present invention, the ice frozen on the outer surface in a temperature range of -2 to -5 degrees, It is characterized by a constant load non-breakable sliding due to a load from the horizontal direction with the coating layer.
Further, the coating layer of the snow-and-ice-like coating according to any one of claims 22 to 30 according to the present invention is formed on an inorganic base film formed on a substrate. It is a feature.
Further, the inorganic base film is formed using a silicone coating agent containing silicone as a main component.
Further, the coating layer of the snow-and-ice coating according to any one of claims 22 to 32 according to the present invention comprises a water-repellent substance having a linear structure having a length of 5 ° (angstrom) or more. The end is oriented on the outer surface of the coating layer and is fixed to the upper surface of the substrate.
Further, the water-repellent substance having a linear structure has a trifluoromethyl group and / or a methyl group arranged at a terminal, and is oriented such that the trifluoromethyl group and / or the methyl group becomes an outer surface. Is what you do.
Further, the water-repellent substance having a linear structure is characterized in that one or more substances are distributed substantially uniformly in 20 square centimeters.
Further, the water-repellent substance having a linear structure is fixed substantially uniformly on the upper surface of the substrate at a density of 10 to 95% with respect to a density at which the fixing of the substance is saturated. It is assumed that.
In addition, the water-repellent substance having the linear structure is fixed almost uniformly at a density of 10 to 95% with respect to the density at which the fixing of the substance is saturated on the upper surface of the base material, and to other parts. It is characterized in that a hydrophilic substance is present.
In addition, the coating layer of the snow-and-ice-like coating according to any one of claims 33 to 37 according to the present invention comprises a fluorine-containing silane compound, a fluorine-free silane compound, or a fluorine-containing compound having a fluorocarbon group. It is characterized in that one or a selected mixture thereof is used as a main component.
The fluorine-free silane compound is a fluorine-free silane compound having a methyl group.
Regarding the effects obtained by the snow and ice-like covering according to claims 27 to 39 according to the present invention, the outdoor work according to claims 2 to 14 according to the present invention Is the same as that obtained by
Further, the outdoor work according to claim 40, wherein a coating layer having snow and ice properties is formed, or a snow and ice body on which a coating layer having snow and ice properties is formed is attached, and the coating layer is A coating layer according to claims 22 to 39.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Embodiments of an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention will be described with reference to the following examples and comparative examples.
[First Embodiment]
(Example 1)
First, a 100 mm × 100 mm, 3.0 mm thick, silicon-based base film-coated polycarbonate plate is sufficiently subjected to corona discharge treatment to make the outer surface in an activated state (hydrophilized) to be used as a substrate. Next, a fluorosilicone coating agent X-24-7890 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) was diluted to a solid content ratio of about 2.0% to obtain a coating liquid for forming a coating layer. Then, the substrate is immersed in a bath filled with the coating liquid for forming a coating layer, pulled up at a speed of about 5 mm / min, dried at room temperature, and then heat-treated at about 80 ° C. for about 30 minutes. An outdoor workpiece according to the invention of Example 1 was obtained.
(Example 2)
Unlike Example 1, except that the fluorosilicone coating agent X-24-9270 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) was diluted so as to have a solid content of about 1.0% and used as a coating liquid for forming a coating layer. In the same manner as in Example 1, an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention of Example 2 was obtained.
(Example 3)
Next, different from the above, a coating solution mainly containing LS6970 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), which is octadecyltriethoxysilane [ODTES], is used. : Ethyl alcohol [EtOH]: water [0.01N HNO3] = around 1: 150: 8, and stirred at room temperature for 5 hours to obtain a coating solution for forming a coating layer. Then, the same substrate as that used in Example 1 was immersed in a tank filled with the coating liquid for forming a coating layer in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less, and pulled up at a rate of about 10 mm / min. After drying the solvent at room temperature, a heat treatment was performed at about 60 ° C. for about 30 minutes to obtain an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention of Example 3.
(Example 4)
Further, unlike the above, as the coating solution for forming the coating layer, a coating solution mainly containing TSL8233 (manufactured by Toshiba Silicone Co., Ltd.), which is heptadecafluorodecyltriethoxysilane [FAS], is used. The mixing ratio was about C8F17C2H4Si (OC2H5) 3: ethyl alcohol [EtOH]: water [0.01N, HNO3] = 1: 30: 2, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours to obtain a coating liquid for forming a coating layer. Then, in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less, the same base material as that used in Example 1 is immersed in a tank filled with the coating liquid for forming a coating layer, and pulled up at a speed of about 10 mm / min. After drying the solvent at room temperature, a heat treatment was performed at about 80 ° C. for about 30 minutes to obtain an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention of Example 4.
(Example 5)
Further, unlike the above, as the coating liquid for forming the coating layer, a coating liquid mainly containing heptadecafluorodecyltrichlorosilane [HDDFTCS] KBM7803 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) is used. The mixing ratio was about 1:99 C8F17C2H4SiCl3: silicone oil (KF994 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.). Then, the same substrate as that used in Example 1 was immersed in a tank filled with the coating liquid for forming a coating layer for about 45 minutes in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less, and the solvent was dried at room temperature. After that, heat treatment was performed at about 60 degrees for about 30 minutes to obtain an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention of Example 5.
(Example 6)
An outdoor workpiece according to the present invention of Example 6 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the substrate was immersed in a tank filled with the coating liquid for forming a coating layer for about 20 minutes.
(Example 7)
An outdoor workpiece according to the present invention of Example 7 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the substrate was immersed in a tank filled with the coating liquid for forming a coating layer for about 10 minutes.
(Example 8)
A glass plate having a size of 100 mm x 100 mm and a thickness of 1.5 mm was used as a base material, and the glass plate was subjected to washing with ultrasonic waves before being immersed in a bath filled with a coating liquid for forming a coating layer. Similarly, an outdoor work according to the present invention of Example 8 was obtained.
(Example 9)
As a coating solution for forming a hydrophilic film, a coating solution mainly containing LS2340 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), which is tetraethoxysilane [TEOS], is used, and the mixing ratio of the coating solution for forming a hydrophilic film is Si (OC2H5). 4: Ethyl alcohol [EtOH]: water [0.01 N, HCl] = 1: 20: 8 and stirred at room temperature for 5 hours to obtain a coating solution for a hydrophilic film. Then, in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less, the same substrate as that used in Example 1 was immersed in a tank filled with the coating liquid for forming a hydrophilic film, and at a speed of about 10 mm / min. It was pulled up, dried at room temperature, and heat-treated at about 60 ° C. for about 30 minutes to obtain a polycarbonate plate having a hydrophilic film formed on the outer surface. Further, as a coating liquid for forming a coating layer, a coating liquid containing KBM7803 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) which is heptadecafluorodecyltrichlorosilane [HDDFTCS] as a main component is used, and the coating liquid for forming the coating layer is mixed. The ratio was about 1:99 C8F17C2H4SiCl3: silicone oil (KF994 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.). Then, the polycarbonate plate on which the hydrophilic coating was formed was immersed in a tank filled with the coating liquid for forming the coating layer in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less for about 20 minutes in the same manner as in Example 6. After drying the solvent in the above, the resultant was subjected to a heat treatment at about 60 ° C. for about 30 minutes to obtain an outdoor workpiece of Example 9 according to the present invention.
(Example 10)
After dissolving 40 parts by weight of a chlorotrifluoroethylene-based fluororesin (Zaflon FC110 manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.) in a mixed solvent in which xylene: toluene: ethyl acetate: methyl isobutyl ketone is mixed in a ratio of 3: 1: 1: 1, the mixture is dissolved at room temperature for 20 minutes. Stirred for minutes. Thereafter, 5 parts by weight of an isocyanate curing agent (Coronate 2515 manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.) was added, and the mixture was further stirred for 10 minutes to obtain a coating liquid for forming a coating layer. Then, the same substrate as that used in Example 1 was immersed in a tank filled with the coating liquid for forming a coating layer, pulled up at a speed of about 5 mm / min, and dried at room temperature. Heat treatment was performed at 100 degrees for about 30 minutes to obtain an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention of Example 10.
(Example 11)
First, a 100mm x 100mm, 0.8mm thick aluminum plate is chromate-treated, the outer surface of which is spray-coated with an epoxy resin-based primer, heat-cured at about 150 ° C for 30 minutes, and the outer surface is further sprayed with a urethane resin-based paint. After coating and curing by heating at about 150 ° C. for 30 minutes, a silicone coating agent KP854 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) is spray-coated on the outer surface, the solvent is dried at room temperature, and then cured by heating at about 100 ° C. for 30 minutes. A base material is formed by forming an inorganic base film on a urethane-coated aluminum plate. On the inorganic base film, the same coating liquid for forming a coating layer as used in Example 1 was spray-coated with the discharge amount and discharge pressure as low as possible, and the solvent was dried at room temperature. Heat treatment was performed at about 80 degrees for 30 minutes to obtain an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention of Example 11.
(Example 12)
Unlike Example 11, an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention of Example 12 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the same coating liquid for forming a coating layer as used in Example 2 was used.
(Example 13)
Next, unlike the above, using the same coating liquid for forming a coating layer as that used in Example 3, in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less, the discharge amount and discharge pressure of the coating liquid were as low as possible. Then, a spray coating was performed on the inorganic base film on the same substrate as that used in Example 11, the solvent was dried at room temperature, and then heat-treated at about 60 degrees for 30 minutes. An outdoor workpiece according to the present invention was obtained.
(Example 14)
Further, unlike the above, using the same coating liquid for forming a coating layer as that used in Example 4, and in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less, the coating liquid is discharged at a discharge amount and discharge pressure as low as possible. Spray coating on the same inorganic base film on the same substrate as used in Example 11, drying the solvent at room temperature, and heat-treating at about 60 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain the present invention of Example 14. Obtained an outdoor work related to.
(Example 15)
Further, unlike the above, using the same coating liquid for forming a coating layer as that used in Example 5, and in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less, the coating liquid was discharged at a discharge amount and pressure as low as possible. Spray coating on the inorganic base film on the same substrate as used in Example 11 and drying the solvent at room temperature were repeated 5 times, and then heat-treated at about 60 degrees for 30 minutes. An outdoor workpiece according to the invention of Example 15 was obtained.
(Example 16)
In Example 15, the coating liquid was spray-coated on the same inorganic base film as that used in Example 11 with the discharge amount and discharge pressure as low as possible, and the solvent was dried at room temperature. An outdoor workpiece according to the present invention of Example 16 was obtained in the same manner except that this was repeated three times.
(Example 17)
In Example 15, the coating liquid was spray-coated on the same inorganic base film as that used in Example 11 with the discharge amount and discharge pressure as low as possible, and the solvent was dried at room temperature. An outdoor workpiece according to the present invention of Example 16 was obtained in the same manner except that this was repeated twice.
(Example 18)
The same coating liquid for forming a hydrophilic film as used in Example 9 was used as the coating liquid for forming a hydrophilic film, and the amount and pressure of discharging the coating liquid were adjusted in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less. Spray painted on the same inorganic base film on the same substrate as used in Example 11 as low as possible, and after drying the solvent at room temperature, heat-treated at about 60 degrees for 30 minutes on the outer surface A coated plate on which a hydrophilic coating was formed was obtained. Further, as the coating liquid for forming a coating layer, the same coating liquid for forming a coating layer as used in Example 9 was discharged in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less, and the discharge amount and the discharge pressure of the coating liquid were adjusted. Spray coating the outer surface of the coated plate as low as possible, drying the solvent at room temperature five times, and then heat treating at about 60 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain the outdoor work according to the present invention of Example 18 I got something.
(Example 19)
Further, unlike the above, as the coating liquid for forming the coating layer, a coating liquid containing KBM-7103 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) which is an alkylsilane as a main component is used, and the mixing ratio of the coating liquid for forming the coating layer is CF3C2H4Si. (OCH3) 3: ethyl alcohol [EtOH]: water [0.01N HNO3] = 1: 150: 8, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours to obtain a coating liquid for forming a coating layer. In an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less, the coating liquid is spray-coated on the same inorganic base film on the same substrate as that used in Example 11 with the discharge amount and discharge pressure as low as possible. After drying the solvent at room temperature, a heat treatment was performed at about 60 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an outdoor workpiece of Example 19 according to the present invention.
(Comparative Example 1)
After stirring aluminum-sec-butoxide [Al (O-sec-Bu) 3] and isopropyl alcohol [IPA] at room temperature for about 1 hour, ethyl acetoacetate [EAcAc] was added, and the mixture was stirred for about 1 hour. , Water [0.01N, HNO3] and isopropyl alcohol [IPA] were added, and the molar ratio was Al (O-sec-Bu) 3: IPA: EAcAc: 0.01N, HNO3 = 1: 30: 1: 2. The mixture was stirred for about 5 hours to prepare a coating solution for forming a transparent alumina film, which was an alumina sol solution.
