JPS62211338A - Shape memory alloy for low temperature - Google Patents
Shape memory alloy for low temperatureInfo
- Publication number
- JPS62211338A JPS62211338A JP5330786A JP5330786A JPS62211338A JP S62211338 A JPS62211338 A JP S62211338A JP 5330786 A JP5330786 A JP 5330786A JP 5330786 A JP5330786 A JP 5330786A JP S62211338 A JPS62211338 A JP S62211338A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- shape memory
- alloy
- temperature
- describes
- angle
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 229910001285 shape-memory alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 11
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000003446 memory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 31
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 abstract description 31
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- KHYBPSFKEHXSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iminotitanium Chemical compound [Ti]=N KHYBPSFKEHXSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910001000 nickel titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910001219 R-phase Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002058 ternary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005491 wire drawing Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Heat Treatment Of Nonferrous Metals Or Alloys (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
（産業上の利用分野）
本発明は室温以下の比較的低温領域で動作する１’Ｊｉ
−Ｔｉ−ｆ；’ｅ系形状記憶合金に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION (Field of Industrial Application) The present invention is directed to a 1'Ji
-Ti-f;'e-based shape memory alloy.
（従来の技術）
ＮｉとＴ１を原子比で１：１または、その近傍の組成で
含むＮｉ −’ｌ’ｉ合金、およびこれに遷移金属、貴
金属、Ｂ、Ｃなどを添加した合金は、形状記憶効果を示
すことで知られている。(Prior art) Ni-'l'i alloys containing Ni and T1 in an atomic ratio of 1:1 or a composition close to that, and alloys to which transition metals, noble metals, B, C, etc. are added, have a shape It is known to exhibit memory effects.
これまで、Ｎｉ−Ｔｉ合金の形状記憶効果は、他の形状
記憶効果を示す合金１例えば、Ｃｕ−Ｚｎ−Ａ１合金や
ＡＬＩ −（：ｄ合金と同様に熱弾性型マルテンサイト
変態によって引起こされるものと言われていた。ところ
が最近の研究によって、Ｎｉ −Ｔｉ合金の形状記憶効
果の原因が、これまで言われていたマルテンサイト変態
の他に、まったく異なる機構を持つＲ相変態によるとい
う事実が判明してきた。Ｒ相変態は、他の形状記憶合金
には見られないｌ’Ｊｉ−Ｔｉ合金特有の現象で、マル
テンサイト変態と比較すると、きわめて小さな温度ヒス
テリシスと、高い繰り返し寿命をもたらすことが特徴で
ある。形状記憶合金をアクチュエーターなどの用途に使
用する場合は、繰り返し寿命の良いことが要求されるの
で、Ｒ相変態による形状記憶効果を利用することが多く
なってきている。Until now, the shape memory effect of Ni-Ti alloys has been caused by thermoelastic martensitic transformation similar to other alloys exhibiting shape memory effects, such as Cu-Zn-A1 alloy and ALI-(:d alloy. However, recent research has revealed that the cause of the shape memory effect in Ni-Ti alloys is the R-phase transformation, which has a completely different mechanism, in addition to the previously thought martensitic transformation. It has become clear that R-phase transformation is a phenomenon unique to l'Ji-Ti alloys that is not observed in other shape memory alloys, and compared to martensitic transformation, it can result in extremely small temperature hysteresis and high cycle life. When shape memory alloys are used in applications such as actuators, they are required to have a good repeat life, so the shape memory effect due to R-phase transformation is increasingly utilized.
Ｎｉ−Ｔｉ合金の場合、マルテンサイト変態の変態温度
は合金組成により大幅に変化するため１合金組成を変え
ることにより、変態温度を広い範囲（−５０〜＋１１０
℃）に変化させることが出来る。また適当な添加元素（
Ｃｏ、Ｆｅ、 Ｃｕ、 Ｖなど）を添加することによっ
て一１００°Ｃ以下の合金を比較的容易に得ることがで
きる。In the case of Ni-Ti alloys, the transformation temperature of martensitic transformation varies greatly depending on the alloy composition, so by changing one alloy composition, the transformation temperature can be adjusted over a wide range (-50 to +110
℃). In addition, appropriate additive elements (
By adding elements such as Co, Fe, Cu, V, etc., an alloy with a temperature of -100°C or less can be obtained relatively easily.
