JPS63224189A - Electrochromic display device - Google Patents
Electrochromic display deviceInfo
- Publication number
- JPS63224189A JPS63224189A JP62057462A JP5746287A JPS63224189A JP S63224189 A JPS63224189 A JP S63224189A JP 62057462 A JP62057462 A JP 62057462A JP 5746287 A JP5746287 A JP 5746287A JP S63224189 A JPS63224189 A JP S63224189A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- color
- electrochromic display
- electrode
- transparent electrode
- display element
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoquinodimethane Chemical compound N#CC(C#N)=C1C=CC(=C(C#N)C#N)C=C1 PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 17
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 206010063836 Atrioventricular septal defect Diseases 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001211 electron capture detection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052765 Lutetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910016327 MxWO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical class [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 borate tetrafluoride ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical compound [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005562 fading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydron Chemical compound [H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RHZWSUVWRRXEJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium tin Chemical compound [In].[Sn] RHZWSUVWRRXEJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lutetium atom Chemical compound [Lu] OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten trioxide Chemical compound O=[W](=O)=O ZNOKGRXACCSDPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001429 visible spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
Abstract
(57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるた
め要約のデータは記録されません。(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
この発明は電気化学的な着消色現象を利用するエレクト
ロクロミック表示素子の構造に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Industrial Application Field] This invention relates to the structure of an electrochromic display element that utilizes electrochemical coloring/decoloring phenomena.
エレクトロクロミック表示素子は所謂ＥＣＤ（エレクト
ロクロミック拳ディスプレイ、 Ｅ−ｇｅＣｔｒＯＣ
−ｈｒｏｍｉｃ Ｄｉｓｐｌａｙ ）において使用され
る素子で、物質に電圧を印加することにより電極面ある
いは電極面近傍でおこる酸化還元反応によって、可逆的
に色や光透過度が変化する所謂エレクトロクロミズム現
象を応用する表示素子である。The electrochromic display element is the so-called ECD (electrochromic fist display, E-geCtrOC).
- A device used in chromic displays that applies the so-called electrochromism phenomenon in which color and light transmittance change reversibly through redox reactions that occur on or near the electrode surface when a voltage is applied to a substance. It is a display element.
ディスプレイを大別すると発光ダイオード等の自発発光
型と、液晶等の非発光型に分かれるが、エレクトロクロ
ミ、り表示素子は非発光型に属する。Displays can be roughly divided into self-emissive types such as light emitting diodes and non-emissive types such as liquid crystals, and electrochromic display elements belong to the non-emissive type.
ＥＣＤはどこからも良く見え、表示品位は良いが、消費
電力がＬＣＤ（液晶表示、 Ｌｉｇｕｉｄ Ｃｒｙｓｔ
Ｌｅｌ）ｉｓｐｇａｙ ）に比して大きい、寿命がオン
−オフサイクル数に依存する。マルチプ〜し、クス駆動
（時分割駆動）が困難といった難点もあるので、交通関
係の行先案内板、料金表示、病院の窓口案内。ECDs are visible from any angle and have good display quality, but they consume less power than LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays).
Lel)ispgay), the lifetime depends on the number of on-off cycles. There are also disadvantages such as multiplex driving and difficulty in time-sharing driving, so transportation-related destination information boards, fare displays, and hospital counter information.
各種計測器類等の用途が考えられている。Applications such as various measuring instruments are being considered.
エレクトロクロミズム現象を示す材料には現在迄に多数
のものが開発されているが最も代表的なものには酸化タ
ングステン（ＷＯ３）のよつな金属酸化物がある。酸化
タングステンは電気化学的還元によって着色し、電気化
学的酸化によって消色する。その着消色機構は一般に
ＷＯ３＋ＸＭ ＋ ｘｅ ＃ＭｘＷＯ３（無色）
（青色）
とされている。ここでＭは電解質のイオンで水素イオン
（Ｈ）、リチウムイオン（Ｌｔ）、ナトリウムイオン（
Ｎａ）等である。A large number of materials exhibiting electrochromism have been developed up to now, and the most representative ones include metal oxides such as tungsten oxide (WO3). Tungsten oxide is colored by electrochemical reduction and decolored by electrochemical oxidation. Its coloring/decoloring mechanism is generally WO3+XM+xe #MxWO3 (colorless)
(blue). Here, M is an electrolyte ion, hydrogen ion (H), lithium ion (Lt), sodium ion (
Na) etc.