Next, the same substrate as used in Example 1 was immersed in the adjusted coating solution for forming a transparent alumina film, and then pulled up at a speed of about 300 mm / min to form a coating film on a polycarbonate plate. After curing at room temperature for about 30 minutes, it was immersed in warm water at about 80 ° C. for about 30 minutes, pulled up from the immersion tank, and dried at room temperature for about 60 minutes to obtain a polycarbonate plate with a transparent alumina thin film. Next, a fluorosilicone coating agent KP-801M (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) was diluted to a solid content ratio of about 0.5% to obtain a coating liquid for forming a coating layer. Then, the polycarbonate plate with the transparent alumina thin film was sufficiently subjected to corona discharge treatment, and when the contact angle with water became about 3 degrees, the polycarbonate plate was immersed in a tank filled with the coating liquid for forming a coating layer, and was immersed in about 5 mm / And dried at room temperature, and then heat-treated at about 60 ° C. for about 30 minutes to form a water-repellent coating on the petal-shaped transparent alumina film. Thus, an outdoor workpiece of Comparative Example 1 was obtained.
(Comparative Example 2)
The fluorosilicone coating agent KP-801M (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) was diluted to a solid content of about 0.5% to obtain a coating liquid for forming a coating layer. Then, the same substrate as that used in Example 1 was immersed in a tank filled with the coating liquid for forming a coating layer, pulled up at a speed of about 5 mm / min, dried at room temperature, and dried at about 60 degrees. Heat treatment was performed for 30 minutes to obtain an outdoor workpiece of Comparative Example 2.
(Comparative Example 3)
Comparative Example 2 except that the substrate was a glass plate having a size of 100 mm × 100 mm and a thickness of 1.5 mm, and the glass plate was sufficiently washed with ultrasonic waves before being immersed in a bath filled with a coating liquid for forming a coating layer. In the same manner as in the above, an outdoor workpiece of Comparative Example 3 was obtained.
(Comparative Example 4)
As a coating solution for forming a coating layer, 66 g of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (Cl2FCCClF2) was added to 1 g of pitch fluoride (C6F6), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. This was used as a coating liquid for forming a layer. Then, the same base material as used in Example 1 was immersed in a tank filled with the coating liquid for forming a coating layer, pulled up at about 1 mm / sec, and dried at room temperature to obtain an outdoor workpiece of Comparative Example 4. Obtained.
(Comparative Example 5)
A graphite fluoride powder having an unbonded fluorine content of 3% by weight or less and an average particle size of 5 μm is mixed with acrylic silicone so that the volume fraction after volatilization of volatile components becomes 60%, and the application by spraying is appropriate. It was diluted with a suitable organic solvent to obtain a coating liquid for forming a coating layer. Then, the coating liquid for forming a coating layer was applied by spraying to the same substrate as that used in Example 1, and dried at room temperature to obtain an outdoor workpiece of Comparative Example 5.
(Comparative Example 6)
The same coating liquid for forming a coating layer as that used in Comparative Example 2 was used in Example 11 in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less and the amount and pressure of discharging the coating liquid as low as possible. After spray-coating on the same inorganic base film on the same base material as above, drying the solvent at room temperature, and heat-treating at about 60 ° C. for 30 minutes, the outdoor workpiece of Comparative Example 6 was obtained.
(Comparative Example 7)
First, a 100mm x 100mm, 0.8mm thick aluminum plate is chromate-treated, the outer surface of which is spray-coated with an epoxy resin-based primer, heat-cured at about 150 ° C for 30 minutes, and the outer surface is further sprayed with a urethane resin-based paint. A base material is a urethane-coated aluminum plate that has been coated and cured by heating at about 150 degrees for 30 minutes. Next, using the same coating liquid for forming a coating layer as used in Example 5, in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less, the amount and pressure of the coating liquid discharged were made as low as possible, and Spray coating on the material and drying of the solvent at room temperature were repeated 5 times, and then heat-treated at about 60 ° C. for 30 minutes to obtain an outdoor workpiece of Comparative Example 7.
(Comparative Example 8)
On the inorganic base film on the same substrate as used in Example 11, the same coating liquid for forming a coating layer as used in Comparative Example 4 was discharged at the lowest possible discharge amount and pressure. Spray coating was performed and the solvent was dried at room temperature to obtain an outdoor workpiece of Comparative Example 8.
(Comparative Example 9)
On the inorganic base film on the same base material as used in Example 11, the same coating liquid for forming a coating layer as used in Comparative Example 5 was discharged and the discharge pressure and pressure were made as low as possible. Spray coating was performed and the solvent was dried at room temperature to obtain an outdoor workpiece of Comparative Example 9.
(Comparative Example 10)
On the inorganic base film on the same substrate as that used in Example 11, the same coating liquid for forming a coating layer as used in Example 10 was discharged and the discharge pressure and pressure were made as low as possible. After spray coating and drying the solvent at room temperature, heat treatment was performed at about 100 ° C. for about 30 minutes to obtain an outdoor workpiece of Comparative Example 10.
(Comparative Example 11)
A comparative example was obtained in the same manner as in Example 15 except that spray coating was performed on the same inorganic base film on the same substrate as that used in Example 11, and the solvent was dried only once at room temperature. Eleven outdoor structures were obtained.
(Comparative Example 12)
A 100mm x 100mm, 0.8mm thick aluminum plate is chromate treated, the outer surface is spray-coated with an epoxy resin-based primer, heated and cured at about 150 degrees for 30 minutes, and the outer surface is further spray-coated with a urethane resin-based paint Then, a urethane-coated aluminum plate cured by heating at about 150 degrees for 30 minutes is used.
(Comparative Example 13)
A glass plate having a size of 100 mm × 100 mm and a thickness of 1.5 mm, which is not particularly treated, is used except that the outer surface is sufficiently cleaned by ultrasonic waves.
First, the physical properties of the outer surface of each of the examples and comparative examples obtained above are measured.
The surface tension of the outer surface was measured by measuring the wetting index of the reagent in the atmosphere on the outer surface of each outdoor workpiece according to the method described in JIS K6768. The surface tension is measured before and after the snow and ice test in Hokkaido.
Regarding the slipperiness, water drops are dropped on the outer surface of each outdoor workpiece, and after the water drops are stopped, the outdoor workpiece is gradually inclined, and the outdoor workpiece outer surface when the water drops start moving on the outer surface of the outdoor workpiece. The angle with the horizontal plane is measured and determined as the sliding angle. Observe the condition when the water droplet moves on the outer surface of the outdoor work piece, slide down when the water droplet moves while the part of the water droplet in contact with the outer surface of the coating layer is kept constant, and drop the water droplet while rolling on the outer surface The case where moves is expressed as a fall.
Further, the forward contact angle and the receding contact angle are measured by recording a situation where the water droplet moves on the outer surface of the outdoor workpiece with a video camera and observing a state immediately before the water droplet starts to move from the recorded image. The sliding speed is calculated by measuring the distance and time required for a water drop to move between arbitrary points after moving on the outer surface of the outdoor workpiece.
Further, for each of the examples and comparative examples obtained above, the load required for peeling or slipping of the ice was measured, and the state of the peeling and slipping of the ice was confirmed. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the test, and FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view thereof. The outdoor work 1 is fixed and installed on the horizontal test stand 3 in the constant temperature bath, the fluororesin ring 2 is placed on the outdoor work 1, and the inside of the constant temperature bath is filled with water in the fluororesin ring 2. After cooling to 5 degrees, ice 21 is frozen on the outdoor workpiece 1. After being left for a certain period of time, the ice 21 on the outdoor workpiece 1 is pulled together with the fluororesin ring 2 in a direction 4 parallel to the outer surface of the outdoor workpiece 1 by the rope 41 in an atmosphere of -5 degrees, and the transition of the load is observed. FIG. 3 shows an example of the transition of the load. In the case where the load 52 disappears at a stretch at the time 51 at which the icing starts moving, the destructive peeling 5 and the load 62 at the time 61 at which the icing starts to move remain the same. The transition is the transition of the load represented as the constant load non-breaking slide 6.
The maximum surface roughness was measured for each of the examples and comparative examples obtained above using a surface roughness measuring instrument.
In addition, the length of the water-repellent substance having a linear structure for each of the examples and comparative examples obtained above is estimated from the molecular weight of the main component forming the coating layer in the coating liquid for forming the coating layer. .
For each of the examples and comparative examples obtained above, the molar ratio of the water-repellent substance was measured with an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (ESCA5400 manufactured by ULVAC-PHI), and the area of the water-repellent substance was determined based on the value. The occupancy was calculated, and the density of the water-repellent substance having a straight-chain structure fixed on the surface was determined as a ratio to the density at which the substance becomes saturated.
Next, the respective outdoor works of the example and the comparative example obtained above were installed at the same point in Hokkaido in winter and at the same time, and a snow ice test was performed to confirm the actual degree of snow and ice. . The outdoor work is installed so that its outer surface is perpendicular to the ground surface. The degree of the snow and ice is represented by a snow and ice rate, and the lower the numerical value is, the more difficult it is to determine that the snow has difficulty. The snow / ice rate is defined as the snow / ice rate, where the time when snow and ice are observed is defined as the snow / ice time and the time when snow, rain, etc. is observed, is the total precipitation time. (Time / total precipitation time) × 100, and it can be determined that the smaller the numerical value is, the more excellent the snow-and-ice property is. The total precipitation time for this installation is about 1000 hours, most of which is due to snowfall. In addition, the surface tension after the snow accretion test was measured and compared with the surface tension before the test to confirm the durability of the snow and ice resistance.
With reference to Table 1, the measurement results and the ratio of snow and ice are shown for each of the examples and comparative examples in the first embodiment of the present invention.
[Table 1]

In the above snow accretion test, if the snow accretion ratio is 10% or less, it can be evaluated as an excellent snow accretion and ice resistance outdoor work. In Table 1, the surface tension of the present invention is 35 dyne / cm or less. In addition, it has been shown that an outdoor work having an outer surface with a sliding angle of water droplets of 40 degrees or less has a lower snow and ice rate. Therefore, it is shown that the outer surface of the coating layer having snow-snow and ice properties in the present invention has excellent snow-snow and ice properties and is excellent in the effect of preventing snow and ice.
Comparative Example 1 has a high level of water repellency, and actually showed high snow and ice resistance at the time of installation, but snow and ice can be seen over time, and the final snow and ice rate is It is higher than any of the examples. As described above, it is indicated that the effect of preventing snow and ice cannot be maintained because a high level of water repellency is lost due to adhesion of contaminants or the like. Further, since water droplets fall on the outer surface of the outdoor work piece, it can be understood that the property of snow and ice cannot be expected after a high level of water repellency is lost.
In Examples 1 to 19, which exhibited high resistance to snow accumulation, water droplets slide down on the outer surface of the outdoor workpiece, and those that fall down have a high snow accretion ratio of 30% to 60%. It has become. It can be seen that the ratio of snow and ice in Comparative Example 5, in which the maximum surface roughness is 12 μm, is as high as 35%, and that the outer surface of the coating layer has a maximum surface roughness of 10 μm or less, thereby exhibiting a more excellent snow and ice prevention effect. . In Table 1, the evaluation test was performed using ice frozen at −5 ° C. The results of the evaluation test are consistent with the icing and snow performance in an actual installation condition, and the ambient temperature was changed from −2 ° to −5 ° C. It can be understood that the effect of the coating layer on preventing snow and ice can be determined by the snow and ice properties of snow and ice frozen at -5 degrees, preferably -5 degrees.
Further, with respect to the advancing contact angle of 90 ° or more, the receding contact angle of 50 ° or more and the advancing contact angle of the falling water drop, all of Examples 1 to 19 are included in this range, and are consistent with the icing and snow property in the actual installation situation. ing. Similarly, the sliding speed of the water droplets at 10 cm / min is also consistent with the icing and snow properties in an actual installation situation.
In addition, the length of the water-repellent substance having a linear structure was 5% or more in Examples 1 to 19, but Comparative Example 10 was 3% and the snow / ice ratio was 15%. Although it is difficult to accumulate snow as compared with the comparative example, the result is slightly higher as compared with each example, and it is understood that 5 ° or more is preferable.