これに対して、Ｒ相変態の場合、２元のＮｉ−’ｌ”ｉ
合金では１合金組成や熱処理条件などをいろいろと変え
ても、たかだか＋３０〜＋７０°Ｃの範囲内でしか変態
温度を変えることができない。特に。On the other hand, in the case of R-phase transformation, the binary Ni−'l”i
In the case of alloys, even if the alloy composition and heat treatment conditions are varied, the transformation temperature can only be changed within the range of +30 to +70°C. especially.
冷蔵庫などに使用する。低温で動作する合金を作ること
が難しいまた。第３元素の添加によって変態温度を変え
ようとしても、Ｒ相変態の現象そのものが１合金を冷間
で強加工した後に３００〜５００℃で形状記憶熱処理し
たとき現れるという性質を持って〜・るため、冷間加工
が充分にできないときには、Ｒ相変態そのものが出現し
なくなる。Used in refrigerators, etc. It is also difficult to make alloys that operate at low temperatures. Even if an attempt is made to change the transformation temperature by adding a third element, the phenomenon of R-phase transformation itself appears when an alloy is subjected to shape memory heat treatment at 300 to 500℃ after severe cold working. Therefore, when cold working cannot be performed sufficiently, R phase transformation itself does not appear.
したがって、マルテンサイト変態を利用する場合には冷
間加工性を考慮せずに任意に組成や添加元素の種類、添
加量を決め、変態温度を比較的自由に制御できるのに対
して、Ｒ相変態の場合には、冷間加工が可能な範囲でこ
れらの条件を決めなければならない。さらに当然のこと
ではあるが、マルテンサイト変態の変態温度とＲ相変態
の変態温度の組成依存性、添加元素に対する依存性は全
く異なった挙動を示す。Therefore, when using martensitic transformation, the composition, type and amount of added elements can be determined arbitrarily without considering cold workability, and the transformation temperature can be controlled relatively freely. In the case of transformation, these conditions must be determined within a range that allows cold working. Further, as a matter of course, the compositional dependence of the transformation temperature of martensitic transformation and the transformation temperature of R-phase transformation and dependence on added elements exhibit completely different behavior.
（発明が解決しようとする問題点）
本発明はかかる事情に鑑み、Ｒ相変態を利用するＮｉ−
’ｌ”ｉ糸形状記憶合金の動作温度範囲を、特に低温領
域に拡大したもので、Ｎｉ−４’ｉにＦｅを添加しかつ
適正な組成領域と熱処理条件を設定することにより、良
好なＲ相変態による形状記憶特性とＲ相変態に必要な冷
間加工性を持ち、かつ、これまでより動作温度の低い形
状記憶合金を提供したものである。(Problems to be Solved by the Invention) In view of the above circumstances, the present invention provides Ni-
The operating temperature range of the 'l'i thread shape memory alloy has been expanded, especially to the low temperature range, and by adding Fe to Ni-4'i and setting the appropriate composition range and heat treatment conditions, a good R The present invention provides a shape memory alloy that has shape memory properties due to phase transformation and cold workability necessary for R phase transformation, and has a lower operating temperature than ever before.
（問題を解決するための手段）
本発明はＮ１−Ｔｉ−ｐ’ｅ三元合金のＮｉ、’ｌ’ｉ
およびＦｅの組成をＮｉ、Ｔｉ、およびＦｅの三元状態
図において、第１番目の角ＡがＮｌ ４８．４ ａｔ％
、Ｔｉ４９．６ａｔ％およびＦｅ２．０ａｔ％； 第２
番目の角ＢがＮｉ４９．７ａｔ％、 Ｔｉ ４９．０ａ
ｔ％およびＦｅ １．３ ａｔ％；第３番目の角ＣがＮ
ｉ ５０．９ ａｔ％、Ｔｉ４９．Ｏａ１％およびＦｅ
０．１ａｔ％；第４番目の角りがＮｉ５０．２ａｔ％、
Ｔｉ４９．７ａｔ％およびｐ’ ｅ ０．１ ａ ｔ
％ ：第５番目の角ＥがＮｉ ４７．４ ａｔ％、 Ｔ
ｉ ５０，６ ａｔ％およびＦｅ２．０ａｔ％である５
角形によって囲まれた領域内にある組成とし、かつ該合
金を加工率にして１５％以上の冷間加工を施した後、３
００〜５００℃の間の温度で形状記憶処理して成る低温
用形状記憶合金である。そしてこのように合金組成を規
定することによりＲ相変態を利用するＮｉ−’ｌ’ｉ
系形状記憶の動作範囲を特に低温領域に拡大できると
共に適正な熱処理条件を設定することにより、良好なＲ
相変態による形状記憶特性とＲ相変態に必要な冷間加工
を有する低温用形状記憶合金を得たものである。(Means for Solving the Problems) The present invention is directed to the N1-Ti-p'e ternary alloy Ni,'l'i
In the ternary phase diagram of Ni, Ti, and Fe, the first angle A is Nl 48.4 at%.