このように着消色の機構も解明され、表示素子への実用
的な開発も盛んに行われている金属酸化物がある一方で
、有機物のエレクトロクロミ、り材料も広く研究されて
いる。有機物材料は着消色の機構解明や表示素子への適
用という点では金属酸化物より遅れが認められるが、金
属酸化物に比べて低価格で大面積のシートがつくりやす
く、成形、切断などの加工性もよく、塗布できるものも
あるなどの利点を有している。While there are metal oxides whose mechanisms of coloring and fading have been elucidated and are being actively developed for use in display devices, organic electrochromic materials are also being widely studied. Organic materials are slower than metal oxides in terms of elucidating the coloring/decoloring mechanism and applying them to display elements, but compared to metal oxides, they are cheaper and easier to produce large-area sheets, and they are easier to form, cut, etc. It has advantages such as good workability and can be coated in some cases.
代表的な有機系材料にはビオロゲンやシフタロジアニン
化合物がある。ビオロゲンは電解質が溶液型の素子構成
で無色から青または紫色に単色変化する。Typical organic materials include viologen and shiftalodianine compounds. Viologen has a solution-type electrolyte, and its color changes from colorless to blue or purple.
また″ｖＬ解重合膜としてのポリピロールやポリチオフ
ェンもエレクトロクロミズム現象を示す。これらは過塩
素酸リチウム（ｔ、ｔｃ４ｏ４）や４フツ化ホウ酸リチ
ウム（ＬｉＢＦ４）を含んだアセトニトリルなどの電解
液中で酸化すると、膜中に４フツ化ホウ酸イオン（ＢＯ
τ）や過塩素酸イオン（Ｃ）０１）がドープされ膜が導
電性を示すと共に色変化を示す。In addition, polypyrrole and polythiophene as vL depolymerized membranes also exhibit electrochromism phenomenon. Then, borate tetrafluoride ions (BO
When doped with τ) or perchlorate ions (C)01), the film exhibits conductivity and color change.
一方ジフタロシアニン化合物である希土類系のルテチウ
ムシフタロジアニン（Ｌｕ（Ｐｃ）２）や、エルビウム
水素シフタロジアニン（ＥｒＨ（Ｐｃ ）！ ）などは
電解質が赤色から青色に多色変化する。On the other hand, in rare earth diphthalocyanine compounds such as lutetium siphthalodianine (Lu(Pc)2) and erbium hydrogen siphthalodianine (ErH(Pc)!), the electrolyte changes from red to blue.
しかしながらこのような従来の有機系エレクトロクロミ
ズム材料は、材料価格が比較的高価格であったり、エレ
クトロクロミズムの変化が単色変化であり多色変化でき
ないなどの理由のために、これらを用いてエレクトロク
ロミ、り表示素子を構成したときに低価格でかつ多色変
化を示すような素子を形成することができないという問
題点があった。However, these conventional organic electrochromic materials are relatively expensive, and electrochromism changes are monochromatic and cannot change in multiple colors. However, when constructing a display element, there is a problem in that it is not possible to form an element that exhibits multicolor change at a low cost.
この発明は上述の点に鑑みてなされたものであり、その
目的とするところは、新規な有機材料を開発することに
より、低価格で多色変化を示すエレクトロクロミ、り素
子を提供することにある。This invention was made in view of the above points, and its purpose is to provide an electrochromic element that exhibits multicolor change at a low cost by developing a new organic material. be.
上記の目的はこの発明によれば、
（イ）基板２上に形成された透明電極３と、（ＤＩ該透
明電極上に形成されたテトラシアノキノジメタンの発色
層４′と
ｅｉ該発色層と間隔をおいて配置された対向電極７と
に）該発色層と対向電極との間に配された電解′ｌＩｌ
！６とを備えたエレクトロクロミ、り表示素子により達
成される。According to the present invention, (a) the transparent electrode 3 formed on the substrate 2, (the coloring layer 4' of tetracyanoquinodimethane formed on the DI transparent electrode, and and a counter electrode 7 disposed at a distance from the electrolytic layer disposed between the coloring layer and the counter electrode.
! This is achieved by an electrochromic display element equipped with 6.