The area occupancy of the water-repellent substance was 8% in Comparative Example 11, and the surface tension was 39 dyne / cm. The area occupancy of the water-repellent substance, that is, the saturated state of the water-repellent substance having a linear structure was obtained. It is shown that when the ratio to the fixed density is less than 10%, the surface tension is not sufficiently reduced. Comparative Example 11 has a slightly higher result of 15% in terms of the rate of snow and ice.
Comparative Example 7 was obtained by coating a coating layer having snow-snow and ice properties directly on a urethane resin-based coating. The snow / ice ratio is slightly higher at 15%. In addition, the surface tension after 1000 hours of the snow and ice test has risen from 20 dyne / cm before the test to 45 dyne / cm, and the early deterioration of the snow and ice resistance which is difficult due to the deterioration of the coating layer is remarkably observed.
In Examples 1 to 19, the surface tension after 1000 hours of the snow accretion test was almost unchanged from the initial value and slightly increased. It is shown that the degree of reduction is small, and that snow-ice resistance, which is difficult to deposit, can be maintained over a long period of time.
Next, snow accretion and ice accretion are confirmed by changing the inclination angle of the snow and ice accretion member according to the present invention with respect to the horizontal plane, and a comparison is made with a member having no snow and ice accretion coating layer.
It is well known that the steeper the angle between the inclined surface and the horizontal plane, the better the snow-repellency is. The more the particles or those close to the shape accumulate on the horizontal surface, the stronger the bonding force between the particles. As a result, the mountains are piled up at a substantially constant angle, and the angle between the ridge line of the mountain and the horizontal plane is called the angle of repose. In the case of snow, the angle of repose is known to be about 50 degrees at an outside air temperature of -3.5 degrees Celsius and about 55 degrees at 0 degrees Celsius.
Theoretically, it is possible to prevent snow and ice on the inclined surface by forming an inclined surface with an angle to the horizontal plane equivalent to the angle of repose, but in practice snow and ice hardly freezes on the inclined surface and it is difficult to peel off In order to prevent snow and ice from accumulating, it is necessary to have an angle with the horizontal plane greater than the angle of repose, and since it is impossible to completely prevent icing, especially when the outside temperature is low. However, there is an angle at which the effect of preventing snow and ice does not improve even if the angle of the inclined surface with respect to the horizontal plane is not less than a certain value.
(Example 20)
As Example 20, a snow-snow and ice-like outdoor work similar to that of Example 13 was formed using an aluminum plate having a size of 1000 mm × 1000 mm and a thickness of 3 mm as a base material.
(Comparative Example 14)
An aluminum plate having a size of 1000 mm × 1000 mm and a thickness of 3 mm subjected to chromate treatment is used as Comparative Example 14.
Example 20 and Comparative Example 14 were installed at the same point in Hokkaido in winter and at the same time, and a snow ice test was performed to confirm the actual degree of snow and ice. In Example 20 and Comparative Example 14, separate members were installed by changing the angle of the outer surface to the horizontal plane. The degree of the snow and ice is represented by a snow and ice rate, and the lower the numerical value is, the more difficult it is to determine that the snow has difficulty. The rate of snow and ice is calculated in the same manner as described above.
Table 2 shows the snow and ice coverage at the angle of the inclined surface of each of Example 20 and Comparative Example 14 with respect to the horizontal plane.
[Table 2]

In Comparative Example 14, the angle between the inclined surface and the horizontal plane was 70 degrees, and the ratio of snow and ice was constant at slightly less than 40%. However, in Example 20, the angle of snow and ice was approximately 40% at an angle of 20 degrees. At a 30 ° angle, the value is the same as the snow / ice ratio at a 70 ° angle in Comparative Example 14. Therefore, in Example 20, good snow-sliding property was exhibited on a slope of about 20 degrees, and in Comparative Example 14, the snow-resistant property obtained on a slope of 70 degrees was equivalent to that on a slope of 30 degrees. Is obtained.
Next, for Examples 1 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 and 13, the measurement results of the surface tension after 1000 hours of the accelerated weathering test and after the irradiation of 560 MJ / m 2 UV in the outdoor light-collecting type accelerated exposure test are shown in Table 3. .
[Table 3]

Examples 1 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 and 13 are outdoor works having a snow-and-ice coating layer formed thereon and can be regarded as snow-and-ice coating substances. Even when the snow-and-ice coatings of 1 to 10 were subjected to the accelerated weathering test for 1000 hours and after the irradiation of 560 MJ / m2 UV in the outdoor condensing accelerated exposure test, the surface tension of the outer surface was less than 35 dyne / cm. It can be evaluated that it has the durability of ice.
[Second embodiment]
(Example 21)
Example 11 except that a plasma discharge treatment was performed on the inorganic base film of the base material, activated so that the wettability to water was about 2 degrees, and then a coating liquid for forming a coating layer was spray-coated. In the same manner, a coated product according to the present invention of Example 21 was obtained.
(Example 22)
Unlike Example 21, a coating according to the present invention of Example 22 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the same coating liquid for forming a coating layer as used in Example 2 was used.
(Example 23)
Example 13 except that a plasma discharge treatment was performed on the inorganic base film of the base material, activated so that the wettability to water was about 2 degrees, and then a coating liquid for forming a coating layer was spray-coated. In the same manner, a coated product according to the present invention of Example 23 was obtained.
(Example 24)
A plasma discharge treatment was performed on the inorganic base film of the base material, activated so that the wettability to water was about 2 degrees, and then sprayed with a coating liquid for forming a coating layer. In the same manner, a coated product according to the present invention of Example 24 was obtained.
(Example 25)
Example 16 except that a plasma discharge treatment was performed on the inorganic base film of the base material, activated so that the wettability to water was about 2 degrees, and then a coating liquid for forming a coating layer was spray-coated. In the same manner, the coating of Example 25 according to the present invention was obtained.
(Example 26)
In Example 25, the same procedure was carried out except that the amount of the coating liquid for forming the coating layer and the discharge pressure were sprayed on the inorganic base film at the lowest possible discharge pressure, and the solvent was dried at room temperature twice. Thus, a coating of Example 26 according to the present invention was obtained.
(Example 27)
In Example 25, the same procedure was performed except that the coating amount for forming the coating layer and the discharge pressure were made as low as possible and spray-coated on the inorganic base film, and the solvent was dried at room temperature once. Thus, a coating of Example 27 according to the present invention was obtained.
(Example 28)
Example 18 except that a plasma discharge treatment was performed on the inorganic base film of the base material, activated so that the wettability to water was about 2 degrees, and then a coating liquid for forming a coating layer was spray-coated. In the same manner, a coated product according to the present invention of Example 28 was obtained.
(Example 29)
The coating liquid for forming the coating layer shown in Example 10 was applied to an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less, and the discharge amount and pressure of the coating liquid were reduced as much as possible. In the same manner as above, plasma discharge treatment is performed on the inorganic base film, spray-coated on a substrate activated so that the wettability to water is about 2 degrees, dried at room temperature, and then heat-treated at about 100 degrees for 30 minutes. Thus, a coating of Example 29 according to the present invention was obtained.
(Example 30)
Example 19 except that a plasma discharge treatment was performed on the inorganic base film of the base material, activated so that the wettability to water was about 2 degrees, and then a coating liquid for forming a coating layer was spray-coated. In the same manner, a coated product according to the present invention of Example 30 was obtained.
First, for each of the examples obtained above, the physical properties of the outer surface are measured by the same method as that described in the first embodiment. In addition, a snow ice test was conducted at the same location in Hokkaido and at the same time to confirm the actual degree of snow and ice by the same method as that described in the first embodiment. The surface tension of the outer surface after installation was measured to confirm the durability of snow and ice.
With reference to Table 4, the measurement results and the rates of snow and ice for each example in the second embodiment of the present invention are shown.
[Table 4]

Regarding any of the snow gliding coatings of Examples 21 to 30, although there is not much difference from those shown in Examples 1 to 19, it can be evaluated that good snow gliding properties are obtained in the initial stage. In addition, since the surface tension of all of Examples 21 to 30 was less than 35 dyne / cm after 36 months of outdoor installation, the snow-snow ice formed on the inorganic base film treated by the plasma discharge was used. It has been shown that a water-soluble coating layer can maintain high snow and ice properties even in initial performance and long-term use.
[Third Embodiment]
(Example 31)
A 100 μm-thick polyethylene-based terephthalate film coated with a silicone-based film is sufficiently subjected to corona discharge treatment to make the outer surface in an activated state to be used as a substrate. Next, using the same coating liquid for forming a coating layer as used in Example 1, dip coating was performed on the substrate with an applicator roll, and then heat treatment was performed at about 120 ° C. for 1 minute. A coating was obtained.
(Example 32)
A coating according to the present invention of Example 32 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 31 except that the same coating liquid as that used in Example 2 was used as the coating liquid for forming the coating layer.
(Example 33)
After using the same base material as that used in Example 31 and coating the coating liquid for forming a coating layer by dip coating, heat treatment was performed at about 120 ° C. for 1 minute without drying the solvent at room temperature. A coating of Example 33 according to the present invention was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3, except for performing heat treatment.
(Example 34)
After using the same base material as that used in Example 31 and coating the coating liquid for forming a coating layer by dip coating, heat treatment was performed at about 120 ° C. for 1 minute without drying the solvent at room temperature. A coating according to the present invention of Example 34 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 except for performing heat treatment.
(Example 35)
Using the same material as that used in Example 31 for the base material, after performing coating, the same as Example 5 except that the heat treatment is performed at about 120 ° C. for 1 minute without drying the solvent at room temperature. A coating according to the present invention of Example 35 was obtained.
(Example 36)
A coated product according to the present invention of Example 36 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 35 except that the substrate was immersed in a bath filled with the coating liquid for forming a coating layer for about 20 minutes.
(Example 37)
A coating according to the present invention of Example 37 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 35, except that the substrate was immersed in a tank filled with the coating liquid for forming a coating layer for about 10 minutes.
(Example 38)
The same substrate as that used in Example 31 was used, and a coating solution for forming a hydrophilic film was coated by a dip coating method, and then heat-treated at about 120 ° C. without drying the solvent at room temperature. Heat treatment for about 1 minute, and after coating the coating solution for forming the coating layer by dip coating, the same as in Example 9 except that the heat treatment is performed at about 120 ° C. for 1 minute without drying the solvent at room temperature. A coating according to the invention of Example 38 was obtained.
(Example 39)
After using the same base material as that used in Example 31 and coating the coating liquid for forming a coating layer by dip coating, heat treatment was performed at about 120 ° C. for 1 minute without drying the solvent at room temperature. A coating according to the present invention of Example 39 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except for performing heat treatment.
(Comparative Example 15)
Using the same material as that used in Example 31 for the base material, applying a coating solution for forming a transparent alumina film by a dip coating method at a speed of about 300 mm / min using an applicator roller, and forming a coating layer. The same procedure as in Comparative Example 1 was performed, except that the coating solution was applied by a dip coating method using an applicator roller at a speed of about 300 mm / min, and then heat-treated at about 120 ° C. for 1 minute without drying the solvent at room temperature. Thus, a coating of Comparative Example 15 was obtained.
(Comparative Example 16)
Using the same base material as that used in Example 31, the coating solution for forming a coating layer is coated by a dip coating method with an applicator roller at a speed of about 300 mm / min, and then the solvent is dried at room temperature. A coating of Comparative Example 16 was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2 except that the heat treatment was performed at about 120 ° C. for 5 minutes without any heat treatment.
(Comparative Example 16)
The same coating as in Comparative Example 16 was carried out in the same manner as in Comparative Example 4, except that the same substrate as that used in Example 31 was used and the coating liquid for forming a coating layer was pulled up with an applicator roller at a speed of about 1 mm / sec. I got something.
(Comparative Example 17)
A coating of Comparative Example 16 was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 5, except that the same substrate as that used in Example 31 was used.
(Comparative Example 18)
Using the same material as that used in Example 31 for the base material, after performing coating, the same as Comparative Example 7 except that the heat treatment was performed at about 120 ° C. for 1 minute without drying the solvent at room temperature. Thus, a coating of Comparative Example 18 was obtained.
(Comparative Example 19)
Spray-coating a coating solution for forming a coating layer on a substrate in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of about 10% or less, with the discharge amount and discharge pressure of the coating solution as low as possible, and drying the solvent at room temperature. A coating of Comparative Example 19 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the coating was performed only once.
First, for each of the examples and comparative examples obtained above, physical properties of the outer surface and the degree of actual snow and ice were measured by the same method as that described in the first embodiment, and see Table 5. The measurement results and the ratio of snow and ice for each of the example and the comparative example according to the third embodiment of the present invention will be described.