, Ti49.6at% and Fe2.0at%; second
The th corner B is Ni49.7at%, Ti49.0a
t% and Fe 1.3 at%; third corner C is N
i 50.9 at%, Ti 49. Oa1% and Fe
0.1at%; 4th corner is Ni50.2at%,
Ti49.7 at% and p' e 0.1 at
%: 5th corner E is Ni 47.4 at%, T
i 50,6 at% and Fe2.0 at% 5
The composition is within the area surrounded by the square, and after cold working the alloy at a working rate of 15% or more, 3
It is a shape memory alloy for low temperature use which is formed by shape memory treatment at a temperature between 00 and 500°C. By specifying the alloy composition in this way, Ni-'l'i utilizing R-phase transformation can be developed.
By expanding the operating range of the system shape memory, especially to the low temperature region, and by setting appropriate heat treatment conditions, a good R
A low-temperature shape memory alloy having shape memory properties due to phase transformation and cold working necessary for R phase transformation was obtained.
（作用および効果） 本発明の合金組成は第１図のＡ、Ｂ、Ｃ，Ｄ。(action and effect) The alloy compositions of the present invention are A, B, C, and D in FIG.
およびＥの角で囲まれた範囲内のものであるが、直線Ａ
Ｂと直線ＢＣより外側、つまり低Ｔ１側では成形加工が
困難であり、直線ＣＤより低Ｆｅ側および直線ＤＥより
高ＴＩ側ではＡｆ点が二元合金での最低温度３０℃より
低くならない。また直線ＥＡより高ｐｅ側では加工性が
低下し、記憶特性も悪（なる。and within the range surrounded by the corners of E, but the straight line A
Forming is difficult outside B and straight line BC, that is, on the low T1 side, and on the low Fe side of straight line CD and the high TI side of straight line DE, the Af point does not become lower than the minimum temperature of 30°C for the binary alloy. Further, on the higher pe side of the straight line EA, the workability decreases and the memory characteristics also deteriorate.
また冷間加工が１５％未満ではＲ相変態が出現せず、さ
らに３００〜５００℃の温度範囲で形状記憶処理をする
のは、この温度の範囲外では充分な形状記憶効果が得ら
れないからである。Furthermore, if the cold working is less than 15%, R-phase transformation will not occur, and the reason why shape memory treatment is performed at a temperature range of 300 to 500°C is because sufficient shape memory effect cannot be obtained outside this temperature range. It is.
（実施例）
以下、本発明を実施例につき説明すると、第１表に示す
配合組成のＮｉ−ＴｉおよびＦｅを合計で３ ｋｇにな
るよう正確に秤量し、カーボンルツボを用いて高周波真
空溶解（周波数：３ｋＨｚ、真空度：ｌＸ］０Ｔｏｒｒ
）により溶解し、鋳鉄製鋳型に鋳造した。鋳塊は旋盤で
外削した後、熱間鍛造により直径２０ｍｍの丸棒とし、
さらに溝ロールを用いた熱間圧延により直径６朋の線材
とした。(Example) Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained with reference to an example. Ni-Ti and Fe having the composition shown in Table 1 were accurately weighed to a total of 3 kg, and were melted by high-frequency vacuum melting using a carbon crucible. Frequency: 3kHz, degree of vacuum: lX] 0 Torr
) and cast into cast iron molds. After the ingot was externally machined using a lathe, it was hot forged into a round bar with a diameter of 20 mm.
Furthermore, it was made into a wire rod with a diameter of 6 mm by hot rolling using grooved rolls.