テトラシアノキノジメタ７ （ｔｅｔｒａｃｙａｎｏｑ
ｕｉｎ−ｏｄｉｍｅｔｈａｎ 、 ’ｒＣＮＱと略記）
の発色層は低価格の材料であるうえ、多色変化をするこ
とが可能である。Tetracyanokinodimeta 7 (tetracyanoq)
uin-odimethane, abbreviated as 'rCNQ)
The color-forming layer is made of low-cost material and can change in multiple colors.
次にこの発明の実施例を図面に基づいて説明する。第１
図はこの発明の実施例に係るエレクトロクロミ、り表示
素子の模式断面図で、１，２はガラス基板、３はインジ
ウムティンオキサ′イド（Ｉｎｄｉｕｍ Ｔｉｎ ０
ｘｉｄｅ ）透明電極、４はテトラシアノキノジメタン
の発色層、５はＴＣＮＱ発色層の保護層。Next, embodiments of the present invention will be described based on the drawings. 1st
The figure is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electrochromic display element according to an embodiment of the present invention, in which 1 and 2 are glass substrates, 3 is an indium tin oxide (Indium Tin 0
xide) Transparent electrode, 4 is a coloring layer of tetracyanoquinodimethane, and 5 is a protective layer of the TCNQ coloring layer.
６は飽和塩化力＋３（Ｋ（Ｊ）水溶液の電解液、 ７は
白金の対向電極、８はレジストでＩＴＯ透明電極３とテ
トラシアノキノジメタンの発色層４と保護層５とレジス
ト８は表示電極９を構成する。6 is a saturated chloride power +3 (K (J) aqueous electrolyte, 7 is a platinum counter electrode, 8 is a resist, and the ITO transparent electrode 3, the coloring layer 4 of tetracyanoquinodimethane, the protective layer 5, and the resist 8 are shown) This constitutes the electrode 9.
このようなエレクトロクロミック表示素子は次のように
して調製することができる。ガラス基板ｌ・の上にスパ
ッタでＩＴＯ透明輩極３を形成する。Such an electrochromic display element can be prepared as follows. An ITO transparent electrode 3 is formed on a glass substrate 1 by sputtering.
次に１’ ＣＮ Ｑの所定量を蒸着源ボートに入れ、抵
抗加熱法により蒸着源ヒータを２５０℃に加熱する。Next, a predetermined amount of 1' CN Q is put into the vapor deposition source boat, and the vapor deposition source heater is heated to 250° C. by the resistance heating method.
真空度１ｘｌＯｔｏｒｒにおいてＴＣＮＱを蒸発させ、
ＩＴＯ透明電極３の上に蒸着させて、テトラシアノキノ
ジメタンの発色層４を数１０００Ｘ厚に形成する。Evaporate TCNQ at a vacuum level of 1xlOtorr,
A coloring layer 4 of tetracyanoquinodimethane is formed to a thickness of several thousand times by vapor deposition on the ITO transparent electrode 3.
続いてフッ化リチウム（ＬｉＦ）とポリメチルメタクリ
レート（ＰＭＭＡ）の所定量をテトラヒドロフランに溶
解し、前記発色層４の上にスピンコード法で所定の膜厚
に塗布する。このあと電極有効面積が１Ｍになるようレ
ジスト塗布液を印刷し、表示電極９が形成される。Subsequently, predetermined amounts of lithium fluoride (LiF) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) are dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, and coated onto the coloring layer 4 to a predetermined thickness by a spin coating method. Thereafter, a resist coating liquid is printed so that the effective area of the electrode becomes 1M, and the display electrode 9 is formed.
ガラス基板２に白金をスバ、りして対向電極７を形成し
、飽和塩化カリ水溶液６を介して表示電極９と対向させ
る。A counter electrode 7 is formed by coating a glass substrate 2 with platinum, and is opposed to a display electrode 9 via a saturated potassium chloride aqueous solution 6.
なおＴＣＮＱの発色層４は可視光の吸光スペクトルを求
め、波長５７５ ｎｍのピーク値の吸光度を代用値とし
て膜厚の評価を行った。発色層４の可視スペクトルを第
２図に示す。吸光度は０．５６であった。The visible light absorption spectrum of the TCNQ coloring layer 4 was determined, and the film thickness was evaluated using the peak absorbance at a wavelength of 575 nm as a substitute value. The visible spectrum of the coloring layer 4 is shown in FIG. The absorbance was 0.56.