[Table 5]

In all of Examples 31 to 39, the outer surface has a surface tension of 35 dyne / cm or less, the sliding angle of water droplets is 40 degrees or less, and the snow / ice ratio in actual installation is less than 10%. In the case where a film made of polyethylene terephthalate, which is a synthetic resin having the following properties, is used as the base material, the formed snow-ice-ice coating layer can be evaluated as having good snow-ice performance. By using such a flexible synthetic resin as an intermediate material, and forming a snow-and-ice coating layer on the outer surface, the snow-and-ice coating can be easily formed by attaching, bonding, fastening, or the like to the target object. It may be possible.
Regarding Comparative Example 15, the area occupancy of the water-repellent substance became 8% by performing the coating by the spray method, despite using the same coating liquid for forming the coating layer as in Example 35, and Snow and ice properties are inferior in comparison. Therefore, it can be seen that the dip coating method can be suitably used as a coating method, and that in order to obtain good snow and ice properties by performing coating by a spray method, it is clear that recoating is reliable.
[Fourth Embodiment]
(Example 40)
After the coating liquid for forming a coating layer is flow-coated on the inorganic base film, the remaining coating layer is applied while applying a pressure of about 2 kg / cm2 with a clean rag attached to an electric friction vibrator in an atmosphere at a relative humidity of about 10%. A snow-and-ice coating of Example 40 according to the present invention was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11 except that the forming coating solution was removed.
(Example 41)
After the coating liquid for forming a coating layer is flow-coated on the inorganic base film, the remaining coating layer is applied while applying a pressure of about 2 kg / cm2 with a clean rag attached to an electric friction vibrator in an atmosphere at a relative humidity of about 10%. A snow-and-ice coating according to the present invention of Example 41 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 12, except that the forming coating solution was removed.
(Example 42)
After the coating liquid for forming a coating layer is flow-coated on the inorganic base film, the remaining coating layer is applied while applying a pressure of about 2 kg / cm2 with a clean rag attached to an electric friction vibrator in an atmosphere at a relative humidity of about 10%. A snow-and-ice coating according to the present invention of Example 42 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the forming coating solution was removed.
(Example 43)
After the coating liquid for forming a coating layer is flow-coated on the inorganic base film, the remaining coating layer is applied while applying a pressure of about 2 kg / cm2 with a clean rag attached to an electric friction vibrator in an atmosphere at a relative humidity of about 10%. A snow-and-ice coating of Example 43 according to the present invention was obtained in the same manner as in Example 14 except that the forming coating solution was removed.
For Examples 40 to 43 obtained above, physical properties of the outer surface in the same manner as those described in the second embodiment, snow accretion test at the same point in Hokkaido and at the same time, And measuring the surface tension of the outer surface after being installed outdoors for 36 months. Table 6 shows the measurement results.
[Table 6]

In all of Examples 40 to 43, the surface tension was 35 dyne / cm at the initial stage, the sliding angle was much less than 40 degrees, and the snow accretion ratio was 2 to 3%. It can be evaluated as having icy properties. Even after the installation for 36 months, the surface tension of the outer surface is still less than 35 dyne / cm, and the coating obtained by the method for manufacturing a snow-ice coating according to the present invention has not only the initial snow-ice performance but also the initial snow-ice performance. It can also be evaluated as having excellent snow and ice durability.
Next, an embodiment of an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention will be specifically described below with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the snow cover according to the present invention. As shown in a), a snow-covered body 2A, which is a snow-snow body, is provided on a housing 1A which is an outdoor work, and snow-covered ice is provided on the outer surface of the base 2A1 on the outer surface of the snow-covered body 2A as shown in b). A coating layer H having properties is provided. The snow that should be accumulated on the housing 1A at the time of snowfall adheres to the snow cover 2A, but is slid down by a snow gliding coating layer H provided on the outer edge of the snow cover 2A before it becomes a snow lump. Snow on the housing 1A will not be accumulated. The angle of the inclined surface of the snow cover 2A is called the angle of repose of snow, which is much smaller than 55 to 60 degrees at which snow can be expected to slip down, and is 20 degrees or more, preferably 30 degrees or more, to obtain the effect of preventing snow and ice. Therefore, the snow cover 2A can be made relatively small, and the material for forming the snow cover 2A can be reduced, and the wind load applied to the snow cover 2A can be reduced, so that the housing 1A However, it is possible to install the snow cover 2A even if it is not robust. Further, the snow cover 2A makes the snow cover near the vertex of the snow cover 2A unstable by making the inclination angles of the inclined surfaces α and β different from each other, so that snow and ice can slide more easily. The housing 1A shown in this embodiment may be replaced with any outdoor work where snow and ice are conceivable, and a snow gliding body such as the snow cover body 2A may be provided, or the snow cover body 2A such as the snow cover body above the outdoor work may be provided. With the inclined surface, it is possible to prevent snow cover, snow cover, and formation of a cornice in all outdoor works.
Further, the coating layer H may be provided on the base material with the intermediate material 3 interposed therebetween as shown in FIG. The snow-ice and ice material 30 is provided on the base 2A1, the intermediate material 3 is provided on the snow-and-ice material 30, and the snow-ice and ice coating layer H is provided on the intermediate material 3 via the inorganic base film B. ing. With the intermediate material 3 interposed, the inorganic base film B is provided on the intermediate material 3 even if the outer surface of the base 2A1 is in a state where it is difficult to form the inorganic base film B due to material, contamination, or the like. Thereby, the coating layer H having snow-snow and ice properties can be formed. In addition, since the inorganic base film B and the snow-snow / ice-like covering layer H do not hinder the transmission of visible light, various designs, colors, and the like are applied to the intermediate member 3 so that the snow cover can be prevented. 2A can be provided with various designs, colors, and the like. The material for forming the intermediate material 3 is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to use a synthetic resin such as PET or PBT on which the inorganic base film B can be formed, glass that functions as the inorganic base film, or the like. preferable.
Further, if the intermediate material 3 is made of a synthetic resin that transmits visible light, the snow-ice-ice coating layer H is formed on the outer surface of the base 2A1 without impairing the design, color, gloss, display contents, and the like. May be possible. If the intermediate material 3 has flexibility, the snow-snow-ice coating layer can be easily formed by attaching the snow-snow-ice material 30 so as to follow the base material of various shapes. Further, as shown in FIG. 6, the snow-and-ice material 30 can be attached while being bent, and even if the thickness of the snow-and-ice material 30 is small, the outer surface of the snow-covering prevention body 2A and the snow-and-ice material 30 can be attached. The attachment can be performed without leaving air bubbles in between. In addition, it is easy to make the snow-snow and ice-like material 30 into a roll, for example, to facilitate the storage.
For the attachment of the snow gliding material 30, welding, an adhesive or the like may be used, but it is preferable to use an adhesive material or an adhesive material since the labor involved in the attachment can be reduced. Examples of the synthetic resin that transmits visible light of the intermediate material 3 include polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polyethylene naphthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyamide, polyurethane, polymethacrylate, polypropylene, acrylic resin, polyvinyl chloride, and ABS. And the like, and these may be used alone, or a plurality of them may be used in the form of a mixture or a laminate. In addition, as the intermediate material 3 having flexibility, it is easy to form a snow-snow-ice coating layer by attaching the intermediate material 3 on a shaped base material.
In order to make the intermediate member 3 flexible, the intermediate member may be formed by using a flexible resin such as rubber or elastomer that transmits visible light. A film having a flexibility of about 0.01 mm to 2.0 mm may be used.
FIGS. 7 and 8 show an outdoor work according to the present invention, showing a snow ice body provided at a tunnel entrance. FIG. 7 is a front view of a tunnel opening, in which a snow sliding ice body 2B is provided on the tunnel opening 1B. FIG. 8 is a side view, in which the formation of snow clumps and snow cornices is prevented by a snow-preventing body-shaped snow-slipping ice body 2B provided above the tunnel entrance 1B, and the snow clumps falling to the passing vehicle C Collision can be prevented beforehand.
Conventionally, as shown in FIG. 9, a snow-proof fence F for preventing the snow S1 from sliding down from the mountain M side was installed above the tunnel opening 1B. However, the snow S blown up by the wind W from the mountain M side becomes a spiral wind W1 near the snow protection fence F, and a snow eaves S3 may be formed on the side of the tunnel opening 1B of the snow protection fence F. When the snow eaves S3 have grown to a certain size, they may suddenly fall and directly hit a pedestrian or a traveling vehicle C near the tunnel opening 1B. The damage caused by the fall of the snow eaves S3 is considered to be fatal, and a reliable prevention method has been desired.
Therefore, as a method for preventing such snow eaves, many inventions are disclosed, such as Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2-47409 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 7-18133. However, all of the inventions described therein prevent the generation of the vortex wind W1 or remove the attached snow using the wind pressure of the wind from the mountain M side. However, in the method of controlling the wind direction to prevent the occurrence of the snow eaves, the structure tends to be complicated, and furthermore, the means for controlling the wind direction due to the pressure of snow cover may be deformed or damaged, or the wind direction may be changed. However, if the intended wind pressure cannot be obtained, snow cannot be removed, and for these reasons, it has been difficult to reliably prevent the occurrence of the snow eaves.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The outdoor workpiece according to the present invention slides snow and ice attached by forming a snow-snow-ice coating layer on the outer edge formed as a slope, and does not require a complicated structure for controlling the wind direction. . In addition, since the effect of preventing the snow eaves can be obtained only by holding the inclined surface, the effect of preventing the snow eaves from being lost or deformed by the pressure of the snow is not lost, and the occurrence of the snow eaves can be reliably prevented. It is.
FIG. 10 is a perspective view showing another embodiment of the snow-snow body 2B provided above the tunnel opening 1B. A right-angled triangle-shaped angle member 2B2 is fixed above the tunnel opening 1B by fastening means 2B3 such as anchor bolts, and an inclined surface 2B1 provided with a snow-ice-ice coating layer on the outer surface is provided on the oblique side of the angle member 2B2. The snow ice body 2B is formed by being attached. By installing such a snow-snow body 2B alone or in a plurality at a place where a snow eaves may be generated, the snow-ice adhered to the inclined surface 2B1 is removed by a snow-ice-like coating layer formed on the outer surface of the inclined surface 2B1. Sliding down before growing into a snow cornice.
FIGS. 11A and 11B show still another embodiment of a snow-and-ice body 2B provided above the tunnel opening 1B. FIG. 11A is a perspective view, and FIG. The snow-sliding ice body 2B is provided with a side plate 2B4 on both sides of the inclined surface 2B1 and a back plate 2B5 behind the inclined plate 2B1, and has a box-shaped body having a triangular cross section. Further, the fixing plate 2B6 provided on the side plate 2B4 is installed on the tunnel opening 1B using an anchor bolt or the like. With such a structure, the strength of the snow gliding body 2B is improved as a structure, and the snow gliding body 2B can be installed without using the columns 2B3 and the like as shown in FIG. 10 to prevent deformation and displacement due to snow pressure or the like. The back plate 2B5 can also function as a snow stopper for preventing snow from falling down to the tunnel opening 1B side.
FIG. 12 is an explanatory view showing a case where a snow-sliding ice body for preventing snow cover is provided on the central partition wall. In the conventional median strip wall, the upper surface is often relatively flat, and the snow-covered mass of snow grows on the upper surface, and falls down in either direction. The road was sometimes blocked. Of the conventional snow cover prevention methods, the method of controlling the wind direction to prevent snow cover is sufficient because the wind direction received by the snow cover prevention device is not constant due to the traveling wind of a vehicle traveling on a traffic route. In the method in which the effect of preventing snow cover is difficult to obtain, and the method of providing a member having a slope having a steep angle of 55 degrees or more on the wall railing, the wind pressure received by the member becomes large, and the separated member hits the vehicle due to the received wind pressure. There was fear, and installation was hesitated.
Therefore, as in the embodiment shown in this figure, the snow-snow body 2C having the snow-snow-ice coating layer according to the present invention is provided on the central separation strip wall section 1C sandwiched between the roads 1C1 and 1C2. It is possible to prevent snow cover and prevent the traffic road from being blocked. In addition, the snow-sliding and ice-like coating layer can provide a snow-prevention effect even when the wind direction is not constant, and can make the inclined surface gentle, and reduce the wind pressure received by the snow-snow ice body 2C, which may cause the snow-snow body 2C to come off due to the wind pressure. It can be extremely small. The snow-sliding ice body 2C formed by bending a flat plate as shown in a) to form a one-sided inclined surface 2C1 may be attached to the central partition wall section 1C by fastening means 2C4 such as anchor bolts, or b). An inclined surface as shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 3 may be provided so that the snow slides down on only one side, and a snow splitting portion 2C2 as shown in c) may be provided to make it easy to slide down the snow.