これを適宜、中間焼なましく７００°ＣＸ５分間）しな
から冷間伸線加工し、直径１．Ｏｒｓｒｘの線材とした
。最終伸線加工率は１５％以上とし、これ以下の加工率
で断線した合金は冷間加工不可とした。This was suitably intermediately annealed at 700°C for 5 minutes) and then cold wire drawn to a diameter of 1. Orsrx wire rod was used. The final wire drawing rate was set at 15% or more, and alloys that were broken at a rate lower than this were considered not to be cold-workable.
１５％の加工率は良好なＲ相変態をもたらすために必要
である。冷間伸線した線材は直径７ＩＩＭ、巻数１０回
、丸フック付の引張りばねの形状に成形し、成形した形
状に固定して、５００″Ｃに加熱し。A processing rate of 15% is necessary to provide good R-phase transformation. The cold-drawn wire rod was formed into the shape of a tension spring with a diameter of 7IIM and a round hook with a number of turns of 10, fixed in the formed shape, and heated to 500''C.
６０分間保持した後冷却した。After holding for 60 minutes, it was cooled.
このようにして作られた形状記憶ばねは、一定の負荷（
３００９（の重り）をかけた状態で温度を変化させ、た
わみの変化を測定した。Shape memory springs made in this way can be used under a certain load (
3009 was applied, the temperature was changed, and the change in deflection was measured.
第 １ 表
第１表には各合金の組成と共に、Ａｆ点と成形加工性が
示されており、成形加工性は冷間加工不可のものを×、
なんとか加工できるが難しいものを△で示した。合金１
から合金３は従来からの二元合金であり、Ａｆ点がもつ
とも低い５０．６ａｔ％Ｎｉでも３０°Ｃである。Table 1 Table 1 shows the composition of each alloy as well as its Af point and formability.
Items that can be processed but are difficult are marked with a △. Alloy 1
Alloy 3 is a conventional binary alloy, and even with 50.6 at% Ni, which has an Af point as low as 30°C.
これに対して本発明合金、のＮ［Ｌ４〜ｆ’ｈ１４に示
すものはＡｆ点が一２℃から＋２７℃で従来合金より著
しく低温である。On the other hand, the alloys of the present invention shown in N[L4 to f'h14 have an Af point of 12°C to +27°C, which is significantly lower than the conventional alloy.
これに対し組成が本発明の範囲外のＮ１１１５〜箋２１
に示すものは加工性が悪いか、或はＡｔ点が高いことが
明らかである。On the other hand, N1115 to No. 21 whose composition is outside the scope of the present invention
It is clear that the materials shown in (a) have poor workability or a high At point.
この第１表を三元組成図上にまとめたものが第１図で、
直線ＡＢと直線ＢＣより外側、つまり低Ｔｉ側では成形
加工が困難なことを示しており、直線ＣＤより低Ｆｅ側
および直線ＤＥより高Ｔｉ側ではＡｆ点が二元合金での
最低温度３０℃より低くならない。また直線ＥＡより高
ＦＣ側では加工性が低下し、記憶特性も悪くなる。Figure 1 summarizes this Table 1 on a ternary composition diagram.
This shows that forming is difficult on the side outside of straight lines AB and BC, that is, on the low Ti side, and on the low Fe side of straight line CD and the high Ti side of straight line DE, the Af point is the lowest temperature in the binary alloy of 30°C. No lower. In addition, on the higher FC side than the straight line EA, the workability decreases and the memory characteristics also deteriorate.
また第２図は合金１０ （４９，ＯＮｉ −４９，６Ｔ
ｉ、−１，４ＦＣ）を用いたばねの温度変位曲線で、良
好な形状記憶特性が示されている。昇温時のばねの動作
終了温度（Ａｒ点）は図中、矢印で示したように加熱時
の曲線の最大傾斜部と高温側ベースラインをそれぞれ外
挿した交点で決めることとし、当該合金１０の場合Ｏ℃
である。Figure 2 shows alloy 10 (49,ONi -49,6T
The temperature displacement curve of the spring using i, -1,4FC) shows good shape memory properties. The end temperature (Ar point) of the spring when the temperature is raised is determined by the intersection point obtained by extrapolating the maximum slope of the curve during heating and the high-temperature side baseline, as shown by the arrow in the figure. In case of O℃
It is.