このようにして形成したエレクトロクロミ、り表示素子
の表示電極９と対向電極の間に＋１．５ｖと−１，５Ｖ
の電圧を印加し、このときの着消色現象を可視分光スペ
クトルで観察した。結果を第３図に示す。同図において
、曲線１１ 、１２はそれぞれ印加電圧−１，５Ｖ、＋
ｘ、ｓＶに対応Ｌｒいる。−１，５Ｖにおいては青色が
、＋１．５Ｖでは黄色の多色変化を示している。Between the display electrode 9 and the counter electrode of the electrochromic display element thus formed, +1.5V and -1.5V are applied.
voltage was applied, and the coloring/decoloring phenomenon at this time was observed using visible spectroscopy. The results are shown in Figure 3. In the same figure, curves 11 and 12 are applied voltages of -1 and 5V, +
x, sV corresponds to Lr. At -1.5V, it shows a blue color and at +1.5V, it shows a yellow color change.
ＴＣＮＱの化学構造を以下に示した。The chemical structure of TCNQ is shown below.
この発明によれば、
（イ）基板上に形成された透明電極と、（ロ）該透明電
極上に形成されたＴＣＮＱ発色層と、ｌ／ｉ該発該層色
層隔をおいて配置された対向電極と、に）該発色層と対
向電極の間に配された電解液とニヨリエレクトロクロミ
、り表示素子を構成するのでＴＣＮＱ発色層の機能によ
り、多色変化を示す表示素子が得られる。またＴＣＮＱ
有機材料は低価格であるのでエレクトロクロミック表示
素子のコストダウンが可能である。According to this invention, (a) a transparent electrode formed on a substrate; (b) a TCNQ coloring layer formed on the transparent electrode; and (2) an electrolyte disposed between the color-forming layer and the counter electrode to form a display element, so that a display element that exhibits multicolor changes can be obtained by the function of the TCNQ color-forming layer. . Also TCNQ
Since organic materials are inexpensive, it is possible to reduce the cost of electrochromic display elements.
第１図はこの発明の実施例に係る素子の模式断面図、第
２図はＴＣＮＱ発色層の分光スペクトルを示すグラフ、
第３図はＴＣＮＱ発色層の電圧印加時の分光スペクトル
を示すグラフである。
１．２・・・ガラス基板、３・・・ＩＴＯ透明電極、４
・・・テトラシアノキノジメタンの発色層、６・・・電
解液、波長（ｎｙｔｔ）
１２図
５１！４眼 （ｙｔｙｎン
第３図FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an element according to an example of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a graph showing the spectrum of the TCNQ coloring layer.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the spectrum of the TCNQ coloring layer when voltage is applied. 1.2... Glass substrate, 3... ITO transparent electrode, 4
... Coloring layer of tetracyanoquinodimethane, 6... Electrolyte, wavelength (nytt) 12 Figure 51! 4 eyes (ytyn Figure 3)
Claims (1)
該透明電極上に形成されたテトラシアノキノジメタン
の発色層と、 （ハ） 該発色層と間隔をおいて配置された対向電極と
、（ニ） 該発色層と対向電極との間に配された電解液
とを備えることを特徴とするエレクトロクロミック表示
素子。[Claims] 1) (a) a transparent electrode formed on a substrate; and (b)
a color-forming layer of tetracyanoquinodimethane formed on the transparent electrode; (c) a counter electrode disposed at a distance from the color-forming layer; and (d) a color-forming layer disposed between the color-forming layer and the counter electrode. An electrochromic display element comprising: an electrolyte containing an electrolytic solution;
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62057462A JPS63224189A (en) | 1987-03-12 | 1987-03-12 | Electrochromic display device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62057462A JPS63224189A (en) | 1987-03-12 | 1987-03-12 | Electrochromic display device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS63224189A true JPS63224189A (en) | 1988-09-19 |
Family
ID=13056344
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62057462A Pending JPS63224189A (en) | 1987-03-12 | 1987-03-12 | Electrochromic display device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS63224189A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002365662A (en) * | 2001-06-11 | 2002-12-18 | Rohm Co Ltd | Display medium, display element and display device |
-
1987
- 1987-03-12 JP JP62057462A patent/JPS63224189A/en active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2002365662A (en) * | 2001-06-11 | 2002-12-18 | Rohm Co Ltd | Display medium, display element and display device |
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