FIGS. 13A and 13B show another embodiment of the sloped snow ice body 2C installed on the central partition wall railing 1C. FIG. 13A is a perspective view, and FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view related to mounting. As shown in a), the sloping ice body 2C is composed of an sloping surface 2C1, a snow splitting portion 2C2, and a mounting portion 2C3. It may be formed on the formed snow part 2C2 and the attachment part 2C3 to prevent the formation of a snow eave. The snow on the sloping ice body 2C is divided by the snow splitting portion 2C2, so that the snow is easily slipped off. The slope 2C1 is formed to have a gentle slope due to the formation of the snow-snow-ice coating layer, which suppresses the degree of protrusion of the slope-snow ice body 2C from the upper surface 1C3 of the central partition wall railing 1C. As a result, the wind pressure applied to the inclined snow body 2C is reduced.
An example of the mounting of the inclined snow ice body 2C in the preceding paragraph is shown in b). The inclined snow ice body 2C is divided into members 2Ca and 2Cb, and the member 2Ca is attached by fastening means 2C4 such as bolts and rivets. The part 2C3 is attached to the attachment hole 1C4 of the central partition wall section 1C, and the snow part 2C2 is attached to the snow part 2C2 on the member 2Cb side. By adopting such a structure, the strength of the sloping ice body 2C is increased, and is firmly fixed to the wall rail 1C.
12 and 13, the snow sliding ice body 2C provided on the central partition wall rail 1C is not only on the central partition wall rail 1C but also on a wall rail installed on the periphery of a viaduct, a highway or the like. It may be installed above an outdoor work such as a relatively thick protective fence, a railing, a soundproof wall, etc. to prevent snow cover.
FIG. 14 shows a sound-insulating wall provided with a sound-insulating wall cover according to the present invention. In the conventional soundproof wall 1D, when snow falls, the upper surface 1D1 is snow-covered, and a large mass of snow falls on the roadway 1D2 to collide with a vehicle or block a traffic path, or to fall on the opposite side to the roadway 1D2. In some cases, it fell on private houses and caused damage. Even when a shelter is provided on the soundproof wall 1D, snow cover on the top of the shelter was not snow- and ice-free. As described above, the conventional snow cover prevention method does not provide a reliable snow cover prevention effect, and furthermore, the upper end of the soundproof wall has a small space, and it is difficult to install a snow cover prevention means having a complicated structure. . Therefore, the soundproof wall 1D1 provided on the side edge of the road 1D2 is provided with a soundproof wall cover 2D which is an outdoor work having a snow-and-ice covering layer provided on the outer edge according to the present invention. It is possible to prevent snow cover on the upper surface 1D1, and to prevent the traffic blockage as described above and the falling of snow lumps to the private house side as described above.
FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram showing another embodiment of the soundproof wall cover 2D according to the present invention. The soundproof wall cover 2D has an inclined surface 2D1 provided with a snow-snow-ice coating layer on the outer edge, and the inclined surface 2D1 prevents snow cover on the upper surface 1D2 of the soundproof wall 1D. The inclined surface 2D1 is preferably provided toward the road side, but may be directed to the opposite side of the road depending on the situation, and has an inclined surface on both sides like the inclined snow body 2C in FIG. May be. The snow-snow-ice coating layer may be provided on the outer edge of the inclined surface 2D1, but may be provided on the outer edge of the vertical surface 2D3 on the road side or the outer surface of the vertical surface 2D2 on the opposite side of the road to prevent the occurrence of a snow eaves. Is also good. Since the soundproof wall cover 2D shown in the present embodiment has only a sloped surface as compared with the cover shown in FIG. 14, the cover 2B4 used when attaching the conventional cover is used as it is. It is also possible to easily remove the existing cap and replace it with the soundproof wall cap 2D according to the present invention.
FIG. 16 shows a signature according to an embodiment of the present invention. Conventional signs have snow on the sign, or the snow eaves are formed on the eave above the sign, making the sign difficult to see or sticking to the eave above the head of the person looking at the sign Problems such as falling snow lumps occurred. Signs are installed in places where people gather and where there are many people.Because of the importance of their designs, steep angles are provided to prevent snow cover, and equipment to control the wind direction is installed. It was hesitant for the installer to damage the design. The snow and ice coating layer according to the present invention is formed on the outer edges of the sign 1E1 and the eaves 1E2 of the sign 1E, which is an outdoor work, so that snow and ice can be prevented and the design of the sign 1E can be prevented. Such problems can be solved. Furthermore, a member 1E3 having a gentle inclination, which could not be provided by snow covering conventionally, can also be provided, and the function as a sign can be expanded. Further, the pillar 1E4 to which the marking portion 1E1 and the member 1E3 are attached is preferably provided with an anti-snow cover plate 2E having an inclined surface above the pillar because snow cover easily occurs on the upper surface thereof.
FIG. 17 shows a mirror according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein a) is a front view and b) is a side view. Conventionally, there have been problems such as snow falling on the reflection surface of the mirror and snow covering the eaves to form a snow eaves even if the eaves are attached, thereby making it difficult to see the reflection surface. As a method for preventing snow accretion and snow cover, the conventional method cannot reliably prevent snow cover and snow cover, and the method of providing a steeply inclined surface increases the load on the support 1F3 and the mounting portion 1F4 of the mirror 1F. However, there is a possibility that the device is easily damaged by wind pressure or vibration, and the method of controlling the wind direction may reduce the viewing angle of the reflection surface 1F1. By providing the outer surface of the reflecting surface 1F1 and the outer surface of the eaves 1F2 of the mirror 1F with a snow-sliding and ice-like coating layer, it is possible to prevent snow covering and snow accretion without causing the above-mentioned problems. Also, as with the sign 1E, the mirror 1F is preferably provided with a snow cover plate 2F for preventing snow cover on the support 1F3 and the mounting portion 1F4.
FIG. 18 shows a truss bridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. The truss bridge forms a truss by combining steel frames above the road R. In the conventional truss bridge, snow accumulated on the truss does not easily slide down, and the truss bridge, especially above the entrance of the truss bridge or the truss bridge, May grow into a large lump of snow at the intersection, and may fall on the road below and collide with pedestrians or vehicles. A snow gliding body 2Ga having a snow gliding coating layer on the outer edge is provided above the entrance of the truss bridge 1G, and a snow gliding body 2Gb, 2Gc, and 2Gd are also provided at the intersection of the truss 1G1 to suppress snow cover. However, it is possible to prevent a snow lump from falling onto the road R as described above.
19 to 24 show a road sign board according to an embodiment of the present invention. First, in FIG. 19, a snow-ice-like coating layer according to the present invention is provided on the outer surface of the snow-prevention plate 2H, which is a snow-snow ice body provided above the sign plate 1H, and the sign plate 1H is attached by snow and ice. This makes it difficult to see the sign information and prevents the formation of snow clumps on the snow cover 2H. Further, a snow split plate 2H1 is provided on the snow cover plate 2H, so that the snow cover is divided by the settling of the snow and the snow accretion is promoted.
FIG. 20 is a side view of a conventional snow cover having the shape shown in FIG. The sign board 1H is fixed to the cross beam at an angle slightly inclined from the vertical to the front, and a snow cover is provided above the sign board. The slope formed by the snow-covering prevention plate 2H has a so-called one-sided flow structure in which the angle is different between the front side and the back side to make the snow accumulation unstable and promote the fall, so that the snow is easily dropped. The slope forming the snow-covering prevention plate 2H is usually formed at 60 degrees or more, which is larger than the angle of repose of snow. However, even if it is 60 degrees or more, when the amount of snowfall is large or the outside temperature is low, However, the snow S1 does not completely fall and freezes on the outer surface of the snow-covering prevention plate 2H to form a large snow mass S2. Further, the snow canopy S3 is generated from the snow on the sign surface of the sign board 1H, and the snow cover S3 is generated from the snow cover on the snow cover 2H on the sign board of the sign board 1H. As described above, the sudden collapse of the snow eaves S3 may not only damage the vehicles traveling below, but also may make the sign information written on the sign board 1H invisible.
FIG. 21 shows the back side of FIG. Such a conventional snow-prevention plate 2H has a complicated structure, and in addition to its own weight, the slope formed by the snow-prevention plate 2H projecting above the sign plate 1H receives wind. Because of this, it is necessary to consider the increase of the wind load, and the weight of the foundation, the column 1H1 and the cross beam 1H2 is increased. Therefore, the existing signboard that does not have much room for the strength of the foundation, the column and the cross beam. In some cases, it was not possible to retrofit.
FIG. 22 shows an embodiment of an improvement of the snow cover according to the present invention, wherein the snow cover 2Ha is a single flat plate, and the inclined surface protrudes above the sign plate 1H. This eliminates the increase in weight due to wind load. Conventionally, the cross beam 1H2 becomes an obstacle and the inclined surface can be formed at an angle of 60 degrees or more. It is impossible to prevent the snow cover plate 2Ha from having such a simplified shape in preventing snow accumulation. Was. By providing a coating layer having snow-snow and ice properties on the outer surface of the snow-covering prevention plate 2Ha, even if the inclination angle is reduced, the function as the snow-covering prevention plate is not lost.
FIG. 23 shows an example of an improvement of the snow-covering prevention plate 2Ha shown in FIG. 22, and is a side view of the snow-covering prevention plate 2Ha having a flexible planar member 24 attached to the lower end thereof. The snow S1 on the flexible sheet member 2Ha1 on the snow cover plate 2Ha deflects the flexible sheet member 2Ha1 downward due to its own weight, and the inclination angle of that portion increases. This triggers the snowfall S1 to slide down. In addition, the snowfall S1 that has started to slide down pulls the snowfall S1 above, so that the entire snowfall S1 on the snowfall prevention plate 2Ha slides down.
It is preferable that the flexible planar member 2Ha1 be more flexible than the snow cover 2Ha, and the material is not particularly limited, and the material and thickness are appropriately set according to the sliding property of snow and the strength against load. May be. Since the snow cover plate 2Ha is usually made of metal, it is preferable to use a synthetic resin or the like that has higher flexibility than metal and high durability against repeated loads. It is also preferable to form a snow-snow-ice coating layer on the outer surface of the flexible planar member 2Ha1.
FIG. 24 shows an embodiment of a road sign board according to the present invention, in which snow cover 2I1 and 2I2 are provided on cross beam 1I1 supporting sign board 1I. If a snow-snow / ice coating layer is provided on the outer surface of the sign board 1I, visibility of the sign surface can be prevented, but large snow clumps may be generated due to snow on the cross beam 1I1. With the snow cover 2H and 2Ha as shown in FIG. 13 and FIG. 15, snowfall from above can be prevented from being deposited on the cross beam 1I1, but when snow is blown from the side or the back, snow is deposited on the cross beam 1I1. There is a possibility that snow cover on the cross beam 1I1 can be prevented by providing the snow cover 2I1 and 2I2 so as to cover the cross beam 1I1.
25 and 26 show an embodiment of a self-luminous body according to the present invention. FIG. 25 is a self-luminous road sign, a) is a perspective view thereof, and b) is a side view. In the present embodiment, the self-luminous road sign 1Ja is provided with a transparent plate 1Ja2 on the front surface of the self-luminous body 1Ja1, and provided with a coating layer having snow and ice properties on the outer surface of the transparent plate 1Ja2 to prevent snow and ice, The visibility of the self-luminous body 1Ja1 is ensured. Further, in order to prevent the formation of the snow eaves, the roof portion 1Ja3 may be provided with a coating layer having snow and ice properties. Furthermore, it is preferable to provide a snow cover plate 2Ja to prevent snow cover on the column 1Ja4 and the mounting bracket 1Ja5.
FIG. 26 shows a self-luminous road stud which is a self-luminous body according to the present invention. The self-luminous road stud 1Jb is provided with a transparent plate 1Jb3 on the front surface of the self-luminous body 1Jb1 and the reflector 1Jb2. By providing a coating layer having snow and ice properties on the outer surface, snow and ice are prevented and the visibility of the self-luminous body 1Ja1 is secured. In the present embodiment, the solar cell 1Jb4 is provided, but a coating layer having snow-snow and ice properties may be provided on the outer surface of the solar cell 1Jb4 to prevent a decrease in power generation efficiency due to snow accretion.