以上の結果は５００℃で熱処理したときの値であるが、
処理温度が３００〜５００℃の範囲内であれば同様の結
果が得られる。The above results are the values when heat treated at 500℃,
Similar results can be obtained if the treatment temperature is within the range of 300 to 500°C.
したがって、多角形ＡＢＣＤＥで囲まれた組成領域内に
あるＮｉ −Ｔｉ −１”ｅ合金はＲ相変態を利用した
形状記憶効果を示し、かつ従来の合金より低温領域で動
作し、成形加工性も良好であることがわかる。Therefore, the Ni-Ti-1"e alloy in the composition region surrounded by the polygon ABCDE exhibits a shape memory effect using R-phase transformation, operates in a lower temperature region than conventional alloys, and has good formability. It can be seen that it is in good condition.
（発明の効果）
以上述べたように１本発明は従来不可能であった低温動
作する高寿命かつ低ヒステリシスの形状記憶合金を提供
したもので、形状記憶合金の用途を拡大し、工業的な効
果大なるものである。(Effects of the Invention) As stated above, the present invention provides a shape memory alloy that operates at low temperatures, has a long life, and has low hysteresis, which was previously impossible. It is very effective.
第１図は本発明合金の範囲を示す三元状態図、第２図は
本発明合金を用いたばねの温度変位曲線を示す図である
。
温度 （’Ｃ）FIG. 1 is a ternary phase diagram showing the range of the alloy of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a temperature displacement curve of a spring using the alloy of the present invention. Temperature ('C)
Claims (2)
第１番目の角ＡがＮｉ４８．４ａｔ％、Ｔｉ４９．６ａ
ｔ％およびＦｅ２．０ａｔ％；第２番目の角ＢがＮｉ４
９．７ａｔ％．Ｔｉ４９．０ａｔ％およびＦｅ１．３ａ
ｔ％；第３番目の角ＣがＮｉ５０．９ａｔ％、Ｔｉ４９
．０ａｔ％およびＦｅ０．１ａｔ％；第４番目の角Ｄが
Ｎｉ５０．２ａｔ％、Ｔｉ４９．７ａｔ％およびＦｅ０
．１ａｔ％：第５番目の角ＥがＮｉ４７．４ａｔ％、Ｔ
ｉ５０．６ａｔ％およびＦｅ２．０ａｔ％である５角形
によつて囲まれた領域内にある組成を有し、Ｒ相変態に
よる形状記憶効果を示すことを特徴とする低温用形状記
憶合金。(1) In the ternary phase diagram of Ni, Ti, and Fe,
The first corner A is Ni48.4at%, Ti49.6a
t% and Fe2.0at%; second corner B is Ni4
9.7at%. Ti49.0at% and Fe1.3a
t%; 3rd corner C is Ni50.9at%, Ti49
．． 0at% and Fe0.1at%; fourth corner D is Ni50.2at%, Ti49.7at% and Fe0
．． 1at%: 5th corner E is Ni47.4at%, T
A shape memory alloy for low temperature use, characterized in that it has a composition within a region surrounded by a pentagon of 50.6 at% i and 2.0 at% Fe, and exhibits a shape memory effect due to R phase transformation.
３００〜５００℃の間の温度で形状記憶処理して成る特
許請求の範囲第１項に記載の低温用形状記憶合金。(2) After cold working with a processing rate of 15% or more,
The low-temperature shape memory alloy according to claim 1, which is formed by shape memory treatment at a temperature between 300 and 500°C.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP5330786A JPS62211338A (en) | 1986-03-11 | 1986-03-11 | Shape memory alloy for low temperature |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP5330786A JPS62211338A (en) | 1986-03-11 | 1986-03-11 | Shape memory alloy for low temperature |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS62211338A true JPS62211338A (en) | 1987-09-17 |
Family
ID=12939064
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP5330786A Pending JPS62211338A (en) | 1986-03-11 | 1986-03-11 | Shape memory alloy for low temperature |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS62211338A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0271735A (en) * | 1988-09-06 | 1990-03-12 | Tokin Corp | Orthodontic tool |
-
1986
- 1986-03-11 JP JP5330786A patent/JPS62211338A/en active Pending
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0271735A (en) * | 1988-09-06 | 1990-03-12 | Tokin Corp | Orthodontic tool |
| JPH0464263B2 (en) * | 1988-09-06 | 1992-10-14 | Tokin Corp |
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