FIG. 27 shows a shelter according to an embodiment of the present invention. The outer layer of the roof 1K1 of the shelter 1K is provided with a snow-snow-ice coating layer to prevent snow accumulation by sliding down snow and ice, and the load of the snow causes the roof 1K1 and the support 1K3 of the shelter 1K to be deformed. To prevent that. In addition, a snow-sliding and ice-like coating layer may be provided on the outer surface of the wall surface 1K2. If the wall surface 1K2 is formed of a translucent material, snow accumulation is prevented and the visibility and brightness in the shelter 1K are maintained. be able to.
FIG. 28 shows a bicycle parking space according to an embodiment of the present invention. A snow-snow-ice coating layer is provided on the outer surface of the roof part 1L1 of the bicycle storage area 1L, and the snow load can be significantly reduced by sliding snow and ice down, preventing the bicycle storage area 1L from causing problems such as deformation. it can. The bicycle storage space 1L has a structure in which the roof 1L1 is normally supported by only one side of the support 1L2 and the beam 1L4 connected to the support 1L2. When the roof 1L1 is designed in consideration of the snow load, especially the beam 1L4 and the connection between the support 1L2 and the beam 1L4. Since it is necessary to increase the strength of 1L5, the advantage obtained by reducing the snow load can be greater than that of a shelter or the like. Similarly to the shelter, the outer surface of the wall surface 1L3 may be provided with a snow-sliding and ice-like coating layer. The view in the bicycle storage space 1L when the wall surface 1L3 is formed of a translucent material to prevent snow accumulation. Or brightness may be ensured.
FIG. 29 shows a conventional illumination lamp, in which a) is a perspective view of the illumination lamp, and b) is a cross-sectional view of the lamp along AA. The illuminating lamp 1M is formed by supporting the lamp 1M2 with the beam 1M1 fixed to the column 1M3 as shown in a), but the lamp 1M2 is covered with the cover 1M22 as shown in b). Light emitted from the lamp 1M21 passes through the translucent cover member 1M23 to illuminate the surroundings. When snow S1 is generated on the cover 1M22, heat generated by the lamp 1M21 is transmitted to the cover 1M22 during the night when the lamp 1M21 is turned on, and the heat melts the snow S1 to generate snowmelt water Y, and the snowmelt is generated. The water Y falls as a water drop Y1, but in a situation where the temperature is lower than the freezing point, the water drop may freeze again near the lower surface of the cover 1M22, and an icicle Y2 may be generated. The cover 1M22 is installed outdoors and needs weather resistance, and is generally formed of a painted metal so as not to be deformed by the heat generated by the lamp 1M21, and conducts heat well. In addition, the temperature is particularly low at night when the lamp 1M21 is turned on, and there is a great possibility that the icicle Y2 will occur. The icicle Y2 may fall and cause a collision with a pedestrian or a vehicle below the lamp 1M2. Although such a phenomenon has been regarded as a problem for a long time, there is no particularly effective countermeasure.
FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a lighting fixture of an illumination lamp according to the present invention. By providing the upper surface of the cover 1M22 of the lamp 1M2 as an inclined surface and providing a snow-snow-ice coating layer on the outer surface of the inclined surface, the snow and ice can be quickly slid down before the snow S1 is melted by the lamp 1M21. The generation of the icicle Y2 can be prevented. The inclined surface provided on the cover 1M22 may be provided symmetrically on both sides as shown in a), may have a one-sided shape as shown in b), and the entire upper surface of the cover 1M22 may be inclined as shown in c). May be made.
FIG. 31 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of the lighting fixture of the illumination lamp according to the present invention. By providing a snow-snow body 2M having an outer edge formed as an inclined surface and provided with a snow-snow-ice coating layer, the snow cover on the lamp 1M2 is quickly slid down to prevent the icicle Y2. . The snow ice body 2M is formed as a separate member from the cover 1M22, and even if the illumination lamp 1M is already installed, the generation of the icicle Y2 can be easily prevented by attaching the snow ice body 2M. As shown in a), the snow-sliding body 2M may have inclined surfaces formed on both sides, or the inclined surface may be formed on only one side, and the other may be a vertical surface. In addition, as shown in b), by interposing the heat insulating material 2M1 between the cover 1M22 and the snow ice body 2M, the heat generated by the lamp 1M21 is prevented from being transmitted to the snow ice body 2M, and the heat generated on the snow ice body 2M is prevented. The generation of the snowmelt water Y may be suppressed to more reliably prevent the generation of the ice column Y2.
Further, the snow gliding body 2M may be provided not only above the lamp 1M2 as shown in FIG. 32 but also above the beam 1M1. An outer layer of the beam 1M1 and the lamp 1M2 of the illuminating lamp 1M is provided with a coating layer having snow-snow and ice properties to prevent snow and ice from falling down, thereby preventing the illuminating lamp 1M from being deformed due to a snow load. Since the lamp 1M2 projecting farther from the support 1M3 is particularly badly affected by the snow load, a great merit can be obtained by reducing the snow load of the lamp 1M2. Further, in the present embodiment, the snow-and-ice body 2M is mounted on the beam 1M1, but the snow-and-ice body 2M is not mounted in accordance with the amount of snow, and the snow-and-ice layer is formed directly on the beam 1M1. Good.
Further, as shown in FIG. 33, the snow-snow body 2M may be mounted above the lamp 1M2 via a stay 2M2. By interposing the stay 2M2, as shown in a), the portion where the lamp 1M2 is connected to the snow-and-ice body 2M can be made small, and even if the stay 2M2 is formed of a material having high thermal conductivity such as a metal, the conducted heat is reduced. Thereby, snow melting on the snow gliding body 2M can be suppressed. Further, as shown in b), the wind W passes between the stays 2M2, whereby the lamp 1M2 and the snow-sliding ice body 2M are cooled, so that the snow melting can be suppressed. Can be prevented from increasing the temperature of the lamp 1M2, and the life of the lamp 1M21 can be prevented from being shortened.
FIG. 34 shows an arbor which is one embodiment of the present invention. An outer layer of the roof 1N1 and the parapet 1N2 of the arbor 1N is provided with a coating layer having snow and ice properties to prevent snow and ice from sliding down, thereby preventing the formation of snow clumps and snow eaves, and allowing snow to enter and exit the arbor 1N. Lump can be prevented from falling. Further, even when a material having low strength is used for the roof portion 1N1, the risk of deformation due to snow load can be reduced.
FIG. 35 shows a projection prevention fence according to an embodiment of the present invention. The anti-reflective fence 1P is installed on the bridge, and under the expressway and railroad, the snow barrier is provided by providing a snow-ice-ice covering layer on the outer surface of the railing 1P1 and the anti-reflective fence 1P2. It prevents the formation of lumps and snow eaves, and prevents snow lumps from falling under bridges. In addition, when the projection prevention fence 1P2 has a light-transmitting property, it is possible to secure the brightness and secure the visibility at an intersection or the like, which can contribute to traffic safety.
FIG. 36 shows a windproof snow fence according to an embodiment of the present invention. The outer layer of the windproof snow fence 1Q1 and the pillar 1Q2 of the windproof snow fence 1Q is provided with a coating layer having snow-snow and ice properties to prevent snow accretion, and the gap between the windproof snow panels 1Q1 is maintained to reduce the blowing effect by wind pressure. It will not be done.
FIGS. 37 and 38 show a snow fence according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 37A), the snow fence 1R is configured such that the snow S1 from the mountain M side passes to the road R below. It is installed in order to prevent slipping, but when the ground cover 1R1 exists on the road R side of the snow fence 1R, as shown in b), the snow S1a occurs in the ground cover 1R1 and the road S1a is formed. There is a risk of falling to R and causing damage.
Accordingly, by installing a snow-snow body 2R having an inclined surface 2R1 on which a snow-snow / ice-like covering layer is formed as shown in FIG. 38, the snow S1a on the ground cover 1R1 can be quickly reduced. It falls on the road R and slides down in a size that does not cause damage. The snow-sliding body 2R may be a structure having an inclined surface as shown in a) fixed to the ground covering portion 1R1 or the snow fence 1R, or a flat plate as shown in b) may be bent to form the fixed portion 2R2. It may be fixed, or may be extended to the upper end of the snow fence 1R. Further, as shown in c), the lower end of the inclined surface 2R1 is slightly separated from the ground cover 1R1. By doing so, the momentum of falling snow and ice may be applied.
FIG. 39 shows an embodiment of the protective fence according to the present invention, in which a) is a front view, and b) is a cross section of an overpass, which is provided on a side edge of an upper road where an overpass is provided. Figure, c) is a detailed sectional view. As shown in a), an overpass R2 that straddles the road R1 is provided above a lower road R1 such as a cut-away expressway. The overpass R2 is composed of a bridge 1S1, a retaining wall 1S2, and a snow fence 1S provided on the bridge 1S1, and as shown in b), a snow eave S3 is formed on the ground covering 1S21 on the retaining wall 1S2 near the snow fence 1S. Then, the snow eaves S3 may fall on the lower road R1 and collide with the traveling vehicle, possibly causing damage. As described above, the conventional snow eaves prevention method cannot reliably prevent the occurrence of the snow eaves, and especially in a situation where the snow fence 1S has already been installed, it is extremely difficult to install the snow eaves in such a narrow ground cover 1S21. Was something.
Therefore, as shown in c), the snow cover body 2S according to the present invention is provided in the ground cover 1S21, and the snow cover slides down before the snow cover grows on the snow eaves S3, thereby preventing the occurrence of the damage as described above. it can. Also, the snow gliding body 2S is formed by bending a flat plate to form an inclined surface 2S1 and a mounting portion 2S2, and can be fixed to the ground covering portion 1S21 by an anchor bolt 2S3 using the mounting portion 2S2, and the structure is simple. This makes it easy to form the snow gliding body 2S, and it is easy to attach the snow cover fence 1S21 even in a situation where the snow fence 1S has already been installed.
FIG. 40 is a perspective view showing a tollgate roof according to an embodiment of the present invention. The toll booth 1T1, which is provided in the middle of the toll road and on the side edge of the lane R near the exit, collects tolls, especially when collecting tolls in rainy weather, prevents the collection staff and road users from being exposed to rain. For this purpose, a tollgate roof 1S is installed above the normal tollgate 1T1. If snow falls on the tollgate roof 1T, and the snow falls on the lane R, the snow may collide with the vehicle or block the lane R. The effect of mounting a conventional device for preventing snow cover and cornice is questionable as described above.
Therefore, by installing a snow-snow body 2T having an inclined surface 2T1 on which a snow-snow / ice-like coating layer is formed above the tollgate roof 1T, the snow on the tollgate roof 1T falls quickly and is damaged. It slides down in the size of the range which does not affect. As the snow gliding body 2T, a snow gliding body having a shape as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 may be used. Further, an outwardly inclined surface is formed on the edge of the tollgate roof 1T, and the snow is formed on the inclined surface. An icy coating layer may be provided.
FIG. 41 is an explanatory diagram showing a railway vehicle according to one embodiment of the present invention. The railcar 1U snows on the window 1U1 to hinder passengers from enjoying the scenery, and at night or in bad weather, secures the view of the train driver or illuminates the light 1U2 to arouse the presence of the train. Sometimes. At the time of snow, the sound of the approaching train is absorbed by the snow, which makes it difficult for the maintainer working on the track to notice the approach of the vehicle. Therefore, snowfall on the light 1U2 may sometimes be fatal.
Further, as one of the problems related to snow accretion relating to the railway vehicle 1U, there is one in which snow and ice rolled up by the traveling wind adhere to the lower surface 1U3. For high-speed trains such as Shinkansen, snowfall on windows 1U1 and lights 1U2 as described in the preceding paragraph is blown off by wind pressure during running due to the shape of the vehicle and wind pressure generated during running, but there is no particular problem. When snow and ice adhered to the lower surface 1U3 fall on a track in a place where there is no snow, the gravel jumps up, and the jumped-up gravel may damage the window glass of the opposing train. As a countermeasure, wind pressure, snow melting equipment, and methods to prevent the adhesion of snow and ice by applying water-repellent paint have been used, but these depend on the train speed or have a problem with durability. There was a question of reliability in its continuous effect.
Therefore, by attaching a snow-snow-ice coating layer to the outer surface of the window 1U1, the light 1U2, and the lower surface 1U3 of the railway vehicle 1U, or by attaching a cover provided with the snow-snow-ice coating layer, the attached snow and ice is removed to the outer surface. In particular, it can be slid down by wind pressure much smaller than that without processing. For example, snow and ice can be slid down even when the train is running at low speed due to snow accumulation, so it has adhered to windows 1U1 and lights 1U2. The snow and ice are slid down quickly, and the snow and ice attached to the lower surface 1U3 are slid down before reaching a place without snow, and the above-mentioned problems are continuously and reliably obtained without depending on the train speed. Occurrence can be prevented.
FIG. 42 is an explanatory diagram showing a traffic light according to one embodiment of the present invention. Conventionally, the traffic light 1V uses an incandescent lamp or the like as a light-emitting body (not shown) for emitting the colored transparent light-emitting unit 1V1, and the light-emitting body generates heat, so that the light-emitting unit 1V1 in a snow-covered area. Melted and fell as water droplets, and did not disturb the display of the signal. However, when the snow on the eaves 1V2 was melted by the heat of the luminous body, it turned into an icicle like an illuminating lamp described above. The damage caused by this was regarded as a problem.
As a countermeasure, a method of providing a planar heating element on the eaves portion 1V2 as described in Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open No. 2-67499, a method of dropping snow by vibration as described in Japanese Utility Model Application Laid-Open No. 59-126399, and the like. Is disclosed. However, these methods require energy and power, and require maintenance of the apparatus.
Further, in recent years, a light-emitting diode which does not require a colored transparent cover as a light emitter, has a much longer life than an incandescent lamp or the like, and can greatly reduce the maintenance of the traffic light 1V is being used as a light emitter. However, light emitting diodes generate very little heat, and when snowing on the light emitting section 1V1, ice accumulates, making the signal display contents invisible and impairing the function as a traffic light. It was impossible.
Therefore, a snow-snow-ice covering layer is provided on the outer surface above the traffic light 1V, and a snow-snow ice body 2V formed as an inclined surface is attached to prevent snow on the light emitting portion 1V1 and the eaves portion 1V2 due to snowfall. I do. The snow on the snow-snow body 2V is quickly slid down by the snow-snow-ice coating layer, thereby preventing the above-mentioned problem from occurring. The inclined surface of the snow gliding body 2V may have a single-flow shape. Further, by providing a snow-snow-ice coating layer also on the outer surface of the light emitting unit 1V1, it is possible to more reliably prevent snow from reaching the light emitting unit 1V1 when a light emitting diode that does not generate heat is used as the light emitting body.
FIG. 43 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of the traffic light according to the present invention. A slope 1V3 is formed above the traffic light 1V, and the snow layer on the traffic light 1V is quickly slid down by providing a snow-snow-ice coating layer on the slope 1V3. Further, by forming the upper surface of the eaves portion 1V2 as an inclined surface and providing a snow-snow / ice-like coating layer, it is possible to more reliably prevent snow cover on the eaves portion 1V2.
FIGS. 44 to 53 illustrate an embodiment in which an outdoor work according to the present invention in which a snow-and-ice coating layer is formed on the outer edge is applied to a house. FIGS. FIG. 47 to FIG. 53 are explanatory diagrams showing a house, and FIG. 47 to FIG. 53 are explanatory diagrams showing an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention. FIG. 44 shows an example of the roof shape of a house in a snowy area. In recent years, in a house J in a snowy area, consideration has been given to damage to the neighborhood due to collapse of the snow on the roof, and A parapet, which is also an outdoor construction, which stores snow on it as a flat house roof J1 and has a slope at the edge of the roof, instead of a normal gable-shaped roof, because it has been improved to a strong one. 1W is often provided so that snow accumulated on the inclined surface of the parapet 1W is sequentially dropped.
However, as shown in FIG. 45, the snow S1 piled on the roof J1 of the house becomes a snow mass S2 protruding on the parapet 1W when the snow amount becomes higher than the parapet. In a state where the outside air temperature is high to some extent, the snow S1 has a melted surface and slides down the inclined surface of the parapet 1W. However, when the outside air temperature is low, the snow S1 freezes on the parapet 1W and cannot slide down. A lump S2 is generated. Further, on the leeward side of the roof and the snow cover, a vortex in which wind flows as shown in the figure, a so-called Karman vortex K, is generated, and the Karman vortex K causes the snowfall S to wrap around the roof J1 and the end of the snow cover S1. The snow clump S2 is further grown by being attached thereto, and in some cases, may protrude from the inclined surface of the parapet 1W and grow to the snow eaves.
As shown in FIG. 46, a method of providing an upright snow eaves prevention plate 1X on the parapet 1W and dividing the snow S1 to make it easier to fall on the parapet 1W is also used. There is no effect when it freezes on the cornice prevention plate 1X, and further, the wind hits the cornice prevention plate 1X to generate Karman vortex K, and the snowfall S adheres to the leeward side of the cornice prevention plate 1X, thereby causing snow. Lump S2 is generated and grows into a snow cornice.
FIG. 47 shows an embodiment according to the present invention, in which a coating layer H whose outer surface is made of snow and ice is provided on the outer edge of the parapet 1W. Due to the snow gliding coating layer H, the snow cover and the snow mass on the parapet 1W slide down on the surface of the parapet 1W before growing into a large snow mass or cornice by its own weight. In the present embodiment, the angle between the inclined surface and the horizontal plane is 45 degrees. However, if it is 20 degrees or more, a snow prevention effect can be obtained, and if it is 30 degrees or more, a more excellent snow prevention effect can be obtained. Is expressed.
The method of forming the snow-snow-ice coating layer H is not particularly limited, and may be directly applied. For example, a film-like material having a snow-snow-ice coating layer formed on the outer surface may be adhered. Alternatively, a method of forming a snow-and-ice-like coating layer via an intermediate material, such as attaching a plate-like member having a snow-and-ice-like coating layer formed on the outer surface, may be used.
48 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment according to the present invention, in which a) is a side view and b) is a sectional view showing details. As shown in a), an upright snow eaves prevention plate 1X is provided on a parapet 1W, and a snow-snow-ice coating layer H is provided on the downwind side α of the parapet 1W and the snow eaves prevention plate 1X. By providing the snow eaves prevention plate 1X, the snowfall is separated by the sedimentation of the snow, so that the snowfall is easily cut off. By providing the outer surface of the parapet 1W with the outer layer of the snow-ice-like coating layer H, the snowfall and the snow mass slide down by its own weight. Let me do. Also, the outer surface of the snow eave prevention plate 1X is provided with a snow-ice coating layer H on the lee side α, so that even if snow adheres due to Karman vortex, it can be slid down before growing to the snow eaves. The tip portion 1X1 of the snow eaves prevention plate 1X may be pointed like the tip portions 1X1a and 1X1b shown in b). By sharpening the tip, it is possible to increase the effect of separating the snow due to the precipitation of the snow.
FIG. 49 is a side view showing another embodiment of the snow eaves prevention plate according to the present invention, in which a snow sliding ice body 2X for suppressing occurrence of a snow eave is attached to an inclined surface of a parapet 1W. The snow gliding body 2X has a flat plate shape, and is simple in shape, easy to form and attach, and easy to remove as compared with the shape shown in FIG. 8A. As described above, the snow eaves are generated on the leeward side, and when the airflow changes due to the surrounding environment, the place where the snow eaves change also changes. By being detachable, it is possible to easily cope with these changes in the surroundings. Furthermore, the snow gliding body 2X can be removed when it is not needed, and does not impair the appearance of the house. In consideration of the appearance of the house, the base material of the snow gliding body 2X is preferably light-transmitting, and the snow-glazing coating layer does not hinder the light transmitting property. It can be formed by using a light-transmitting material such as acrylic resin.
FIG. 50 shows an embodiment according to the present invention. Unlike the snow eaves prevention plate 1Xa in which only the tip is sharpened in FIG. 5B), the entire snow splitting plate is sharpened toward the tip. It was made into a shape. With such a shape, it is easy to separate the snow due to the sedimentation of the snow, and even if the snowfall S turns to the leeward side α of the snow eaves prevention plate 1Xa by the wind W, the Karman vortex K is further away from the snow eaves prevention plate 1Xa. Since it is generated in a place where it is located, it is possible to reduce snow accretion due to the Karman vortex K.
FIG. 51 shows the difference in the state of snow accumulation on the roof side due to the formation of a snow-sliding and ice-like coating layer on the upright snow eaves prevention plate 1X. In a), the snow-snow-ice coating layer is not formed on the roof side β, and since the snow accumulation increases along the snow eaves prevention plate 1X, the snow cover S1 on the roof exceeds the snow eaves prevention plate 1X. At the height, the snow exceeds the snowboard, and the snow wall S11 is formed on the snow eave prevention plate 1X, so that the snow eaves are easily generated. b) has a snow-sliding and ice-like coating layer formed on the roof side β of the snow-covered eaves prevention plate 1X, and the snow cover S1 tends to move away from the snow-covered eaves prevention plate 1X due to the water repellency of the coating layer. ), It is difficult to exceed the snow eaves prevention plate 1X even with the same amount of snow, and furthermore, the end of the snow is curved, and Karman vortices are less likely to be generated.
FIG. 52 shows still another embodiment of the house roof according to the present invention, in which a solar cell is combined with a parapet and a cornice prevention plate. The parapet 1W and the cornice prevention plate 1X do not particularly function during the time when there is no snowfall. However, as shown in the present embodiment, the parapet 1W and the snow eaves prevention plate 1X can be provided with a power generation function by combining with the solar cell 1Y, thereby effectively utilizing space. Power is supplied. Ordinary solar cells are placed on the flat surface of a roof in a snowy country. However, when snow accumulates, the snow blocks the sunlight and power is not supplied. As in the present embodiment, the solar cell 1Y is installed in a place where snow does not occur and the snow-covered layer formed on the outer surface does not adhere to the snow eaves or snow clumps and is less likely to block sunlight. This makes it possible to obtain an electromotive force even in winter. Furthermore, the color of the solar cell 1Y is usually a dark color, and it absorbs infrared rays more easily than a light color and easily generates heat, so that the snow easily melts.
FIG. 53 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a solar cell 1Y applicable to an outdoor work such as the parapet 1W, the snow eaves prevention plate 1X, or the snow gliding body 2X shown in FIG. In the solar cell panel 1Y, a solar cell 1Y3 is provided between a light-transmissive member 1Y1 having a snow-snow / ice-like covering layer H formed on an outer surface thereof and a light-transmitting filler 1Y2 such as EVA. Is what it is.
FIG. 54 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of the solar cell according to the present invention. The solar cell 1Y which generates electric power when placed on a house roof or the like has a general-purpose shape as shown in the figure, and the light receiving surface 1Y4 is formed as an inclined surface. The provision of a conductive coating layer allows snow and ice to slide down, thereby preventing a decrease in the power generation efficiency of the solar cell. In addition, the light receiving surface 1Y4 of the solar cell panel is normally formed as an inclined surface facing the sun, and it is easy to slide down snowfall.
FIG. 55 shows a veranda blindfold plate according to an embodiment of the present invention. It is conceivable that the blindboard 1 </ b> Z usually provided on the veranda B may darken the room or grow into a lump of snow due to snow. The problem described above can be prevented beforehand by providing a snow-sliding and ice-based coating layer on the outer surface of the blind plate 1Z to prevent the snow from accumulating.
FIG. 56 shows a storage according to an embodiment of the present invention. By providing a snow-snow ice body 2 し た having a snow-snow-ice coating layer formed on the outer surface on the upper surface of the shed 1 さ せ る, the snow-slipping down causes the shed 1 変 形 to be deformed due to a snow load, and the snow lump Problems such as falling of snow and formation of snow cornice can be prevented.
FIG. 57 shows a garbage collection site structure according to an embodiment of the present invention. The garbage collection site structure 1Δ is formed of a support 1Δ1, a fence 1Δ2 provided for animal repellent and the like, and a roof 1Δ3. A snow-snow-ice coating layer is provided on the outer surface of the roof 1Δ3, Sliding down the snow and ice can prevent the garbage accumulation site structure 1Δ from deforming due to the snow load, prevent falling snow clumps from the roof 1Δ3, and prevent the formation of a snow eave.
Industrial applicability
As described above, according to the present invention, by sliding down the outer surface of the coating layer having the property of snow and ice by its own weight at a size before the snow and ice are damaged, large snow and ice masses fall to pedestrians and vehicles. It is possible to prevent the occurrence of damage such as collision with the like beforehand, which is useful from the viewpoint of safety. Further, it can be realized by a relatively inexpensive and simple method, and is useful in terms of economy and convenience.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a measurement of a load required for sliding ice and a test for confirming a state of sliding ice.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along the line AA ′ of FIG.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing a difference in a peeling state depending on a transition of a load required for gliding.
FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing an embodiment of the outdoor workpiece according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of the snow-and-ice covering provided with the intermediate material according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of attachment of the embodiment shown in FIG.
FIG. 7 is a front view showing an embodiment of a tunnel hole which is an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a side sectional view of the embodiment shown in FIG.
FIG. 9 is an immediate sectional view showing a conventional tunnel opening.
FIG. 10 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of a tunnel opening which is an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention.
FIG. 11 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of a tunnel opening which is an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention.
FIG. 12 is an explanatory view showing an embodiment of the central partition wall section, which is an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention.
FIG. 13 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of the central partition wall section, which is an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 14 is an explanatory view showing an embodiment of the soundproof wall hood, which is an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 15 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of a soundproof wall skirting which is an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 16 is an explanatory diagram showing an embodiment of a sign as an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 17 is an explanatory diagram showing an embodiment of a mirror which is an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention.
FIG. 18 is an explanatory view showing an embodiment of a truss of a truss bridge which is an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 19 is an explanatory view showing one embodiment of a road sign as an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 20 is a side view of a conventional road sign showing a snow-covered state.
FIG. 21 is an explanatory diagram showing the back surface of the embodiment shown in FIG.
FIG. 22 is an explanatory diagram showing another embodiment of a road sign as an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 23 is an explanatory view showing still another embodiment of a road sign which is an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 24 is an explanatory view showing still another embodiment of a road sign which is an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 25 is an explanatory view showing one embodiment of a self-luminous body which is an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention.
FIG. 26 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of a self-luminous body which is an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 27 is an explanatory view showing one embodiment of a shelter as an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 28 is an explanatory view showing an embodiment of a bicycle parking lot as an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 29 is an explanatory view showing a state of formation of a conventional lighting lamp and an icicle.
FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of an illumination lamp as an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 31 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of the illuminating lamp which is the outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view showing still another embodiment of the illuminating lamp which is the outdoor workpiece according to the present invention.
FIG. 33 is a cross-sectional view showing still another embodiment of an illumination lamp as an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 34 is an explanatory view showing an embodiment of an arbor which is an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 35 is an explanatory diagram showing an embodiment of a projection prevention fence which is an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 36 is an explanatory view showing one embodiment of a windproof snow fence which is an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 37 is an explanatory view showing a conventional snow fence.
FIG. 38 is an explanatory diagram showing an embodiment of a snow fence as an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 39 is an explanatory view showing an embodiment of a protective fence which is an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 40 is an explanatory diagram showing one embodiment of a tollgate roof which is an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 41 is an explanatory view showing one embodiment of a railway vehicle as an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 42 is an explanatory view showing an embodiment of a traffic signal as an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 43 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of a traffic signal which is an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention.
FIG. 44 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of the shape of a roof of a general house in a snowy area.
FIG. 45 is an explanatory view showing a state of snow accumulation on a conventional house roof.
FIG. 46 is an explanatory view showing a state of snow accumulation on a conventional house roof.
FIG. 47 is an explanatory diagram showing an embodiment of a parapet, which is an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention.
FIG. 48 is an explanatory view showing an embodiment of a parapet and a snowshoe prevention plate which are outdoor works according to the present invention.
FIG. 49 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of a parapet and a snowshoe prevention plate which are outdoor works according to the present invention.
FIG. 50 is an explanatory view showing still another embodiment of a parapet and a snowshoe prevention plate which are outdoor works according to the present invention.
FIG. 51 is an explanatory diagram showing a snow-covered state due to a difference in a formation location of a snow-snow-ice coating layer according to the present invention.
FIG. 52 is an explanatory diagram showing one embodiment of a parapet, a snow-covered eaves prevention plate, and a solar cell, which are outdoor works according to the present invention.
FIG. 53 is a cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of a solar cell as an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 54 is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of a solar cell as an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 55 is a cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a blind plate as an outdoor work according to the present invention.
FIG. 56 is a cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of a storage, which is an outdoor workpiece according to the present invention.
FIG. 57 is a cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of a garbage collection site structure that is an outdoor work according to the present invention.

Claims (42)

An outdoor work having snow and ice properties, wherein the outdoor work is provided with a coating layer having snow and ice properties, or a snow and ice body on which a coating layer having snow and ice properties is formed. Is an outdoor workpiece having water repellency with an outer surface tension of 35 dyne / cm or less and a sliding angle of water droplets of 40 degrees or less. The outdoor work according to claim 1, wherein the outer surface of the coating layer slides down with a water droplet at an advancing contact angle of 90 degrees or more and a receding contact angle of 50 degrees or more and at an advancing contact angle or less. The coating layer according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the outer surface has a water droplet sliding speed of 10 cm / min or less from an initial sliding position to a sliding position of 10 cm at an initial falling angle of the water droplet. Outdoor work. The outdoor workpiece according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the coating layer has an outer surface having a maximum surface roughness of 10 µm or less. 2. The coating layer according to claim 1, wherein the ice frozen on the outer surface in a temperature range of -2 to -5 degrees is slid in a constant load non-breaking manner by a load from the horizontal direction with the coating layer. An outdoor work according to any one of claims 4 to 4. The outdoor workpiece according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the coating layer is formed on an inorganic base film formed on the base material. The outdoor workpiece according to claim 6, wherein the inorganic base film is formed using a silicone coating agent containing silicone as a main component. The coating layer is characterized in that a water-repellent substance having a linear structure having a length of 5 ° (angstrom) or more is fixed to the upper surface of the base material with its terminals oriented to the outer surface of the coating layer. The outdoor workpiece according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein: The water-repellent substance having a straight-chain structure has a trifluoromethyl group and / or a methyl group arranged at a terminal, and is oriented such that the trifluoromethyl group and / or the methyl group becomes an outer surface. 9. The outdoor workpiece according to item 8, wherein 10. The outdoor work according to claim 8, wherein one or more of the water-repellent substances having a linear structure are substantially uniformly distributed in 20 square centimeters. The water-repellent substance having a linear structure is characterized in that the substance is fixed substantially uniformly at a density of 10 to 95% with respect to the density at which the fixing of the substance is saturated on the upper surface of the substrate. An outdoor workpiece according to any one of claims 8 to 10. The water-repellent substance having a linear structure is fixed almost uniformly at a density of 10 to 95% with respect to the density at which the fixing of the substance is saturated on the upper surface of the base material, and is hydrophilic at other parts. The outdoor workpiece according to any one of claims 8 to 11, wherein the substance is present. 9. The coating layer according to claim 8, wherein the coating layer contains, as a main component, one or a mixture of two or more selected from a fluorine-containing silane compound, a fluorine-free silane compound, and a fluorine-containing compound having a fluorocarbon group. 13. The outdoor workpiece according to any one of claims 12 to 12. 14. The outdoor workpiece according to claim 13, wherein the fluorine-free silane compound is a fluorine-free silane compound having a methyl group. Outdoor works include tunnel portals, median strip railing, sound barriers, and their shelters, truss bridge trusses, sign boards, snow cover boards, signs, mirrors, self-luminous bodies, shelters, bicycle sheds, lighting, Arbor, protective fence, wind and snow fence, snow fence, anti-flooding fence, traffic light, toll booth such as toll road, railway car, house roof snow eaves prevention plate, house roof parapet, solar cell, house exterior and veranda The outdoor work according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the outdoor work is at least one selected from the group consisting of a blind plate, a storeroom, and a garbage collection site structure. The outdoor work according to claim 15, wherein the illuminating lamp is provided with a member having an inclined surface above the lamp, and a snow-snow-and-ice coating layer is provided on an outer surface of the inclined surface. . 17. The outdoor workpiece according to claim 16, wherein a heat insulating material is provided between the member and the lamp. The traffic light transmits information relating to traffic to road users by transmitting light from the light emitting diode through the cover, and a snow-snow-ice coating layer is provided on an outer surface of the cover. The outdoor workpiece according to claim 15, wherein The outdoor work according to any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein an outer edge of the outdoor work is an inclined surface of 20 degrees or more with respect to a horizontal plane. The outdoor workpiece according to any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein an outer edge of the outdoor workpiece is inclined at 20 to 45 degrees with respect to a horizontal plane. Has a linear structure of 5 ° or more, at least one selected from the group consisting of trimethoxysilane, triethoxysilane, dimethoxysilane, diethoxysilane, methoxysilane or ethoxysilane is disposed at one end, and the other is Using a water-repellent substance having at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluorocarbon group and a methyl group at its terminal, dispersing the water-repellent substance in an appropriate solvent to form a water-repellent composition, Forming a coating layer on the substrate by applying the material on the substrate and removing the remaining water-repellent composition while applying pressure while the solvent remains. Method for producing functional coating. 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the coating layer is formed on the inorganic base film that has been subjected to at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of corona discharge treatment, plasma discharge treatment, and flame treatment. A method for producing the snow-and-ice-like coating described above. A coating layer formed by the manufacturing method according to claim 20 or 21, having a water repellency having an outer surface tension of 35 dyne / cm or less and a water droplet sliding angle of 40 degrees or less. A snow-snow-ice coating, which is provided. The outer surface of the coating layer formed on the substrate, on which the accelerated weathering test was performed for 1000 hours, has a water repellency having a surface tension of 35 dyne / cm or less and a water droplet having a sliding angle of 40 degrees or less. A snow-and-ice coating having the following features: The outer surface of the coating layer formed on the substrate, which was irradiated with 560 MJ / m2 UV in the outdoor condensing type accelerated exposure test, was water-repellent with a surface tension of 35 dyne / cm or less, and the sliding angle of the water droplet was 40 degrees. A snow gliding coating having the following water sliding properties. A snow slide having a water-repellent outer surface having a surface tension of 35 dyne / cm or less and a water-drop sliding angle of 40 degrees or less provided on an outer surface of the base material via an intermediate material. Ice coating. 27. The snow gliding coating according to claim 26, wherein the intermediate material is made of a synthetic resin that transmits visible light. 28. The snow gliding coating according to claim 26 or 27, wherein the intermediate material has flexibility. The coating layer according to any one of claims 23 to 28, wherein a water droplet slides on the outer surface at an advancing contact angle of 90 degrees or more and a receding contact angle of 50 degrees or more and an advancing contact angle or less. Snow and ice coating. 30. The coating layer according to any one of claims 23 to 29, wherein the outer surface has a water droplet sliding speed of 10 cm / min or less from an initial sliding position to a sliding position of 10 cm at an initial angle of sliding of the water droplet. 2. The snow-and-ice coating according to item 1. 31. The snow gliding coating according to claim 23, wherein the coating layer has a maximum outer surface roughness of 10 μm or less. 23. The coating layer according to claim 23, wherein the ice frozen on the outer surface in a temperature range of −2 ° C. to −5 ° C. slides in a constant load non-breakable manner by a load from the horizontal direction with the coating layer. 32. A snow gliding coating according to any one of paragraph 31. 33. The snow gliding coating according to any one of claims 23 to 32, wherein the coating layer is formed on an inorganic base film formed on the base material. 34. The snow-and-ice coating according to claim 23 or 33, wherein the inorganic base film is formed using a silicone coating agent containing silicone as a main component. The coating layer is characterized in that a water-repellent substance having a linear structure having a length of 5 ° (angstrom) or more is fixed to the upper surface of the base material with its terminals oriented to the outer surface of the coating layer. 35. The snow-and-ice covering according to any one of claims 24 to 34. The water-repellent substance having a straight-chain structure has a trifluoromethyl group and / or a methyl group arranged at a terminal, and is oriented such that the trifluoromethyl group and / or the methyl group becomes an outer surface. Item 35. The snow-ice-ice covering according to Item 35. 37. The snow-and-ice coating according to claim 35 or 36, wherein one or more of the water-repellent substances having a linear structure are substantially uniformly distributed in 20 square centimeters. The water-repellent substance having a linear structure is characterized in that the substance is fixed substantially uniformly at a density of 10 to 95% with respect to the density at which the fixing of the substance is saturated on the upper surface of the substrate. The snow-and-ice coating according to any one of claims 35 to 37. The water-repellent substance having a linear structure is fixed almost uniformly at a density of 10 to 95% with respect to the density at which the fixing of the substance is saturated on the upper surface of the base material, and is hydrophilic at other parts. 38. The snow gliding coating according to any one of claims 35 to 37, wherein the substance is present. 35. The coating layer according to claim 35, wherein the coating layer contains, as a main component, one or a mixture of two or more selected from a fluorine-containing silane compound, a fluorine-free silane compound, and a fluorine-containing compound having a fluorocarbon group. 40. A snow gliding coating according to any one of paragraphs 39 to 39. 41. The snow gliding coating according to claim 40, wherein the fluorine-free silane compound is a fluorine-free silane compound having a methyl group. The outdoor work is provided with a coating layer having snow and ice properties, or a snow and ice body on which a coating layer having snow and ice properties is formed, and the coating layer is any one of claims 23 to 41. An outdoor workpiece, which is the coating layer according to any one of the first to third aspects.

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